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INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
In a remote area there used to be two general solutions for its electrification making a
connection to the closest grid or using diesel generation to get self-sufficiency. Both
methods are incredibly expensive and that is the origin for the hybrid systems, which
means the combination between that dispatch able diesel source and a renewable one.
Wind-diesel Hybrid Power Systems are designed to provide electrical generating
capacity to remote communities and facilities that are not linked to a power grid. The
introduction of wind-diesel hybrid systems reduces reliance on diesel fuel, which
creates pollution and is costly to transport.
Wind energy has received considerable public attention since the last decade, and
has been the fastest growing energy source. The global installed wind capacity is
expected to grow much more rapidly in the next decade as many policies around the
world have implemented or are in the process of implementing policies such as
Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) [5]. Acceptance of the RPS is a commitment to
produce a specified percentage of the total power generation from renewable sources
within a certain date. Most of this renewable energy will come from wind as other
renewable sources are not very suitable for bulk power generation. Wind energy is non-
depleting, site-dependent, non-polluting, and a potential source of the alternative energy
option.
The first wind turbine for electricity generation has already been developed at the
ending of the 19th century. During the winter of 1887-88, Brush built is today believed
to be the first automatically operating wind turbine for electricity generation. It has
been a giant in size but with a capacity of 12 kW. At the beginning of the 20th century,
the research institute began to pay attention of wind power technology, and the first
wind power journal has been published by Poul la Cour (1846-1908) [1]. During the
period of 1940-1950, two significant technical improvements have been made: first, the
3 blades structure of wind turbine; second, AC generator replaced DC generator. In the
1970s, the oil crisis rekindled the interests of wind power. The capacity of wind power
units has increased to several hundred kW. From 1980, a wind turbine of MW has
1
begun to be implemented in power system. Moreover, another direction of wind
technology is to reduce the cost, which is one major difficulty, which wind power
researchers has faced. By the end of the 1990s, the wind power has re-emerged as one
of the most important sustainable energy resources. The wind power is expected to play
a comparatively significant role in the future national energy scene [1].
At the beginning of 2004, the total installed capacity of wind energy systems all over
the world reached 39 GW with an annual growth rate of about 30% [2]. It is predicted
that 12% of the total world electricity demands is expected to be supply from wind
energy by 2020 [3]. As for Canada, the total wind energy production now is 1451 MW
with an annual average growth rate of about 35% [4]. The main goal to be achieved, as
reported by the Canadian Wind Energy Association (Can-WEA), is to generate more
than 10GW electricity from wind energy by 2010 (10 X 10 Canada Wind Vision
Program) [4].
Diesel generators also known as Generation sets, provide reliable power when
properly maintained. The initial cost of a complete diesel power system is also
relatively low. They can be easily transported and are having low-technical problems
which aids in their reliability and ensures ease of operation. Consumption of fuel takes
place even at zero loads [5]. In some areas of the world where wind power is not
abundant other forms of renewable energy such as solar and hydro power can be used
and in some cases the diesel generator has been done away with all together. Hybrid
systems range in size from a few Kw to several Mw of power. The variable nature of
most renewable energy sources means that hybrid systems often have to have extensive
control systems so that demand can met and power quality assured. Hybrid systems can
guarantee the certainty of meeting load demands at all times at reasonable cost, for
certain latitudes and escapes of the total dependency of the resources of the
hydrocarbons and the economic viability of some other energetic alternatives.
2
The rapid depletion of fossil fuel resources on a worldwide basis has necessitated
an urgent search for alternative energy sources to cater to the present day demands.
Alternative energy resources such as solar, wind, ocean thermal and tidal have attracted
energy sectors to generate power on a large scale. However, solar and wind energy
systems are being considered as promising power generating sources due to availability
and the topological advantages in local power generation. It is prudent that neither
standalone wind energy system nor solar system can provide a continuous supply of
energy due to seasonal that combine solar and wind generating units with battery
backups are implemented to satisfy the load demand. A great deal of research and has
been carried out on hybrid energy systems with respect to performance, optimization,
integration with diesel /biomass systems and other related parameters of significance.
Power systems using multiple generation sources can be more accurately described
by the term ‘hybrid power systems’ [6]. Hybrid power systems range from small
systems designed for one or several homes to very large ones for remote island grids or
large communities. Alternative energy resources such as solar, wind, ocean thermal and
tidal have attracted energy sectors to generate power on a large scale. However, solar
and wind energy systems are being considered as promising power generating sources
due to availability and the topological advantages in local power generation. It is
prudent that neither standalone wind energy system nor solar system can provide a
continuous supply of energy due to seasonal that combine solar and wind generating
units with battery backups are implemented to satisfy the load demand [7].
Power systems utilizing renewable energy such as wind, solar and micro-hydro
require control methods to maintain stability due to the real time variation of input
energy and load, while maximizing the use of renewable resources. In such cases, the
WDPS(Wind Diesel Power System) serves an entire isolated load and is responsible for
maintaining frequency and voltage stability (dynamic performance). The main focus in
WDPS design is to secure both fuel saving of diesel generator unit and reliable power
supply to load. Using, diesel generator installed capacity is sized to meet the peak
power demand, but is used in practice to supply power only when the wind power
output is insufficient to meet the load demand.
3
1.2.1 ADVANTAGES OF THE HYBRID SYSTEMS
• Optimum utilization of renewable energy sources in a remote area
• The certainty of meeting load demands at all times is greatly enhanced by
the hybrid systems
• In some hybrids, batteries are used in addition to the diesel generator, the
batteries meet the daily load fluctuation, and the diesel generator takes care of the
long term fluctuations.
• Designed for easy to operate, service and maintenance when required.
• Most eco friendly and clean source of power.
• The hybrid systems provide more consistent year round renewable energy
production. These systems are modular and can be expand easily.
• Lying of the expensive grid line, transmission and distribution losses can be
eliminated.
• Eliminates any associated expensive electricity bills.
• Selection of the energy resources to be used (this will depend on the of potential
of different renewable energy resources in the area).
• Choice of the system configuration
4
• Load profile determination of the area to be served
(seasonal/monthly/yearly)
• Sizing of the system components and switchgear, distribution networks etc.
• Economic analysis of the project (payback, NPV etc)
• Environmental/socio-economic evaluation for sustainability
• Provision for expansion, land costs and environmental clearances
• Testing of the system design through simulation exercises.
• Modification of the system configuration on the basis of simulation
feedback
Once the main considerations have been finalized, the system is ready for the
implementation stage. The subsequent performance of the system will then be governed
by appropriate system management strategies, which can promote local employment,
conservation and high efficiency.
6
Chapter I:
This chapter deals with the introduction to the hybrid power systems based on Wind diesel
system, types and advantages of hybrid system .This chapter also presents literature review
and various control schemes for voltage and frequency are reported in the literature on
wind diesel hybrid power systems.
Chapter II:
This chapter describes about the dynamic model equations of the wind turbine, different
types of wind turbine systems, modeling of diesel engine and its speed control
Chapter III:
This chapter deals with dynamic performance of wind diesel system (with fixed wind
speed turbine) in different modes of operation such as wind only mode, diesel only
mode and wind diesel mode. Performance of wind diesel system with a transmission
line between them and. fault analysis to ensure the system stability are also discussed.
Chapter IV:
This chapter deals with the operation of smooth transition model from wind to wind
diesel mode and the proposed control circuit
Chapter V:
This chapter deals with dynamic performance of wind diesel system (with Variable
wind speed turbine) in wind diesel mode. Performance of wind diesel system with a
transmission line between them and fault analysis to ensure the system stability are also
discussed is also discussed.
Chapter VI:
This chapter deals with the conclusions drawn on the basis of work carried out. More
over the scope of further work is also enlisted in brief.
CHAPTER-II
WIND AND DIESEL ENERGY SYSTEM
7
2.1 GENERAL
Wind-diesel generating systems have been under development and trialed in a
number of locations during the latter part of the 20th century. A growing number of
viable sites have now been developed with increased reliability of the systems. This is
key to their success, as minimizing the cost of technical support in remote communities
is vital for the ongoing development and implementation of this technology.
8
speed and the wind speed in pu of the base wind speed. The output is the torque applied
to the generator shaft.
w i_ sn pd _ep eu d P w _ pi n u d
3 -K - u (1 )^ 3 P _mp u
W in d s p e e d -K -
1 /w i _n b d a s e w i _n s d p e^ 3 e d
(m /s) P ro d u c t
A v o id d iv is io n p -u> p u
b y z e ro
c _pp u
-K - -K - la m b d a
1 l a m _p b u d a la m b d a c p -K -
G e n e r a t(p o )u r s p e e d P r o d u c t l a m _ bn do am b e ta
p -u> p u
1 /c _pn o m
c (lp a m ,bb ed ) ta a
2
P i t c h (d a e )n g g l e
-1 1
T m(p )u
A v o id d iv is io n
b y z e ro
14.4m/s
1.2
1 13.2m/s
-0.2
ρA 3
Pm = c p( λ, β) v wind (2)
2
The turbine performance coefficient can be determined from the following equation
− c5
c λi
c p (λ , β )= 1c (2 − 3c β−4c ) e c+
6 λ (3)
λi
The c p − λ characteristics, for different values of the pitch angle ß, are illustrated in
Fig.2.3. The maximum value of c p ( c p max = 0.48) is achieved for ß = 0 degree and for
λ = 8.1. This particular value of λ is defined as the nominal value ( λnom ).
10
2.3 TYPES OF WIND TURBINES
Wind turbines can operate with either fixed speed (actually within a speed range about
1 %) or variable speed. For fixed-speed wind turbines, the generator (induction
generator) is directly connected to the grid. Since the speed is almost fixed to the grid
frequency, and most certainly not controllable, it is not possible to store the turbulence
of the wind in form of rotational energy. Therefore, for a fixed-speed system the
turbulence of the wind results in power variations, and thus affects the power quality of
the grid [19]. For a variable-speed wind turbine, the generator is controlled by power
electronic equipment, which makes it possible to control the rotor speed. In this way the
power fluctuations caused by wind variations can be more or less absorbed by changing
the rotor speed [20] and thus power variations originating from the wind conversion
and the drive train can be reduced. Hence, the power quality impact caused by the wind
turbine can be improved compared to a fixed-speed turbine [27].
The rotational speed of a wind turbine is fairly low and must therefore be adjusted to
the electrical frequency. This can be done in two ways: with a gearbox or with the
number of pole pairs of the generator. The number of pole pairs sets the mechanical
speed of the generator with respect to the electrical frequency and the gearbox adjusts
the rotor speed of the turbine to the mechanical speed of the generator. In this section
the following wind turbine systems are presented.
• Fixed-speed wind turbine with an induction generator.
• Variable-speed wind turbine equipped with a cage-bar induction generator
or
Synchronous generator.
• Variable-speed wind turbine equipped with multiple-pole synchronous
Generator.
• Multiple-pole permanent-magnet synchronous generator.
• Variable-speed wind turbine equipped with a doubly-fed induction
generator.
11
For the fixed-speed wind turbine the induction generator is directly connected to the
electrical grid according to Fig. 3.4. The rotor speed of the fixed-speed wind turbine is
Gear- Soft
IG AC
box Starter Mains
Transformer
Capacitor bank
In principle determined by a gearbox and the pole-pair number of the generator. The
fixed-speed wind turbine system has often two fixed speeds. This is accomplished by
using two generators with different ratings and pole pairs, or it can be a generator with
two windings having different ratings and pole pairs [21].
G ear- AC
box
G
M ains
Gear - AC
box
DFIG
Mains
Rotor Grid
VSC VSC
14
Fig 2.7 The Actuator Model and the current driver constant
The fuel flow then converted to mechanical torque ‘q’ after time delay τ1 [13].The
engine torque constant K1 which can be represented by the model of the diesel engine
as shown in Fig. 5(b).
15
fuel consumption at no load is still 15-30% of the full load value. At low loads the
speed of the generator will be reduced ensuring the engine is running optimally in terms
of fuel economy. Due to the above considerations the variable speed diesel generators
were recommended, the main push for the variable speed revolution is the inherent
problems of fixed speed minimum operating load and poor efficiency at low load.
Permanent magnet synchronous generator is used as variable speed diesel generator for
most of the applications.
Recent advancements in power electronics and control strategies have made it
possible to regulate the voltage of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator
(PMSG) in many different ways. This has resulted in renewed interest in PM
synchronous generators, particularly in the remote areas with diesel engines, small-
scale power generation with small hydro heads and wind power. Fig 2.9 shows the
schematic diagram of diesel engine with Permanent Magnet Generator where K in the
fig is equal to K1*K2*K3. Typical values of system parameters were given in
Appendix A.
Fig 2.9 Block diagram of Diesel engine model with Permanent Magnet Generator
CHAPTER-III
WIND DIESEL HYBRID SYSTEM
3.1 GENERAL
16
In the last several years, interest in medium to large scale (100kw to multi-MW)
wind-diesel hybrid power systems for rural electrification has grown enormously
among energy officials and utility planners in the developing countries. Only a small
fraction of researchers and engineers working in the wind power industry, which is
relatively small itself, are involved in hybrid systems for off-grid applications. There is
therefore relatively little information available on the technical issues involved in
implementing a wind-diesel power system.
It is tempting to view the addition of wind turbines to a diesel mini-grid or isolated
system as a straight forward task, only slightly more complicated than a conventional
grid-connected installation, requiring only a few ancillary components at a relatively
modest cost. This is true for low penetration wind-diesel hybrid systems, for high
penetration systems much more sophisticated controllers and more extensive
components in addition to the wind turbines are required. This thesis focuses to some of
the control challenges faced by developers of wind-diesel systems, system stability and
long term performance. Since 1995, the National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) at
NREL has been researching wind-diesel hybrid power systems.
17
Figs 3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
EXCITER CAPACITOR
BLOCK BANK
SYSTEM DUMP
LOAD LOAD
18
Regulating the output of diesel generator to maintain system integrity of diesel
generators, the following two strategies are possible [5]. Fig.3.1 shows the model of
hybrid system.
• Running the diesel continuously with some minimum load requirement
• Starting and stopping the diesel to make up instantaneous wind short falls.
System which allows shutting down the diesel generator during the high wind power
availability (high wind speeds) is called as high penetration wind diesel system.
19
Table 1: WDHS components actuation in different modes
1
w r e (pf u) 0.2 5s+1 1 1
P ID
0.0 0 9s+1 0.0 3 8 s4+1 s T oTr oq ur qeu e
2 1
P ID C o n t r o lle r T F1 T F2 In t e g ra t o r E N G IN E P m e(pc u)
w (p u) P ro d u c t
Td
A C TU A TO R
21
3.4.1 MATLAB MODEL FOR WIND DIESEL SYSTEM
Discrete,
Ts = 5e-005 s.
powergui HIGH PENETRATION WIND DIESEL SYSTEM WITH NO STORAGE
1 wref (pu)
m
Vtref (pu )3 Pmec (pu)
Tm
Pm
w (pu) A aA aA
<Rotor speed wm (pu)> A
1 B bB bB m
GOVERNOR Vf _ B <Rotor speed (wm)>
w C cC cC
& DIESEL ENGINE
1 vref C
Synchronous Condenser D WT
Vtref (pu )1 vd 480 V 330 kVA Asynchronous Generator
Demux Vf
vq 480 V 330 kVA
vstab
Load
Aa
Bb
Cc
EXCITATION
aA Wind 1
bB
cC -K -
P(w_Wind ,w_Turb )
SL 1800 rpm -1
Gain 13
Vabc_S
-C-
Iabc _S Switch 1
Control Vabc Vabc_SL
[Vabc_SL]
A
B
C
Control
C
A
B
Discrete
MEASUREMENTS Secondary
Main Load Frequency Regulator
Load
[Iabc _SL]
Consumer100 kW
Load (0-446 .25 kW)
Vabc_Load
Iabc _Load Scope 5 Consumer Load
Vabc_WT MEASUREMENTS
Vabc_Load
Iabc _WT
Subsystem Scope 1
Subsystem1
11
250
Wind speed in m/s
266 K w
200
1 0 .5
150 W in d s p e e d
fr o m 1 0 t o
1 1 m /s
100
10
50
0
9 .5 5 10 15 20
5 10 15 20
T ime (sec) T ime (s ec )
(b)
(a) 260
6 0 .6
240
6 0 .4
Dump load power in Kw
Frequecny of System in Hz
220
6 0 .2
200
60
180 W in d s p e e d
fr o m 1 0 t o
5 9 .8 1 1 m /s
160
5 9 .6
140
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
8 10 12 14 16 18 20
T im e (sec )
Time (sec)
(c) (d)
Fig.3.4(a) –Fig 3.4(d):-Simulation results of the proposed system for wind only mode :( a) wind speed in m/s.
(b) Active Powers generated wind and supplied load in Kw. (c) System Frequency in Hz (d) Dump load in Kw
3.5.2 DIESEL ONLY MODE
In Diesel only mode (DO) diesel generators supply the active and reactive power
demanded by consumer load [4]. Frequency regulation in this case is performed by the speed
regulators of diesel engine generators. Results of diesel only mode for sudden change in load
at t=10 sec is shown in following figures. Simulation is performed for 14sec. Initially system
load of 100 Kw is met by diesel generator. As the sudden change of load (extra 30 Kw) takes
place at t= 10 sec, Synchronous machine speed (frequency) falls down from desired value. By
sensing this decreasing speed by diesel governor increases its fuel input to meet the extra load.
Finally frequency settles to desired value.
Fig.3.5(a), Fig.3.5(b) and Fig.3.5(c) shows active power generated by diesel engine
generator, frequency of power system in Hz and system load respectively. Diesel
180 160
150
160
140
Active Power of Diesel Generator in Kw
140 130
120
120
110
100 100
90
80
80
60 70
8 8 .5 9 9 .5 10 1 0 .5 11 1 1 .5 12 1 2 .5 13 8 8 .5 9 9 .5 10 1 0 .5 11 1 1 .5 12 1 2 .5 13
T im e (S ec ) T im e (S ec )
(a) (b)
6 0 .3
6 0 .2
6 0 .1
System Frequency in Hz
60
5 9 .9
5 9 .8
5 9 .7
5 9 .6
5 9 .5
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
T im e (S ec )
(c)
Fig.3.5(a) –Fig 3.5(c):-Simulation results of the proposed system for Diesel Only Mode :(a) Active Power generated
by diesel engine in Kw. (b) System Frequency in Hz. (c) System Load in Kw.
8 9 0
D ie s e l
8 0 W in d
7 .5
7 0
Active Powers from Wind and Diesel in Kw
Wind Speed in m/s
6 0
7
5 0
6 .5 4 0
3 0
6
2 0
5 .5 1 0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0
T im e (s ec ) T im e (S ec )
(b)
(a)
1 15
6 0 .3
1 10 6 0 .2 5
6 0 .2
System Load in Kw
1 05
System Frequency in Hz
6 0 .1 5
6 0 .1
1 00
6 0 .0 5
95 6 0
5 9 .9 5
90
5 10 15 20 25 30 3 5 4 0 45 50 5 9 .9
5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0
T im e (S ec ) T im e (S ec )
(c)
(d)
1 .0 0 3
1 .0 0 2 5
Speed of a Synchronous Machine in pu
1 .0 0 2
1 .0 0 1 5
1 .0 0 1
1 .0 0 0 5
0 .9 9 9 5
0 .9 9 9
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
T im e (S ec )
(e)
Fig.3.6(a) –Fig 3.6(e):-Simulation results of the proposed system for wind diesel mode :( a) wind speed in m/s.
(b) System Load in Kw. (c) Active Powers generated by wind and diesel generators in Kw .(d) System
Frequency in Hz.(e) Speed of Synchronous Machine in pu
11
Wind Speed in m/s
120
10
9 80
8 60
7 40
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
T ime (S ec) 20
(a) 0
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
T im e (S ec )
250
(e)
510
200 D ie s e l P o w e r
Active Powers in Kw
500
W in d P o w e r 480
100
470
50
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 460
T im e (S ec )
450
30 0 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
T im e (S ec )
25 0
(g)
Load Active Power in Kw
20 0 L o a d a t W in d B u s
6 0 .4
15 0
6 0 .3
L o a d a t D ie s e l B u s
10 0 6 0 .2
System Frequency in Hz
6 0 .1
5 0
6 0
0
1 0 15 2 0 25 30 35 40 45 5 0 55 5 9 .9
T im e (S ec )
5 9 .8
5 9 .7
5 9 .6
1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5
T im e (S ec )
(d)
510 4 0
2 0
500
0
Voltage at Wind Generator bus in pu
490
480 -4 0
-6 0 W in d
470
-8 0
460
-1 0 0
450 -1 2 0
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 1 0 15 20 25 30 35 40 4 5 5 0 5 5
T im e (S ec ) T im e (S ec )
(f)
(h)
Fig.3.7(a) –Fig 3.7(h):-Simulation results of the proposed system for wind diesel system with transmission line
:( a) wind speed in m/s. (b) Active Powers generated by wind and diesel generators in Kw .(c) System Loads at
Load buses (d) System Frequency in Hz.(e) Power flow in line. (f) Voltage at diesel generator bus in pu. (g)
Voltage at wind generator bus in pu. (h) Reactive Power generated by both generators in Kvar
1 0 300
250
Load at Diesel Gen bus in Kw
9 .5
200
Wind Speed in m/s
150
9
100
8 .5 50
0
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
8 T im e (S ec )
0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0
T im e (S e c ) (e)
(a) 6 0 0
40 0 5 0 0
30 0 4 0 0
Wind Active Power in Kw
20 0 3 0 0
Diesel Active Power in Kw
10 0 2 0 0
0 1 0 0
-1 0 0 0
-2 0 0 -1 0 0
1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0
-3 0 0
10 1 2 14 1 6 1 8 2 0 22 2 4 2 6 2 8 30
T im e (S e c )
T im e (S ec ) (b)
(c)
1 8 0 6 1 .5
1 6 0
6 1
1 4 0
6 0 .5
1 2 0
Load Active Power at Diesel Gen bus in Kw
System Frequency in Hz
1 0 0 6 0
8 0
5 9 .5
6 0
4 0 5 9
2 0 5 8 .5
0
1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0 5 8
1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0
T im e ( S e c )
T im e ( S e c )
(d)
(f)
800 6 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
700
4 0 0 0
Fault Current from Diesel Gen in Amps
600
Fault Current from Wind Gen in Amps
3 0 0 0
500 2 0 0 0
400 1 0 0 0
0
300
-1 0 0 0
200
-2 0 0 0
100 -3 0 0 0
10 1 2 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0
T im e (S ec ) T im e (S e c )
(g) (h)
6000 6 50
5000
6 00
Fault Current from Wind Gen in Amps
4000
2000 5 00
1000 4 50
0
4 00
-1 0 0 0
3 50
-2 0 0 0
-3 0 0 0 3 00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 10 1 2 14 1 6 18 20 22 2 4 26 2 8 30
T im e (S ec ) T im e (S ec )
(i) (j)
600 1 .0 5
1 .0 4
500
1 .0 3
400 1 .0 2
1 .0 1
300
1
200 0 .9 9
0 .9 8
100
0 .9 7
0 0 .9 6
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 10 12 1 4 1 6 1 8 20 2 2 2 4 2 6 28 3 0
T im e (S ec ) T im e (S ec )
(k) (m)
1 .0 6 3 00
1 .0 5
2 00
1 .0 4
1 00
Power Flow in line in Kw
1 .0 3
Speed of IG in pu
1 .0 2 0
1 .0 1 -1 0 0
1
-2 0 0
0 .9 9
0 .9 8 -3 0 0
0 .9 7 -4 0 0
1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0 10 12 14 1 6 1 8 20 2 2 2 4 2 6 28 3 0
T im e (S e c ) T im e (S ec )
(l) (n)
Fig.3.8(a) –Fig 3.8(n) :-Simulation results of the proposed system for wind diesel system with transmission line :
( a) wind speed in m/s. (b) Active Powers generated by wind generator in Kw.(c) Active Powers generated by wind
generator in Kw .(d) System Load at wind bus (e) System Load at wind bus (f) System Frequency in Hz.(g)Fault
current from diesel gen bus (h) Fault current from wind gen bus (i) Total fault current (j) Voltage at diesel gen bus
(k) Voltage at wind gen bus (l) Speed of DFIG (m) Speed of synchronous machine (n) Power flow in line.
CHAPTER-IV
SMOOTH TRANSISTION FROM WIND TO WIND DIESEL MODE
4.1 INTRODUCTION
A wind diesel hybrid system uses the wind turbine generators along with the diesel
generators to obtain contribution by the intermittent wind resource to the total power
produced. If the wind diesel hybrid system is capable of shutdown the diesel generators
during the high wind penetrations, then the system is called a high penetration wind diesel
system. Smooth transition from wind to wind diesel mode is required at low wind speeds
(load constant). Wind only mode can only work, if the power produced by the WTG is
greater than the consumed power by the load. Facility for Diesel engine to engage (in both
diesel only and wind diesel modes) or disengage (in wind only mode) from synchronous
machine by means of a clutch. In the Fig 4.1, a, b, c indicates fuel used for diesel only
mode, continuous wind diesel mode and intermittent wind diesel systems. From the Fig
4.1,it is clear that the fuel cost reduced for intermittent wind diesel system compared to
continuous wind diesel mode
Fig 4.1 Fuel used in diesel generator for different modes of operation
I
G
WIND TURBINE
CLUTCH
LOA
DIESEL S D
M
ENGIN
E
When the condition is not satisfied, the system frequency will fall, so the control system of
WDHS (wind diesel hybrid system) must order to start the DE (Diesel engine) and when
the speed difference between the DE and SM (synchronous machine) is small enough,
clutch is engaged to changing to the WD mode [11]. With clutch locked, the diesel engine
will supply the necessary active power first to rise and after to keep the system frequency
constant. The locked clutch mechanism with only two states is shown in the Fig.4.1.
3 H s
C LU TC H 2
T s1 W s
G a in1 K
1 / (H +s H d)
1
pm
P r o d u1 c t
G a in3K 0 S w it c h
1 H d
C o n s ta n t 2
Ts
Tc
G a in2 K
respectively. Switch block in Fig.7 (a) selects between 0 and Tc under the control of
speed, the two axes behave like only one and transmitted torque Tc in pu is given by [4]
H STD + H DTS
TC =
HS + H D
(4)
Fig .4.2 shows the DE along with its actuator and speed regulator which outputs the
diesel speed ωd and mechanical torque Td (pu) necessary to take the diesel speed to its
reference speed. Finally the DE torque equation is given by [4]
dwd
2H d = Td − Tc
dt
(5)
S w it c h F o r S p e e d
R e fe re n c e
1 0 .2 5s+ 1 1 1
P ID 1
R A T E D s T oT ro q r uq eu e T d
0 .0 0 s+9 1 0 .0 3 8s+4 1
P ID C o n t ro lle r T F1 T F2 In t e g ra t o r E N G IN E
A C T U A T O R T d
0 .2 5
2
S L O W
W d T c
1 1 /2 H d
D R U N
0 .5 S e c D e l a y 1
1 /1 .5
s
I n t e g r 1a t o r
The DRUN binary input to the diesel block is the output of the Boolean switch as
shown in the Fig4.3. This frequency relay (relay2) watches the frequency in WO mode
and when the system frequency falls due to the lack of active power (may be due to
increase in load or decrease in speed), output of frequency relay becomes 1.Fig .4.3 shows
the control circuit for active power regulator..
Ws
|u|
Wd AND
S
Add 2 Abs Relay 2 Logical
Operator 2 Q CLUTCH
R
NOT
0 S-R
Logical
Flip -Flop
DOFF Operator 3
datatype
boolean
Relay 1
Switch 1
1
DRUN
Fig .4.5 Active Power regulators for transition from wind to wind diesel modes
Active power regulator receives inputs as speeds of DE and SM and binary DRUN. It
outputs the CLUTCH signal. The RS flip flop sets its output to ‘1’when the relative speed
between the DE and SM is very less
1.2
DRUN=1
DRUN (Diesel Run) Signal
0.8
0.6
0.4
(a)
1
CLUTCH Signal
0.8
0.6
0.4
Load change
0.2 at t= 7 sec Clutch locked
at t=9.5 sec
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time (sec)
(b)
Difference in speeds in pu (SM and DE)
1.4
1.2
1
Chnage of speed
reference at t=7.65
0.8 sec (7.15+0.5).
0.6
Clucth locks
0.4
at t=9.5 sec
0.2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (sec)
(c)
4.4 MATLAB MODEL OF COMPLETE CONTROL MECHANISM
W
s L
ogica
|u| S
A
ND
W
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A
dd 2 C
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A
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RUN S-R
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R
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witch 1
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RUN 1
H
s
1
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1/1.8 W
s
1
1 -K- p
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T
s 1/(H
s+H
d) P
rod
uct 1 S
atu
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n
H
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witch
0
C
onsta
nt
T
d
1
0.2
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R
ATE
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ID
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orque T
d
S
witch 2 0.0
09 s+1 0.0
384 s+1
-C- P
IDC
ontro
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r In
teg
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r E
NGIN
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F2
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LOW Td
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W
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3
In
teg
rato
r 1 G
ainK 4
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RUN
0.5 S
ecD
ela
y 1
1/1.5
s
60
E x tr a l o a d
40 a t t = 7 se c
20 C l u tc h lo c k e d
a t t= 9 . 5 se c
-2 0
5 10 15 20
T im e (s e c )
(d)
140
C l u c th l o c k e d
Output Wind Power in KW at 8m/sec
120 a t t= 9 . 6 5 se c
100
80
E x tr a l o a d
a t t= 7 se c
60
40
20
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 20
Time (sec)
(e)
1.2
S M s peed
1
Speed / Frequency in pu
0.6
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (Sec)
(f)
180
160
140
Load in Kw
120
100
Extra load of 45
80 Kw at t=7 sec
60
40
20
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (sec)
(g)
Figs 4.6(a)-4.6(g): (a) Change of diesel run (DRUN) signal from wind to wind diesel mode. (b) Change of
clutch (CLUTCH) signal from wind to wind diesel mode. (c) Difference in speeds of diesel generator and
synchronous machine. (d) Active Power generated by diesel engine generator in Kw (e) Active Power
generated by wind turbine generator in Kw (f) Speeds of SM and DE in transition from wind to wind diesel
mode (g) System load in Kw
CHAPTER-V
WIND DIESEL HYBRID SYSTEM WITH VARIABLE SPEED WIND TURBINE
5.1 GENERAL
A wind energy system can be added to diesel engine system to provide some of the
load power and fixed or variable speed operation may be considered. Variable speed
operation has many advantages in terms of reduction of mechanical stress and smooth the
fluctuation of the power injected into the supply. Moreover variable speed operation can
increase the production of the energy and reduce noise. A power electronic interface is
needed to match the AC bus fixed frequency and voltage with the variable voltage and
frequency of the wind energy system.
Wind turbines using a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) consist of a wound
rotor induction generator and an AC/DC/AC IGBT-based PWM converter modeled by
voltage sources. The stator winding is connected directly to the 60 Hz grid while the rotor
is fed at variable frequency through the AC/DC/AC converter. The DFIG technology
allows extracting maximum energy from the wind for low wind speeds by optimizing the
turbine speed, while minimizing mechanical stresses on the turbine during gusts of wind.
The optimum turbine speed producing maximum mechanical energy for a given wind
speed is proportional to the wind speed.
Wr Wm
G
w in d
Three phas e R otor Th ree phase G rid G rid
s ide co nverter side converter
D C L in k
Q g ener ated s id e
(P ,Q )g rid sid e
P g en e rate-sid
d e
C o n tro l C o n tro l
sig n a ls sig n als
In p u t c o n tro l sig n als
In p u t co n tro l sig n a ls
R o to-sid
r e G rid-sid e
-D C lin k v o ltag e
-W in d sp eed co n v e rter co n v erter
-Stato r term in al v o ltag e
-R o tatio n a l sp eed co n tro lle rs co n tro llers
-G rid sid e c o n v erte r
-R o to r c u rre n ts cu rre n ts
M ax im u m p o w er D C& G rid
track in g v o ltag e co n tro l
On the other hand, the d-axis component control loop is dedicated to generate the d-axis
voltage reference signal (V*d). The q-axis reference current (I*d) is generated by passing
the error through PI controller generated by comparing reference Voltage at stator (Vref)
and actual voltage at stator (Vact). This reference current value is then compared with the
actual q-axis rotor current to activate a PI controller which in turn generates the reference
d-axis voltage reference signal (V*d) for the rotor-side converter. Using such reference
current settings, the rotor converter supplies only the reactive power of the rotor. By
setting of stator reference reactive power to zero, one gets unity power factor condition at
stator of the generator terminals. The rotor-side converter control loops are illustrated in
Fig. 5.3.
Idr *
1 PI PI 1
V_ref Rate Limiter Rate Limiter Vd *
2 3
V_B1 Idr
Iqr *
4 PI PI 2
Refernce Power from Limiter 1 Rate Limiter 1 Vq *
Optimum Power Tracker
5 6
P_B1 Iqr
In this figure, the d-axis and q-axis reference voltages (V’ d and V’q) are added with the
voltage drops in the rotor circuit parameters to get the actual reference signal at the
converter side.
2
Vdc 4
Id
3 PI 1
Iq_ref Vq*
R
ateLimiter 3
5
Iq
Rate limiter
Max angle
+ Pitch angle actuator Pitch
controller angle
ωr -
0
ωr for P=1pu
Wind
DFIG
Turbine
Diesel Loa
SM d
Engine
Phasors
powergui
Scope 4
1800 4/120
Aa
Bb
Cc
Load 1
Aa
Bb
Cc
Vabc_S
B
C
C
Vabc A
Iabc A
V1_B575 Vabc_S1
Vabc
Iabc _S
Three2 Three1
Iabc
I1_B575 Iabc _S1 Measurements
b
a
c
b
a
c
Measurements Vabc_Load
P_mean Vabc_Load 1 A
a
Iabc _Load
b B
Q_mean Iabc _Load 1 Scope 1
c C Subsystem
Scope 5 Scope 2
W ind turbine Subsystem1 3-Phase Breaker
Data acquisition
C
A
B
C
A
B
A
B
Load
25 kW2 Load Load
25 kW1 25 kW
Scope 20
14
2 5 0
13
2 0 0
Wind Speed in m/s
12
Active Power in Kw
1 5 0 W in d P o w e r
11
10 1 0 0
D ie s e lP o w e r
9
5 0
8
0
7
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0
T im e (S ec )
T im e (S ec )
(a) (b)
2 80
6 1
2 60
2 40 6 0 .5
Load Active Power in Kw
System Frequency in Hz
2 20
2 00 6 0
1 80
5 9 .5
1 60
1 40
5 9
1 5 20 2 5 3 0 3 5 40 4 5 5 0 55 6 0 15 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 40 45 50 5 5 6 0
T im e (S ec ) T im e (S ec )
(c) (d)
1 .2 5 81 5
1 .2
81 0
DC voltage at Capacitor in Volts
1 .1 5
Speed of DFIG in pu
80 5
1 .1
1 .0 5 80 0
1
79 5
0 .9 5
79 0
0 .9 1 5 2 0 2 5 30 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0
1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 40 4 5 50 5 5 60
T im e (S ec )
T im e (S ec )
(f)
(e)
40
1
30
0
0 .9
-1 0
-2 0
0 .8 5
-3 0
-4 0
0 .8
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0
T im e (S ec )
T im e (S ec )
(h)
(g)
Fig.5.8 (a) –Fig 5.8(h):-Simulation results of the proposed system for Variable wind system equipped with
diesel system:( a) wind speed in m/s. (b) Active Powers generated wind and diesel in Kw. (c) Load active
power in Kw.(d) System Frequency in Hz (e) Speed of DFIG in pu.(f) DC Voltage at Capacitor in Volts.(g)
System Voltage in pu.(h)Reactive Power supplied by diesel generator in Kvar.
1 5 2 5 0
1 4
2 0 0
1 3
1 2 1 5 0
Active Powers in KW
W in d P o w e r
Wind Speed in m/s
1 1
1 0 0
1 0
D ie s e l P o w e r
9 5 0
8
0
7
6 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0
3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0
T im e (S e c )
T im e (S ec )
(b)
(a)
1 0 0
26 0
24 0 9 0
Load Active Power in Kw
22 0 8 0
20 0
7 0
18 0
6 0
16 0
5 0
14 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0
4 0 5 0 6 0 70 80 90 100
T im e (S ec ) T im e (S e c )
(c) (d)
6 1 1 .0 5
1
6 0 .5
System Frequency in Hz
0 .9 5
System Voltage in pu
6 0
0 .9
5 9 .5 0 .8 5
0 .8
5 9
4 0 50 6 0 7 0 80 9 0 10 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0
T im e (S ec ) T im e (S e c )
(e) (f)
8 15
1 .2
8 10
1 8 05
0 .9
8 00
0 .8
0 .7 7 95
4 0 50 6 0 7 0 80 90 10 0 4 0 50 6 0 7 0 80 90 10 0
T im e (S ec ) T im e (S ec )
(g) (h)
80
1 60
60
1 40
1 20
20
1 00
0
80
-2 0
60
-4 0
40
-6 0
20
-8 0
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
T im e (S ec ) T im e (S ec )
(i) (j)
Fig.5.9 (a) –Fig 5.9(j):-Simulation results of the proposed system for Variable wind system equipped with
diesel system (For RL load) : ( a) wind speed in m/s. (b) Active Powers generated wind and diesel in Kw.
(c) Load active power in Kw.(d) Load Reactive power in Kw (e).System Frequency in Hz (f) System
Voltage in pu (g) Speed of DFIG in pu. (h) DC Voltage at Capacitor in Volts. (i) Reactive Power supplied
by DFIG in Kvar. (j) Reactive Power supplied by diesel generator in Kvar
14
250
D ie s e l P o w e r
13
Wind Speed in m/s
Active Powers in Kw
200
12
11 150
10
100
9
W in d P o w e r
50
8
7 0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (Sec) Time (Sec)
(a) (b)
190 200
180
180
170
160
160
140
150
120
140
130 100
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (Sec) T ime (Sec)
(c) (d)
3 100
Power Flow in Line in Kw
2 .5
50
Pitch Angle in Degress
2
0
1 .5
-50
1
-100
0 .5
-150
0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
T ime(Sec) Time (Sec)
(e) (f)
61
1.2 5
1 .2
6 0 .5
System Frequency in Hz
Speed of DFIG in pu
1.1 5
1 .1 60
1.0 5
5 9 .5
0.9 5 59
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
(g) (h)
1 .0 5 830
820
810
1 800
790
780
0 .9 5 770
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
T im e (S ec ) T ime (S ec )
(i) (j)
1 .1 5 1.1 5
1 .1 1 .1
1 .0 5 1.0 5
1 1
0 .9 5 0.9 5
0 .9 0 .9
0 .8 5 0.8 5
0 .8 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
T ime (Sec)
T im e (S ec )
(l)
(k)
50
100
Reactive Power from DFIG in Kvar
90
Reactive Power from Diesel Gen in Kvar
80
70
60 0
50
40
30
20
-5 0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
T ime (Sec)
T ime (S ec )
(n)
(m)
60
40
Reactive Power flow in Line in Kvar
20
-2 0
-4 0
-6 0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
T im e (S ec )
(o)
Fig.5.10 (a) –Fig 5.10(0):-Simulation results of the proposed system for Varaible wind system equipped
with diesel system (For R load) : ( a) wind speed in m/s. (b) Active Powers generated wind and diesel in
Kw. (c) Load active power in Kw at wind bus d) Load active power in Kw at diesel. e) Pitch angle in
degrees .f)Power flow in line in Kw. g)speed of DFIG in pu. (h).System Frequency in Hz (i) Speed of
synchronous machine in pu.(j) DC voltage at capacitor in volts (k) Voltage at diesel gen bus in pu (l)
Voltage at wind gen bus in pu (m) Reactive Power supplied by diesel in Kvar .(n) Reactive Power supplied
by DFIG in Kvar (o) Reactive power flow in line in Kvar.
15 30 0
14 25 0 D ie s e l
13
20 0
Wind Speed in m/s
Active Powers in Kw
12
15 0
11
10 0
10
5 0 W in d
9
0
8
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 70 8 0 9 0 1 0 0
T im e (S ec ) T im e (S ec )
(a) (b)
160 190
150 180
Load at Diesel gen bus in Kw
140 170
130 160
120 150
110 140
100 130
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
T ime (S ec ) T im e (S ec )
(c) (d)
3 1 0 0
2 .5
5 0
Pitch Angle in Degrees
1 .5
-5 0
1
0 .5 -1 0 0
0 -1 5 0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0
T im e (S ec ) T im e (S e c )
(e) (f)
1 .2 5 61
1.2
6 0 .5
1 .1 5
Speed of DFIG in pu
System Frequency in Hz
1.1 60
1 .0 5
5 9 .5
1
0 .9 5 59
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
T im e (S ec) T im e (S ec )
(g) (h)
1 .0 5
8 3 0
8 2 0
Speed of Synchrnous Machine in pu
8 1 0
1 8 0 0
7 9 0
7 8 0
0 .9 5 7 7 0
2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0
T im e (S ec ) T im e (S e c )
(i) (
j)
1 .1 5 1 .1 5
1 .1 1 .1
1 .0 5 1 .0 5
1 1
0 .9 5 0 .9 5
0 .9 0 .9
0 .8 5 0 .8 5
0 .8 0 .8
20 30 40 50 60 70 8 0 9 0 1 00 20 30 40 5 0 6 0 7 0 80 90 1 00
T im e (S ec ) T im e (S ec )
(k) (l)
1 0 0 8 0
7 0
8 0
Reactive Power From Wind Gen in Kvar
6 0
4 0 4 0
3 0
2 0
2 0
0
2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0 1 0
2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0
T im e (S ec )
T im e (S ec )
(m)
(n)
4 0
1 0 0
3 0
2 0 8 0
Reactive Power supplied by diesel gen
Reactive Power Flow in Line in Kvar
1 0
6 0
0
-1 0 4 0
-2 0
2 0
-3 0
-4 0 0
2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0
T im e ( S e c ) T im e (S ec )
(o) (p)
6 5
6 0
Load Reactive Power at Wind Gen Bus
5 5
5 0
4 5
4 0
3 5
2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0
T im e (S ec )
(q)
Fig.5.11 (a) –Fig 5.11(q):-Simulation results of the proposed system for Variable wind system equipped
with diesel system (For R load) : ( a) wind speed in m/s. (b) Active Powers generated wind and diesel in
Kw. (c) Load active power in Kw at diesel bus d) Load active power in Kw at wind. e) Pitch angle in
degrees .f) Power flow in line in Kw. g) Speed of DFIG in pu. (h).System Frequency in Hz (i) Speed of
synchronous machine in pu.(j) DC voltage at capacitor in volts (k) Voltage at diesel gen bus in pu (l)
Voltage at wind gen bus in pu (m) Reactive Power by wind in Kvar .(n)Load reactive power at diesel gen
bus (o) Reactive power flow in line in Kvar.(p) Reactive power supplied by diesel gen in Kvar.(q)
Reactive load at wind gen bus in Kvar
5.4.5 FAULT ANALYSIS ON WIND DIESEL SYSTEM FOR ‘R’ LOAD WITH
TRANSMISSION LINE
To ensure the system stability, fault analysis is performed on wind diesel system with
transmission line. Wind and diesel generators are separated by a transmission line of 1
mh and meeting corresponding loads at wind and diesel buses. Wind speed is kept
constant at 11m/s throughout the simulation interval as shown in the Fig 5.12(a).Load at
diesel generator and wind gen buses are kept constant at 140Kw and 140Kw respectively
as shown in the Fig 5.12(d) and Fig 5.12(e).As the wind generates less than 200Kw as
shown in the Fig 5.12(b), extra power is generated by diesel and supplies through
transmission line. Diesel speed regulator is used to control the frequency. Voltage at
diesel gen bus is controlled by exciter of a synchronous machine where as voltage at
wind gen bus is controlled by keeping synchronous condenser at wind generation bus.
Short circuit fault is simulated for 10 cycles to show the response of the system under
fault conditions. Fig 5.12(c), Fig 5.12(f), Fig 5.12(g), Fig 5.12(h) and Fig 5.12(i) shows
the active power generated by diesel, system frequency, Fault current from diesel
generator, fault current from wind generator and total fault current respectively. Voltage
is retained to required value after removing fault at both wind and diesel gen buses as
shown in the Fig 5.12(l) and Fig 5.12(n).Speeds of machines such as DFIG and
synchrouns machine are shown in the Fig 5.12(j) and Fig 5.12(m) respectively. Speed of
DFIG remains at 1.1 pu before and after the fault where as speed of synchronous machine
at 1 pu. Power flow in the line throughout the simulation interval is shown in the Fig
5.12(o).DC voltage across capacitor is shown in the Fig5.12 (k).
1 2 8 0 0
7 0 0
6 0 0
1 1 .5
Wind Turbine Active Power in Kw
5 0 0
Wind Speed in m/s
4 0 0
1 1
3 0 0
2 0 0
1 0 .5 1 0 0
1 0 -1 0 0
1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0
T im e (S e c ) T im e (S e c )
(a) (b)
8 0 0
7 00
7 0 0
6 00
6 0 0
5 00
Load Active Power at Diesel gen bus in Kw
Diesel Active Power in Kw
5 0 0
4 00
4 0 0
3 00
3 0 0
2 00
2 0 0
1 00
1 0 0
0
-1 0 0 0
1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 35 40 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0
T im e (S ec ) T im e (S e c )
(c) (d)
500 6 1 .5
6 1
400
Load Active Power at Wind Gen bus in Kw
6 0 .5
300
System Frequency in Hz
6 0
200
5 9 .5
100 5 9
0 5 8 .5
5 8
-1 0 0 10 12 1 4 1 6 1 8 20 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
T im e (S ec )
T im e (S ec )
(e) (f)
1400
14 0 0
1200
12 0 0
Fault current from diesel gen in Amps
800
8 0 0
600
6 0 0
400
4 0 0
200
2 0 0
0
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 10 12 1 4 1 6 1 8 20 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 30
T im e (S ec ) T im e (S ec )
(g) (h)
2 5 0 0 1 .0 5
1 .0 4
2 0 0 0
1 .0 3
1 5 0 0
Speed of a Synchronous Machine in pu
1 .0 2
Fault Current in Amps
1 0 0 0 1 .0 1
1
5 0 0
0 .9 9
0
0 .9 8
-5 0 0 0 .9 7
0 .9 6
-1 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0
1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0
T im e (S ec ) T im e (S e c )
(i) (j)
3 5 0 0
3 0 0 0
2 .5
DC Voltage across Capacitor in Volts
2 5 0 0
2
2 0 0 0
1
1 0 0 0
0 .5
5 0 0
1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0
T im e (S e c ) 0
1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0
(k) T im e (S e c )
(l)
1 .1 2
1 .1 1 5
2 .5
1 .1 1
DFIG Speed in pu
2
1 .1 0 5
1 .0 9 5
1
1 .0 9
1 .0 8 5 0 .5
15 20 25 30 35 40
T im e (S ec )
0
(m) 10 15 20 25 3 0 35
T im e (S ec )
2 50
2 00 (n)
1 50
1 00
Power Flow in line in Kw
50
-5 0
-1 0 0
-1 5 0
-2 0 0
15 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0
T im e (S ec )
(o)
Fig.5.12(a) –Fig 5.12(o) :-Simulation results of the proposed system for wind diesel system with
transmission line :( a) wind speed in m/s. (b) Active Powers generated by wind generator in Kw.(c) Active
Powers generated by wind generator in Kw .(d) System Load at diesel bus (e) System Load at wind bus (f)
System Frequency in Hz.(g)Fault current from diesel gen bus (h) Fault current from wind gen bus (i) Total
fault current (j) Speed of synchronous machine (k) DC Voltage at capacitor (l)Voltage at wind gen bus (m)
Speed of DFIG (n) Voltage at wind gen bus (o) Power flow in line.
CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
6.1 GENERAL
The main objective of the work has been to Voltage and Frequency control of wind
diesel hybrid power system with fixed and variable wind turbines. The simulation of
wind diesel hybrid system has been done under different wind speeds and loads. The
following are the main conclusions of the investigations carried out in this thesis work.
6.2 CONCLUSIONS
The Hybrid system consists of wind turbine generators, diesel generators, dump load,
synchronous machine, Induction generator and the consumer load was simulated.
Frequency is regulated in all the modes of operation such as wind only mode, diesel only
mode and continuous wind diesel mode to assure the power quality. In order to reduce
the diesel fuel cost in continuous wind diesel mode, smooth control circuit was designed
for transition from wind to wind diesel mode during load wind penetrations and high
system loads. Locking clutch mechanism is used for engaging and disengaging the
diesel engine from synchronous machine in this transition.
Quality of power supplied to the autonomous system is improved by controlling the
frequency to a desired value. Power fluctuation has reduced much by using variable
speed wind turbine generator compared to fixed speed wind turbine. Compared with the
conventional diesel-wind system, the response of the system equipped with DFIG during
wind fluctuation and load changes is more stable, and the ability for reactive power
output of DFIG is improved the reactive power control in system operation observably.
Analysis also shows that in this kind of system, the diesel generator terminal voltage and
the upper limits for reactive power output of DFIG are important operative parameters
affecting the operation performance.
REFERNCES
1. Anne-Marie Borbely and Jan F. Kreider, Distributed Generation: the power paradigm
For the new millennium, vol. I. United States of America: CRC, 2001, p.400.
2. T. Ackermann, Wind Power in Power Systems, England: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd,
3. Wind Force 12, Report by the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), October
2002.
6. J.K. Kaldellis, ―An Integrated model for performance simulation of hybrid wind-
SIMULATION PARAMETERS
TURBINE PARAMETERS:
Base wind speed = 12 m/s.
CP(λ, β) coefficients: c1 = 0.5176, c2 = 116, c3 = 0.4, c4 = 5, c5 = 21, and c6 = 0.0068.
CP, max = 0.48.
λnom = 8.1.
K = 0.73.
ω base = 1.2.