Example7 1

Smith’s Elements of Soil Mechanics, 8 th Edition Ian Smith
Correction
Example 7.1, p272
The text below should replace the published text, starting from “(ii) Design
actions” (immediately beneath Fig. 7.8) to the end of the example (p275).
(ii) Design actions
The selfweight of the wall is a permanent, favourable action. Consider the wall as
comprising three areas as indicated in Fig. 7.8a. The design weight of each area is
determined:
Area 1: GW 1; d = 1 2 ´ 0 . 8 ´ 3 ´ g concrete ´ g G , stb = 1 . 2 ´ 24 ´ 0 . 9 = 25.9 kN
Area 2: GW 2; d = 1 . 8 ´ 3 ´ g concrete ´ g G , stb = 5 . 4 ´ 24 ´ 0 . 9 = 116.6 kN
Area 3: GW 3; d = 2 . 6 ´ 2 ´ g concrete ´ g G , stb = 5 . 2 ´ 24 ´ 0 . 9 = 112.3 kN
The thrust from the active earth pressure behind the wall is a permanent, unfavourable
action. Values of the active earth pressure are indicated on Fig. 7.8b.
Pa;d (fill) = 1 2 ´ 22 . 4 ´ 4 ´ g G , dst = 49 . 3 kN

Pa;d (foundation soil) = 1
2 ´ (26 . 7 + 34 . 1 ) ´ 1 . 0 ´ g G , dst = 33 . 4 kN
Pa;d (fill) acts at the angle d = 26.6° to the horizontal (as illustrated in Fig. 6.6):
Horizontal component of P a;d (fill), Pah;d = P a;d cos 26.6° = 44.1 kN

Vertical component of Pa;d (fill), Pav;d = Pa;d sin 26.6° = 22.1 kN
Pa;d (foundation) acts at the angle d = 23° to the horizontal:
Horizontal component of P a;d (foundation), Pah;d = Pa;d cos 23° = 30.8 kN

Vertical component of Pa;d (foundation), Pav;d = Pa;d sin 23° = 13.1 kN
The lateral thrust from the surcharge is a variable, unfavourable action.
Pq;d (fill) = 6. 2 ´ 4 ´ g Q = 37 . 2 kN

Pq;d (foundation soil) = 7. 4 ´ 1 . 0 ´ g Q = 11 . 1 kN
Blackwell Publishing, May 2006 http://sbe.napier.ac.uk/esm
ISBN 1 405133708
Pq;d (fill) acts at the angle d = 26.6° to the horizontal:
Horizontal component of P q;d (fill), Pqh;d = Pq;d cos 26.6° = 33.3 kN

Vertical component of Pq;d (fill), Pqv;d = Pq;d sin 26.6° = 16.7 kN
Horizontal component of P q;d (foundation), Pqh;d = Pq;d cos 23° = 10.2 kN

Vertical component of Pq;d (foundation), Pqv;d = Pq;d sin 23° = 4.4 kN
(iii) Design effect of actions and design resistance
The effect of the actions is to cause the overturning moment about the toe of the wall.
This is resisted by the stabilising moment from the selfweight of the wall, together with
a contribution from the vertical components of Pa and Pq.
Action Magnitude of Lever arm (m) Moment

Action (kN) (kNm)
Stabilising:
Area 1 25.9 2 ´ 0 . 8 = 0 . 53
3 13.7
Area 2 116.6 1 . 8 198.2
0. 8 + = 1 . 7
2
Area 3 112.3 2. 6 146.0
= 1 . 3
2
Pv;d 22.1 + 13.1 + 2.6 146.4
16.7 + 4.4
Total: 504.3
Destabilising:
Pa (fill) 44.1 4 102.8
1 + = 2 . 33
3
Pa (foundation soil) 30.8 1. 0 (2 ´ 26 . 7 + 34 . 1 ) 14.8
= 0 . 48
3 (26 . 7 + 34 . 1 )
Pq (fill) 33.3 4 99.9
1. 0 + = 3 . 0
2
Pq (foundation soil) 10.2 1. 0 5.1
= 0 . 5
2
Total: 222.6
From the results it is seen that the EQU limit state is satisfied since the sum of the design
destabilising actions and effects (222.6 kNm) is less than the sum of the design stabilising
ISBN 1 405133708
actions and effects (504.3 kNm). This result may be presented as the ratio of the
resistance to the effects and be termed the overdesign factor, Γ:
504. 3
G = = 2 . 26
222 . 6
GEO Limit state:
For Design Approach 1 we must check both partial factor sets combinations.
1. Combination 1 (partial factor sets A1 + M1 + R1)
From Table 7.1: γG, unfav = 1.35; γG, fav = 1.0; γ Q = 1.5; γ f' = 1.0.
(i) Design material properties:
Retained fill:
æ tan f ' ö
f ' d = tan -1 çç ÷ = tan -1 æç tan 32 ö÷ = 32 º
÷
è g f ' ø è 1 . 0 ø
From Fig. 7.6, Ka = 0.25.
Foundation soil:
f'd = f' = 28º
From Fig. 7.6, Ka = 0.30.
(ii) Design actions:
The design weight of each area of the wall is determined as before, this time taking
γG, fav = 1.0.
Area 1: G W 1; d = 1 . 2 ´ 24 ´ 1 . 0 = 28.8 kN

Area 2: G W 2; d = 5 . 4 ´ 24 ´ 1 . 0 = 129.6 kN
Area 3: G W 3 ; d = 5 . 2 ´ 24 ´ 1 . 0 = 124.8 kN
Total, R v;d: 283.2 kN
The thrust from the active earth pressure is a permanent, unfavourable action.
Pa;d (fill) = 1 2 ´ 0 . 25 ´ 18 ´ 4 2 ´ g G , unfav = 48 . 6 kN

pa (fill/foundation interface) = 0. 30 ´ 18 ´ 4 = 21 . 6 kPa
ISBN 1 405133708
pa (base) = 21. 6 + 0 . 30 ´ 20 ´ 1 . 0 = 27 . 6 kPa

Pa;d (foundation soil) = 1 2 ´ (21 . 6 + 27 . 6 ) ´ 1 . 0 ´ g G , unfav = 33 . 2 kN
Pa;d (fill) acts at the angle d = 32° to the horizontal:
Pah;d (fill) = 48.6 cos 32° = 41.2 kN
Pav;d (fill) = 48.6 sin 32° = 25.8 kN
Pah;d (foundation) = 33.2 cos 28° = 29.3 kN
Pav;d (foundation) = 33.2 sin 28° = 15.6 kN
The lateral thrust from the surcharge is a variable, unfavourable action.
Pq;d (fill) = 20 ´ 0 . 25 ´ 4 ´ g Q = 30 . 0 kN

Pq;d (foundation soil) = 20 ´ 0 . 30 ´ 1 . 0 ´ g Q = 9 . 0 kN
Pq;d (fill) acts at the angle d = 32° to the horizontal:
Pqh;d (fill) = 30 cos 32° = 25.4 kN
Pqv;d (fill) = 30 sin 32° = 15.9 kN
Pq;d (foundation) acts at the angle d = 28° to the horizontal:
Pqh;d (foundation) = 9 cos 28° = 8.0 kN
Pqv;d (foundation) = 9 sin 28° = 4.2 kN
(iii) Design effect of actions and design resistance
The effect of the actions is to cause forward sliding of the wall. This is resisted by the
friction on the underside of the wall.
Total horizontal thrust, R h;d = 41.2 + 29.3 + 25.4 + 8.0 = 103.9 kN

Design resistance = Rv;dtanδ = (283.2 + 25.8 + 15.6 + 15.9 + 4.2) × tan 28˚ = 183.3 kN
(since δ = f)
183. 3
Thus the GEO limit state is satisfied and the overdesign factor, G = = 1 . 76 .
103 . 9
2. Combination 2 (partial factor sets A2 + M2 + R1)
ISBN 1 405133708
The partial factors are: γG, unfav = 1.0; γ G, fav = 1.0; γ Q = 1.3; γ f' = 1.25. The calculations are

the same as for Combination 1 except that this time these partial factors are used.
Rv;d = 283.2 + 20.1 + 11.9 + 14.4 + 3.77 = 333.4 kN
Rh;d = 40.1 + 28.0 + 28.9 + 8.8 = 105.8 kN
Rv;dtanδ = 333.4 × tan 23˚ = 141.5 kN
141. 5
Thus the GEO limit state is satisfied and the overdesign factor, G = = 1 . 34 .
105 . 8
Overview
The GEO limit state is satisfied for both combinations and thus the proposed design of
the wall is satisfactory. The lower value of Γ obtained (in this case 1.34) governs the
design.
ISBN 1 405133708

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Smith’s Elements of Soil Mechanics, 8 th Edition Ian Smith

Pa;d (fill) = 1 2 ´ 22 . 4 ´ 4 ´ g G , dst = 49 . 3 kN

Pa;d (fill) acts at the angle d = 26.6° to the horizontal (as illustrated in Fig. 6.6):

Horizontal component of P a;d (fill), Pah;d = P a;d cos 26.6° = 44.1 kN

Pa;d (foundation) acts at the angle d = 23° to the horizontal:

Horizontal component of P a;d (foundation), Pah;d = Pa;d cos 23° = 30.8 kN

Pq;d (fill) = 6. 2 ´ 4 ´ g Q = 37 . 2 kN

Pq;d (fill) acts at the angle d = 26.6° to the horizontal:

Horizontal component of P q;d (fill), Pqh;d = Pq;d cos 26.6° = 33.3 kN

Pa;d (foundation) acts at the angle d = 23° to the horizontal:

Horizontal component of P q;d (foundation), Pqh;d = Pq;d cos 23° = 10.2 kN

Action Magnitude of Lever arm (m) Moment

Area 1: G W 1; d = 1 . 2 ´ 24 ´ 1 . 0 = 28.8 kN

Pa;d (fill) = 1 2 ´ 0 . 25 ´ 18 ´ 4 2 ´ g G , unfav = 48 . 6 kN

pa (base) = 21. 6 + 0 . 30 ´ 20 ´ 1 . 0 = 27 . 6 kPa

Pa;d (fill) acts at the angle d = 32° to the horizontal:

Pa;d (foundation) acts at the angle d = 28° to the horizontal:

Pq;d (fill) = 20 ´ 0 . 25 ´ 4 ´ g Q = 30 . 0 kN

Pq;d (fill) acts at the angle d = 32° to the horizontal:

Pq;d (foundation) acts at the angle d = 28° to the horizontal:

Total horizontal thrust, R h;d = 41.2 + 29.3 + 25.4 + 8.0 = 103.9 kN

The partial factors are: γG, unfav = 1.0; γ G, fav = 1.0; γ Q = 1.3; γ f' = 1.25. The calculations are

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