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c
V V
a Convection is the transfer
of heat by the motion of
liquids and gases.
Convection in a gas occurs
because gas expands when
heated.
Convection occurs because
currents flow when hot gas
rises and cool gas sink.
Convection in liquids also
occurs because of
differences in density.
V V
î 6
V V
Dhat happens to the particles in a liquid or
a gas when you heat them?
¦ ¦
D
D n air-
conditioner
gives out
cold air
which falls.
¦
V V
Dhere is the Freezer
freezer compartment
compartment
put in a fridge?
It is warmer
at the
It is put at the bottom, so
top, because this warmer
cool air sinks, air rises and
so it cools the a convection
food on the current is
way down. set up.
In a fire, why should you crawl close to the floor in
a smoke-filled room?
Smoke is warmer than the surrounding air.
¦
V V
a Dhen the flow of gas or
liquid comes from
differences in density
and temperature, it is
called free convection.
a Dhen the flow of gas or
liquid is circulated by
pumps or fans it is called
forced convection.
V V
a Convection depends on
speed.
a Motion increases heat
transfer by convection
in all fluids.
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a Convection depends on
surface area.
a If the surface contacting
the fluid is increased, the
rate of heat transfer also
increases.
a lmost all devices made
for convection have fins
for this purpose.
V V
a woth free and forced convection help to
heat houses and cool car engines.
V V
a mn a smaller scale near coastlines,
convection is responsible for sea
breezes.
a During the daytime, land is much
hotter than the ocean.
a sea breeze is created when hot
air over the land rises due to
convection and is replaced by
cooler air from the ocean.
a t night the temperature reverses
so a land breeze occurs.
V V
a Much of the Earth͛s climate is regulated by giant convection
currents in the ocean.
? VV V
? D
#()**+,-+ ÷,-*
Dhen average value of Nu over entire length, x1
#()../,-+ ÷,-*
(for constant heat flux, the coefficient 0.332 becomes
0.453, effecting an increase of the coefficient over an
entire length)
THERM wmNDRY YER: F T P TE
These equations are valid only for Prandtl
numbers of 1.0 or greater, since the derivation
assumes a thermal boundary layer no thicker
than the hydrodynamic layer. However, they can
be used for gases with Pr у 0.70 with little error.
The equations are also restricted to cases where
the Nusselt number is fairly large, 10 or higher
since axial conduction, which was neglected in
the derivation, has a significant effect for thick
boundary layers.
0
1
11
Castor oil at 38mC flows over a wide, 6 m long,
heated plate at 0.06 m/s. For a surface
temperature of 93mC, determine a) the
hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness at the
end of the plate b) the local heat transfer
coefficient h, at the end of the plate c) the total
heat rate from the surface per unit width.
ssume the thermal diffusivity to be 7.22 x 10-8
m2/s and the thermal conductivity to be 0.213
w/m.K at the film temperature.
a) ɷ = 5.0 =?
яRe
Re = u ʌ = u = (0.06 m/s) (6.0 m)
ʅ ʆ 6.0 x 10 -5 m2/s
Re = 6000
' = 5.0 ( 6.0 m) = ()*23
я 6000
b) Pr = ʆ = 6.0 x 10 -5 m2/s = 8.31 x 102
ɲ 7.22 x 10 -8 m2/s
h = 0.332 k u ½ Pr 1/3
ʆ
h = 0.332 (0.213 w/m.K) 0.06 m/s ½ 8.31x102
6x10-5m2/s (6m)
#2)42D-0+)5
c) =2h = 2 (8.58 D/m2.K) = 17.16 D/m2.K
q = s (Ts ʹ Tь)
= 17.16 D/m2.K (6 m2/m) (93 - 38)mC
"#4..4D-0
0
1
11
÷ = Cpʅ = ()3(*
k
= ʌu = u = 5 m/s ( 1 m) = +)3346,(4
ʅ ʆ 18.02 x 10-6 m2/s
7 ' = 5.0 = 5.0 ( 1 m ) = )/ 6,(
* 0
яRe я2.775 x 105
#()**+,-+ ÷,-*
" #+,3)3/D-0+
" #/*4)4D-0+
MINR F mD HET TRNSFER INSIDE
TwES
large heat transfer engineering problems and of
importance involves the flow of fluids through
pipes, particularly in heat exchangers.
Conditions:
1. The velocity of the fluid throughout the tube
and at all points in any cross section of the
stream is constant, so that u = um = V
2. Dall temperature is constant
3. Properties of the fluid are independent of
temperature
Fo = ɲtT = 4ktT = 4k
rm2 CpʌD2 CpʌD2V
Gz = m Cp = Ʌ Re Pr D ; Pe = Re Pr = DV
k 4
Gz = m Cp = Ʌ Re Pr D = Ʌ D Pe = Ʌ
k 4 4 Fo
MINR F mD HET TRNSFER INSIDE
TwES
The Nusselt number for heat transfer to a fluid
inside a pipe is
Nu = hi D
k
where the film coefficient hi is the average value
over the length of the pipe and is calculate for
the case of constant wall temperature:
MINR F mD HET TRNSFER INSIDE
TwES
hi =
m Cp (Tb ʹ Ta)
ɅD ȴ
Since ȴ = (Tw ʹ Ta) ʹ (Tw ʹ b)
ln (Tw ʹ Ta / Tw ʹ b)
hi = m Cp ln Tw ʹ Ta
ɅD Tw ʹ b
Then Nu = mCp ln Tw ʹ Ta
Ʌk Tw ʹ b
mr Nu = Gz ln Tw ʹ Ta
Ʌ Tw ʹ b
MINR F mD HET TRNSFER INSIDE
TwES
symptotic imitation: b = Tw
Nu = 2 Gz and Gz у 10
Ʌ
For laminar flow of fluids inside horizontal
tubes, correction factor for heating and cooling
#4)/.0
ir at 1.0 atmospheric pressure and 77mC enters a
5.0 mm ID tube with a bulk average velocity of 2.5
m/s. The velocity profile is developed and the
thermal profile is ͞developing͟. The tube length is
1.0 m, and a constant heat flux is imposed by the
tube surface on the air over the entire length. n
exit air bulk average temperature, Tb = 127mC, is
required. Determine
a) The exit h value, h
b) The uniform heat flux
c) The exit tube surface temperature
b = 77 + 127 = 102mC
2
ʌ = 0.9403 kg/m3 ʆ = 23.33 x 10-6 m2/s
Cp = 1.0115 kJ/kg.K k = 0.03184 D/m.K
ʅ = 2.1805 x 10-5 kg/m.s
ReD = Du = 0.005 m (2.5 m/s)
ʆ 23.33 x 10-6 m2/s
ReD = 536 (laminar)
Nu = 4.364
Nu = hD / k ; h = 4.364 k/D
" #,/2)3D-0+
q = h (Ts ʹ Tь) q͛ = h (Ts ʹ Tь)
#,*+)/ V
? VV V
!? D
For turbulent flow of fluids inside a pipe, the
relationship is given by the Sieder-Tate equation;
#()(+*()2(÷ 89
The effect of fluid properties on hi can be shown by
condensing the above equation assuming that
(ʅ/ʅw)0.14 = ˇ = 1
#()(+*:;()2('+-*V,-*
()+%()/3
ȴTi = ȴT
Do 1 1
Di hi o
ȴTi = 1/hi ȴT
1/hi + Di/Do (1/ho)
4 ʅw
hi = Cp ʅ 2/3 ʅw 0.14
k ʅ
b = (30 + 70 ) mC /2 = 50mC
h = Nu k = 3962.91952(0.644 D/m.K)
D (0.0025 m)
h = 1020848.07 D/m2.K