Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pre-planning stage
Creation of suitable organization
Structural reorganization of administrative
machinery to participate in planning
Esttb: of planning procedure
Creation of information
Defining objectives at various levels``
1
Creation of suitable organization
Structural reorganization of administrative
Machinery to participate in planning
Esttb: of planning procedure
Creation of information
Defining objectives at various levels
2
Diagnostics
Criteria
Identification of weaknesses
Existing problems
Future needs
Previous performance
Research evidence
In Asia diagnosis is done as following:
Relevance
Effectiveness
Efficiency
3
Formulation of Policy
Quantification
Operational and performance
oriented statements
Consideration of resources
Spin off benefits
Assessment of future needs
Goods
Services
Incentives
Costing future needs
Calculations
Using best available data
Costing is based on long range
trends
Inflation
Establishing priorities and target setting
Resources
Needs
Feasibility testing
Analysis of targets
Targets are modified
Targets are adjusted
4
TYPES OF PLANNING
• Macro planning
• Micro planning
• Perspective planning (7-15)
• Medium term planning ( 3-7)
• Short term planning (1-3)
Plan formulation
Set of proposals for decision of authorities
To provide a blue print for action of
various authorities
Certain skills are required for the
Purpose
Plan elaboration
Plan expansion
This involves two stages
5
Programming
Dividing the plan into broad areas
Each action/area is called
programme
Projectisation
aims sub objectives/targets
Project formulation
Details of activities
Cost and time
Schedule
6
Plan Implementation
Execution of the project
Management process
Annual budget
Annual plan
Personnel training
Incentives
Accountability
Monitoring/Evaluation
Systematic feedback
Readjustment
Revision
Target resetting
Change in strategies
Formative evaluation
Process evaluation
Summative evaluation
Quantitative evaluation
Qualitative evaluation
Evaluation of the evaluation
7
Policy formulation
Policy
general frame work
contained detailed decisions
instruments of reforms/changes
a political task
Policy formulation
Educational planner role
8
Planning stage
Diagnostics
Criteria
Identification of weaknesses
Existing problems
Future needs
Previous performance
Research evidence
In Asia diagnosis is done as following:
Relevance
Effectiveness
Efficiency
9
Situation is diagnosed
Future needs are assessed
Goods & services
Procedure for F/N
Calculation of beneficiaries
Estimation
Personal requirements
Material need
Physical facilities
Estimation of incentives
Ancillary services
10
calculations (past trends and current costs)
what to be costed (goods and services)
Main factor in costing in inflation trend
Useful tool for planning (Unit cost)
Establishing priorities
Mental intensive activity
grading of the claims for allocations
Mathematical techniques are applied
Cost benefit analysis
11
Grading is done of the following three
categories
Future development of a system
Competitors of resources
Consideration of the resources
Grading is done on the following
justification
Dispensable
Wants
Musts (salaries/operational expend)
12
Target setting
predetermined quality or level
are revised upward or downward according to
resources
final stage for execution of activity
Global targets (No. of persons to be served in
edu system)
Detailed targets
13