Aldehydes Methyl Ketones

Tollen’s iodofom
Fehling’s Sodium nitroprusside
Schiff’s

Acetophenone – ketone

Acetone – ketone

Benzaldehyde – aldehyde

Formaldehyde – aldehyde

Formalin – aqueous solution of formaldehyde

Glucose –

Ethyl methyl ketone – ketone

Ethyl methyl acetate – aldehyde

Starch –

2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine Test

can react with both aldehyde and ketone. By adding 2,4-

dinitrophenylhydrazine, literally, an aldehyde compound will change to
orange, yellow or red precipitate. From our result, benzaldehyde and
formaldehyde satisfy the theory. As for acetone and acetophenone,
disobey the theory. From the result also those that disobey theory are oily
solution. These show the characteristics of ketone, the reason why the
ketone give oils because it was not solidify. From the color shows provide
information about compound that are unconjugate (yellow) and conjugate
(orange to red).

2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine test: A positive result is the formation of a

yellow/orange precipitate. A negative test result is the absence of a
precipitate, and the persistence of the translucent solution.
Sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) Test

When an organic compound with a carbonyl functional group is to

react with Sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3), a bisulfite is produced in the form of
a white precipitate. The Sodium bisulfite test is used to predict the
presence or absence of a carbonyl group. The formation of a bisulfite
addition complex is suggesting a variety of carbonyl compounds. This
reaction is greatly influenced by the spatial arrangement of the carbonyl
group, thus this reaction does not occur with certain hindered ketones.
The procedure works best with aldehydes. A positive test for aldehydes
and ketones is indicated by the appearance of a white precipitate.In the
experiment, acetaldehyde and acetone both formed two layers. The two
compounds both contain a carbonyl group.

The Schiff’s Test

also used to discriminate between aldehydes and ketones.

Aldehydes give a positive test; ketones do not. Schiff’s reagent is made
by adding the intensely colored triphenylmethane dye called fuschsin to a
solution of sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3). The bisulfite reacts with the dye to
produce a colorless solution. This colorless solution will then react with
aldehydes – but not ketones – to produce a new triphenylmethane dye
that also has a brilliant purple color. This test is extremely sensitive and
may give false positives

Tollens’ test, also known as silver-mirror test, is a qualitative

laboratory test used to distinguish between an aldehyde and a ketone. It
exploits the fact that aldehydes are readily oxidized (see oxidation),
whereas ketones are not. Tollens’ test uses a reagent known as Tollens’
reagent, which is a colorless, basic, aqueous solution containing silver ions
coordinated to ammonia [Ag(NH3)2+].
Tollens’ reagent oxidizes an aldehyde into the corresponding carboxylic
acid. The reaction is accompanied by the reduction of silver ions in
Tollens’ reagent into metallic silver, which, if the test is carried out in a
clean glass test tube, forms a mirror on the test tube.

Ketones are not oxidized by Tollens’ reagent, so the treatment of a ketone

with Tollens’ reagent in a glass test tube does not result in a silver mirror.

Fehling’s Test

Fehling's can be used to determine whether a carbonyl-

containing compound is an aldehyde or a ketone. The
bistartratocuprate(II) complex in Fehling's solution is an oxidizing
agent and the active reagent in the test. The compound to be tested is
added to the Fehling's solution and the mixture is heated. Aldehydes are
oxidized, giving a positive result, but ketones do not react,

Fehling’s test: A positive result is the formation of a brick red

precipitate. A negative result
is the absence of a precipitate, and the persistence of the blue solution.

Fehling's solution (fā'lĭngz), deep-blue, alkaline solution used to test for the
presence of aldehydes (e.g., formaldehyde, HCHO) or other compounds that
contain the aldehyde functional group, -CHO. The substance to be tested is heated
with Fehling's solution; formation of a brick-red precipitate indicates the presence
of the aldehyde group. Simple sugars (e.g., glucose) give a positive test, so the
solution has been used to test for the presence of glucose in urine, a symptom of
diabetes

Sodium Nitroprusside Test

For the reagent sodium nitroprusside plus some drops of sodium

hydroxide, aldehydes emit a deep reddish color while ketones
exhibit a reddish color which later transforms to orange.

Iodoform Test

Test for Benzaldehyde

Molisch Test

Molisch's Test (named after Austrian botanist Hans Molisch) is a sensitive chemical test for the presence

of carbohydrates, based on the dehydration of the carbohydrate by sulfuric acid to produce an aldehyde, which

condenses with two molecules of phenol (usually α-naphthol, though other phenols (e.g. resorcinol, thymol) also

give colored products) resulting in a red- or purple-colored compound.

Procedure

The test solution is combined with a small amount of Molisch's reagent (α-naphthol dissolved in ethanol) in a test

tube. After mixing, a small amount of concentrated sulfuric acid is slowly added down the sides of the sloping

test-tube, without mixing, to form a bottom layer. A positive reaction is indicated by appearance of a purple ring at

the interface between the acid and test layers.

Inference:-
Indicates the presence of Carbohydrates
The presence of that hydrogen atom makes aldehydes very easy to
oxidise. Or, put another way, they are strong reducing agents.

The different between aldehyde and ketone is by having a hydrogen atom attached
to the carbonyl group. This makes the aldehydes very easy to oxidize. Ketones don't
have that hydrogen atom and are resistant to oxidation. They are only oxidized by
powerful oxidizing agents which have the ability to break carbon-carbon bonds.
Both aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl group. The
carbonyl group can be confirmed by:

a. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine Test
b. Sodium bisulfite Test