wOHdmk wruqKq - mrud¾:" mrudo¾YS YsIH Ôú;h yd o`vqju ms<sn|

fn!oaOd.ñl m%fhaYh
wOHdmkh hkq mqoa.,hdg f,dalfha meje;au msKsi wjYHlrk oekqu" wdl,am" l=i,;d we;slrjkakls' wOHdmkh
hkak iE§ ;sfnkafka wê + wdmk hk jpkoajfha iqixfhda.fhks' fuys “ wê” hkq ukdj ksishdldr" úYsIaG hk woyihs' “
wdmk”hkq meje;auhs' úYsIaG meje;au hk woyi .uH lrkakls'1 fï wOHdmk hkak ixilD; mohls' fuys md,s jpkh “
wÊCOdmk” hkakhs' óg ,ndfok w¾:h jkafa Wmfoia §u b.ekaùu hkakhs' wOHdmkh (Education) hkakg ,ndfok
fjk;a w¾:l;k jkafka bf.kSu" mqyqKqj" Ydiaf;%daoa.ykh YsCIKh hkakhs' tfiau isysnqoaêh" iqyoYS,S nj" YÍr
wNHdi j¾Okh lsÍu wd§ w¾:l:ko ,nd§ we;'4 wOHdmkh hkq ;ud .ek ;ud.ek wjfndaOhla we;slr .ekSug ñksfil=g
wjYH oekqu hhs fi%dl%àia olajk w;r Tíß v.a,ia m%ldY lrkafka “ wOHdmkfhka ish,af,ka mßmQ¾K jQ fm!
¾Ihla ksmoúh hq;= njhs”5 úfkdaNd ydfõ m%ldY lrkafka “ wOHdmkh hkq Ôú;hhs' .Kkal, yels foa"
jd¾;dl, yels foa" wOHdmkhfkdfõ' wOHdmkh mß;Hd.l< fkdyelsh' tys nr uekSug fyda lsÍug fkdyelsh ”6
hkqfjks' ( Vinoba Thought of Edcation ) fï ms<sn|j l%sIKuQ¾;s ;=ud mjikafka “ ienE wOHdmkfhka
woyia flfrkafka ñksidf.a is; tkï Tnf.a is; .Ks;h;a N+f.d,h;a b;sydih;a flf¾ b;d olaIùug yelsùu muKla fkdj
lsisÿ wjia:djl lsisfia;au iudc m%jdyhg weo fkd.kq ,eîug yelsùugh'”7

kQ;k wOHdmk wruqKq ydmrud¾: ms<snO úuiSfï§ cd;Hka;rj ms<s.;a wOHdmk mrud¾: fukau Y%S ,xldjg
fmdÿ wOHdmk wruqKq yd mrud¾: fukau Y%S ,xldjg fmdÿ wOHdmk wruqKq yd mrud¾: ms<sn|j o wjOdkh
fhduqlsÍu l, yelsh' ta wkqj mqoa.,hd mQ¾K ñksfil= ñksi;a nfjka msß ñksfil= njg m;a lr,Su wOHdmkfha
mrud¾:hhs' tfiau kj iudchg yev.eish yels mQ¾K ñksfil= ìyslsÍu" iodpdr iïmkak mqrjeisfhl= ìyslsÍu" wd§ f,i
mq`:,a mrud¾: f.dvk.d.; yelsh'8 fulS wOHdmk mrud¾: ,dxlSh wOHdmk úIfhys n,mEfï§ hï hï fjkiaùï iys;j wod<
lrf.k we;'

1992 wxl V ieis jd¾:dj jYfhka cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu u.ska cd;sl fmdÿ wOHdmk wruqK olajd “ iïmQ¾K
ñksfil= ìyslsÍfï wOHdYfhka flfrk YdÍßl nqoaêuh" Ndjd;aul yd .=Kd;aul ixl,kh wOHdmkfha fmdÿ
wruqK jYfhka ú.%yfldh we;' fuu ú.%yh iudcfha ixlS¾K m%Yakj,g wo;a wkd.;fha§;a .e,fmahehs lsj
yelsh' ta ksid úfYaI wjOdkh fhduqúh hq;af;a fldgia jYfhka we;sjk ÈhqKqjla lrd fkdj taldnoaOj flfrk
ÈhqKqjla flfrysh'”

maf,afgdaf.a wOHdmk mrud¾:h jQfha “ mrudo¾YS rdcHhlg rdcHrlaIlhka fyj;a md,khka ;ekSuhs'
maf,afgdag wkqj rgl iïmQ¾K ixj¾Okh /f|kafka tys ia:djr;ajh u;h' rdcHfha isák fkdfhl=;a ñksiqkaf.a
tjYH;d yd yelshd wkqj wOHdmk ;;ajh iliaúh hq;=h' ;jo hqla;s.rel" i;H.rel" mrd¾:ldó wd;auoukfhka
hq;a mqrejeishka ;ekSu wOHdmkfhka wfmalaId lr we;'”10

fun÷ miqìula ;=, nqÿ oyñka wjOdß; wOHdmkh" wOHdmk wruqK yd mrud¾:" o~qjï" we.hSï" bf.kqï l%u
wdÈh wld,sl jákdlñka hq;a" id¾j fN!ñl .=Kfhka hq;a" mq`:,a mrud¾: idOkfhka hqla; jQjla nj msgl
idys;Hms<sn|j muKla jqjo úuiSfuka jgyd .; yelsh' fn!oaO wOHdmkh ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï§ úfYaIfhka
yuqjk jpk lsysmhla we;' ta w;r “ isCLd” “ úkh” “ ksíndK” “ wdpßh” “ WmamCOdh” “ ioaêúydßl” “
wkaf;ajdisl” “ oiaikd” “ foaikd” “ mámod” “ iF:d” “ f,dalú¥” “ wCLd;dfrd” wdÈh úfYaIfhka i|yka l, yelsh' fï
joka ms<sn| úuiSfuka meyeÈ,s jkafka fn!oaO wOHdmkfha wruqKq yd mrud¾: yqfola urKfhka wjika fkdjk
nj;a th ksjka olakd cd;s olajd Èjhkakla njhs' fï fn!oaO wOHdmk mrud¾: idOkh “ hdj ksíkdK” wOHdmkhla
olajd úysfoa' ta ;=< ld,fNao" jhiafNao" mqoa.,fNao fyda ckauh" Okh" l=,h" /lshdj fyda ia;%S mqreI Ndjh
.eg`:jla fkdfõ'wêIaGdkh ;sfíkï" tai |yd l%udkql+, m%;smodjla wkq.ukh flf¾ kï mrud¾: idOkh ndOdjla fkdfõ' fï
mrud¾: idOkh “ ksjk” jYfhka ie,flk w;r tys wruqKq jkafka mrud¾: idOkh f;la jQ Ôú;h iduldój" iuDoaêu;a j"
ixhufhka yd iodpdrj;a j mj;ajdf.k hEuhs' fï nj kQ;k wOHdmk mrud¾: yd fn!oaO wOHdmk idOkhg wkq.ukh lrk
m%;smodfjkau jgyd.; yelsh'

1. m%cdkk fCIa;%h oekqu weiSu ^iqkd:& ( Cogntive Domin)

2. wdfõok fCIa;%h wdl,amoeÍu ^Odfr:& (Afffective Domain)
3. ufkdapd,l fCIa;%h l=i,;d yeisÍu ^prd:& ( Psychomotor Domain)
fïjd ;=<ska nqÿoyfï jvd jeä wjOdkhla fhduqlrjkafka wdl,am yd l=i,;d j¾Okh flfrysh' th"

nyqïms fj iys;x ydiudfkd

k;lalfrd fyd;s kfrdmufF;d
f.dfmdj.dfjd .Khx mfrix
k Nd.jd idu[a[iai fyd;s11

hkafkka wjOdrKh fldg we;' fndfyda fia ;%smsgl idys;H oekqï ;snqK;a tu oekqug wkqj Od¾ñl j lghq;= fkdflf¾
kï fkdyeisf¾kï" Tyq f.dm,af,l= n÷h' nqÿoyñka olajkafka bf.k.;a foa w,am Wjo pß;j;a nj iudchg fnfyúka jeo.;a
njhs' fï nj is`.df,dajdo iQ;%fha iÈid kuialdrfhkao jgyd.; yelsh' foudmshkaf.a uQ,sl hq;=lï fol úh hq;af;a orejka
múka je<elaùu;a" ^ mdmdksjdfrka;s& hymf;ys fhoùu;a ^ l<HdfK ksfjfika;s &12 h' fï ;=<ska m<uqj orejd ;=<
YS,h" YsCIKh" yslauùu f.dvke.sh hq;=h'.=re isiq in|;djfha§;a .=rejrhd ÿgq úg yqkiafkka ke.sào
^WÜGdfkk& .=rejrhdg Wmia:dk lsÍu" ^ WmÜGdfkk& .=e nig lka§u ^ iqÿiaidh & l=ÿ uy;a lghq;= lsÍu ^
mßpßhdh&13 hk uQ,sl lreKq y’frkau wjOdrKh lrkafka YsIHhd ;=< m<uqj YS,uh" o¾hduh" YsCIKhla ixjrhla
cks; l, hq;= njhs' tfiau .=rejrhdf.ka YsIHdg bgqúh hq;= hq;=lïj,ska o uQ,sl wjOdkh fhduqlr we;af;a YsIHhdf.a
wdl,amuh jHdhduh iodpdrh úIfhys ukdf,i yslauùuh ^iqúkS;x úfkka;s &14 kuq;a úkh.rel nj muKla fkdj
wOHdmkfhys ,d oekqu" nqoaêh" {dkh j¾Okh lsÍï o Bg idfmaCIj isÿl, hq;=h' uõmsh hq;=lïj,§ f;jk ldrKh f,i
Ys,am ,nd§ug ^ismamx W.kayd;s&15 ks¾foaY fldg we;af;atfyhsks' tfiau .=rejrhdf.ka bgqúh hq;= hq;=lula f,i
ukdf,i b.ekaùu ^ iq.a.yS;x .dydfmka;s &16 olajd we;af;a o tfyhsks' YsIHdf.ka o bgqúh hq;= hq;=lula f,i fyd¢ka
bf.kSu ^ilalÉpx ismmñ.a.yf;k&17 olajd we;af;a tfyhsks' ta wkqj wOHdmkh ;=<ska pß; ixj¾Okh;a iodpdr
ixj¾Okh;a" nqoaêj¾Okh;a" nyqY%e;j;a nj;a ms<sônqjk nj jgyd.; yelsh' fï WNhdxYfha wNsjDoaêh Wfoid fn!
oaO wOHdmkh ;=<ska y÷kajd fok “ wdpßh”WmÊCOdh18 ks¾gfoaYh o fnfyúka Wmldr fõ' fuys wdpd¾hjrhd
hkq YsIHhdf.a oekqu" nqoaêh" {dkh" fmdaIKh lrkakdh' WmdOHdhjrhd hkq YsIHdf.a yoj;" .=KO¾u"
iodpdrh" wdpdrO¾u fmdaIKh lrkakdh' fï fofokdf.a u iqixfhda.fha w;Hq;a;u m%;sM,h mQ¾K fm!reIhlska fyì
YsIHhl= ^ mqoa.,fhl=& ìyslsÍuhs' fuys§ fn!oaO wOHdmk mrud¾: idOkhg fï .=rejreka fofokdf.ka isÿjk fufyjr
jvd h:d¾:j;a lsÍug “ j;a”19 ks¾foaYh ;=<ska ,efnkafka o w;suy;a odhl;ajhls' j;dj;a u.ska oekqu" wdl,am" l=i,;d"
mqreÿ jvd jvd;a j¾Okh flf¾' fuf,i nqÿ oyñka .=rejrhdf.a iqÿiqlï wdÈh;a YsIHdf.a p¾hdj;a" hq;=lï wdÈh;a
ks¾foaY lrñka wfmalaId l< wruqK mrud¾: lsysmhla wjfndaOfha myiqj;a msKsi fufia fm< .eiaúh yelsh'

1. mqoa.,hd ;=, hym;a p¾hdjla we;s lsÍu'

2. mqoa.,hd ;=, .=Kd;aul Ñka;kh Tiafia pß; ixj¾Okh we;slsÍu'
3. lreKdj yd m%{dj iu.dój j¾Okh lsÍu
4. fN!;sl yd wOHd;añl hk WNhdxYfhkau iïmQ¾K ñksfil= ìyslsÍu
5. fndfyda fokdf.a ys; iqj msKsi lghq;= lsÍu
6. h:fN+; {fK o¾Ykh we;s lsÍu
7. fuf,dj yd mrf,dj hk WNhd¾: idOkh lsÍu
8. oekqu" wdl,am" l=i,;d" fi!LH yd mqreÿ hk wdlD;shkaf.a idl,H j¾Okh we;slsÍu
9. m%shckl mqoa.,fhl= ìys lsÍu'
10. iudchla b,a,k ñksfil= fkdj iudch b,a,k ñksfil= nyslsÍu'

kuq;a j¾;udk wOHdmk wdh;k ;=,ska" tajdfha wruqKq mrud¾: ;=,ska fu;rï mD:Q, m%;sM, idOkhla wfmalaId
fkdflfrk w;r j¾;udkfha Woa.; ù ;sfnk" Wodlr§ ;sfnk jdKscjd§" Okjd§ w¾: l%uhla ;=< tnkaolg lsisÿ wjia:djla
fyda wjYH;djla ,nd§ ke;' úfYaIfhka j¾;udk wOHdmk wdh;k ;=,ska úfYaIfhka mdie,a wOHdmkh ;=,ska
mrudo¾YS <ud mrmqrla f,dvk.d .ekSu w;suy;a jQ ndOdjla ù we;' we;eful=f.a idOdrK úYajdihla jkafka j¾;udk
wOHdmk l%shdj,sfhys ksr; jQjka oro~q " wixjr" wúkS;" wmd,s; msßila njhs'fun÷ ;;ajhlg fya;=ù we;af;a
j¾;udkfha “ hdj ksíndK” kï jQ mq`:,a wOHdmk l%shd msámdáhla fkdj “ hdjÔj” kï jQ flá wOHdmk
mámdáhla l%shd;aul lsÍuhs' tho we;eïúg pl% f,aLk" jHjia:d" mk;a wdÈhg iSudùu;a m%dfhda.sl h:d¾:hka
fkdùu;ah' úfYaIfhkau /elshdj" uqo,a" b,lallr.;a wOHdmkh j¾;udkfha wfkalúO .egqï Woa.; lsÍug fya;=ù we;' fn!
oaO wOHdmkfhka flfrkafka fn!oaO jQjo fkdjQjo wkd.; jD;a;sh ÈhqKqj i|yd" wkd.; wd¾Ól iDoaêh i|yd
ffjoHjreka" bkaðfkarejka" bkaðfkarejka" jHdmdßlhka" kS;S{hka ìyslsÍu hk mgq mrud¾:hla fkdfõ' th Wnhd¾:
idOkh msKsiuh' mrudo¾YSNdjh msKsiuh' fï mrudo¾YS Ndjh yqÿ jpkud;%hla muKla" ixl,amhla muKla ù
we;s j¾;udkfha thg j.lsjhq;=úYd, msßila yd fya;= rdYshla we;' tys § m%Odk jYfhka my; oelafjk lreKq
fya;=fjka mrudo¾YS YsIHfhl= ìyslr .ekSug úYd, ndOdjla ù we;'

1. foudmshka yd ¥orejkaf.a wfkHdakHh hq;=lï ksis mßÈ bgq fkdùu'

2. .=rejreka yd YsIHhkaf.a wfkHdakH hq;=lï ksis mßÈ bgq fkdùu'
3. j¾;udk wOHdmkh ;=< úNd. wdÈh ;=,ska we;slr ;sfnk wê ;r`.ldß;ajh'
4. wkjYH mßÈ ,dxlSh iudcfha jHdma;j we;s wmd,s;" wúpdrj;a" úoHq;a yd uqøs; udOHh'

foudmshka ;udf.a hq;=lï" N+ñldj" j.lSï ms<sn| h:d¾:j;a wjfndaOhlska lghq;= lsÍu uQ,sl jYfhkau jeo.;a fõ';uka
orejkaf.a mQ¾jdpdrhka nj" orejkaf.a wkd.; f,dj fmkajkakka nj wjfndaO lr.; hq;=h';u hq;=lï" j.lSï yd N+ñldj
mqoa.,sl Wmldrl mx;sj,g fyda fjk;a mqoa.,sl iud.ï fj; fyda orejka u;u fyda mejÍu ;=, mrudo¾YS <ud mrmqrla
f.dvk.e .; fkdyelsh' tfiau orejkao uõmshkao mQ¾jdpd¾hjrhka f,i is;d" ;udf.a wdlaIlhka" fmdaIlhka"
u.fmkajkakka jYfhka is;d lghq;= lsÍu w;HdjYHhh' orejd orefjl= jYfhka ñi orejd jeäuy,a,l= jYfhka fkdis;d
lghq;= l, hq;=h' orejd ;udf.a hq;=lï" j.lSï" yd N+ñldj ksis mßÈ jgydf.k Bg wkq.;j l%shd l, hq;=h'

tfiau mrudo¾YS YsIHfhl= Wfoid .=re isiq wka;¾ l%shdldß;ajfha fn!oaOd.ñl fhdackdj,sh il%sh l, hq;=h'
yqfola .=rejrhdf.a ld¾h úIh ks¾foaY wdjrKhu fkdjk nj;a YsIHhdf.a ld¾hh úIhdkqnoaO oekqu ,nd úNd.h
by,ska iu;a ùu fkdjk nj;a jgyd .; hq;=h' fomsßif.kau nqoaê j¾Okh" iodpdr j¾Okh" úYajdih" o¾Ykh biau;=jk
mßÈ hq;=lï bgqúh hq;=h' fn!oaO .=re N+ñldj cd;Hka;r N+ñldjla njg m;alr.; hq;=h'

ó,`. ldrKh jkafka j¾;udk wOHdmkh ;=, f.dvke.S we;s w;s OdjkldÍ ;r`.ldÍ l%shdl,dmhhs' fuh mrudo¾YS
orefjl= ìyslr.ekSug w;suy;a ndOdjls' úfYaIfhkau ,dxl%s iudch ;=, “ my jr YsIH;aj úNd.h ” “ w'fmd'i'
idudkHfm< úNd.h” “ w'fmd'i' Wiiafm< úNd.h” hk ixêia:dk ;=k ;=, orejdf.a idudkH nqoaê uÜgu wNsnjd
hk ;rug foudmsfhda orejka ms<sn|j wfmalaId f.dvke.Su yd tlS ;r`.ldÍ Odjkm:fha Odjlhka njg ;u orejka m;alsÍu
ksid orejdg iodpdrh" wdpdr O¾u" ixh; nj" .=K.rel nj we;slsÍu fkdj oekquu ,nd§ by< m%;sY;hlska" ( Zscore)
by< u ,l=Klska ( Mark) by<u ;;ajhlska ( Rank) úNd. ch.ekSul ksr; ù we;' fï ;;ajh yuqfõ wixjr" wlSlre"wúkS;
yd bÉPdNx.;ajh" widr;ajh" w;Dma;sh" lK.dgqj msßjrd .;a oremrmqrla Wreufjñka mj;S' fulS fYdalckl ;;ajhg
j.lsj hq;af;a fï orejkaj;a" Tjqkaf.a foudmshkaj;a fkdj wOHdmkh n,OdÍka yd rch h' úfYaIfhkau ,xldfõ wOHdmk
wruqK mrud¾: idOkfha§ ÿjk f,djl" wka;.dó" widr" wYS,dpdr" wNsm%dhhka yeroud ,xldjg wdfõKsl
nqÿoyñka ks¾foaYs; Ôjk md¾.h wdf,dalu;a lrk “ wfma rduqjla ” ;kd.; hq;=h' tys§ cd;Hka;r ñïu" fldKh"
mrud¾:" udoH flfrys fhduqúh hq;= kuq;a tajd taldhk ldrKd fldg fkdf.k wfma wd.ï" wfma cd;sh' wfma
ixialD;sh" ;=< lghq;= l, hq;=h' tfia fkdùu ;=< wm cd;Hka;r rElvhka njg m;aù ysi" w;" yoj;" fi!LH mqreÿ fkd;lk
msßila njg m;aù we;' tfyhska fn!oaO wOHdmk wruqKq yd mrud¾: o cd;sl wOHdmk wruqK yd mrud¾: o i|yd
fhdodf.k ienE f,it h m%dfhda.sl jk mßÈ lghq;= lsÍu ;=< mrudo¾YS YsIHfhl= ìyslr.ekSug uy`.= rel=,la jkq we;'

mrudo¾YS orefjl= wOHdmkh ;=<ska ìyslr .ekSug we;s wfkla m%Odk;u ndOlh jkafka wúpdrj;a jQ o"
wOQro¾YS jQo wmd,s; jQo m%ñ;shlska f;drjQo we;eï úoHq;a yd uqøs; udOHhkah' úoHq;a udOH ;=<skao"

1. wúpdrj;a" wfYdaNk" wixjr yd ksYaYdr otaYk" l;dkaor" idlÉpd yd úúO jevigykaj,ska hq;a we;eï
rEmjdyskS udOH
2. b;d iq,n j yd ,dNodhS j we;s wfYdaNk" wúpdrj;a CD,VCD, DVD
3. wYS,dpdr ksire niska msreKq msreKq we;eï .=jkaúÿ,s udOHh
4. wka;¾cd, ckm%sh;djh" myiqj yd ,dNh

wdÈfhka jvd;a u jHjikhla Woa.; ù we;' wOHdmkfha § bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ;=< wkqmfah fufyjrla .; yels fï
úoHq;a fuj,ï orejdf.a muKla fkdj iuia: mdxlslhd ;=<skau .=KO¾u" wdpdr O¾u"isß;a úß;a" m%;sm;a;s.rel nj
wld uld úkdYlr ouñka YsIaG;ajfhka wYsIag;ajhg fmd<Ujd we;' fïjd ;=,ska uQ,sl ñksia wjYH;d" hq;=lï ydj.lSï
mfil,d hgm;aù we;s ´,dßl" .%duH" my;a" wdYdhka f,i biau;= lrñka w;Dma;sh wiykh uxuq,dj lrd YsIHd
fmd<Ujd we;' fuh wiNH mqj;am;a" i`.rd" .%ka:" ,sms wdÈh u.skao ;j ;j;a fmdaIKh fldg we;' tfyhska
mrudo¾YS orefjl= ìyslr .ekSfï§ YaIag;ajh" foaYSh;ajh fmrgq fldg.;a oekqu" wdl,am" l=i,;d" fi!LH" mqreÿ
wdÈh Ôjk mqreÿ njg m;alrjk udOH m%;sm;a;shla l%shd;aul l< hq;=h'
fun÷ miqìula yuqfõ orejka ;=<ska úúO .egqï" w¾nqo" m%Yak" Woaf>dIK" fï ;;ajh ;=, j¾;udkfha fm<fUk ó,`.
mshjr jkafka orejdg o~qjï lsÍuhs' o~qjï lsÍu w;S;fha § mej;s l%uhls'

“,d,fha;a mxp j¾I“ oYj¾Idks ;dvfha;a

m%dmaf;aiq fIdavfia j¾fI mq;%ï ñ;%jodpfr;a 20”

jYfhka kS;s Y;lfha oelafjkafka orejd wjqreÿ myla jkf;la iqr;,a l< hq;=h' wjq 15 jkf;la o~qjï l, hq;=h' wjqreÿ
16ka miqj ñ;=frl= fuka weiqrel< hq;=h' cd;l l:d 21 ms<sn| úuiSfï § YSIHhdf.a jrog Tyqg o~qjï muqKqjd we;s
njg f;dr;=re fndfyda fihska o; oelsh' tkuq;a j¾;udkfha orejdg o~qjï lsÍu" we;eïúg foudmshka"
.=rejreka"w;awvx.=jg .ekSug ;rï nrm;, ;;ajhls' tfyhska o~qjï lsÍï ms<sn| h<s h<s; is;d ne,Sug .=rejrekag"
foudmshkag isÿù we;'

nqÿrcdKka jykafia jrog ~qju ks¾foaYl, Ydiq;Djrfhls' kuq;a Wkajykafia lsisúgl;a ldhsl o~qjï muqKqjd ke;'
flaiS iQ;%fha i|yka wdldrh Wkajykafia YsIHhka yslauùu u|yd l%u y;rla wkq.ukh fldg we;'

1. fyd¢ka yslauùu ^ iKafykms úfkñ &

2. krlska yslauùu ^Mrefikms úfkñ &
3. fyd¢ka krlska fÈkau yslauùu ^iKy Mrefikms úfkï &
4. urd ouhs ^ udfrñ &

fuys§ nqÿrÿka ;u YsIHhkag o~qjï §fï§ fyd| foa fuh hhs fmkajd §fuka ys;aujk w;r krl foa fï hhs fmkajd §fuka
yslaóuhs' tfiau we;eïúg fï l%u folskau yslaujk w;r fï l%u ;=fkka u fkdyslafuk flfkla fõ kï Tyq urdoefï' fuys§ urd
oeóu hkq nqoaOdjjdohla ,nd fkd§uhs' nqoaOdjjdohla fkd ,nd flfkl= ishla jila Ôj;a Wj;a uereKq mqoa.,fhl= yd
iudkh'

wOu" oro~q" wlSlre" YsIHhka yslauùug óg wu;rj .kq ,enQ l%shdud¾. lsysmhla oelsh yelsh'

l=vd rdyq, f;reka fndrelSu w;afkdyeÍu ksid wïn,ÜÀldjg msg;alr heùu23

lEflda .iñka isá NsCIq msßilg úydrfhka msgg hk f,i ksfhda. lsÍu24
Pkak ysñhkag n%yau oKavkh mekùu25
jlal,S ysñhka nqÿ isrer foiu n,d isàu ksid jydu t;ekska msgjk f,i mejiSu26
O¾uOr úkhOr .egqfï§ nqÿrÿka mdßf,hH jkhg jevu lsÍu27

fï ish`: ldrKdjkays§ nqÿrÿka l%shd;aul jQfha idkqlïmsl Ndjfhka fyj;a YsIHhka jrÈka uqojd .ekSfï taldhk
mrud¾:fhks' fn!oaO wOHdmkh ;=, nrm;,u o!qju jkafka “ n%yau oKavkhhs” thska woyia lrkafka jerÈl,
NslaIqj iu. wksl=;a lsisÿ NslaIqjla lsisÿ in|;djhla fkdmeje;aùuhs' kuq;a jerÈ l, NslaIqj hï Èkl ksjerÈ ;;ajhg m;aù
kï fiiq NslaIQka tu jdrKh bj;afldg iqmqreÿ in|;d f.dvk.d .kS' tfiau idufKar NslaIQka isÿlrk jerÈj,g ks¾foaYs; “
oi o~qjula ” ms<sn|j idufKar nK oyï fmdf;a “ oi o~qjula ” ;=,ska olajd we;'

tfiau jrog o~qjï §fï§ w;S;hg n,mdk whqßka o~qjï fkdl, hq;=h hkak j¾;udk udkj ysñlï lS29 kuq;a th m<uq jrg l
%shd;aul lrkq ,enqfõ nqÿrÿka úiskah' úkh msglfha§ “ wdÈlïñlhd ” jYfhka Tyq kïlr ksoyia fldg we;'30 kuq;a
Bg wod< úkh YslaId mo mekùfuka miq tn÷ ksoyila ,eìh fkdyelsh' o~qjï meñKùfï§ wkq.ukh l, hq;= l%uh b;d m
%cd;ka;%jd§ l%uhlska hq;=j úkh msglh ;=,§ meyeÈ,s lr we;' ima; wêlrK" udk;a" wíNdk31 wdÈh ;=,ska tan j
jvd;a ikd: l, yelsh' fuys§ úfYaIfhkau i|yka l, hq;af;a fn!oaO wOHdmkfha§ o~qju ks¾foaY lrkafka jerÈlre jrÈka
uqojd .ekSfï mru mú;% fÉ;kdju mQ¾jdx.uj njh'

fldr;=re fufia Wj;a j¾;udk mdie,l o~qjï §u hkqfjka woyia lrkafka l=ïoehs úuiSu w;HdjYHh' wOHdmkh yd tys
moku keu;s .%ka:fha i|yka wdldrhg .=rejrfhl= fyda úÿy,am;s jrfhl= úiska isiqfjl=g fyda isÿúhlg yslaujd .ekSfï
fyda wjfndaOhla ,nd §fï wruqKska hq;=j muqKqjkq ,nk wmyiq;djh o~qju f,i olajd we;'32 fuys§ úfYaIfhkau i|
yka l,hq;= jkafka jrolg o~qjï lsÍug úÿy,am;sjrfhl=g fyda .=rejrfhl=g fyda whs;shla we;s njh' th tfia isÿ fkdjkafka
kï .eg`:j jkafka thhs' <uqkaf.a Ndrlre ( Upper Gïrdian ) rch jk w;r iyc;r Ndrlre ( Natural Gïrdian )
foudmshkah' mdie, ;=,§ foudmshka yd iudk Ndrlrejka f,i .=rejreka kS;sfhka ms<sf.k we;' tfyhska jrog o~qjï
muqKqjd orejd jrÈka uqojd .ekSfï whs;sh .=rejrhdg we;' fï i|yd kS;sh Lo Co-Parentis kï fhÿu Ndú;d lrhs' fuys
idudkH w¾:h “ ia:dkSh foudmshka” hkakhs'14 tfyhska mrudo¾YS pß;hla f.dvk.d.kakd orejka úiska fufia
fufkys l, hq;=hs'

iqmßCIdldÍ msfhl= úiska ‘u orejd /l n,d.ekSfï§ olajk ie,ls,a,g iudk ie,ls,a,la olajñka .=rejre mdie,a
orejka flfryso l%shd;aul jk njh'
¥ro¾YS foudmshka ;u orejkag olajk ie,ls,a,g jvd .=rejreka úiska iqmßlaIdldÍj j.lSï bgqlrk nj' tu j.lSï
foudmshkaf.a j.lSï blaujd hk ;rï nrm;, fõ' tfia ùug fya;=j iuyr lreKq ms<sn| foudmshkag fkdue;s fyda
,nd.; fkdyels fyda úfYaI oekqula .=rejreka i;= ùuh'35

fun÷ ldrKd nqÿ oyñka wjOdrKh fldg we;af;a óg Y;j¾I úiailg fmrh' “ wdpßh" WmÊCOdh j;a ” ks¾foaYh
;=,ska olajk “ ms;=Ñ;a;x ” hkafkka ta nj jgyd.; yelsh'

“ uyfKks" WmdOHdhjrfhla wkqoek jodrñ' uyfKks" WmdOHhjrhd ^ .=rejrhd& jkdys ioaêúydßlhd ^

YsIHhd & flfrys mq;% ye`.Su t<Ujkafkah' tfiau ioaêúydßl f;fï o WmdOHhjrhd flfrys mS;D ye`.Su
t<Ujkafkah''''”36 ta wkaj j¾;udk wOHdmkh ;=, o b.ekqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha§ o~qjïmeñKùfï§;a fï msh mq;=
in|;dj mokï jYfhka f.k l%shd;aul ùu mrudo¾YS Ndjhg ufydamldÍ jkakls'

flfia fj;;a wOHdmkfha ienE wruqK" mrud¾: idOkfha§ mrudo¾YSNdjh Wfoid b;d úêu;a" il%sh l%shdoduhl
wjYH;djh j¾;udkfha jvjvd;a Woa.; ù we;' fuys§ foudmshka" .=reNj;=ka" wOHdmk n,OdÍka" mkai," udOH
wdh;k wd§ ish,a,gu mejfok ld¾hh w;s uy;ah' fï l%shdj,sh ;=,§ o~qjug fhduq ùfï§b;d m%{df.dapr l%ufõohla
ilid .; hq;=h' tys§o fn!oaOd.ñl l%u jvd M,odhS úh yelsh' tys§ nqÿrÿka wkq.ukh l, l%ufõoh jQfha

1. Ôú; meje;au ms<sn| meyeÈ,s wjfndaOhla ,nd §u

2. ldreKslj wjjdo lsÍu
3. wk;=rej jro .¾Ndjg ,lalsÍu wdÈhhs'

jrog o~qjï lsßfï§ wmf.a wjOdkh fhduq l, hq;= lreKq rdYshla we;'

YsIHhdf.a jfi ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a ùu

udkisl ;;ajh ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;a ùu
fi!LH ;;ajh ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;a ùu
iudc mßirh ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;a ùu
o~qjï ,nkakd jro ms<s.kafkao hkak oek .ekSu
~qjï ,nkakdf.a m%;spdr ms<sn|j ie,ls,sm;a ùu
;u ;SrKh ksjerÈoehs oek .ekSu
;uka m,s.ekSula fkdlrk nj ta;a;=.ekaùu
jro h,s h,s;a lrkafkao hkak oek .ekSu
iqÿiq wjia:d oek .ekSu

o~qjï meñKùfï§ wkq.ukh l, hq;= m%;sm;a;s y;rla ialsk¾ fmkajd § ;sfí'28

1. jro l< jydu jro f;areï lr § o~qjï lsÍu

2. jdÑlj lreKq f;areï lr § YsIHhdg ms<s.; yels whqßka lsÍu
3. YdÍßl o~qjï yels ;rï wvqfjka lsÍu
4. l< jrog o~qju idOdrK nj fmkaùu

rglg mQ¾K fm!¾Ihlska hq;a orefjl= odhdo lsÍfï w;Hqodr fiajhl wkj;rfhka ksr;jk l=rejreka orejkag jrog o~qjï
lrkafka jrÈka uqojd ksjeÈ u.g .ekSfï W;=ï wfmaCIdfjks' tjka wjia:djl§ .=rejreka úiska wjOdkh fhduq lrk ldrKd
rdYshla ms<sn|j i|yka fõ'39

1. <uhskag yeisÍu ms<sn|" mej;sh hq;= wdldrh ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ,nd§u

 2. isiqka ;=, úYajdikSh nj f.dvke.Su
3. isiqkag j.lSï mejÍu
4. hym;a l%shd jeä jeäfhka lsÍug Wmia:ïNkh lsÍu
5. M,odhS l%shdjla lsÍug wjia:dj §u

fï ;=,ska mrudo¾YS orefjl= odhdo lsÍug buy;a Ndodjla fkdjk w;r OHdmk wruqKq yd mrud¾: uekúka idOkh
lr.; yelsh'

mdol igyka

1. fn!oaO idys;Hfhka u;=jk wOHdmk uQ,O¾u" w¨;aj, iqukr;k 193 msgqj 05

2. Monier Willims, Saìkrit-English Dictioíry , Oxford, un Press 1960, 22p.
3. Eíglish-Sinhala Dictioíry ^ iïmQ¾K ixfYdaê; ixialrKh & 2001 wï'ã'.=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U"
2001
4. tu ” Education” 1999 '
5. fn!oaO idys;Hfhka u;=jk wOHdmk uQ,O¾u" w¨;aj, iqukr;k msgqj 06
6. tu msgqj 7
7. wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj yd wOHdmk jHjydr ms<sn| rpkd"w;=fldrd, ohdfrdayK" YsCIdukaÈr m
%ldYk" 1999 msgq 1-2
8. tu msgqj 3
9. tu msgqj 12
10. fn!oaO idys;Hfhka u;=jk wOHdmk uQ,O¾u" iqukr;k w`:;aj," msgqj 9
11. Oïumoh" hulj.a. 19 .d:dj
12. §'ks'^23&" is`.d, iQ;%h" nq'c'uq' msgqj 288
13. tu
14. tu
15. tu
16. tu
17. tu
18. úkh msglh ^3& wdpdßh WÊCOdhj;a" nq'c'uq' 1957" “uydnkaOlx”
19. úkh (IV) j;a;laLJOlh" nq'c'uq' 1957'
20. kS;sY;lh
21. mkaish mkia cd;l fmd;" ;s,uqÜá Cd;lh" msgqj
22. wx'ks'^2& fliS iQ;%h" nq'c'uq' msgqj 48"
23. u'ks'^2& wïn,ÜÀlrdyqf,dajdo iQ;%h" nq'c'uq' msgqj 130
24. u'ks' ^2& je;=u iQ;%h" nq'c'uq'msgqj 206
25. pq,a,j.a.md,s ^2& mxpi;slCLkaOlh" nq'c'uq'1957" msgqj 503
26. OïumoÜGl:d" jlal,SfF:riai jF:q
27. u'ks'fldiïìh iQ;%h" nq'c'uq' 1957 msgqj" 752'
28. idufKar nK oyï fmd;" oi~qjï j;akï ljrh;a'
29. “oKavk jro l, ld,fha § jx.=j mej;s ¥~qjulg jvd jeä ~qjula tjeks jrolrefjl= Wfoid fkdmekúh
hq;=h' ” 11 j.ka;sh ^2& udkjysñlï" b,af,afmreu whs'ta'ã'fla'cd;sl taldnoaO;d jevigyka tallh'
30. mdrdðld md,s" m%:u mdrdðldj" nq'c'uq' 1959'
31. úkh msglh' pq,a,j.a. md,s ^1& nq'c'uq' 1977
32. wOHdmkfha§ o~qju" wßhOïu ysñ" f.dvWv
33. mdie,a <uhska oek.; hq;= kS;sh' .=Kfialr iurisxy" msgq 34-35
34. tu
35. tu
36. uydj.a.md,S" úkh" ^ uyd nkaOlx& nq'c'uq' 1957
37. wOHdmkfha§ o~qju" wßhOïu ysñ" f.dvWv" msgq 57-64
38. tu msgq 65
39. tu msgq 66-67

;,y.u bkaor;k ysñ"

Y%S ,xld fn!oaO yd md,s úYaj
úoHd,h
fn!oaO ixialD;sl wOHk wxYh
iyldr lÓldpd¾h
(B.A. Hons). (Dip.in Edu )