‫ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨﺔ‬

‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ‬

‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺁﻳﺪﻥ‬

‫‪Feriduddin AYDIN‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻟﹼﻒ‬

‫‪ferid@maktoob.com‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟ ِﻌﺒ‪‬ﺮ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬

‫‪Al-Ibar Publishing‬‬
 ‫ﺇﺳﻄﻨﺒﻮﻝ ‪1997 -‬‬

‫ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ‬

‫ﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴ‪‬ﺪﻧﺎ‬

‫ﳏﻤﺪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻟ ِﻪ ﻭﺻﺤﺒ ِﻪ ﺃﲨﻌﲔ‪.‬‬

‫ﳘ‪‬ﻴ ٍﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐ ٍﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺕﺃﹼ‬‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ :‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨ ﹶﺔ ﺫﺍ ‪‬‬
‫‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇ ﹾﻥ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻐ ِﺔ ‪ .‬ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ َﺀ‬
‫ﺚ ﻭﺍﳉﺪ ِﻝ ﰲ ﺩﻗﺎﺋ ِﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ِﺔ ﻭﺇ ﹾﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻗﺪ ﺧﺎﺿﻮﺍ ﻣﺜﺎ ‪‬ﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮ ِﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔِ‪ ،‬ﺇ ﹼﻻ ﺃﻧ‪‬ﻬﻢ ﱂ ﻳﻜﺘﺮﺛﻮﺍ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣ ِﺮ ﺃﻭ ﱂ ﻳﻨـﺘﺒﻬﻮﺍ ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻜ ﱢﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻘﱡ ‪‬ﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎ ٍﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻌ ﹼﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴ ‪‬ﺪ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺠﺒﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻯ‪.‬‬‫ﺏ ﺃﹸﺧﺮ ‪‬‬‫ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻪِ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺎﺷﺌﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺒﺎ ٍ‬

‫ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻧﻘﻮ ﹸﻝ ﺃ ﹼﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ َﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ِﺔ ﱂ ‪‬ﻳ ﹾﻔ ﹶﻄﻨ‪‬ﻮﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻘﻴﻘ ِﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎ ِﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﱄ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮ ِﺩ‬ ‫ﻕ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ِﻞ ﺍﳋﺎ ِ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮ ‪‬‬
‫ﺐ( ﻭ) ‪‬ﺳ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬ﻖ ﺃ ﹾﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻘ‪‬ﻴ ِﺪ ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ) ﹶﻃﹶﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﻕ‬ ‫ﺐ(‪ .‬ﻓﺈ ﹼﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮ ‪‬‬‫ﺐ( ﻭ)ﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻮ ﹶﻻﻩ‪ ‬ﹶﻟﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﹶﻃﹶﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﺐ( ﻭ )‪‬ﻳﻜﹸﻮ ﹸﻥ ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﺪ ﹶﻃﹶﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﹶﻃﹶﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﺐ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔ ِﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﺤ ﹲﺔ ﺑﻴ‪‬ﻨ ﹲﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻻﺑ ‪‬ﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴ ِ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﺃﺩﺭﻛﻮﺍ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﺇ ﹼﻻ ﺃﻧ‪‬ﻬﻢ ﱂ ﻳﺪﺧﻠﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﱂ‬
‫ﺼ‪‬ﻴ ِﻎ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺑﹰﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﹰﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗ‪‬ﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﳚﻌﻠﻮﺍ ﻟﻜ ﱟﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟ ‪‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻛﺜ ٍﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻐﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺐ ﺃ ﹾﻥ ﻳﻜﻮ ﹶﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻧﺎﺷِﺌﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪ ِﻡ ﻋﻠﻤِﻬﻢ ِﺑﻠﹸﻐﺎ ٍ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻐﻠ ‪‬‬

‫ﺕﻻ‬ ‫ﻀﻴ‪‬ﺎ ِ‬ ‫ﺕ ﻭ‪‬ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬ﻤ ﹾﻘ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬‬
‫ﺃﺟﻨﺒ‪‬ﻴ ٍﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺇ ﹾﺫ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴ ِﻢ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺒﺎ ‪‬ﺩ ‪‬ﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺬﻫ ِﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟ ٍﺔ ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻇﻬﻮ ِﺭ ﺳﺒ ٍ‬
‫ﺕ ﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﻳ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺬﻛﱢ ‪‬ﺮ ‪‬ﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺿﺮﻭﺭ ٍﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﺪﻋﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺠﺰﺍ ‪‬‬
‫ﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔ ٍﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺴﻬ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻻ ٍ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻤ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﻠ ِ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬‬
‫ﺗ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬ﺮ ِﻫﻦ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔِ‪ ،‬ﺇ ﹾﺫ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴ ِﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺸﻔﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ ُﺀ ﻭﺍﳋﱪﺍ ُﺀ ﻭﻣﺎ ‪‬ﻋﹶﺜ ‪‬ﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ ﻭﹶﺃ‪‬ﺑ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﻋﻬ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻫ ﹸﻞ‬
‫ﺕ ﻭﺃﺟﻬﺰ ٍﺓ ﺑﻘﺮﻳﻨ ٍﺔ‬ ‫ﺕ ﻭﻋﻠﻮ ٍﻡ ﻭﺁﻻ ٍ‬ ‫ﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔ ‪‬ﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺎ ٍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﹼﻭ ِ‬
‫ﺤﺴ‪‬ﻮﺍ‬‫ﺑﺴﻴﻄ ٍﺔ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮِ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﲔ ﺷﻴﺌﲔ ِﺍ ‪‬ﺳ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻵ ‪‬ﺧ ِﺮ ﻣﻦ ﹶﺃ ‪‬ﻣﺜﹶﺎِﻟﻬ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ ﰲ ﹶﺃ ‪‬ﺣ ِﺪ ِﻫﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﻔﻀ ِﻞ ﻣ‪‬ﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﻨﻮﻧﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻀ ِﻮ‪‬ﻳ ﹲﺔ ﲟﻔﻬﻮ ِﻡ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻻﺑ ‪‬ﺪ ﻭﺃ ﹾﻥ ﻧﺆﻛﱢﺪ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﻟﻠﻔﻌ ِﻞ ﻋﻼﻗ ﹲﺔ ‪‬ﻋ ‪‬‬
‫ﻂ ﻣﻦ‬‫ﺖ ﻗِﺴ ﹲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎﻥِ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌ ٍﻞ ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﻭِﻟﺤ‪‬ﺪﻭ‪ِ‬ﺛ ِﻪ ﻭﻗﺖ‪‬؛ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎ ﹸﻥ ﻓﺈﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﻌﻘﱠﺪ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ ُﺀ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮ ِﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻧﺎﺷﺊ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ِﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﺍ ٍﺭ ﻣ‪ ‬ﻌ‪‬ﻴ ٍﻦ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄ ﹰﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻤﺲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﲡﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺣﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﺍ ٍﺭ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﻴﻦٍ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓ ﹰﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺣﻮ ﹶﻝ ﳏﻮﺭِﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺾ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳ ‪‬ﻢ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔﹸ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻴ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﺨ ‪‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺘﻤ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎ ‪‬ﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ‬

‫ﳊﺼﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴ ﹶﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴ ٍﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎ ﹸﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﺟﺪﻳ ‪‬ﺮ ﺑﺎﻹﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ؛ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺐ ﺯﻣﻨﻴ ﹲﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔ ﹲﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﺗ ‪‬‬
‫ﺻ‪‬ﻴ ٍﻎ‬
‫ﺃﴰﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﺼﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ِ‬
‫ﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎ ِﻥ‬‫ﺙ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﹶﻏ ‪‬ﺮﺿ‪‬ﻬ‪‬ﻢ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮ ‪‬‬ ‫ﺛﻼ ٍ‬
 ‫ﻒ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﳝﻴ‪ ‬ﺰ ‪‬ﻩ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺃﺭﺍﺩﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﺻ‪‬ﻠﻮﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺮﻳ ٍ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺳ ِﻢ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻑِ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻗﺘﺼﺮﻭﺍ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻪ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻀ ‪‬ﻬ ‪‬ﻢ‬
‫ﲰ ‪‬ﻰ ﺑﻌ ‪‬‬‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ‪‬‬
‫ﺼ‪‬ﻴ ﹶﻎ ﺑﺎﻷﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﹼﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺌﻠ ﹶﺔ ﻏ ‪‬ﲑ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔٍ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ‪‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻐ ِﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ِﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺮﺩ‪‬ﺩﹰﺍ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺼ‪‬ﻴ ِﻎ‬‫ﻓﻴﺘﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴ ﹸﺔ ﺗﻌﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟ ‪‬‬
‫ﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔِ؟‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴ ِﺔ ﺃﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺗ ِ‬

‫ﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎ ِﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻢ ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹶﻞ ﺑﻮﻗﻮﻋﻪ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻨﻔ ‪‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﺃ ﹼﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹶﻞ‬
‫ﱄ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﻗﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺎﺿﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﻗﻮﻋﻪ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎ ﱞ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻘﻊ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺪ‪‬ﻯ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﲝﺘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﳓﻦ ﺑﺼﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻴﻐ ِﺔ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﻨ‪‬ﻴ ِﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋ ِﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﻨـﻴ‪ ‬ﹸﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺩﻻﻻﺕ ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ؛ ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ؛ ﻛﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺧﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﲔ ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺗﺪﻝﱡ‬
 ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ ﹼﻥ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﺼﻴِﻐ ِﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ِﺓ ﻣﻦ‬‫ﴰﻮﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﻻ ﳜﻔﻰ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻟﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘ ﹲﺔ ﺑﺄﺯﻣﻨ ٍﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔ ٍﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺩﻻﻻ ‪‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻓﺈﻥ )ِﺍ‪‬ﻧ‪‬ﺘﻬ‪‬ﻰ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﺼﻄﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻓﻌ ﹲﻞ ﻣﺎﺽٍ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﰲ ﻛ ﱢﻞ ﻣﺜﺎ ٍﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴ ِﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻤﺴ ِﺔ ﻣﻌﲎ ﳌﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺮ‪ ،‬ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺐ‬‫ﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴ ِﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻘﻴ ِﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠ ِﺔ ﺑﺴﺒ ِ‬
‫ﻛ ﱢﻞ ﻭﺍﺣ ٍﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻻ ِ‬
‫ﺖ ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺤ ﹶﻘ ‪‬‬
‫ﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﹶﻟ ِ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍ ِ‬
‫‪1‬ـ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ‬
‫‪2‬ـ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ‬
‫‪3‬ـ ﺇﺫ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ‬
‫‪4‬ـ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ‬
‫‪5‬ـ ﻟﻮﻻﻩ ﳌﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ‬

‫ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺪﻝﱡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻌ ﹸﻞ )ﺍﻧﺘﻬ‪‬ﻰ( ﰲ ﻛ ﱢﻞ ﻣﺜﺎ ٍﻝ‬

‫ﺐ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﻨﻴ ِﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻘ‪‬ﻴ ِﻪ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺗ ِ‬‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠ ِﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓِ‪ ،‬ﲣﺘﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻌﻞ )ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ( ﻗﺪ ‪‬ﻭ ‪‬ﺭ ‪‬ﺩ ﰲ ﻛ ﱟﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﻓﻌ ﹶﻞ )ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ(‬ ‫ﻫﺬ ِﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠ ِﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻏﺮ ‪‬‬
‫ـ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ـ ﰲ ﲨﻠﺔ ‪" :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﻧﺘﻬﻰ‬
‫ﺽ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻞ" ﻳﺪ ﹼﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒ ٍﻞ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻌﻠﱠ ٍﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﻓﻌ ﹲﻞ ﻣﺎ ٍ‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﻴﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﳕﺎ ﱂ ‪‬ﻳ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﺧ ﹾﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ِﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻓﻴ‪‬ﲔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳ‪‬ﲔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺑﺎ ِﺀ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﲡﻨ‪‬ﺒﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘ‪‬ﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﰲ‬
‫ﻼ ﻟﻄﻠﺒ ِﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠ ِﻢ ﻓﺈ ﹼﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﺬﺍﺭ ﻏﲑ ﻣ‪ ‬ﹾﻘِﻨ ٍﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﻬﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻐﻠﺐ ﺃﻧ‪‬ﻬﻢ ﻗﺪ ﺭﻛﹼﺰﻭﺍ ‪‬ﺟ ﱠﻞ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﻘﺎﻗﻴ ِﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺑﻴ ِﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﻴ ِﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺮﺻﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻑ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺛﻼﺛ ِﺔ ﺃﻫﺪﺍ ٍ‬

‫ﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﺤﻦِ‪،‬‬
‫‪1‬ـ ﺍﻟﻨﻄ ‪‬ﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴ ‪‬ﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﻟ ‪‬‬
‫‪2‬ـ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﹸﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤ ﹸﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺼ ﹸﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻂِ‪،‬‬
‫‪3‬ـ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤ ﹸﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺼ ﹸﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﺍﻹﻣﻼﺋ ‪‬ﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋ ‪‬ﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺄﻟ ﹸﺔ ﻋﻼﻗ ِﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ِﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺃﻣﺮﹰﺍ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﹰﺎ‬

‫ﺏ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ِﺔ ﻷﻧ‪‬ﻬﻢ ﺣﺼﺮﻭﺍ ﻣﻬ ‪‬ﻤﺘ‪‬ﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍ ِ‬
‫ﺏ‬‫ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓِ‪ ،‬ﻭﻷﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻟﻠﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎ ِﻥ ﺻﻠ ﹲﺔ ﻣﺒﺎ ِﺷ ‪‬ﺮ ﹲﺓ ‪‬ﺬ ِﻩ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍ ِ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛ ِﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﱂ ﻳﻬﺘﻤ‪‬ﻮﺍ ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻈ ‪‬ﻦ ‪‬ﻢ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺏ ﻗﺪ‬‫ﺏ ﺍﻷﻣ ِﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴ ِﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏ ِﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺮ ِ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺷﺒﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﺃﻗﺒﻠﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻐ ِﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ِﺔ ﺇﻗﺒﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ‪‬ﺍ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠ ِﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ِﺓ‬
‫ﺕ ﺭﻏﺒ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻬ ‪‬ﻢ ﳍﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻮ ِﺓ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴ ِﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ‪‬‬
‫ﺕ ﻃﺎﺭﺋﺔٍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺩﻋﺖ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭ ﹸﺓ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺑﻀﻊ ﺳﻨﲔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍ ٍ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﺃ ﹼﻥ ﻗﻀﻴ ﹶﺔ ﻋﻼﻗ ِﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ِﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎﻥ ﲢﺘﻞﱡ‬
‫ﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ِﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺜ ‪‬ﲑ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧ‪‬ﺎ ﻫﺎ ‪‬ﻣﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻐﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺻ ﹰﺔ‬
‫ﺼ‪‬ﻴ ِﻎ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴ ِﺔ ﺧﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﺏ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﺯﻣ ﹰﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﹰﺓ ﰲ ﺗﺮﲨ ِﺔ ﺍﻟ ‪‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻼ ِ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﻐ ِﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ِﺔ ﻭﻻ ﳚﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻴﺴﺘﻌﻴﻨﻮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺬﻟﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺖ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺭﺃﻳ ‪‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﺮﺿﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺣ ٍ‬
‫ﺏ‬‫ﳋﺼ‪‬ﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮ ٍ‬ ‫ﺏ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪ ِﺓ ﳍﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺗﻨﺎﻭ ﹶﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟ ﹶﺔ ﻓﺄ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻂ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﻗﻮﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺴٍ‬ ‫ﺳﻬ ٍﻞ ﻣ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬‬

‫ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒ ‪‬ﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻼﻗ ِﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ِﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎﻥ ﻷﻣ ‪‬ﺮ ﻫﺎﻡ‪ ‬ﻷ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹶﻞ‬
‫ﻳﻜﺜ ‪‬ﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﹸﻟ ‪‬ﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺣ ‪‬ﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻ ِﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛ ِﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺏ‬‫ﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﻴ‪ ‬ﹸﺔ ﺃﺑﻮﺍ ِ‬‫ﺤ ِﻮ ﻭﺗﺘﺸ ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬‬
‫ﺐ ﺍﻟ‪‬ﻨ ‪‬‬
‫ﺐ ﻛﹸﺘ‪ِ ‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻞﱡ ‪‬ﺎ ﻏﺎﻟ ‪‬‬
‫ﻑ ﺍﻹﺳ ِﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪِ‪ ،‬ﻭﻷ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹶﻞ ﻣﻘﺮﻭ ﹲﻥ ﺑﺰﻣﺎ ٍﻥ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ ً‪ ،‬ﲞﻼ ِ‬
‫ﺻ ﹰﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻑِ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧ‪ ‬ﻪ ﺗﺰﺩﺍ ‪‬ﺩ ﺃﳘﻴ‪ ‬ﹸﺔ ﻋﻼﻗ ِﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ِﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎﻥ ﺧﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳ ِﺮ ﻭﺃﻣﺜﺎِﻟﻬ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮ ِﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳ ِﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ ﺍﻷﺛ ِﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺫﺍ ِ‬

‫ﰒ ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﻟﻠﻔﻌ ِﻞ ﺛﻼﺛ ﹸﺔ ﻣﻌﺎ ٍﻥ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﺮﺩ ‪.‬ﻛـ ) ﹶﻏ ﹶﻔﺮ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭ‪‬ﻳ‪‬ﻨ ِﻄﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﹶﺫ ‪‬ﻫ‪‬ﺒﻨ‪‬ﺎ‪(.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺭﺿﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻌﲎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻳﺎﺩ ِﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺠ‪‬ﺒﻨ‪‬ﺎ‪(.‬‬
‫ﺣﺮﻭﻓﻪ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ )ِﺍﺳ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻐ ﹶﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪‬ﻳﻘﹶﺎِﺗﻞﹸ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪‬ﺗ ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬‬

‫ﺿ ‪‬ﻤِﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻈﻬ ‪‬ﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ‪‬ﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ ِﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗِﺘ ِﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﹰﺎ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﺮ‪‬ﺍﻭﻱ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ِﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻫﺬ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺗﻜﺸﻒ ﻟﻨﺎ ‪‬ﺗ ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺗﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﻨﻴ ِﺔ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﻧﻬ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻛﺜ ‪‬ﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛ ٍﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘ‪ ‬ﻌﺪ‪ ‬ﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐ ٍﺔ‬
‫ﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻮ‪‬ﺭ ِﺓ‪.‬‬‫ﺇﱃ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻃﺒﻴﻌِﺘﻬ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺍﻧﺴﺠﺎ ِﻣﻬ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻐﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴ ٍﺔ‬‫ﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄ ﹶﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎ ٍ‬ ‫ﻓﺈ ﹼﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻐﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺻ‪‬ﻴ ٍﻎ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﺗﺐ‬
‫ﲔ ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ ِﻝ ِ‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﺣﺎﺟ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻃﻘ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﻨ‪‬ﻴ ِﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ـ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ ـ‬

‫ﻂ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﺻﻞﹲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺐ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺒﺴﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻂ ﻭﻣﺮﻛﱠ ٍ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺑﺴﻴ ٍ‬
‫ﻉ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄ ﹶﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻘ ﹲﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩِ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺐ ﻓﺮ ‪‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺮ ﱠﻛ ‪‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﱠ‪‬ﺒﺔﹸ ﻓﺈﻧ‪‬ﻬﺎ ﻣﻘ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﺪ ﹲﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄ ﹸﺔ ﺛﻼﺛ ﹲﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪THE PAST UNCONDITIONAL‬‬ ‫‪1‬ـ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻄﻠ ‪‬ﻖ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺙﰲ‬ ‫ﺨِﺒﺮ‪ ‬ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﱢ ‪‬ﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮ‪‬ﺍﻭﻱ ﺃﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﺣﺪ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳ‪ ‬‬
‫ﺖ ﻣ‪ ‬ﻌ‪‬ﻴ ٍﻦ ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻱ ﺗﻘﻴﻴ ٍﺪ ﹶﻟﻪ‪ ‬ﺑﻮﻗ ٍ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺑ ٍﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﳕﺎ ﺃ ‪‬‬
‫)ﺃ‪‬ﻧ ﹶﻄ ﹶﻘﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﻋ ﹶﻄﻔﹸﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﹶﻻ ‪‬ﻋ ‪‬ﺮﻓﹸﻮﺍ( ﰲ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ‪:‬‬

‫ﺖ * ﺃﹸﻧ‪‬ﺎﺳﹰﺎ ‪‬ﺑ ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬ﺪ ﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﹶﺎﻧ‪‬ﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻧﻄﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﺪ‪‬ﺭﺍ ِﻫ ‪‬ﻢ ‪‬ﺑ ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬ﺪ ﺻﻤ ٍ‬
‫‪‬ﺳﻜﹸﻮﺗ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ـ ٍﻞ * ‪‬ﻭ ﹶﻻ ‪‬ﻋ ‪‬ﺮﻓﹸﻮﺍ ِﻟ ‪‬ﻤ ﹾﻜﺮ‪ ‬ﻣ ٍﺔ‬ ‫ﹶﻓﻤ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﻋ ﹶﻄﻔﹸﻮﺍ ‪‬ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﹶﺃ ‪‬ﺣ ٍﺪ ِﺑﻔﹶﻀ ْ‬
‫ﺛﹸﺒـُﻮﺗ‪‬ﺎ‬
 ‫)ﺍﻹﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻲ ﺹ ‪ ، 30‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﲑﺍﻭﺕ‪1974 -‬ﻡ (‬

‫ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋ ‪‬ﺮ ﻗﺪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎ ﹶﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛ ﹶﺔ ﺩﻭﳕﺎ‬

‫ﱐ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺄ ﱠﻥ‬ ‫ﲢﺪﻳ ٍﺪ ﳍﺎ ﺑﻮﻗﺖ ﻣ‪ ‬ﻌ‪‬ﻴ ٍﻦ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﺃﻃﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﻟﺸﻤﻮﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎ ﱢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋ ‪‬ﺮ ﻗﺎﻝ‪ " :‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟ ِﻐﻨ‪‬ﻰ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻳﻨﻄﻖ ِﺑﺠ‪ ‬ﺮﹶﺃ ٍﺓ‬
‫ﺖ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ‪‬ﺳ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬ﻖ" ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﻣﺎ ﹸﻥ ﻳ‪ ‬ﺮ ِﻏﻤ‪‬ﻪ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻤ ِ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻴ ‪‬ﻢ ﻳﺪﻝﱡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ )ﺃ‪‬ﻧ ﹶﻄ ﹶﻘﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﻋ ﹶﻄﻔﹸﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﹶﻻ ‪‬ﻋ ‪‬ﺮﻓﹸﻮﺍ(‬
‫ﺃﻓﻌﺎ ﹲﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗ ﹲﺔ ﰲ ﻃ ‪‬ﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﻏ ‪‬ﲑ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ٍﺓ ﲜﺰ ٍﺀ ﻣﻨﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ )ﱂ(‪،‬ﻛﺬﺍﻟﻚ ﻳﺪﻝﱡ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭ ‪‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖِ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨ‪‬ﻔ ِﻲ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ )ﱂ ‪‬ﻳ‪‬ﻨ ﹾﻞ( ﰲ‬
‫ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ‪:‬‬

‫ﺕ‬
‫ﻉ ﱂ ‪‬ﻳ‪‬ﻨ ﹾﻞ ِﻣ‪‬ﻨﻬ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬ﻤﻨ‪‬ﻰ * ‪‬ﻭ ‪‬ﺟﺒ‪‬ﺎ ٍﻥ ﻧ‪‬ﺎ ﹶﻝ ﻏﹶﺎﻳ‪‬ﺎ ِ‬
‫" ﹶﻛ ‪‬ﻢ ‪‬ﺷﺠ‪‬ﺎ ٍ‬
‫ﺍ َﻷ ‪‬ﻣ ﹾﻞ"‬

‫ﺖ ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻳ ِﺮ ﺑﺎﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓِ؛ ﺃ ﹼﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﻮﻟ ﹶﺔ ﻗﺪ ﲨﻌ ‪‬‬

‫ﺏ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺿ ِﻲ ﺍﳌﻄﻠ ِﻖ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﺻﻴﻐ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﺐ ﻭﺍﻹﳚﺎ ِ‬ ‫ﺻﻴﻐﱵ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻠ ِ‬
‫ﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻌﺠ‪ِ ‬ﺰ‬
‫ﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭ )ﱂ ‪‬ﻳ‪‬ﻨ ﹾﻞ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﳚﺎ ِ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻠ ِ‬
‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻛ ﱠﻞ ﺻﻴﻐ ٍﺔ‬
‫ﺖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎ ِ‬ ‫)ﻧ‪‬ﺎ ﹶﻝ(‪ .‬ﻓﺤﺎﺻ ﹸﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﺧ ﹸﻞ ﲢ ‪‬‬
‫ﺙ‬‫ﺖ ﺃﻡ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴ ﹰﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗ‪‬ﻨِﺒﺊﹸ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪ ٍ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻴ ٍﺔ ﺧﱪﻳ ﹰﺔ ﻛﺎﻧ ‪‬‬
‫ﺖ ﻣ‪ ‬ﻌ‪‬ﻴ ٍﻦ ﻓﺈﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ‪.‬‬‫ﻱ ﲢﺪﻳ ٍﺪ ﺑﻮﻗ ٍ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ‪‬ﺳ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬ﻖ ﺩﻭ ﹶﻥ ﺃ ‪‬‬

‫‪THE PRESENT UNCONDITIONAL‬‬ ‫‪2‬ـ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ‬

‫‪TENSE‬‬

‫ﺨِﺒﺮ‪ ‬ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﱢ ‪‬ﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪﻭِﺛ ِﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴِﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳ‪ ‬‬
‫ﺖ ﻣ‪ ‬ﻌ‪‬ﻴ ٍﻦ‪ .‬ﻛـ )ﻳ‪‬ﻨِﺒﺊﹸ( ﰲ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬ﻤﹶﺜ ِﻞ‬‫ﻳﺘﻜﱠﻠ ‪‬ﻢ ﺩﻭﳕﺎ ﲢﺪﻳ ٍﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻮﻗ ٍ‬
‫ﻚ ﹶﻻ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬ﻮﻋِﻴ ‪‬ﺪ‪ .‬ﻓـ )ﻳ‪‬ﻨِﺒﺊﹸ( ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻌ ﹲﻞ‬
‫ﻕ ﻳﻨﺒ ﹸﺊ ‪‬ﻋ‪‬ﻨ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺮ ‪":‬ﺍﻟﺼﺪ ‪‬‬
‫ﻀ ‪‬ﺮﺏ‪ ‬ﺍﳌﺜ ﹸﻞ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﻮﻟ ِﺔ‬ ‫ﻉ ﻣﻄﹶﻠ ‪‬ﻖ ﻻ ﺣﺪﻭ ‪‬ﺩ ﻟﻮﻗﺘ ِﻪ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﻳ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎﺭ ‪‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﺒﺎﻥِ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻮﻋ‪ ‬ﺪ ﺛﱠﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳊﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪،‬‬
‫ﺖ ﻣ‪ ‬ﻌ‪‬ﻴ ٍﻦ‪ .‬ﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮ ﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻴﻐ ِﺔ‬ ‫ﻱ ﻗﻴ ٍﺪ ﺑﻮﻗ ٍ‬‫ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃ ‪‬‬
‫ﻉ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪ " :‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﰲ ﺗﺄﻭﻳ ِﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭ ِ‬
‫ﺼِﺒ ‪‬ﺮ ‪‬ﻳ ﹾﻈ ﹶﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳊﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻤﺴ‪‬ﻚ‬ ‫ﻱ ﻣﻦ ‪‬ﻳ ‪‬‬ ‫ﺻ‪‬ﺒ ِﺮ ﹶﻇ ﹶﻔ ‪‬ﺮ" ﺃ ‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﻱ ﻗﻴ ٍﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﱪ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻈﻔﺮ ﻣﻮ ﹶﻛ ﹲﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﱪ ﰲ ﻛ ﱢﻞ ﺣﺎ ٍﻝ ﺩﻭﳕﺎ ﺃ ‪‬‬
‫ﺑﺰﻣﺎ ٍﻥ ﻣ‪ ‬ﻌ‪‬ﻴ ٍﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﻥ ﰲ ﲨﻠﱵ ﺍﻟﻨﻔ ِﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕِ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻲ‪" :‬ﻣﺎ ‪‬ﺾ ﺃﺣ ‪‬ﺪ ﻏﺎﺿﺒﹰﺎ ﺇ ﱠﻻ‬
‫ﺲ ﺧ‪‬ﺎﺳِﺮﹰﺍ" ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻻ ﳝﻠﻚ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻮﺽ ﻏﻀﺒﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ ‪‬ﺟﹶﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﲑﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳜﺴﺮ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺣﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﱴ ﻛﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ‪.‬‬

‫***‬

‫‪THE FUTURE UNCONDITIONAL‬‬ ‫‪ 3‬ـ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ‪:‬‬

‫‪TENSE‬‬

‫ﻯ ﺃﺩﺍ‪‬ﺗ ِﻲ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻞﱡ ﺑﺈﺣﺪ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻵﰐ‪ .‬ﻭﳘﺎ )ﺍﻟﺴﲔ ﻭﺳﻮﻑ( ﻛـ) ‪‬ﺳ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻌﹶﻠﻢ‪ (‬ﰲ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﱯ‪:‬‬

‫ﺴﻌ‪‬ﻰ‬
‫ﺴﻨ‪‬ﺎ * ﺑِﺄ‪‬ﻧﻨِﻲ ‪‬ﺧ‪‬ﻴﺮ‪ ‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻦ ‪‬ﺗ ‪‬‬
‫ﺠِﻠ ‪‬‬‫ﺿ ‪‬ﻢ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬‬ ‫ﺠ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬ﻊ ِﻣ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬ﻦ ‪‬‬
‫‪‬ﺳ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻌﹶﻠﻢ‪ ‬ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬‬
‫ِﺑ ِﻪ ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﺪﻡ‪‬‬
‫)ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﱯ ـ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﱯ ﺹ ـ ‪ ،332‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﲑﻭﺕ ـ ‪ 1980‬ﻡ (‬

‫ﻱ" ﰲ ﻗﻮ ِﻝ ﺯﻫﲑ ﺑﻦ ﺃﰊ‬ ‫ﻑ ـ ِﺇﺧ‪‬ﺎ ﹸﻝ ـ ﹶﺃﺩ‪‬ﺭ ِ‬ ‫ﻭ ِﻣﹾﺜﻠﹸﻪ‪ " ‬ﺳ ‪‬ﻮ ‪‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﻤﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﺼ ٍﻦ ﹶﺃ ‪‬ﻡ ِﻧﺴ‪‬ﺎ ُﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻱ * ﹶﺃﹶﻗ ‪‬ﻮ ‪‬ﻡ ﺁ ﹸﻝ ِﺣ ‪‬‬‫ﻑ ِﺇﺧ‪‬ﺎ ﹸﻝ ﹶﺃﺩ‪‬ﺭ ِ‬
‫ﻱ ‪‬ﻭ ‪‬ﺳ ‪‬ﻮ ‪‬‬
‫‪‬ﻭﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﹶﺃﺩ‪‬ﺭ ِ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨ ﹸﺔ ﺍﹾﻟﻤ‪ ‬ﺮﻛﱠ‪‬ﺒﺔﹸ‪:‬‬

 ‫ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﹸ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻮّﹶﻗ ‪‬ﻊ ﰲ ِﻛ ﹾﻠﺘ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﻮﻟﺘﲔ ﻏﻴ‪‬ﺮ ﳏ ‪‬ﺪ ٍﺩ ﺑﺰﻣﺎ ٍﻥ‪ .‬ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺴ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻐ ‪‬ﺮﹶﻗ ﹲﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮ ِﻡ‬
‫ﺼ‪‬ﻴ ﹶﻎ ﻻ ﻗﻴ ‪‬ﺪ ﹶﻟﻬ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣ‪ ‬ﹾﻄﹶﻠ ﹶﻘ ﹲﺔ ﻣ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﺰﻣ‪‬ﺎ ِﻥ ﺍﹾﻟﻤ‪ ‬ﹾﻘِﺒ ِﻞ ِﺑ‪‬ﺘﻤ‪‬ﺎ ِﻣ ِﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺴ ٍﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨ ﹸﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﹼﺒ ﹸﺔ ‪ :‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛ ِﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎ ِﻡ ﺭﺋِﻴ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﻴ‪‬ﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﻴ‪‬ﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻴ‪‬ﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻛ ﱞﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻀﻬ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻦ‬‫ﺻ ٍﺔ ﻳﺘﻤﻴ‪ ‬ﺰ ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﻌ ‪‬‬
‫ﻉ ﳐﺘﻠﻔ ٍﺔ ﺑﻘﻴﻮ ٍﺩ ﺧﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻘﺴ ‪‬ﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻓﺮﻭ ٍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴ ِﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﻗﻴﻮ ‪‬ﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ِﻞ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳ ِﺪ ﻋﻼﻗ ِﺔ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎ ِﻥ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺜﲑﺓﹲ؛ ﻭﻏﺎﻟ‪‬ﺒﻬ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﻑ‪ :‬ﻛ ﹶﻘﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﱂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥﹾ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‪ ...‬ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺃﻓﻌﺎ ﹲﻝ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻭ ‪‬‬
‫ﺕ‬‫ﻧﺎﻗﺼﺔﹲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﻛﺎ ﹶﻥ ﻭﺻﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺻﺒ ‪‬ﺢ ‪...‬ﺇﱁ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺒﲑﺍ ‪‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﻄ ﹲﺔ‪ :‬ﻛﺄﻣﺲِ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚﹸ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇ‪‬ﻳﹶﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣ‪ ‬ﺮﻛﱠ‪‬ﺒ ﹲﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺜﻞ )ﺣ‪ِ ‬ﻜ ‪‬ﻲ‬
‫ﻱ ﺃﻧ‪ ‬ﻪ(‪ ،‬ﻭ)ﻗﻴ ﹶﻞ ﺃﻧ‪ ‬ﻪ(‪ ،‬ﻭ)ﻗﺎﻝ(‪ ،‬ﻭ)ﺣﺪ‪‬ﺛﲏ(‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧ‪ ‬ﻪ(‪ ،‬ﻭ)ﺭ‪ِ ‬ﻭ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭ) ‪‬ﺳ ِﻤ ‪‬ﻌﺖ‪ ‬ﻳﻘﹸﻮ ﹸﻝ(‪ ،‬ﻭ) ‪‬ﺳ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬ﻖ ﺃ ﹾﻥ( ﺍﱁ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺗﺐ‬
‫ﺏ ﺯﻣﻨﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﻨﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﻀ‪‬ﻬﺎ ﺃﻗﺮ ‪‬‬
‫ﻉ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻀ ِﻪ ﺍﻵ ‪‬ﺧ ِﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻧﻮﺍ ٍ‬‫ﺍﳌﺘﻜﱢﻠ ِﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺑﻌ ‪‬ﺪ ﺇﻟﻴ ِﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌ ِ‬
‫ﺖ ﹶﺃﺭ‪‬ﺍ ‪‬ﻩ"؛‬
‫ﺖ‪ " :‬ﹸﻛ‪‬ﻨ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﹸﻝ ﺍﻟﺘ‪‬ﻜﺮﺍ ِﺭ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﻑ"‬‫ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻛﻼ ‪‬ﻡ ﻳ‪‬ﻮ ِﻫﻢ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘ‪‬ﻜﺮﺍ ‪‬ﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘ‪‬ﺮﺍﺧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘ‪‬ﺮ ‪‬ﺩﺩِ‪ ،‬ﲞﻼ ِ‬
‫ﺖ ﹶﺃﺭ‪‬ﺍ ‪‬ﻩ"‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺃﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻴﻨﹰﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﹶﺪ ‪‬ﺭﹶﺃ‪‬ﻳﺘ‪‬ﻪ‪"‬؛ ﺇﺫ ﻗﻮﻟﻚ‪ " :‬ﹸﻛ‪‬ﻨ ‪‬‬
‫ﺣﲔٍ؛ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻗﻮﻟﻚ‪ " :‬ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﺭﹶﺃ‪‬ﻳﺘ‪‬ﻪ‪ ،"‬ﻳﺪﻝﱡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺪﺙ ﻣﺮ ﹰﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﹰﺓ ﺑﺼﻮﺭ ٍﺓ ﺟﺎﺯﻣ ٍﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻴﺄﰐ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺐ ﺇ ﹾﻥ ﺷﺎﺀ ﺍﷲ‬‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻴ‪‬ﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﹾﻟﻤ‪ ‬ﺮﻛﱠ ِ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪.‬‬

‫***‬

‫‪THE PAST CONDITIONAL TENSE‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﻴ‪‬ﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﻬﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﺑﻮﺍﺏ‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬ـ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫‪2‬ـ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳉﺎﺯﻡ‬
‫‪3‬ـ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺮ‪‬ﻭﺍﺋ ‪‬ﻲ‬
‫‪4‬ـ ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺮ‪‬ﻭﺍﺋ ‪‬ﻲ‬

‫***‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭ‪‬ﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﻴ‪‬ﺪ‪:‬‬
 ‫‪THE PERESENT PERFECT TENSE‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺻﻴﻐ ﹸﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺎ ﹶﻃﺐِ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎ ﹶﻃ‪‬ﺒﺔِ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﹸﺨﺎ ﹶﻃ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻴﻦِ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎ ﹶﻃِﺒﲔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺏ‬‫ﲔ‪ .‬ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻗﺮ ‪‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎ ﹶﻃﺒ‪‬ﺎﺕِ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻜﱢﻠﻢِ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻜﱢﻠ ِﻤ ‪‬‬
‫ﺐ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﻨ‪‬ﻴ ِﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻜﱢﻠ ِﻢ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺗ ِ‬
‫ﺤ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﺘﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺴ‪‬‬ ‫ﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗ ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﺑﺘ‪‬ﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪‬ﺍ‪‬ﻧ ‪‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺿﻲ‪ .‬ﳓﻮ‪ :‬ﹸﻗ ﹾﻠﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃ ﹾﻛ ‪‬ﺮ ‪‬ﻣ ِ‬
‫ﺴ ﹾﻜﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪‬ﺍ ‪‬ﺳ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻐ ﹶﻔ ‪‬ﺮﻧ‪‬ﺎ‪ .‬ﹸﻛﻠﱡﻬ‪‬ﺎ ﺟ‪‬ﺎ ِﺯ ‪‬ﻣ ﹲﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﺗ‪‬ﻨﺎ ‪‬ﺟ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﺘﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪‬ﺗ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬‬
‫ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﰲ‬
‫ﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪‬ﺑ ‪‬ﺪﺃﹶ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛ ﱢﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭ ‪‬‬
‫ﺻ‪‬ﺒﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣ‪‬ﺎﺯ‪‬ﺍﻝﹶ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﹶﺃ ‪‬ﺧﺬﹶ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﹶﻃ ِﻔﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪‬ﺟ ‪‬ﻌﻞﹶ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋ‪‬ﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻ‪‬ﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﹶﺃ ‪‬‬
‫ﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺸﺄﹶ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﹶﻇﻞﱠ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑ‪‬ﺎﺕ‪‬؛ ﻧﻌﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭ ‪‬‬ ‫ﻭﹶﺃﹶﻗ‪‬ﺒﻞﹶ‪ ،‬ﻭﹶﺃ‪‬ﻧ ‪‬‬
‫ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬ ِﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝِ‪ ،‬ﻳﺪﻝﱡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻼ ِﻃﻔﹸﻪ‪ ،"‬ﻭ"ﹶﺃ ‪‬ﺧ ﹶﺬ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻔﻴ ‪‬ﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍ ‪‬ﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﻣﺘﺪﺍ ‪‬ﺩ ﳓﻮ‪" :‬ﺑ ‪‬ﺪﹶﺃ ﻳ‪ ‬ﹶ‬
‫ﺠﺮ‪ ‬ﻩ ِﺇﹶﻟ‪‬ﻴ ِﻪ"‪) ،‬ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﻑ‪ (150/‬ﻭ" ‪‬ﻭ ﹶﻃ ِﻔﻘﹶﺎ‬ ‫ﺱ ﹶﺃﺧِﻴ ِﻪ ‪‬ﻳ ‪‬‬ ‫ِﺑ ‪‬ﺮﹾﺃ ِ‬
‫ﺠ‪‬ﻨ ِﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻭ"ﺟﻌﻞ ‪‬ﻳﻐ‪‬ﺮِﻳ ِﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻕ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬‬ ‫ﺼﻔﹶﺎ ِﻥ ‪‬ﻋﹶﻠ‪‬ﻴ ِﻬﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﻣِﻦ ‪‬ﻭ ‪‬ﺭ ِ‬
‫ﺨِ‬ ‫‪‬ﻳ ‪‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻤﻪ"‪ ،‬ﻭ"ﻋﺎﺩ ﻳﻨﺎﻓﺴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻭ"ﺻﺎﺭ ﻳﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ"‪ ،‬ﻭ"ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺣﺶ ﻣﻨﻪ" ﻭ"ﺃﻗﺒﻞ ‪‬ﻳ ﹶﻜﻠﱢ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬ﻪ‬
‫‪‬ﺪﻭ ٍﺀ"‪ ،‬ﻭ" ﻇﻞ ﳛﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎﺗﻪ"‪ ،‬ﻭ"ﺃﻧﺸﺄ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ"‪،‬‬
‫ﻭ"ﺑﺎﺕ ﻳﺴﺘﺄﻧﺲ ﺑﻪ"‬

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‫‪THE‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﻴ‪‬ﺪ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳉﺎﺯﻡ‪:‬‬
‫‪SIMPLE PAST TENSE‬‬

‫ﺖ ﻣ‪ ‬ﻌ‪‬ﻴ ٍﻦ‬

‫ﺙ ﰲ ﻭﻗ ٍ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻴ ‪‬ﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄ ‪‬ﻊ ﻭﻳﺪﻝﱡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ٍ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺐ‬
‫ﰐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼ ِﻡ ﺍﳌﻮ ‪‬ﺟ ِ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺿ‪‬ﺎِﺑﻄﹸﻪ‪ :‬ﻓﺄ ﹾﻥ ﻳﺄ ﹶ‬
‫ﺐ ﺑﻌﺪ )ﻣﺎ( ﻭ)ﻻ( ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻴﺘﲔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌ ‪‬ﺪ )ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﺪ(؛ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎِﻟ ِ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻡ ﻭﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺮ ﹰﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﹰﺓ‪ .‬ﳓﻮ‬
‫ﻚ ﻓِﻲ‬
‫) ‪‬ﺳ ِﻤ ‪‬ﻊ( ﰲ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪" :‬ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﺳ ِﻤ ‪‬ﻊ ﺍﻟﱠﻠ ‪‬ﻪ ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﻮ ﹶﻝ ﺍﱠﻟﺘِﻲ ‪‬ﺗﺠ‪‬ﺎ ِﺩﻟﹸ ‪‬‬
‫‪‬ﺯ ‪‬ﻭ ِﺟﻬ‪‬ﺎ‪) "...‬ﺍ‪‬ﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪(1/‬‬

‫ﺕ(‪ ،‬ﻭ) ﹶﻻ ﹶﺫ ‪‬ﻣﻨ‪‬ﺎ( ﰲ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﳓﻮ)ﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﹸ ‪‬ﺧ ِﻤ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬‬
 ‫ﲔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨ‪‬ﺎ ِﺯِﻟ ‪‬‬
‫ﻕ * ‪‬ﻭ ﹶﻻ ﹶﺫ ‪‬ﻣﻨ‪‬ﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺕ ﻧ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﺭ ﹶﻟﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﺩ‪‬ﻭ ﹶﻥ ﻃﹶﺎ ِﺭ ٍ‬
‫‪‬ﻭﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﹸ ‪‬ﺧ ِﻤ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬‬
‫‪‬ﻧﺰِﻳ ﹸﻞ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﺃﻝ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﺳﺔـ ﺃﺑﻮ ﲤﺎﻡ ‪(26 ،1‬‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻧ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﻘﻴ ٍﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮ ِﺩ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﻨﻴ‪‬ﺔ‬

‫ﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎ ِﻡ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ‪‬ﻭﹶﻗ ‪‬ﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ :‬ﺇﺫﹾ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻑ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍ ‪‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﹶﻟﻤ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪‬ﻣﺬﹾ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪‬ﻣ‪‬ﻨﺬﹸ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪‬ﺣﺘ‪‬ﻰ؛ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ ‪‬ﻭﹶﻗ ‪‬ﻊ ﻗﺒﻞ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﹶﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲِ‪،‬‬
‫ﺤﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ِﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﹶﺃﻣ‪‬ﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪‬ﺧ ﹾﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪‬ﻋ ‪‬ﻦ ﳝﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪‬ﺗ ‪‬‬
‫ﴰﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﱃ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ )ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ( ﻭﺃﻣﺲ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳉﺎﺯﻡ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻧﹰﺎ‬

‫ﺑﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﻪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺽ‬
‫ﻚ ِﻟ ﹾﻠﻤ‪‬ﻼِﺋ ﹶﻜ ِﺔ ِﺇﻧ‪‬ﻲ ﺟ‪‬ﺎ ِﻋ ﹲﻞ ﻓِﻲ ﺍ َﻷ ‪‬ﺭ ِ‬ ‫* " ‪‬ﻭِﺇ ﹾﺫ ﻗﹶﺎ ﹶﻝ ‪‬ﺭ‪‬ﺑ ‪‬‬
‫ﻔ ﹰﺔ"‪ ) .‬ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮﺓ‪(30/‬‬ ‫‪‬ﺧﻠِﻴ ﹶ‬
‫ﻋ ﹾﻠﻤ‪‬ﺎ"‪) .‬ﻳﻮﺳﻒ‪(22/‬‬
‫* " ‪‬ﻭﹶﻟﻤ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﺑﹶﻠ ﹶﻎ ﹶﺃ ‪‬ﺷﺪ‪ ‬ﻩ ﺁ‪‬ﺗ‪‬ﻴﻨ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﻩ ‪‬ﺣ ﹾﻜﻤ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﻭ ِ‬
‫ﺖ ﺻﺪﺍﻗﱵ * ﻓﺄﺑﻴﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻟﻘﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻚ ‪‬ﻣ ﹾﺬ ﻧﺴﻴ ‪‬‬
‫* "ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻧﺴﻴ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﻫﺠﺮﺗﻨﺎ"‬

‫ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻧ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﻮ ٍﺩ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ‪ :‬ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻹﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻈﹼﺮﻓﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫* "ﺩﻋﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﲑ ﺣﱴ ﺃﻗﺒﻠﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺮﻳﺔ * ﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺩﻡ ﻣﻬﺮﺍﻗﻪ‬

‫ﻏﲑ ﺑﺎﺭﺡ"‬
‫)ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﺳﺔ ﻷﰊ ﲤﺎﻡ‪(288-1 :‬‬

‫* "ﺟﻠﺲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﺪ ﻟﻺﻋﺘﻜﺎﻑ"‬

‫ﺨ ﹾﻠ ِﻖ‬
‫* " ‪‬ﻭﹶﻟ ﹶﻘ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﺧﹶﻠ ﹾﻘ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻮﹶﻗ ﹸﻜ ‪‬ﻢ ‪‬ﺳ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬ﻊ ﹶﻃﺮ‪‬ﺍِﺋ ‪‬ﻖ ‪‬ﻭﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﹸﻛﻨ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﻋ ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬‬
‫ﲔ" )ﺍﳌﺆﻣﻨﻮﻥ‪(17/‬‬ ‫ﻏﹶﺎِﻓِﻠ ‪‬‬
‫* " ﻭﻗﻒ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ"‬
‫* " ﻭﻗﻒ ﻋﻦ ﴰﺎﻟﻪ ﰒ ﺟﻠﺲ ﻋﻦ ﳝﻴﻨﻪ"‬
‫* " ﺳﺎﻓﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻣﺔ ﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻓﺮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﳊﺞ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺭﺟﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺷﻬﺮ‪".‬‬
‫* " ‪‬ﺾ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﹰﺎ‪".‬‬
‫* "ﺃﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺒﺘﺴﻢ"‬
‫* " ﻭﺻﻞ ﺃﻣﺲ"‬
 ‫***‬
‫ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‪:‬‬

‫)ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺝ‪(17/‬‬ ‫ﺠﻨ‪‬ﻮ ِﺩ"‬

‫ﺚ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬‬‫* " ‪‬ﻫ ﹾﻞ ﹶﺃﺗ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﻙ ‪‬ﺣﺪِﻳ ﹸ‬
‫ﻞ" )ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻞ‪(1/‬‬
‫ﺏ ﺍﹾﻟﻔِﻴ ِ‬
‫ﺻﺤ‪‬ﺎ ِ‬ ‫ﻚ ِﺑﹶﺄ ‪‬‬
‫ﻒ ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌ ﹶﻞ ‪‬ﺭ‪‬ﺑ ‪‬‬
‫* " ﹶﺃﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻢ ‪‬ﺗﺮ‪‬ﻯ ﹶﻛ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬‬
‫ﻥ" )ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ‪(68/‬‬
‫ﺸ ‪‬ﺮﺑ‪‬ﻮ ﹶ‬
‫* " ﹶﺃﹶﻓ ‪‬ﺮﹶﺃ‪‬ﻳﺘ‪ ‬ﻢ ﺍﹾﻟﻤ‪‬ﺎ َﺀ ﺍﱠﻟﺬِﻱ ‪‬ﺗ ‪‬‬

‫ﺙ‬‫ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹶﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿ ‪‬ﻲ ﺑﻜﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻧﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻮ ِﺩ ﻳﺪ ﹼﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ٍ‬

‫ﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡِ؛ ﻓﺈﻧ‪‬ﻪ‬ ‫ﻉ ﻗﻄﻌﹰﺎ ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﻣﺎ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﺩﻭﺍ ِ‬‫ﺳﺎﺑ ِﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮ ِ‬
‫ﺟﺎﺯ ‪‬ﻡ ﺣﻜﻤﹰﺎ ﻻ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔﹰ‪ ،‬ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﻣﺎ ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺁﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﳏﻤﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺎﺑ ِﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻉِ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻨﺤﺼ ‪‬ﺮ ﻣﻔﻬﻮ ‪‬ﻡ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻣﺎ ِﻥ‬
‫ﻉ ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑ ِﻖ ﰲ ﺻﻴﻐ ِﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ِﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭ ‪‬‬
‫ﺙ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺤ ‪‬ﺪ ِ‬ ‫ﻉ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬‬ ‫)ﱂ( ﻭ)ﹶﻟﻤ‪‬ﺎ( ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻴﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻔﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻄ ‪‬ﻊ ﻭﻭ‪‬ﻗﻮ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ؛ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪ " :‬ﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻢ ‪‬ﻳِﻠ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﻭﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻢ‬
‫ﺪ "‪) .‬ﺍﻹﺧﻼﺹ‪(3/‬‬‫ﻳ‪‬ﻮﹶﻟ ‪‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻠﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳉﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺸﺎ‪ ‬ﹲﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻤﻮ ‪‬ﻡ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺹ‪.‬‬
 ‫***‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﻴ‪‬ﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺮ‪‬ﻭﺍﺋ ‪‬ﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺏ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﺎﻳ ِﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻣ ٍﺮ ‪‬ﺣ ‪‬ﺪﺙﹶ؛ ﺣﻘﻴﻘ ﹰﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻜﻤﺎﹰ؛‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺳﻠﻮ ‪‬‬

‫ﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺿﺎﺑ ﹸﻄ ‪‬ﻪ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺯﻣ ٍﻦ ﻏ ِﲑ ﻗﺮﻳ ٍ‬
‫ﻉ ﺑﻌﺪ )ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ )ﹶﻟﻤ‪‬ﺎ( ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻴﻐ ِﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭ ِ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ )ﻟﻮﻻ( ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﻴ ﹸﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ )ﻝ( ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ )ﺣﱴ(‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺳﺒﻘﺘﻬﺎ )ﻣﺎﻛﺎﻥ( ‪ .‬ﻛﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﰊ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﱯ‬
‫ﺙ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ِﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺯﻣﺎ ﹲﻥ ﺳﺎﺑ ‪‬ﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺣﺪﻭ ﹸ‬
‫ﺐ‬‫ﻆ ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻘ ﹾﻠ ِ‬
‫ﺖ ﹶﻓﻈ‪‬ﺎ ﹶﻏﻠِﻴ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻋ ‪‬ﱪ ﻣ‪ ‬ﺪ ٍﺓ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪ " :‬ﻭﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻮ ﻛﹸ‪‬ﻨ ‪‬‬
‫ﺖ‬‫ﻚ" )ﺁﻝ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‪ (159 ،‬ﻭﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪" :‬ﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﹸ‪‬ﻨ ‪‬‬ ‫ﹶﻻ‪‬ﻧ ﹶﻔﻀ‪‬ﻮﺍ ِﻣ ‪‬ﻦ ‪‬ﺣ ‪‬ﻮِﻟ ‪‬‬
‫ﺏ ﻭ‪‬ﻻ ﺍﻹﳝ‪‬ﺎ ﹸﻥ ‪‬ﻭﹶﻟ ِﻜ ‪‬ﻦ ‪‬ﺟ ‪‬ﻌ ﹾﻠﻨ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﻩ ﻧ‪‬ﻮﺭ‪‬ﺍ ‪‬ﻧ ‪‬ﻬﺪِﻱ ِﺑ ِﻪ‬‫‪‬ﺗ ‪‬ﺪﺭِﻱ ﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﹾﻟ ِﻜﺘ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﻦ ‪‬ﻧﺸ‪‬ﺎ ُﺀ" )ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺭﻯ‪(52/‬‬‫‪‬ﻣ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ‪:‬‬
 ‫ﺐ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬ﻤﻨ‪‬ﺎ ِﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ ِﻣ ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﻟﱠﻠﻴ‪‬ﺎﱄ * ﹶﻟﻤ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﺗ ‪‬ﺮ ‪‬ﻙ ﺍﹾﻟ ِﻘﻄﹶﺎ ﻃِﻴ ‪‬‬
‫‪‬ﻭﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻮ ﹶﻻ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬ﺰ ِﻋﺠ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬‬
‫)ﺃﺑﻮ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﲨﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﺑﻦ ﻫﺸﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻧﺼﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻯ ﻭﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻯ‪(14 ،‬‬

‫ﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﲔ )ﻛﺎﻥ( ﻭﺑﲔ ﻣﺎ ‪‬ﻳ‪‬ﺘﻌ‪‬ﺎﹶﻗﺒ‪‬ﻪ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺨﱠﻠ ﹸﻞ ﺣﺮ ‪‬‬

‫ﻓﻌ ٍﻞ‪ .‬ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ‪" :‬ﻛﹶﺎﻧ‪‬ﻮﺍ ﹶﻻ ‪‬ﻳ‪‬ﺘﻨ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﻫ ‪‬ﻮ ﹶﻥ ‪‬ﻋ ‪‬ﻦ ﻣ‪‬ﻨ ﹶﻜ ٍﺮ ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻌﻠﹸﻮ ‪‬ﻩ‬
‫ﻥ" )ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺪﺓ‪(79 ،‬‬
‫ﺲ ﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﹶﺎﻧ‪‬ﻮﺍ ‪‬ﻳ ﹾﻔ ‪‬ﻌﻠﹸﻮ ﹶ‬
‫ﹶﻟِﺒﹾﺌ ‪‬‬

‫***‬

‫‪THE PAST PERFECT TENSE‬‬ ‫ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺮ‪‬ﻭﺍﺋ ‪‬ﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺏ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﺎﻳ ِﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻜﺎﻳ ِﺔ ﺃﻣ ٍﺮ ﰲ ﺯﻣﺎ ٍﻥ ﺳﺎﺑ ٍﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺳﻠﻮ ‪‬‬

‫ﺿﺎﺑﻄﻪ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ )ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﺪ( ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﺖ ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﺭﹶﺃﻳ‪‬ﺖ ‪‬ﺯﻳ‪‬ﺪﹰﺍ"‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳋﱪ ‪‬‬ ‫" ﹸﻛ‪‬ﻨ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ‪‬ﻧ ‪‬ﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﰐ )ﻗﺪ( ﺑﻌﺪ )ﻛﺎﻥ( ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺖ ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﺪ‬
‫ﺖ ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﺭﹶﺃ‪‬ﻳﺖ‪ "‬ﺃﻭ " ‪‬ﻫ ﹾﻞ ﻛﹸ‪‬ﻨ ‪‬‬
‫ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻗﻠﺖ ‪" :‬ﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﹸﻛ‪‬ﻨ ‪‬‬
‫ﲔ ﻏ ‪‬ﲑ ‪‬ﻣﻌ‪‬ﺘﺎﺩ ٍﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﺃﻣ‪‬ﺎ‬ ‫ﲔ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻴﻐﺘ ِ‬ ‫ﺖ ‪‬ﺯﻳ‪‬ﺪﺍﹰ؟"‪ .‬ﻓﺈ ﹼﻥ ﻫﺎﺗ ِ‬
‫‪‬ﺭﹶﺃ‪‬ﻳ ‪‬‬
‫ﺐ‬‫ﰐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴ ٍ‬ ‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﺃ ﹾﻥ ﻳﺄ ﹶ‬‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﻨﺎ ِﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺴ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬ﻖ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺛﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‪‬؛ ﻭﻫﻮ‪" :‬ﱂ ﻳﺴﺒ ‪‬ﻖ ﺃ ﹾﻥ"‪ .‬ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻚ‪" :‬ﱂ ‪‬ﻳ ‪‬‬
‫ﺖ ﺯﻳﺪﹰﺍ"‪ ،‬ﻭ"ﻣ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﺳ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬ﻖ ﱄ ﺃﻥ ﺭﺃﻳ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻪ"؛ ﻭ"ﻫﻞ ﺳ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬ﻖ‬‫ﱄ ﺃ ﹾﻥ ﺭﺃ‪‬ﻳ ‪‬‬
‫ﻚ ﺃ ﹾﻥ ﺭﺃ‪‬ﻳ‪‬ﺘﻪ‪."‬‬
‫ﻟ ‪‬‬
‫***‬

‫‪THE PRESENT CONTIDIONAL TENSE‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﻴ‪‬ﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺙ ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺏ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎ ﹸﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳ ‪‬ﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺤﺪ‪ ‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻮ ﺑﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﱢ ‪‬ﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻣ ٍﺮ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺟﺎﺭﻳﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻂ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻀﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻐﲑﻩِ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿ‪‬ﺎِﺑ ﹸ‬
‫ﺙ‬ ‫ﻉ ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻧﹰﺎ ﺑﻘﻴ ٍﺪ ﳛﺪ‪ ‬ﺩ ‪‬ﻩ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺤﺪ‪ ‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭ ‪‬‬
‫ﺼ‪‬ﻴ ِﻎ ﺍﳌﺨﺎ ﹶﻃﺐِ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎ ﹶﻃ‪‬ﺒ ِﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎ ﹶﻃ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻴ ِﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﱢ ‪‬ﻢ‪ .‬ﹶﻛ ِ‬
‫ﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻜﱢﻠ ِﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻤﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎ ﹶﻃﺒ‪‬ﺎ ِ‬‫ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎ ﹶﻃِﺒ ‪‬‬
‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﺖ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ؛ ﳓﻮ ﺃ‪‬ﻧ ‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﺘﺒﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻌﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧﺘﻢ ﺗﺸﻬﺪﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃ‪‬ﻧ‪‬ﺘﻦ‪ ‬ﺗﺼﺪﻗﻦ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺻ‪‬ﻴﻎﹸ ﺍﻷﻣﺮِ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ‪‬ﻧﻬ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻧﺎ ﺃﻧﺼﺤﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﳓﻦ ﻧﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﺃﻣ‪‬ﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ‪.‬‬

‫***‬
 ‫‪THE FTURE CONDITIONAL‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻴ‪‬ﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪TENSES‬‬

‫ﻓﻬﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﺑﻮﺍﺏ‪:‬‬

‫‪THE FTURE BOUND‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﹼﻖ‪:‬‬

‫‪TENSE‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺟﺰﺍ ًﺀ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻁ ﻭﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭ ِﻣﺜﹶﺎﹸﻟ ‪‬ﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ‪:‬‬

‫ﺖ ﺍﻟﱠﻠﺌِﻴ ‪‬ﻢ‬
‫ﺖ ﹶﺃ ﹾﻛ ‪‬ﺮ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬‬
‫ﺖ ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻜ ِﺮ ‪‬ﱘ ‪‬ﻣﹶﻠ ﹾﻜ‪‬ﺘﻪ‪ * ‬ﻭِﺇ ﹾﻥ ﹶﺃ‪‬ﻧ َ‪‬‬
‫ﺖ ﹶﺃ ﹾﻛ ‪‬ﺮ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬‬
‫ِﺇﺫﹶﺍ ﹶﺃ‪‬ﻧ ‪‬‬
‫ﲤﺮ‪‬ﺩﺍ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﺇ ﹾﻥ ﺗ‪ ‬ﹾﻜ ِﺮ ِﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺮ ‪‬ﱘ ‪‬ﺗ ‪‬ﻤِﻠ ﹾﻜﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇ ﹾﻥ ﺗ‪ ‬ﹾﻜ ِﺮ ِﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﺌﻴ ‪‬ﻢ ‪‬ﻳ‪‬ﺘ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬ﺮ ‪‬ﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺴﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻟ ﹼﻈ ‪‬ﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﻻ ‪‬ﻳ ﹶﻔﺮ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺗﻨﺒﻴ ‪‬ﻪ ﳌﻦ ﻳ‪‬ﺤ ِ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻮﺷﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﺮ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻬﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﹼﻠ ‪‬ﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻗﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺸﺘﺮ ﹲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺼ ‪‬ﺮ ﹸﻛ ‪‬ﻢ‬
‫ﺼﺮ‪‬ﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻠﱠ ‪‬ﻪ ﻳ‪‬ﻨ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪ِ" :‬ﺇ ﹾﻥ ﺗ‪‬ﻨ ‪‬‬
‫ﻢ " )ﳏﻤﺪ‪(7/‬‬
‫ﺖ ﹶﺃ ﹾﻗﺪ‪‬ﺍ ‪‬ﻣ ﹸﻜ ‪‬‬
‫‪‬ﻭﻳ‪‬ﹶﺜ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬‬

‫***‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺮ‪‬ﻭﺍﺋ ‪‬ﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ )‪‬ﻳﻜﹸﻮ ﹸﻥ ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﺪ( ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬

‫ﺕ‬
‫ﻁ ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻚ‪" :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺳﺒ ﹾﻘ‪‬ﺘﻪ‪ ‬ﺗﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺣﺮ ‪‬ﺯ ‪‬‬
‫ﺟﺰﺍ ًﺀ ﻟﻔﻌ ِﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ِ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨ‪‬ﺼ ‪‬ﺮ"‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻴ‪‬ﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪THE FUTURE NEGATIVE TENSE‬‬ ‫ﱯ ﺍﳉﺎﺯﻡ‪:‬‬

‫ﺴ ﹾﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟ ‪‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ )ﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻦ( ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪" :‬ﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻦ‬
‫ﻥ " )ﺁﻝ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‪(92/‬‬
‫ﺤﺒ‪‬ﻮ ﹶ‬
‫‪‬ﺗﻨ‪‬ﺎﻟﹸﻮﺍ ﺍﹾﻟِﺒ ‪‬ﺮ ‪‬ﺣﺘ‪‬ﻰ ﺗ‪‬ﻨ ِﻔﻘﹸﻮﺍ ِﻣﻤ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﺗ ِ‬
 ‫***‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻴ‪‬ﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪THE PAST FUTURE PERFECT‬‬ ‫ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺮ‪‬ﻭﺍﺋ ‪‬ﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪TENSE‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ )ﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ ﻟِـ‪ (..‬ﳓﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪":‬‬
‫ﻢ ‪) "...‬ﺍﻷﻧﻔﺎﻝ‪(33/‬‬
‫ﺖ ﻓِﻴ ِﻬ ‪‬‬
‫‪‬ﻭﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﱠﻠ ‪‬ﻪ ِﻟﻴ‪ ‬ﻌ ﱢﺬ‪‬ﺑﻬ‪ ‬ﻢ ‪‬ﻭﹶﺃ‪‬ﻧ ‪‬‬

‫ﻭ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺖ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺴ‪‬ﺮ‬

‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﷲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺁﻳﺪﻥ‬

‫‪Feriduddin AYDIN‬‬
‫‪ /26‬ﺻﻔﺮ‪ 1418/‬ﻫـ‪.‬‬
‫‪1997/07/01‬ﻡ‬