1

CHAPTER 3
FLEXURAL ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

Problem 3.1 a ( max = 0.01806, min = 0.00333 ) for all problems.

Given: b = 14 in, d = 22.5 in, As = 5.08 in2, fc’ = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi

Solution:
= 0.9
As f y 5.08 × 60
a= = = 6.4 in.
0.85 f c ' b 0.85 × 4 × 14

Mn = Asfy (d - a/2)
= 0.9 × 5.08 × 60 × (22.5 - 6.4/2)
= 5294 k.in. = 441.2 k.ft

5.08
= As / bd = = 0.016
14 × 22.5
< max = 0.01806, > min = 0.00333 Ok

General Equations:
As f y
a= ,
0.85 f c ' b
= As / bd,
Mn = Asfy (d - a/2)

Problem 3.1

Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob.

DIM.
No.a No.b No.c No.d No.e No.f No.g No.h
b (in.) 14 18 12 12 16 14 10 20
d (in.) 22.5 28.5 23.5 18.5 24.5 26.5 17.5 31.5
4#10 6#10 4#9 4#8 5#10 5#9 3#9 4#9
As (in.2)
5.08 7.62 4.00 3.16 6.35 5.00 3.00 4.00
a(in.) 6.4 7.47 5.88 4.65 7.00 6.3 5.29 3.53
Mn(k.ft) 441.2 849.1 370.1 230.0 600.0 525.3 200.5 535.2
0.0161 0.0149 0.0142 0.0142 0.0162 0.0135 0.0171 0.0063
max< < min Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
 2

Problem 3.2a ( max = 0.01806, min = 0.00333 ) for all problems.

Typical Solution, comp. steel yields
Given: b = 15 in, d = 22.5 in, As = 8 in2, As’ = 2 in2 , fc’ = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi

Solution:
= 0.9
8
= As/bd = = 0.0237
15 × 22.5
2
’ = As’/bd = = 0.0059
15 × 22.5

- ’ = 0.0237 - 0.0059 = 0.0178

fc ' d' 87 4 2.5 87

k = 0.852 × × × = 0.852 × × × = 0.0172
f y d 87 f y 60 22.5 87 60

- ’ = 0.0178 > k = 0.0172, Compression steel yields.

( As As ' ) f y (8 2) × 60
a= = = 7.06 in.
0.85 f c ' b 0.85 × 4 × 15

Mn = [(As - As’) fy (d - a/2)+ As’fy(d-d’)]

= 0.9[( 8 - 2)×60×(22.5 - 7.06/2) + 2×60(22.5-2.5)]
= 8306.5 k.in. = 692.2 k.ft

max <( - ’ )< min , OK

General Equations:
= As/bd, ’ = As’/bd,
( As As ' ) f y
a= ,
0.85 f c ' b
f ' d' 87
k = 0.852 × c × ×
f y d 87 f y
A = 0.85 fc’ 1b, B = As’ (87 - 0.85 fc’) - As fy, C = -87As’d’
c = [-B ± B 4 AC ] / 2A
2

fs’= 87( c - d’ )/c fy,

C1 = 0.85 fc’ab, C2 = As’ (fs’- 0.85 fc ’)

Comp. steel yields:

( As As ' ) f y
a= ,
0.85 f c ' b
Mn = [(As - As’)fy (d - a/2)+ As’fy(d-d’)]
3
 4

3.2 e: Typical solution, Comp. steel does not yield.

Given: b = 14 in., d = 20.5 in., As = 7.62 in.2, As’ = 2.54 in.2 , fc’ = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi

Solution:
= 0.9
7.62
= As/bd = = 0.0266
14 × 20.5
2.54
’ = As’/bd = = 0.0089
14 × 20.5
- ’ = 0.0266 - 0.0089 = 0.0177
f ' d' 87 4 2.5 87
k = 0.852 × c × × = 0.852 × × × = 0.0189
f y d 87 f y 60 20.5 87 60
- ’ = 0.0177 < k = 0.0189, Compression steel doesn’t yield.

A = 0.85 fc’ 1b = 0.85 × 4 × 0.85 × 14 = 40.46

B = As’ (87 - 0.85 fc’) - As fy = 2.54(87 - 0.85 ×4) - 7.62 ×60 = - 244.9
C = -87As’d’ = - 87 ×2.54 ×2.5 = - 552.45

c = [-B ± B 2 4 AC ] / 2A = 7.8 in.

a = 1c = 0.85 ×7.8 = 6.63 in.

fs’= 87( c - d’ )/c = 87( 7.8 - 2.5 )/7.8 = 59.1 ksi fy

Cc = 0.85 fc’ab = 0.85 × 4 × 6.63 × 14 = 315.7 k

Cs = As’ (fs’- 0.85 fc ’) = 2.54(59.1 - 0.85 ×4) = 141.48 k

As1 = Cc / fy = 315.7/60 = 5.26 in.2

1 = As1 / bd = 5.26/(14 × 20.5) = 0.0183 < max

Mn = [ Cc (d - a/2)+ Cs(d-d’)]
= 0.9[315.7×(20.5 - 6.63/2) + 141.48×(20.5-2.5)]
= 7173.2 k.in. = 597.9 k.ft
 5

Problem 3.2

Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob.

DIM.
No.a No.b No.c No.d No.e No.f No.g No.h

b (in.) 15 17 13 10 14 16 20 18
d (in.) 22.5 24.5 22 21.5 20.5 20.5 18 20.5

8#9 8#10 7#9 4#10 6#10 9#9 12#9 8#10

As (in.2)
8.00 10.08 7.00 5.08 7.62 9.00 12.00 10.12

2#9 2#10 3#7 2#7 2#10 4#9 6#9 4#10

As’(in.2)
2.0 2.54 1.8 1.2 2.54 4.0 6.0 5.08

0.0237 0.0242 0.0245 0.0236 0.0266 0.0274 0.0333 0.0275

’ 0.0059 0.0061 0.0063 0.0056 0.0089 0.0122 0.0167 0.0138

- ’ 0.0178 0.0181 0.0182 0.0180 0.0177 0.0152 0.0167 0.0137
k 0.0172 0.0158 0.0176 0.0180 0.0189 0.0189 0.0216 0.0189
a ( in.) 7.06 7.83 7.06 6.85
Mn 692.2 950 590.2 418.2
A 40.46 46.24 57.8 52.6
B -244.9 -205.6 -218.4 -184.9
C -552.45 -870 -1305 -1100.49
c 7.8 7.097 7.0 6.7
a 6.63 6.033 5.95 5.71
fs’ 59.1 56.36 55.94 54.62
C1 315.7 328.2 504.8 349.4
C2 141.5 211.8 315.2 260.2
As1 5.26 5.47 6.75 5.82

1 0.0183 0.0167 0.0187 0.0158

1 max Yes Yes Yes Yes

Mn 597.9 716.3 822.5 813.7
 6

Problem 3.3 a: Typical solution of T-sections, Rect. Section analysis.

Given: bw = 14 in., b = 54 in., t = 3 in., d = 17.5 in., As = 5.08 in.2,
fc’ = 3 ksi, fy = 60 ksi

Solution:
= 0.9
As f y 5.08 × 60
a= = = 2.213 in. < t
0.85 f c ' b 0.85 × 3 × 54
c = 2.6 in.
dt = 17.5 in.
t = 0.003(dt – c)/c = 0.0172 > 0.005
Rectangular section analysis
Mn = Asfy ( d - a/2 )
= 0.9 × 5.08 × 60 × (17.5 – 2.21/2)
= 4497 k.in. = 374.7 k.ft
Asmax = 0.0425 [t (be-bw) + 0.319bwd]
= 0.0425 [3(54-14) + 0.319×54×17.5])
= 8.42 in.2
Asmin = minbwd = 0.00333 ×14×17.5 = 0.81 in.2
Asmin < As< Asmax Ok

Problem 3.3 d: Typical solution of T-sections analysis.

Given: bw = 16 in., b = 32 in., t = 3 in., d = 15.5 in., As = 6 in.2, fc’ = 3 ksi, fy = 60 ksi

Solution:
As f y 6 × 60
a= = = 4.41 in. > t
0.85 f c ' b 0.85 × 3 × 32
T-section
Asmax = 0.0425 [t (be-bw) + 0.319bwd]
= 0.0425 [3(32-16) + 0.319×16×15.5]
= 5.40 in.2
As = 6 in2 > Asmax N.G.
Section doesn’t meet ACI Code.
If max is used:
Asf = 0.85 fc’t(b-bw)/fy = 0.85×3×3× (32-16) /60 =2.04 in.2
Mflange = Asffy (d - t/2)
= 0.9 × 2.04 × 60 (15.5 – 3/2) = 1542.24 k.in. = 128.52 k.ft
As1 (web) = 5.40 – 2.04 = 3.36 in.2
3.36 × 60
a= = 4.94 in.; c = 5.81 in.
0.85 × 3 × 16
dt = 15.5 + 1 = 16.5 in.
t = 0.003(dt – c)/c = 0.0055 > 0.005
Mn (web)= As1fy ( d - a/2 ) = 0.9 × 3.36× 60 × (15.5 – 4.94/2)/12 = 197.01 k.ft
Total Mn = 128.52 + 197.01 = 325.53 k.ft
 7

Problem 3.3 e: Typical solution of T-sections analysis.

Given: bw = 12 in., b = 44 in., t = 4 in., d = 20.5 in., As = 8 in.2, fc’ = 3 ksi, fy = 60 ksi

Solution:
= 0.9
As f y 8 × 60
a= = = 4.27 in. > t
0.85 f c ' b 0.85 × 3 × 44
T-section
Asf = 0.85 fc’t(b-bw)/fy
= 0.85×3×4× (44-12) /60 = 5.44 in.2
( As Asf ) f y (8 5.44) × 60
a= = = 5.02 in.
0.85 f c ' bw 0.85 × 3 × 12
c = 5.906 in.
dt = 21.5 in.
t = 0.003(dt – c)/c = 0.0079 > 0.005

Mn = [(As - Asf ) fy ( d - a/2 ) + Asf fy ( d - t/2 )

= 0.9[(8 – 5.44)×60(20.5 – 5.02/2) + 5.44 × 60(20.5 – 4/2)
= 7921 k.in. = 660.1 k.ft
Asmax = 0.0425 [t (be-bw) + 0.319bwd]
= 0.0425 [4(44-12) + 0.319×12×20.5]
= 8.77 in.2
Asmin = minbwd = 0.00333 ×12×20.5 = 0.82 in.2
Asmin < As< Asmax Ok

Problem 3.3

Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob.

DIM.
No.a No.b No.c No.d No.e No.f No.g No.h
b ( in.) 54 48 72 32 44 50 40 42
bw ( in.) 14 14 16 16 12 14 16 12
t ( in. ) 3 4 4 3 4 3 3 3
d ( in. ) 17.5 16.5 18.5 15.5 20.5 16.5 16.5 17.5
4#10 4#9 8#10 6#9 8#9 7#9 5#10 6#9
As (in.2)
5.08 4.00 10.16 6.00 8.00 7.00 6.35 6.00
a ( in. ) 2.213 1.961 3.32 4.41 4.27 3.29 3.74 3.36
Rect. or T R R R T T T T T
Mn (k.ft) 374.7 279.4 769.9
Asmin< As < Asmax Yes Yes Yes
Asf (in.2) 2.04 5.44 4.59 3.06 3.83
a ( in. ) 4.94 5.02 4.05 4.84 4.25
293.4
Mn (k.ft) 660.1 466.8 415 425.9
1
Asmin< As < Asmax No Yes Yes Yes Yes
8
 9

3.4 a: Typical Solution:

Given: b = 12 in., d = 20 in., As = 3.14 in.2, fc’ = 3 ksi, fy = 40 ksi

Solution:
b = 0.85 1(fc’/fy)[87/( 87+ fy)]
= 0.85 ×0.85( 3/40 ) × [87/(87+40)] = 0.0371
max = 0.5474 b = 0.5474 × 0.0371 = 0.0203
max f y
Ru(max) = max fy ( 1 )
1.7 f c '
0.0203 × 40
= 0.9 ×0.0203×40 ( 1 ) = 0.615 ksi
1.7 × 3
= As / bd = 3.14/ (12×20) = 0.01308
fy
Ru = fy ( 1 )
1.7 f c '
0.01308 × 40
= 0.9 ×0.01308×40 ( 1 ) = 0.4226 ksi
1 .7 × 3
fy 0.01308 × 40
a / d ratio = = = 0.2052
0.85 f c ' 0.85 × 3
max f y 0.0203 × 40
(a / d) max = = = 0.319
0.85 f c ' 0.85 × 3

Problem 3.4 e: Typical Solution:

Given: b = 300 mm, d = 500mm, As = 3×

(30)2 = 2121mm2, fc’ = 30Mpa, f = 400Mpa
y
4

Solution:
b = 0.85 1(fc’/fy)[600/( 600+ fy)]
= 0.85 ×0.85(30/400) × [600/ (600+400)] = 0.0325
max = 0.625 b = 0.625× 0.0325 = 0.0203
max f y
Ru(max) = max fy ( 1 )
1.7 f c '
0.0203 × 400
= 0.9 ×0.0203×400 ( 1 ) = 6.14 Mpa
1.7 × 30
= As / bd = 2121/(300×500) = 0.01414
fy
Ru = fy ( 1 ) = 0.9 ×0.01414×400 ( 1 0.01414 × 400 ) = 4.53 Mpa
1.7 f c ' 1.7 × 30
fy 0.01414 × 400
a / d ratio = = = 0.2218
0.85 f c ' 0.85 × 30
max f y 0.0203 × 400
(a/ d) max = = = 0.3184
0.85 f c ' 0.85 × 30
 10

Problem 3.4

Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob.

DIM.
No.a No.b No.c No.d No.e No.f No.g No.h

fc’ 3 ksi 4 ksi 4 ksi 5 ksi 30 Mpa 20 Mpa 30 Mpa 25 Mpa

fy 40 ksi 60 ksi 75 ksi 60 ksi 400 Mpa 300 Mpa 500 Mpa 300 Mpa

b 12 in. 12 in. 12 in. 12 in. 300 mm 300 mm 300 mm 300 mm

d 20 in. 20 in. 20 in. 20 in. 500 mm 500 mm 500 mm 500 mm

As 4#8 4#7 4#9 4#9 3*30 mm 3*25 mm 4*25 mm 4*20 mm
(in.2)
(mm2) 3.14 2.41 4.00 4.00 2121mm2 1473 1963 1257
1 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.8 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85

b 0.0371 0.0285 0.0207 0.0335 0.0325 0.0321 0.0236 0.04

max 0.0203 0.0181 0.0145 0.0212 0.0203 0.01805 0.0162 0.0225

0.614 0.821 0.822 0.973 6.14 4.11 6.13 5.11

Rumax
ksi ksi ksi ksi Mpa Mpa Mpa Mpa

0.0131 0.01004 0.01667 0.01667 0.01414 0.00982 0.01309 0.0084

0.4227 0.4942 0.9182 0.7941 4.52 2.42 5.13 2.13

Ru
ksi ksi ksi ksi Mpa Mpa Mpa Mpa

a/d ratio 0.2052 0.1772 0.3676 0.2353 0.2218 0.1732 0.2567 0.118

(a/d) max 0.3184 0.3194 0.3199 0.2993 0.3184 0.3194 0.3176 0.3176

min< < max Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

3.5 a:
Given: b = 250 mm, d = 550mm, As = 4×20mm, fc’ = 20 Mpa, fy = 420 Mpa
Solution:

As = 4×
( 20 )
2
= 1256.6mm2
4
= As / bd = 1256.6/(250×550) = 0.00914
fy
Ru = fy ( 1 )
1.7 f c '
0.00914 × 420
= 0.9 ×0.00914×420 ( 1 ) = 3.6 Mpa
1.7 × 20
Mn = Ru bd2 =3.6×106×0.25×0.552 = 272.3 KN.m
b = 0.85 1(fc’/fy)[600/( 600+ fy)]
= 0.85 ×0.85(20/420) × [600/ (600+420)] = 0.02024
max = 0.6375 b = 0.6375× 0.02024 = 0.0129 Ok
 11

3.5 b:
Given: b = 250 mm, d = 550mm, As = 3×25mm, fc’ = 20 Mpa, fy = 420 Mpa

Solution:

As = 3×
(25)2= 1472 mm2
4
= As / bd = 1472 / (250×550) = 0.0107
b = 0.85 1(fc’/fy)[600/( 600+ fy)] = 0.02024
max = 0.6375 b = 0.0129 < max Ok
fy
Ru = fy ( 1 )
1.7 f c '
0.0107 × 420
= 0.9 ×0.0107×420 ( 1 )
1.7 × 20
= 3.51 Mpa

Mn = Ru bd2 =3.51×0.25×0.552
= 265.4 KN.m

3.5 c:
Given: b = 250 mm, d = 550mm, As = 4×30 mm, fc’ = 20 Mpa, fy = 420 Mpa

Solution:

As = 4×
(30)2 = 2827 mm2
4
= As / bd = 2827/ (250×550 ) = 0.02056
max = 0.0129 > max N.G. ,

Section does not meet ACI code, reduce steel.

max f y
Ru(max) = max fy ( 1 )
1.7 f c '
0.0129 × 420
= 0.9 ×0.0129×420 ( 1 )
1.7 × 20
= 4.1 Mpa

Mn = Ru (max) bd2 = 4.1×0.25×0.552

= 310 KN.m
 12

3.5 d:
Given: b = 10 in., d = 22 in., As = 2.0 in.2, fc’ = 3 ksi, fy = 60 ksi

Solution:

= As / bd = 2/(10×22) = 0.0091
b = 0.85 1(fc’/fy)[87/( 87+ fy)]
= 0.85 ×0.85(3/60) × [87/ (87+60)] = 0.0214
max = 0.01356

min < < max Ok

fy
Ru = fy ( 1 )
1.7 f c '
0.0091× 60
= 0.9 ×0.0091×60 ( 1 )
1.7 × 3
= 0.439 ksi

Mn = Ru bd2 = 0.439×10×222 = 2124 k.in.

= 177 k.ft

3.5 e:
Given: b = 10 in., d = 22 in., As = 6.0 in.2, fc’ = 3 ksi, fy = 60 ksi

Solution:

= As / bd = 6/(10×22) = 0.02727
max = 0.01356 < N.G. ,

Section does not meet ACI code, reduce steel.

max f y
Ru(max) = max fy ( 1 )
1.7 f c '
0.01356 × 60
= 0.9 ×0.01356×60 ( 1 )
1.7 × 3
= 0.615 Ksi

Mn = Ru(max) bd2 =0.615×10×222 = 2976.6 k.in.

= 248.1 k.ft
 13

3.6:
Given: b = 8 in., d = 18 in., fc’ = 3 ksi, fy = 50 ksi

Solution:
fy 50
(a) y = = = 0.00172, c = 0.003
E 29000
y > s = 0.0015 This section is over- reinforced.

cb 0.003
(b) =
d 0.003 + 0.00172
0.003
cb = × 18 = 11.44 in.
0.003 + 0.00172
ab = 1cb = 0.85×11.44 = 9.725 in.
0.85fc’ab b = Asbfy
0.85 f c ' a b b 0.85 × 3 × 9.725 × 8
Asb = = = 3.97 in.2
fy 50
c 0.003
(c) =
d 0.003 + 0.0015
0.003
c= × 18 = 12 in.
0.003 + 0.0015
a = 1c = 0.85×12 = 10.2 in.
fs = Es s = 29000×0.0015 = 43.5 ksi
0.85fc’a b = Asfs
0.85 f c ' a b 0.85 × 3 × 10.2 × 8
As = = = 4.783 in.2
fs 43.5
Mn = Asfs (d - a/2)
= 0.9×4.783×43.5(18 – 10.2/2) = 2416 k.in. = 201.3 k.ft
From tables: max = 0.01628
As max = max bd = 0.01628×8×18 = 2.34 in.2
As max f y 2.34 × 50
a= = = 5.74 in.
0.85 f c ' b 0.85 × 3 × 8
(max) Mn = Asmaxfy (d - a/2 )
= 0.9×2.34×50(18 – 5.74/2) = 1593.2 k.in. = 132.8 k.ft
(max) Mn allowed by ACI code is less than Mn of the section = 201.3 k.ft

(d) = 0.014 < max

As = bd = 0.014×8×18 = 2.016
As f y 2.016 × 50
a= = = 4.941 in.
0.85 f c ' b 0.85 × 3 × 8
Mn = Asfy (d - a/2)
= 0.9×2.016×50(18 – 4.941/2) = 1408.8 k.in. = 117.4 k.ft
14
 15

Problem 3.7:
Given: b = 12 in., d = 24 in., L = 10 ft, As = 3.93 in.2, fc’ = 3 ksi, fy = 60 ksi

Solution:
As f y 3.93 × 60
a= = = 7.706 in.
0.85 f c ' b 0.85 × 3 × 12
Mn = Asfy (d - a/2)
= 0.9×3.93×60(24 – 7.706/2) = 4275.6 k.in. = 356.3 k.ft
W l2 W l2
Mu = 1.2( D ) + 1.6( L ) = Mn
2 2
0.685 × 10 2
W × 10 2
1.2( ) + 1.6( l ) = 356.3
2 2
Wl = 3.94 k/ft

Problem 3.8:
Given: b = 10 in. h = 28 in., d = 24.5 in., L = 17 ft, As = 3.53 in.2, fc’ = 3 ksi, fy = 40 ksi

Solution:
As f y 3.53 × 40
a= = = 5.537 in
0.85 f c ' b 0.85 × 3 × 10
Mn = Asfy (d - a/2)
= 0.9×3.53×40(24.5 – 5.537/2) = 2761.6 k.in = 230.1 k.ft
W l2 p l
Mu = 1.2( D ) + 1.6( L ) = Mn
8 4
2.55 × 17 2
p × 17
1.2( ) + 1.6( L ) = 230.1
8 4
Pl = 17.6 k

Problem 3.9 a:
Given: b = 12 in., d = 20 in., As = 3.14 in.2, fc’ = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi
Solution:
(1) At balanced condition
cb 0.003
= cb = 11.834 in.
d 0.003 + 0.00207
ab = 1cb = 0.85×11.834 = 10.059 in.
C = 2×0.85fc’×3×4 + 0.85 fc’×12(10.059 – 4) = 328.8 k
Asb = C/fy = 328.8/60 = 5.48 in.2
Asmax = 0.63375Asb = 0.63375×5.48 = 3.473 in.2
As < Asmax
 16

(2) T = Asfy = 3.14×60 = 188.4 k

T = C = 2×0.85 fc’×3×4 + 0.85 fc’×12(a – 4)
188.4 = 2×0.85×4×3×4 + 0.85×4×12(a – 4)
a = 6.618 in

C1= 2×0.85fc’×3×4 = 81.6 k

C2= 0.85 fc’×12(a – 4) = 0.85×4×12(6.618 – 4) = 106.8 k
a 4
Mn = [C1( d - 4/2 )+ C2( d – 4 - )]
2
6.618 4
= 0.9[81.6( 20 - 4/2 )+ 106.8( 20 – 4 - )]
2
= 2734 k.in = 227.83 k.ft

Problem 3.9 b:
Given: b = 12 in., d = 16 in., As = 3.93 in.2, fc’ = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi

Solution:
(1) At balanced condition
cb 0.003
= cb = 9.467 in.
d 0.003 + 0.00207
ab = 1cb = 0.85×9.467 = 8.047 in.
C = 0.85 fc’×5×4 + 0.85 fc’×12(ab – 4 ) = 233.1 k
Asb = C/fy = 233.1/60 = 3.89 in.2
Asmax = 0.63375Asb = 0.63375×3.89 = 2.465 in.2
As = 3.93> Asmax , N.G.
Section does not meet ACI code, reduce steel.

(2) Use As = As max = 2.465 in.2

T = Asfy = 2.465×60 = 147.9 k
T = C = 0.85 fc’×5×4 + 0.85 fc’×12(a – 4)
174.85 = 0.85×4×5×4 + 0.85×4×12(a – 4)
a = 5.96 in.

C1= 0.85fc’×5×4 = 68 k
C2= 0.85 fc’×12(a – 4) = 0.85×4×12(5.96 – 4) = 79.97 k

a 4
Mn = [C1( d – 4/2 )+ C2( d – 4 – )]
2
= 137.5 K.ft
 17

Problem 3.10 a:
Given: b = 12 in., d = 18in., d’ = 2.5in., As = 2.41 in.2, As’ = 1.2 in.2, fc’ = 3ksi, fy = 40ksi

Solution:
2.41
= As/bd = = 0.011157
12 × 18
1 .2
’ = As’/bd = = 0.00556
12 × 18
- ’ = 0.005597 < max = 0.0203
f ' d' 87 3 2 .5 87
k = 0.852 × c × × = 0.85 2 × × × = 0.0139
f y d 87 f y 40 18 87 40
- ’ < k = 0.0139, Compression steel doesn’t yield.
A = 0.85 fc’ 1b = 0.85 × 3 × 0.85 × 12 = 26.01
B = As’ ( 87 - 0.85 fc’) - As fy = 1.2( 87 - 0.85 ×3) – 2.41 ×40 = 4.94
C = -87 As’d’ = - 87 ×1.2 ×2.5 = - 261
c = [-B ± B 2 4 AC ] / 2A = 3.07 in.
a = 1c = 0.85 ×3.07 = 6.61 in.
fs’= 87( c - d’ )/c = 87( 3.07 - 2.5 )/3.07 = 16.15 ksi fy
C1 = 0.85 fc’ab = 0.85 × 3 × 2.61 × 12 = 79.85 k
C2 = As’ ( fs’- 0.85 fc ’) = 1.2( 16.15 - 0.85 ×3 ) = 16.32 k
As1 = C1 / fy = 79.85/40 = 1.996 in.2
1 = As1 / bd = 1.996/(12 × 18) = 0.009242 < max
Mn = [ C1(d - a/2 )+ C2(d-d’)]
= 0.9[79.85×(18 – 2.61/2) + 16.32×(18-2.5)] = 1428 k.in. = 119 k.ft

Problem 3.10 b:
Given: b = 12 in., d = 18 in., As = 4.82 in.2, As’ = 1.2 in.2, fc’ = 3 ksi, fy = 40 ksi

Solution:
4.82
= As/bd = = 0.0223
12 × 18
1 .2
’ = As’/bd = = 0.00556
12 × 18
- ’ = 0.0167
f ' d' 87 3 2 .5 87
k = 0.852 × c × × = 0.85 2 × × × = 0.0139
f y d 87 f y 40 18 87 40
- ’ > k = 0.0139, Compression steel yields.
- ’< max = 0.0203 Ok
( As As ' ) f y (4.82 1.2) × 40
a= = = 4.73 in.
0.85 f c ' b 0.85 × 3 ×12
Mn = [(As-As’)fy ( d - a/2 ) + As’fy ( d – d’ )
= 0.9[(4.82-1.2)×40(18 – 4.73/2) +1.2×40(18 – 2.5)] = 2707 k.in. = 225.6 K.ft
 18

Problem 3.11:
Given: b = 12 in., d = 22 in., d’ = 2.5 in., As’= 1.32 in.2, fc’ = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi, l = 16 ft

Solution:
(1) At balanced condition:
cb 0.003
= cb = 13.02 in.
d 0.003 + 0.00207
ab = 1cb = 0.85×13.02 = 11.07 in.
c 2.5 13.02 2.5
fs’ = 87( b ) = 87( ) = 70.3 > 60
cb 13.02
Compression steel yields, fs’ = 60 ksi
C1 = 0.85 fc’abb = 0.85×4×12×11.07 = 451.66 k
C2 = As’ fy = 1.32×60 = 79.2 k
T = C1 + C2 = 530.86 k
As1b = C1/fy =451.66/60 = 7.53 in.2
As max = 0.63375As1b + As’= 0.63375×7.53+1.32 = 6.09 in.2

6.09
(2) = As / bd = = 0.02307
12 × 22
1.32
’ = As’/bd = = 0.005
12 × 22
- ’ = 0.01807
f ' d' 87 4 2.5 87
k = 0.852 × c × × = 0.852 × × × = 0.0176
f y d 87 f y 60 22 87 60
- ’ > k, Compression steel yields.
- ’= max Ok

( As As ' ) f y (6.09 1.32) × 60

a= = = 7.01 in.
0.85 f c ' b 0.85 × 4 × 12

Mn = [(As-As’)fy ( d - a/2 ) + As’fy ( d – d’ )

= 0.9[(6.09-1.32)×60(22 – 7.01/2) + 1.32×60(22 – 2.5)]
= 6153.9 k.in. = 512.8 k.ft

Mu = 1.2 MD + 1.6ML = Mn
2 × 16 2 W × 162
1.2( )+1.6( L )= 512.8
8 8
Wl = 8.516 k/ft
 19

Problem 3.12
Given: b = 10 in., d = 20 in., d’ = 2.5 in., As = 3.61 in.2, As’ = 0.62 in.2, fc’ = 4 ksi,
fy = 60 ksi, l = 10 ft, Wl = 1.25 k/ft, WD = 2 k/ft (excluding self weight)

Solution:
3.61
= As/bd = = 0.01805
10 × 20
0.62
’ = As’/bd = = 0.0031
10 × 20
- ’ = 0.015 < max = 0.01806
f ' d' 87 4 2 .5 87
k = 0.852 × c × × = 0.85 2 × × × = 0.0194
f y d 87 f y 60 20 87 60
- ’ < k , Compression steel doesn’t yield.

A = 0.85 fc’ 1b = 0.85 × 4 × 0.85 × 10 = 28.9

B = As’ (87 - 0.85 fc’) - As fy = 0.62(87 - 0.85 ×4) – 3.61 × 60 = -165
C = -87 As’d’ = - 87 ×0.62 ×2.5 = - 134.85

c = [-B ± B 2 4 AC ] / 2A = 6.44 in.

a = 1c = 0.85 ×6.44 = 5.47 in.
fs’= 87( c - d’ )/c = 87( 6.44 - 2.5 )/6.44 = 53.23 ksi < fy
C1 = 0.85 fc’ab = 0.85 × 4 × 5.47 × 10 = 186 k
C2 = As’ ( fs’- 0.85 fc ’) = 0.62( 53.23 - 0.85 ×4 ) = 30.4 k

As1 = C1 / fy = 186/60 = 3.1 in.2

1 = As1 / bd = 3.1/(10 × 20) = 0.0155 < max

Mn = [ C1 (d - a/2)+ C2(d-d’)]
= 0.9[186×(20 – 5.47/2) + 30.4×(20-2.5)]
= 3369 k.in. = 280.7 k.ft

10 × 20
WD = 2 + × 0.15 = 2.208 k/ft
144
WL = 1.25 k /ft

WD l 2 WL l 2
Mu = 1.2 MD + 1.6ML = 1.2( ) + 1.6( ) = Mn
2 2
2.208 × 10 2 1.25 × 10 2
1.2( ) + 1.6( ) = 232.5 k.ft
2 2

The internal design moment of 280.7 k.ft is great than the external ultimate moment of
232.5 k.ft, the section is adequate.
 20

Problem 3.13:
Given: bw= 10 in., t = 4 in., d =18 in., As = 3 in.2, l = 18 ft, b = 9 ft, fc’ = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi

Solution:
(1) Effective width, be= b = 108 in.
be= l/4 = 18×12/4 = 54 in.
be= 16t+bw = 16×4 +10 = 74 in, use be = 54 in.
As f y 3 × 60
(2) a = = = 0.98 in. < t
0.85 f c ' b 0.85 × 4 × 54
Rectangular Section
(3) Mn = Asfy (d - a/2)
= 0.9×3×60(18 – 0.98/2) = 2836.6 k.in. = 236.4 k.ft
Asmin = minbwd = 0.00333×10×18 = 0.6 in2
Asmax = 0.0567 [t (be-bw) + 0.319bwd]
= 0.0567 [4(54-10) + 0.319×10×18]
= 13.23 in.2
Asmin < As< Asmax Ok

Problem 3.14:
Given: bw= 10 in., t = 3 in., d =18 in., As = 4.71 in.2, b = 30 in., fc’ = 3 ksi, fy = 60 ksi
Solution:
As f y 4.71 × 60
(1) a = = = 3.69 in. > t
0.85 f c ' b 0.85 × 3 × 30
T section

Asmax = 0.0425 [t (be-bw) + 0.319bwd]

= 0.0425 [3(30-10) + 0.319×10×18]
= 4.99 in.2 > As Ok
(2) Asf = 0.85 fc’t(b-bw)/fy = 0.85×3×3( 30 – 10)/60 = 2.55 in.2
( A As f ') f y (4.71 2.55) × 60
a= s = = 5.08 in.
0.85 f c ' b 0.85 × 3 × 10
Mn = [(As-As’) fy ( d - a/2 ) + Asf fy ( d – d’ )]
= 0.9[(4.71-2.55)×60(18 – 5.08/2)+2.55×60(18 – 3/2)]
= 4075.3 k.in. = 339.6 k.ft

Problem 3.15:
a = 3.69 in. > t, T-section, Asf = 2.55 in.2, Asw = 2.16 in.2, As(max) = 5.80 in.2,
a = 5.08 in., Mu = 466.78 k-ft.

Problem 3.16:
Same analysis and answer as 3.14