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= Rel?> = ER IZ = 02 mW. This power should be fed to the circuit to maintain undamped oscillations. RCV,2 4114
= as in (4.112). We get
= 5 mW.
2L
4.115 Given g = q+ % I hte
h--dh=-h
=Rh=t
Lh=Rh=%. 2 R c
Thus CL g'} + (qi+ qo) = 0 3 u |
ROR nt H=e L
Putting gq) = Ae!®! gq, = Betio!
(1-@°LC)A+B=0A+(1+ iwRC)B = 0
A solution exists only if
(1- &LC)(14 ioRC) = 1
eed Qe ns Sr nnd o
ox iwRC- wi C-iwLRC? = 6
or LRCw-iwLC-RC =0
Thus 4 = (A, cos wot +47 sin wot) e~*! etc.
tap is the oscillation frequency. Oscillations are possible only if w} > 0
. 1 .¢
ie. TL
4416 We have .
Ly I+ Ryl, = Ly n+ Roh
fia
c Raylt
Il=h+h
Then differentiating we have the equations
L,C1,+R,Ch, + (h+h) =0
1,C 1p4 RyChy + (+h) =0
Look for a solution
Ty =A; e*', Ib = Ay e**
Then (14+ © L,C+aR,C)A,+ A, =0
Ay + (14 0° L,C+aR,C) A, =0
This set of simultaneous equations has a nontrivial solution only if
(1+ a7L,C+ aR, C)(1+ @7L,C+ aC) =1
ate o? Rot LoRs, Lit Lot RRC, Rit Ro
LyLz LyL,C Ty
This cubic equation has one zeal root which we ignore and two complex conjugate roots. We
require the condition that this pair of complex conjugate roots is identical with the roots of
the equation
or
a?LC+aRC+1=064
4.117
The general solution of this problem is not easy.We look for special cascs. If Ry = Ry = 0, tha
Llp
R=0 and tT ely
. If Ly=L)=0, then
L=0 and R =R,R,/(R,+R,) These are the quoted solution but they are misleading.
We shall give the solution for small R, ,R; . Then we put a = -B +iw when B is small
We get (1-071, C-2iB@1,C-BAC+i@R,C)
(1-?L,C- 2iBpoL,c- Boc+ i@R,C)=1
(we neglect B’ & BR,, BR, ). Then
L,+ L.
2 2 2 4it lr
(1- @L,C)(1-07L,C) = 1 > 0 = whe
Lil,
L,+L,°
also (2BL,- Ry) (1- wL,C)+ (2BL2- 22) (1- wL,C) = 0
‘seh R __RiLl?+ RL? RiL}+ RoLi
Thi -=- - :
is sives B= 7” TTTa(at la) ~*~ (Ee LF
4,,41 =+%
on Ctl a+ Rit=+F
CooL X
“ts VL
For the critical case R ~ 2V &
- . Sw
Thus LC q+ 2VIC q+q=0
Look for a solution with q a e%!
. 5 a1
This is identical with Ie if L
1
as
Vic
An independent solution is te°* . Thus
qe (As Bry eo /VE ,
At t=0q=CVo thus A =CV
Also at t=0g=J=0
o-B-A ea - VE
vIC L4118
‘Thus finally ew T
. viele wVE tle “INTE
M0, le
‘The current has been defined to increase the charge. Hence the minus sign.
‘The current is maximum when
a __Yo wit t
der |e Ie)
This gives t = VLC and the magnitude of the maximum current is
Vo
Mast = BYE.
‘The equation of the circuit is (I is the current)
L a + RI = Va cost
From the theory of differential equations
I= Iptle
where Jp is a particular integral and J; is the complementary function (Solution of the
differential equation with the RHS = 6 ). Now
Tc = Ico
and for Ip we write Ip = I, cos (wt-@)
Substituting we get
Vn -10i
Sees
Von - 1R/L
Thus n> Fp areg cos (at 9) + leo’
Now in an inductive circuit] = 0 att= 0
because a current cannot change suddenly.
‘Thus Ico = -
and so
RL ]
Vie
Se [0s (oe - @)- cos pe66
4.119 Here the equation is (Q is charge, on the capacitor)
2,r42.
ct R ‘dt Vy cos wt
A solution subject to Q = 0 at t = 0 is of the form (as in the previous problem)
Q = Qn 005 (wt- F)- cose" *°]
Substituting back
20 cos (1 F)- ORQ, sin(@t- F)
= Vi, cos wt
= V,,(cosGcos(mt- G) - sinG@sin(wt- G)}
so Qn = CV,,cos @
oRQ,, = V,,sin®
This leads to
On = tan F = WRE
Vi+(@RC)
Hence
za
a
«si ow) a 28°F -wre
dt = [ sin(or- G)+ sin e
VR?
R's fe )
The solution given in the book satisfies J = 0 at ¢ = 0. Then Q = 0 at f= 0 but this
will not satisfy the equation at ¢ = 0. Thus J « 0, ( Equation will be satistied with J = 0
only if Q« 0 at t = 0)
With our J, Hem 0) =
4.120 The current lags behind the voltage by the phase angle
2 ina?
_y Mon? Ina?- 2a 1
Then prt —Stxanl xa
tann} Hom AY
4pn4121
4122
67
HereV = V,,cos ot
I =1,,cos(mt+ p)
where
Now
-1_1
p= tan
'
fia
0
Here Ve IR+ c
or Ris Era ¥ =~ vsino
Ignoring transients, a solution has the form
I= Ipsin(@t- a)
I
OR Ip cos(@t- a) + 7 sin(@t- a) = = WV sinwt
= - @V[sin(ot- a)cosa+ cos(wt- a)sina}
50 Rhy = - Vosina
Io “1
oo77 Vocosa a= x+ tan (WRC)
I = Ipsin(wt- tan”! @RC-m) = - Iysin(wr- tan”? wRC)
‘
= I, 1
Then Q = JI dt = O+ cos (wt-tan”* ORC)
°
It satisfies Vo(1+ coswr) = RIL» @
aS sesdee68
if Vo(1+ coswt) = - Riysin(wt- tn-*oRC)
cw (wt tan *wRC)
oc
Thus Qo = CV
and at H/Vi+ (ory
check:
Rly = oo ecks
Vis(@RCP
Hence vi = Savor cos (wr)
Vit (wRCy
Ve Vo
© >- i
Vi1+ (@RC)Y
or n- 1 = 0 (RCP
or RC #Vi- 1/0 = 22 ms.
4123
Va__ Ma Voltage
M
()
as
4124 (a) I, =
(b) tng = 2", 9 w - 60°
Current lags behind the voltage V by @© Ve- oa 0-65 kV
Vir = IgV R24 oP L? = O-SKV
y,
(8 0) Ve 56
VR? -+
R + (oe ea)
—____h. —___ Vin
V(oRCY + (wLC-17 V a ,
(5-1 + 48? w7/e0§
\@o a
Vig 12) ag? ag!
4
- +
2 7 oe
op 9 ©
This is maximum when @” = w3- 2p = 1 - a70
4126. y 1, VR? + ol?
Vm V R24 w*L?
7
Ve 1
Rs (ee oc)
for a given @,1,R, this is maximum when
1
ao Ok © C= a = 282 UF.
vVR?2s wL2
For that C, Vy ae VV1+ (@L/RY = 0540 kV
LL
At this C = 509 kV
4.127
oco°o
020::0:0
@ Poor Condo ]|—
©0006
0000
I
We use the complex voltage V = V,, e'”'. Then the voltage across the capacitor is
ryt
U- PYG
and that across the resistance RI’ and both equal V. Thus
Ve gio beg ioe
age ' I-I' =iwCV,y e€
Hence
A ° ier
T= (1+ ioRC) e
The actual voltage is obtained by taking the real part. Then
Vn
I= V1+ (@RC} cos(wrt @)
Where tang = @RC
Note —> A condenser with poorly conducting material (dielectric of high resistance) be
the plates is equvalent to an an ideal condenser with a high resistance joined in p
between its plates.4.128 144
4129
41900
n
wits dh t
Z at Sn la2 a F
Ze
dl, dl,
Poca ten Pa S
: at " a ¢ 2 Be |
from the second equation
Inh = -Lyh Ihe
Then Ly-
Z| te
Thus the current oscillates with frequency
1
sd
7
o(u.- )
Given V = V_ cos wt
I= [,,cos(wt-)
where
“Yeu
R *+(ot-Zo]
Sid I,sin(wt-@)
€
Then, Ve= oc
V,
= tin (at- 9)
V(1- wLCPs (@RCY arse
As resonance the voltage amplitude across the capacitor
Vo vil. y
toe tare
RC
vic
So Lon
CR?
Now -V4-1- Viet
CR 4
For maximum current amplitudeNow
g
g
-i 2
a aei_il
low n-1y¥ 4
and
Now
ay
@C}
Then
(assuming «2 >, )
or
oo
or + @) = (@1+ @2) = @ = Vo, a,
1 &
R
d - oe V1 =
an 02 - , = Va L
o>
and o-V 1 LV GP- Doe 1
= Sleyp 4
ap 4 (a - 01773
4132 Q = Sw So ing.
O = 35 ~ Fp for low damping
Rip
In
———————
ow 5 , }
2
R + (24- ge
» Ip= Current amplitude at resouance
2
9. R
or o- Trea 226
Thus @ w a +B
%
So Aw = 26 and Q= 70.
4133 At resonance @ = ap
Then I, (map) =
T= I) V2 sinwt
Then D.C. component of the rectified current is
17?
<> 95 J V2 sinwtdt
=
~WV2 5, J snoae
V2
“R
Since the charge deposited must be the same
Into = sav? or r= 22
x v2
The answer is incorrect.74
4135 (a) I(t) = hy Ost @ t- 2 (eatax be £2 4 ~ 51x 10 Ww.
4me9 3¢ 2” Tange
Here
2,
<5 -~4 1
? force - te
yy
Thus p-—i_,(£4) 2.
(4c)? |mR4) 3c
Most of the radiation occurs when the moving particle is closest to the stationary particle. In
that region, we can write
R= b2 4 v7?
and apply the previous problem’s formula
1 2 “lq dt
Th AW ~ — 3
ms aearird m avery?
(the integral can be taken between + with little error.)4.216
lll
dt 1 dx x
Now aoe IP oS
J (pave VS (b 4x7 2vb>
ve ve
4
Hence, AW - aa
(4x89)? 3c°m'*vb>-
For ihe semicircuiar path on ihe right
2
mV" Bev or v= BER.
R m
x xX X x
22 p2
Thus KE, = T= dmy? = 2 eR x x x\x
1 2 ay xxx
: ev
Power radiated = 7 55 (Sr) Ny
Hence cnergy radiated = AW X X XX
203 p\” 3,5 p2
12 (Bre?R) aR BeetR
Gxt 303\ m? | Be Gegmc?
3
So aw Be. 2.06 x 10°.
Zee m
(neglecting the change in v due to radiation, correct if AW/T << 1).
Ra BL
eB”
Then
This is the radiated power so
4
ar Bre
dt ~~ 3xegme?
Integrating, T = Ty e7'*
3xeqm'c?
.
Bre
+ is (1836 )* =~ 10° times Jess for an electron than for a proton so electrons radiate away
their energy much faster in a magnetic field.112
4.217 P is a fixed point at a distance / from the equilibrium position of the particle. Because
4.218
I> a, to first order in Fae distance between P and the instantancous position of the particle
is still 1. For the first case y= 0 so t= 7/4
‘The corresponding retarded time is ¢’ = Zt
Now y(t" )+ = Feomalj- a = - otasin
For the second case y = a at f = 0 so at the retarded time t’ = - at
a. 2 al
Thus F(t) = = 2a 008
‘The radiation fluxcs in the two cascs are proportional to (j"(t') )* so
S,
So tan? 2! 2 3.06 on substitution.
S, c
Note : The radiation received at P at time t depends on the acceleration of the charge at the
retarded time.
Along the circle x = Rsinwt, y = Rooswt
where @ = 5 . If tis the parameter in x(¢),y(¢) and
t’ is the observer time then
pete EW
c
where we have neglected the effect of the y—-cardinate
which is of second order. The observed cordinate are “U
x'(t')= x(t), y'(t') = y(t)
‘Then dy' dy | dtidy | -oRsinot | _-ox
dt!" dt’ ” dt’ dt oR
1-“coswt 1-
and diye dtd (avx/R
This is the observed acceleration.4219
4.220
4.221
4.222
113
(b) Energy flow density of EM radiation S is proportional to the square of the y- projection
ar?
af) Cedy tos),
“Uy (ep
21
of the observed accéleration of the particle ('« a) :
Thus
1
We know that Sp (7) &
r
At other angles $(r,0) « sin? 6=%M
Thus S(7,8) = Sy(r)sin’@ = Sysin?@ So
Average power radiated
2.8
- Sox dr? xs - F5or?
(averse of sin?0 over whole sphere is 3]
From the previous problem.
Pe SxSpr?
3
or 5) = 222
0” Bar
Thus eis te
© &mer™
oynting Mux vector is the enemy contained is a box of unit cross section and length c).
The rotating dispole has moments
Px = pcosot, p, = psinot
2 of
Thus 2 pe
4%& 3c 6mEQc
If the electric field of the wave is
Es E, cost
then this induces a dipole moment whose second derivative is
Hence radiated mean power = ———114
4.223
4.224
On the other hand the mean Poynting flux of the incident radiation is
fo 1,2
Snr V rare
P 1 2 ay He
™ ~ 1.2 y2( 27). y/o
"s Sad” Taey 3 (toto) (s *
£0
-H (2)
ox\m
For the elastically bound electron
x 2 o>
m3+magF= eEcoswt
This equation has the particular integral
(ie. neglecting the part which does not have the frequency of the impressed force)
z 2 ot
=> €£o coswt ms e7 Eo
Pra 0 SEZ soand p= -—— cos wr
™ oo (@3- 0") m
Hence P = mean radiated power
2
1 2 27a 1p
"ane. 2 3%
4me 3c*\ m(w-a)
The mean incident poynting flux is
2
Thus Fi. w
Let r = radius of the ball
R= distance between the ball & the Sun (r<
en Fesin”'p
This is exactly what we get from elementary nonrelativistic law of addition of velocities,
5.242 The statement of the problem is not quite properly worked and is in fact misleading. The
correct situation is described below. We consider. for simplicity, stars in the x - 2 plane. Then
the previous formula is applicable,
and we have ©
cos 0° = £080-B_ _ cos 0-099
1-Bcos0 ~ 1-099 cos 0
‘The distribution of @' is given in the diagram
below
The light that appears to come from the
forward quadrant’ inthe ~—frame
K (0 =-x1t00=-7/2) is compressed into
an angle of magnitude + 8-1° in the forward
direction while the remaining stars are
spread out.
The three dimensional distribution can also be found out from the three dimensional
generalization of the formula in the previous problems.
243 The field induced by a charged particle moving with
velocity V excites the atoms of the medium turning them
into sources of light waves. Let us consider two arbitrary
points A and B along the path of the particle. The light
‘waves emitted from these points when the particle passes
them reach the point P simultancously and reinforce cach
other provided théy are in phase which is the case is
gencral if the time taken by the light wave to propagate
from the point A to the point C is equal to that taken by
the particle to fly over the distance AB. Hence we obtain
ws 0 = 5237
where v = © is the phase velocity of light, It is evident that the radiation is possible only if
V>v ie. when the velocity of the particle exceeds the phase velocity of light in the mediun.
5.244 We must have
oni Va
Ve Sa Sexi m/s of Te zg
For electrons this means a KE. greater than
2
T= ee = me
1 a .
16
= 0511 Waar using m,c? = 0511 MeV = 0:144MeV
Vi.
lis) J
For protons with m,c? = 938 MeV
T, = 938 A = 264McV = 0:264 GeV
VJ }
Also Typ = 29°6MeV = me*
Then mc? = 105-3MeV. This is very nearly the mass of means.
5.245 v
Fi so=
rom cos 8 = +
we get V = vsec®
Voy secO _ sec30° _ 2/¥3 4
so = ~secQ = en a
15 af 2 ae
15 ¥
Thus for clectorns
r
qf 22
T. a Fy 1] 7 0289 Mev
» oy
Ss ost |
Ve |
Generally238
5.7 THERMAL RADIATION. QUANTUM NATURE OF LIGHT
5.246 (a) The mast probable radiation frequency «,, is the frequency for which
Ay, = 30°F (0/T)+ FF (o/T) =0
do
The maximum frequency is the root other than « = 0 of this equation. It is
_ _3LF(o/T)
O" ~"F (w/T)
OF Wye = Xp T where xp is the solution of the transcendental equation
3F (xp) +X0F’ (4) = 0
(6) The maximum spectral density is the density corresponding to most probable frequency.
Itis
(4g max = OF (49) 7? a 7?
where xq is defined above.
(©) The radiosity is
M, =Sfor 1(2)40-r'|sferceres
aT*
° ’ L° J
5.247 For the first black body
b
Onh = x
b b
Then Onde Ft =
oT,
Hence Tye oe en tate
ze Biman
7, +Ar
5.248 From the radiosity we get the temperature of the black body. It is
vs “
a "i
ra (Me). (29x10) gsr9x
a 5-67 x 10
Hence the wavelength corresponding to the maximum emissive capacity of the body is
b _ 029
om = 3-4x10-4cem = 3-4um
(Note that 3-0 W/em? = 3-0 x 10‘ W/m?)
5.249 The black body temperature of the sun may be taken as
To - —2?9__, - 6042
0-48 x 10229
‘Thus the radiosity is
45855 x 10%
9x 10%
The sun loses 1 % of its mass in
1.97 x 10% x 107?
5-1x 10°
kg/sec = 5-1 x 10° kg/sec
sec = 1-22 x 10" years.
5.250 For an ideal gas p = nk Twhere n = number density of the particles and k = Ris Boltzman
ia
constant. In a fully ionized hydrogen plasma, both H ions (protons) and clectrons contribute
to pressure but since the mass of electrons is quite small (» m,/1836), only protons
contribute to mass density. Thus
2p
* ng
2pR 7
Nam
n
and pe
where mj ~ m, is the proton or hydrogen mass.
Equating this to thermal radiation pressure
2pR, My
Naty 3
+ 3epR | 3cpR
Then T " FoNmy” oM
4oT*
Se:
wt ey AL
= c
where ws = 2N, my = molecular weight of hydrogen = 2 x 107° kg.
w
Thus a = 189 x 107K
oM
Joules of energy. As a result its temperature falls by - dT and
ndoT‘dt = ~ G4 pcaT
where p = density of copper, C = its sp.heat240
5.252
Thus dt= -CeddT
60 T
aT | Cod
or p eye LE (nP-1) = 294hours.
a” 180 a wy
Taking account of cosine low of emission we write for the energy radiated per second by the
hole i
iy # i as
dI(Q) = Acos8dQ
where A is an constant, dQ is an element of solid angle around some direciton defined by
the symbol Q . Integrating over the whole forward hemisphere we get
2
T= Af coso2nsinodd =
°
2
We find A by cquating this to the quantity o 7/4 g is stefan-Boltzman constant and d
4
is the diameter of th hole.
Then Ae joa? T!
Now energy reaching 2 from 1 is (cos @ ~ 1)
1
4° @T{-ag
(xd7/4), . .
where AQ = \*“°'") is the solid angle subtended by the hole of 2 at 1. {We are assuming
d<<1so AQ = area of hole / ( distance )° }.
This must equal oTind’/4
which is the energy emitted by 2, Thus equating
nd? xd
fod? YS ae - 0 TA 7
—
or -TV aT
Substituting we get Th = 0:380kK = 380K.241
5.253 (a) The total internal energy of the cavity is
y= 42rty
Hence Ge (37), - = 6 ry
= 16x 567 x 10°
3x10°
_ 16% 5-67
3
x 10°x 10°* Joule/ °K
nI/K = 3024nI/K
(b) From first law
TdS = dUspav
= VdU+UdVesaV (° = 5}
= vau+s2av
= Meyrare Bertav
so ds- a Berav
- ‘(se vr |
Hence Se oy = ey = 1.008 nI/K.
5.254 We are given
u(@,T) = Aw exp(-aw/T)
; du _(3
(a) Then we (o7 7
80 ®,
(b) We determine the spectral distribution in wavelength.
-W(A,T)ddk = u(o,T)do
But vv PRE gg p= BRE LS
an o o
so dn= -Sao,dw=-Sar
o x
(we have put a minus sign before d A to subsume just this fact dd is -ve where da is
tve.)242
or de ST ST
5.255 From Planek’s formula
aw 1
Ma" G3 Ghar]
(@ ina range Aw < is related to the force Fexerted by the beam by
nd?
x= =
The force F equals momentum transfered per sccond. This is (assuming that photons, not
reflected, are absorbed)
E E E
2pEe(i-p) = (Usp) e.
The first term is the momentum transfered on reflection (see problem (261)); the second-on
absorption.
~4 Ls )E
ndex
Substituting the values we get
= 483 atmosphere.246
5.263
5.264
5.265
The momentum transfered to the plate is
E nn A
= E(1-p){sin 9 4 cos 0 3}
I
(momentum transfered +
on absorption )
p{-2c050/'} 8 #6)
\
(momentum transtered
on reflection )
(14P)cos0j (3)
ath
E
E at
= ¢ (1-P)sin Oj ~~
Its magnitude is
EV (1-p)'sin20+(1+p )2cos20 = Ev 1+p?+2pcos20
Substitution gives 35 n N.s as the answer.
Suppose the mirror has a surtace area A.
The incident bean then has a cross section of A cos 0 and
the incident energy is [A cos@: Then the momentum
transfered per second (= Force ) is from the last problem
~FAS089 1 5 pcos ofr TAE89 (4 - p)sino?
The normal pressure is then p = £ 1+p)cos’@
(jis the unit vector 1” to the plane mirror.)
Putting in the values
. 4
= ORO x18 = 06nNem~?
x
We consider a strip defined by the angular
range (0,0+d0). From the previous
problem the normal pressure exerted on this
strip is 0
22 0520
C
This pressure gives rise to a force whose
resultant, by symmetry is in the direction of
the incident light. Thus
x?
ae 0+ cos 0-2"R?sinOd0 = neh247
Putting in the values
Fw x25 10-121 S gg3 WN
3x10
5.266 Consider a ring of radius x on the plate. The normal pressure on this ring is, by problem (264),
2 P
© 4x(x+17R?)
P wR?
Ime Pak y
The total force is then
fk
(hott ee
+ cos? 0
4 x Gay
_ PW f
Qe
oo
i
R(14r"
5.267 (a) In the reference frame fixed to the mirror, the frequency of the photon is, by the Doppler
shift formula
= 1+p vi-p?
3-0 -o——— |.
1-8
(see Eqn. (5.6b) of the book.)
In this frame momentum imparted to the mirrot is
2hD _ 2ho/1+B
Pr 1-p’
©) In the K frame, the incident particle carries a momentum of #/c and retums with
momentum
hol+B
¢ 1-8
(see problem 229). The momentum imparted to the mirror, then, has the magnitude
ho | 1+B 1]. 240 A
e 1-8
Here 6
als248
5.268
5.269
When light falls on a small mirror and is reflected by it, the mirror recoils. The energy of
recoil is obtained from the incident beam photon and the frequency of reflected photons is
less than the frequency of the incident photons. This shift of frequency can however be
neglected in calculating quantities related to recoil (to a first approximation.)
Thus, the momentum acquired by the mirror as a result of the laser pulse is
oo 2E
|P-R |
Or assuming 7” ~ 0, we get
pr = 2k
|r| =
Hence the kinetic energy of the mirror is
HUE
2m” me
Suppose the mirror is deflected by an angle 0. Then by conservation of energy
257
final PE. = mgI(1-cos@) = Initial KE. = “—,
me
+10 262
12sin? = =
or mgl2sin’ x = >
or sn = (ne) oy
27 \me)Vei
. 6 2B “3
Using the data. sin = — ~ = 4377 «10
. 27 107543 x10 V9O8% 1
This gives @ = 0-502 degrees .
We shall only consider stars which are not too compact so that the gravitational field at their
surface is weak :
<<1
OR
We shall also clarify the problem by making clear the meaning of the (slightly changed)
notation.
Suppose the photon is cmitted by some atom whose total relativistic energies (including the
rest mass) are E, & E with E,
;
-2[Vie aa
Zu Tsin” 0/2 4
thy = 0677 MeV5.289
5.290
257
We see from the previous problem that the electron gains the maximum K.E. when the photon
is scattered backwards 8 = 180°. Then
mesh
ff Z
1+ ame 1
Hence y= aac. aah a[Vicda ame |
Substituting the valucs we get Ao = 3695 pm.
Refer to the diagram. Energy momentum conservation gives
ho’ kh
Aw! A 0 = peasy P)
Ao" sin0 = psing gy
hotme = ho’ +E fw 0
where EE? = c*p’+m°c*. we see
hus!
im o' sin® qrsin8
in = O-@' cos 0 1
4 eso
Asin d sin @
“N=heosO8” AR, 20
qt Pains
where Ade N-d= 2wd,(1- 0050) = 4xersin? 2
a.
H tng= 22
ence - aR, Ey
mh,
af Bh An afte,
But sinQ = 2 and, -at - sak
of _4xh af 4xh
mcAR aman
Thus tang =
142k 2h
= 313°
men Ag258
5.291 By head on collision we understand that the electron moves on in the direction of the incident
photon after the collision and the photon is scaltered backwards. Then, let us write
ho = yme*
ho! = ame
(E,p) = (emc?,umc)of the electron.
Then by energy momentum conservation (cancelling factors of mc? and mc )
itnsore
y=p-o
e=wi+y
So eliminating o & & Len = -nepeV wel
or (142y-p) = Vat
‘Squaring (142n)?-2n(14+2) #1
4nt4y? - 26(1424)
or _ 20+
E 1+2y
Thus the momentum of the Compton eiectron is
wume = 2UCL+n)me
po yme tel
Now in a magnetic field p=Bep
me
Thus pe2n(ien)/ a+amFe.
Substituting the values p = 3-412cm.
This is ihe inverse of usuai compion scaiicring.
When we write down the energy-momentum conservation
equation for this process we find that they are the same
for the inverse process as they are for the usual process.
If follows that the formula for compton shift is applicable \. :
except that the energy (frequency) of the photon is \
increased on scattering and the wavelength is shifted
downward, With this understanding, we write
Ad = 2n7(1-c0s0) —_——
me
- 4n(*) sin?’ - 121 pm
Voc? ~
wert XPART SIX
ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS
In this chapter the formulas in the book are given in the CGS units. Since most students are
familar only with MKS units, we shall do the problems in MKS units. However, where needed,
we shall slso write the formulas in the Gaussian units.
6.1 SCATTERING OF PARTICLES. RUTHERFORD-BOHR ATOM
6.1 The Thomson model consists of a uniformly charged nucleus in which the electrons are at
rest at certain equilibrium points (the plum in the pudding model). For the hydrogen nucleus
the charge on the nucleus is +e while the charge on the electron is -e. The electron by symmetry
must be at the centre of the nuclear charge where the potential (from problem (3.38a)) is
1_\3e
© Fey J BR
Po
where R is the radius of the nucleur charge distribution. The potential energy of the electron
is - eq and since the electron is at rest, this is also the total energy. To ionize such an
electron will require an energy of E = eG
. 1 _)3e
From this we find 8 (ane) 3
In Gaussian system the factor = is missing.
Fue
Putting the values we get R = 0-159 nm.
Light is emitted when the electron vibrates. If we displace the electron slightly inside the
nucleus by giving it a push r in some radial direction and an energy 5 E of oscillation then
since the potential at a distance r in the nucleus is
1 Soo
oir)= (ae) (3-292) .
the total energy of the nucleus becomes
or se gmt hala”
‘This is the energy of a harmonic oscillator whose frequency is: w= (z=) ——
Txeo|mRk260
6.2
63
The vibrating electron emits radiation of frequency w whose wavelength is
a = BRE. BREW mR? (42009)!
In Gaussian units the factor (4x ey)” is missing.
Putting the values we get 4 = 0-237um.
Equation (6.1a) of the book reads in MKS units
Nh
an 6/2 = (#2)/ 207
91% ) cot 6/2
= be (#4) 2T
For & particle q = 2e, for gold q = 79
(In Gaussian units there is no factor ( > = \.)
(4xe0)")
Substituting we get b = 0-731pm.
(@) In the Pb case we shall ignore the recoil of the nucleus both because Pb is quite heavy
(Ap, = 208 = 52x Az.) a8 well as hecause Ph in not free. Then for a head on collision,
at the distance of closest approach, the KLE. of the a — particle must become zero (because
a - particle will turn back at this point). Then
2z e?
{450} Fain
=T
(No (4x9) in Gaussian units.). Thus putting the values
Taig = 0591 pm.
0)
Here we have to take account of the fact that part of the energy is spent in the recoil of
Li nucleus. Suppose x; = coordinate of the a - particle from some arbitrary point on the
line joining it to the Li nucleus, x2 = coordinate of the Li nucleus with respect to the
same point. Then we have the energy momentum equations
2x32
—2x3@ ip
(Axe9)|x1- 22]
1 2.1 *
Lite hme
m,X, + mak_ = V2m,T
Here my = mass of Het auckeus, ni, = mass of Li
dm t+ Ima (V2 mT —mi,) +
6226.4
261
We complete the square on the right hand side and rewrite the above 7 as
Im mp my +m
6e
* (4x8) [x -%1
For the least distance of apporach, the second term on the right must be greatest which implies
that the first term must vanish.
6c m;
Tous Ininstlae* TaneyF(!*a]
m
Using ™ = $ ana other values we get
[x12 /min = 034 pm.
(in Gaussian units the factor 4 €9 is absent).
We shall ignore the recoil of Hg nucleus.
(a) Let A be the point of closest approach to the centre
C,AC = fui . At A the motion is instantaneously
circular because the radial velocity vanishes. Then if
vg is the. speed of the particle at A, the following equa-
tions hold
1. AR?
== se neee==ee 1)
T= 20+ Cane) ain ©
mMVoTmin = V2mTb Q
mya 4% 2 @
Prin (4m 8) Pan c
(This is Newton’s law. Here p = Pig is the radius of curvature of the path at A and p is
minimum atA by symmeny.) Finally we have Eqn. (6.1 a) in the form
Awe
>= Cane) 2T™ @
are? a ee
From (2) and (3) a oy
he 30
or Pun ™ (4ieg) 27 cots
with 2 = 2, % = 80 we get
Poin = 731 pm262
(b) From (2) and (4) we write
. _ 4% 2 wi0/2
‘min (aneo)VimTF % ”
= dvi V2mT votan0/2
sovng trove nt y= VEE (se 8nd)
8
ZZ 2 DZ
"~ (4me)2T 8. 8
sec > - tan >
Substituting in (1)
Then a
2 22? 8 84 tan
Tanah TT 3 (03443)
Hane aaa; £) _ 0557
GaaegpaT (1 e005) = 0557 om
6.5 By momentum conservation
Ps B= P+ PB i
(proton) (Au) (proton) (Au) /
Thus the momentum transfered w the gold nucleus is clearly
AP = P,-F, = pp"
Although the momentum transfered to the Au nucleus is n
not small, the energy associated with this recoil is quite J 0
small and its effect back on the motion of the proton can
be neglected to a first approximation, Then
APeVinT(h
~>
Here ? is the unit vector in the direction of the incident proton and j is normal to it on the
side on which it is scattered. Thus
|AP| ~ 2V2mT sin
2
Or using tan 8/2 = 7q—E5S pz for the proton we get
[api ~2V amr / jis ae)
ze
6.6 The proton moving by the electron first accelerates and then decelerates and it not easy to
calculate the energy lost by the proton so energy conservation does not do the trick. Rather263
we must directly calculate the momentum acquire by the electron. By symmetry that
momentum is along OA and its magnitude is
P, = faa
where F, is the component along OA of the force on electron. Thus
”
a
c
Ferd 450 a wae
vt_aA
__@b f dx
4meqv 2 v2 !
ov J (8 +27) \b
Evaluate the integral by substituting !
xe a 1)
2
Then ie (4m 89) vb"
4
Then nw et
2m, (4ne)) Tm,
In Gaussian units there is no factor (4 n ey )”. Substituting the values we get
T, = 382¢eV.
Sce the diagram on the next page. In the region where potential is nonzero, the kinetic energy
of the particle is, by energy conservation,
T + Upand the momentum of the particle has the magnitude V 2 m (T+ Ug) . On the boundary
the force is radial, so the tangential component of the momentum does not change :
V2mT sina = V2m(T+Up) sing
so sing = V ma man!
U,
where n = et . We also have
8 = 2(a-9)
Therefore
sin} = sin(a-@) = sin. cos p~ cos asin p264
68
a
= V # -sin?a - cosa
7 ( “)
= sina| cos p-
or
: 2
nsin 0/2 ee
or Bee cosa) = n?=sin?a
sin O
or w sin? ® coPa+2nsin® cotasi = nos?!
2 2 2
8
ncos 71
or cota = ~ 8
2
8
nsin >
Hence sina. =
Vv 2 8
len — 2ncos 7
Finally, the impact parameter is
a)
nRsin>
V Ler? 20s 9
It is implied that the ball is toc heavy to recoil.
b= Rsina =
(@) The trajectory of the particle is symmetrical about the
radius vector through the point of impact. It is clear
from the diagram that
x
0-229 of g= g.
Also b= (Rerysing = (R+r)e0s 2.
(b) With 6 defined above, the fraction of particles scattered between @ and Q +d 0 (or the
probability of the same) is
ap = 2nbdbl - 1 ingag
n(Rtry 2
(c) This is
2 °
P Sf fsmouo 2 f acon oy =!265
6.9 From the formula (6.1 b) of the book
dN. Ze dQ
N "| (ame)2T sint 2
We have put q, = 2¢, q = Z ehere. Alson = no. of Pt nuclei in the foil per unit area
. Nat _ Ma et
(A) a ae
mass of 4
the foil 7 of
nuclei per
unit mass
Using the values Ap, = 195, p = 215% 10°kg/m?
Na = 6023 x 107/kilo mole
we get n= 604i x 10” per m”
a5, 5
Also dQ =~ 107?sr
Substituting we get aN 3:36 x 1075
6.10 A scattered flux density of J (perticles per unit arca per sccond) equals fs = 77J particles
scattered per unit time per steradian in the given direction. Let n= concentration of the gold
nuclei in the foil. Then
Nae
Mau
and the number of Au nuclei per unit area of the foil is nd where d = thickness of the foil
Then from Eqn. (6.1 b) (note that n> nd_ here)
n=
Ze 48
=dN= nal anerae| cosec! 5
Here J is the number of a - particles falling on the foil per second
4rrs 4
Hence d= — 7 sin 0/2
nt( 22)
(4x8)
using Z = 79, Ag, = 197, p = 193x 10° kg/m” N, = 6023 x 10 /kilomole and other
data from the problem we get
d=147pm266
6.11 From the formula (6.1 b) of the book, we find
But since the foils have the same mass thickness (= pd), we have
Tes Ay
Tas An
see the problem (6.9). Hence
A,
2p, = Zu-V —
Substituting Z4, = 47, Agg = 108, Ap, = 195 and 1) = 1°52 we get
Zp, = 7786 = 78
6.12 (a) From Eqn. (6.1 b) we get
2
pan, Zé 2xsinOdd
aN ene ( Geeg)2T} sin*O/2
Maw
d0=2 -# 373 dian
Also Z,, = 79, Aq, = 197. Putting the values we get
dN = 163 x 108
(b) This number is
cos Sa
(00) = toe( RA “(adda f
sin? 2
The integral is
Thus
where n is the concentration of nuclei in the foil. (n = p.Ni/A,,)
Substitution gives613
6.14
615
267
The requisite probability can be written easily by analogy with (b) of the previous problem.
Itis
x
2
pa ND). ng Zé js cos 0/2d0
0
2
I (4ne)2mv sin? 2
‘The integral is unity. Thus
2
Pannd ee
(4x9) mv
Substitution gives using
ne PagNa 105 x 10? x 6.023 «10% = 006
Ady 108
Because of the cosec dependence of the scattering, the number of particles (or fraction)
scattered through @ 2 Ho En k
E = E,,cos(2xvt-kx)
@) Jas = on = - 2meqvE_sin(wr-kx)
Thus Gidis me =< ide >”?
= V2 megvE,, = 0.20 mA/m*.
(b) <5, > = iV 2 Ez as in (196). Thus = 3.3 » W/m?
For the Poynting vector we can derive as in (196)
¢
= ; V <2 2 along the direction of propagation.
Hence in time ¢ (which is much longer than the time period 7 of the wave), the energy
reaching the ball is
aR?x ivf pre pisig
2¥ wy “™
Here E = E,, cos kx cost
From div E = 0 we get Ep; = 0 so Ey is in the y~z plane,
SF TB a — VeaskexE, cos ot
= EE, sin kx cos wt
eR Bigs
so Be sinkxsinwt = B, sinkxsinwt
Where | Bm = ™ and By, 1 Ey in the y-z plane.
At t=0,B=0,E = E,coskx
At t= 7/4 E=0,B = Bysinkx4.201
E- E, coskxot
op XE, .
H- sinkxsin@t (exactly as in 199)
He
> EK
Se Ex 2 EXER 1 soy sin 204
wo 4
Thus S,- 2 egck2 sin2kxsin2wt (as 1 ~ ee
GCE Gee
<5,> = 0
Inside the condenser the peak electrical energy W, = ; cv2
equ?
a
(d = separation between the plates, a = area of each plate.).
aA
V = V,, sino t, V,, is the maximum voltage
Changing electric field causes a displacement current
aD
Jaw * Fy = FOL mo C08
£9 © Vy
-oeen t
>
This gives rise to a magnetic field B (r) (at a radial distance r from the centre of the plate)
B(r)-27 = WX? jay = Wot? 22 cos wt
B= J eotlgo FV q cos or
Energy associated with this field is
; 82 ft ;
= fore = 5 xf FP rdrx dx Vjz cos’ wt
gt ok
16° ovo" |
‘Thus the maximum magnetic energy
Vj2 cos* wt
2 2
w, = 2! (mR Per
10 a
We a_i foR) | as
Hence Wwe omloRY = § (SF) #5 x10
The approximation are valid only if oR <
For U nucleus Z = 92 and we get on putting the values
Ao = 737b = 0-737kb.
(1b = 1 bam = 10 m’).
6.17 (a) From the previous formula
2 2 8,
Ao= (aden) cot
(4m 8)2T
on pw Ze gg af x
we *~ Aneg 2 Y Ao
Substituting the values with Z = 79 we get (Q) = 90°)
T = 0:903 MeV
(b) The differential scattering cross section is
da 4
qa" C cosec* 2
2 80
where A0(8>G) = 4xC cot >
‘Thus from the given data
a“
C = =— b = 39-79 b/st6.18
6.19
269
So 4g ® = 60°) = 39:79 x 16 b/sr = 0-637 kb/sr.
The formula in MKS units is
dE _be
dt 6nc
For an electron performing (linear) harmonic vibrations Wis in some definite directions with
W, = - wx say.
reas dE woe w' 5
ames dt 6nxe
If the radiation loss is small (i. if @ is not too large), then the motion of the electron is
always close to simple harmonic with slowly decreasing amplitude. Then we can write
Eni mod
and xX = acoswt
and average the above equation ignoring the variation of @ in any cycle. Thus we get the
: . 1
equation, on using
is |
Fae Fie