NSS Physics in Life Full Solution of Textbooks

(Force and Motion)

Chapter 9 Work, Energy and Power

Checkpoint (p.180)
1. (a) Yes, because the bag has displacement and the lifting force has a component
in the direction of the displacement.
(b) No, because the force on the bag is perpendicular to the displacement.
(c) No, because the bag has no displacement.
work done = Fs × cos θ
2. = 50 × 30 × cos 30 °
= 1300 J

3. (a) Since the block moves at a constant velocity, the net force acting on it is
zero, and so the friction must be 1 N to the left.
(b) work done by the student = Fs cos θ = 1 × 0.3 × cos 0° = 0.3 J
(c) work done by the friction = Fs cos θ = 1 × 0.3 × cos 180° = −0.3 J

Exercise (p.181)
1. B
2. D
3. B
4. A
5. work done on the suitcase = 20 × 50 × cos 45° ≈ 707 J
6. work done by the tension = 65 × 500 × cos 0° = 32 500 J
work done by the water resistance = 65 × 500 × cos 180° = −32 500 J
7. (a) work done on the dumbbell = (10 × 10) × 0.4 × cos 0° = 40 J
(b) work done on the dumbbell = (10 × 10) × 0 × cos 0° = 0 J
(c) work done on the dumbbell = (10 × 10) × 0.4 × cos 180° = −40 J
8. (a) total work done = (2 × 30 000) × 500 × cos 30° = 2.6 × 107 J
(b) total work done = (2 × 30 000) × 500 × cos (180° −30°) = −2.6 × 107 J

Checkpoint (p.184)
1. speed of the football = 100 km h−1 = 27.78 m s−1
1 1
K.E. = mv 2 = × 0.42 × 27 .78 2 = 162 J
2 2

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Exercise (p.185)
1. D
2. A
3. C
2
1 1  3529 ×1000 
4. K.E. = mv 2 = × 77 000 ×   ≈ 3.70 ×10 J
10

2 2  60 × 60 
5. (a) The K.E. gained by the box is equal to the net work done on it.
K.E. = Fs = (10 − 8) × 10 = 20 J
(b) The final velocity v of the box is given by
1
K.E. = mv 2
2
1
20 = × 2 × v 2
2
v ≈ 4.47 m s −1

6. (a) change in K.E. = final K.E. − initial K.E.

1
= m(vf2 − vi2 )
2
1  50 ×1000  2  90 ×1000  2 
= ×1250 ×   −  
2  60 × 60   60 × 60  
≈ −2.70 ×10 5 J
(b) The friction from the road has done work on the car. The work done by
friction is equal to the change in K.E.
− 2.70 ×10 5 = F ×100
F = −2700 N
The friction is 2700 N (backwards).

Checkpoint (p.189)
1. gain in gravitational P.E. = mg × h = 120 × 10 × 2 = 2400 J
2. gain in gravitational P.E. = mg × h = 100 × 10 × 1 = 1000 J

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Exercise (p.189)
1. D
2. A
3. C
4. (a) average change in P.E. = mgh = 60 × 10 × 55 = 33 000 J
(b) total work done on the passengers = 12 × 33 000 = 396 000 J
5. (a) As a climber climbs up a wall, the chemical energy stored in his body is
converted into kinetic energy, which is then converted into gravitational
potential energy.
m A gh m A 40 4
(b) ratio between their gains in gravitation P.E. = = = =
m B gh m B 50 5
6. (a) Take the ground to be the reference level for calculating P.E. The work done
by each weightlifter is equal to the gain in gravitational P.E. of the
dumbbell.
work done by A = mgh A − 0 = 125 ×10 × (1.9 + 0.3) = 2750 J
work done by B = mgh B − 0 = 125 ×10 × (1.6 + 0.3) = 2375 J
(b) Since the displacements of the dumbbells are both zero, the work done by
the weightlifters is also zero.
(c) B needs less energy to raise the barbell and hence he may have an advantage
in the competition.
7. (a) Take the ground floor to be the reference level for calculating P.E.
change in gravitational P.E. = mgh − 0 = 70 ×10 × (6 × sin 38 °) ≈ 2590 J
(b) No, because the change in height will still be the same.
8. Taking the ground as the reference level for calculating P.E., we have
work done by the crane = 10 000 ×10 × (40 − 0) = 4 ×10 6 J
Taking the roof as the reference level for calculating P.E., we have
work done by the crane = 10 000 ×10 ×[0 − ( −40 )] = 4 ×10 6 J
Both reference levels give the same answer.

Checkpoint (p.197)
1. Take the table as the reference level.
Applying the conservation of mechanical energy,
initial K.E. + initial P.E. = final K.E. + final P.E.
1 
0 + (0.01 ×10 ×1) =  × 0.01 × v 2  + 0
2 
−1
v = 4.47 m s

2. B

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Checkpoint (p.200)

1 
(a) gain in K.E. of the shuttlecock =  × 0.005 ×1.2  − 0 = 0.0036 J
2
1.
2 
loss in P.E. of the shuttlecock =0.005 ×10 ×1 =0.05 J

By the law of conservation of energy,

work done by the air resistance
= loss in P.E. − gain in K.E.
= 0.05 − 0.0036 = 0.0464 J
(b) Let F be the average air resistance.
work done by the air resistance = Fs

F=
( 0.0464 ) = 0.0464 N
(1)

Exercise (p.200)
1. B
2. C
3. D
4. A
5. C
6. (a) (1) When the tennis ball is thrown upwards, the energy stored in the tennis
player is transferred to the ball as K.E. by doing work on it.
(2) When the ball is in the air, the K.E. of the ball is then converted into
gravitational P.E. All of its kinetic energy is converted when it reaches
the highest point.
(3) When the ball falls, the gravitational P.E. is converted into K.E.
(b) (1) When the rubber band of the catapult is stretched, the energy stored in
the man is converted into the elastic P.E. of the rubber band by doing
work on it.
(2) When the rubber band is released, it does work on the marble and
converts its elastic P.E. into the K.E. of the marble.
(c) (1) When the parachutist falls in the air, his gravitational P.E. is converted
into K.E.
(2) As he falls, some of his K.E. is converted into other energy forms such
as internal and sound energy due to air resistance.
(3) When he reaches a terminal velocity, his gain in K.E. by converting
gravitational P.E. is equal to his loss in K.E. which is converted into

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other energy forms due to air resistance. In this way, his K.E. remains
unchanged, so he falls at a constant velocity.

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7. (a) (i) Applying the conservation of mechanical energy,

initial K.E. + initial P.E. = final K.E. + final P.E.
1
0 + mgh = mv 2 + 0
2
1
10 ×1 = × v 2
2
v ≈ 4.47 m s −1

The speed of the bob is 4.47 m s−1.

(ii) Applying the conservation of mechanical energy,
initial K.E. + initial P.E. = final K.E. + final P.E.
1
0 + mgh = mv 2 + 0
2
1
10 × [1 − (1 × cos 45 °)] = × v 2
2
v ≈ 2.42 m s −1

The speed of the bob is 2.42 m s−1.

(b) No. From the equations in (a), the mass m of the bob cancels out on both
sides and so the speed v of the bob does not depend on the mass m.
8. (a) Since the train is released from rest at A, the speed of the train at A is zero.
When the train is at B, applying the conservation of mechanical energy,
initial K.E. + initial P.E. = final K.E. + final P.E.
1
0 + mgh A = mv B2 + mgh B
2
1
10 ×110 .0 = × v B2 + 10 × 89 .3
2
v B = 20 .347 ≈ 20 .3 m s −1

The speed of the train at B is 20.3 m s−1.

When the train is at C, applying the conservation of mechanical energy,
initial K.E. + initial P.E. = final K.E. + final P.E.
1
0 + mgh A = mv C2 + mgh C
2
1
0 +10 ×110 .0 = × vC2 +10 ×107 .0
2
vC = 7.746 ≈ 7.75 m s −1

The speed of the train at C is 7.75 m s−1.

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When the train is at D, applying the conservation of mechanical energy,

initial K.E. + initial P.E. = final K.E. + final P.E.
1
0 + mgh A = mv D2 + mgh D
2
1
0 +10 ×110 .0 = × v D2 +10 × 77 .9
2
v D = 25 .34 ≈ 25 .3 m s −1

The speed of the train at D is 25.3 m s−1.

When the train is at E, applying the conservation of mechanical energy,
initial K.E. + initial P.E. = final K.E. + final P.E.
1
0 + mgh A = mv E2 + mgh E
2
1
10 ×110 .0 = × v E2 + 10 × 96 .8
2
v E = 16 .248 ≈ 16 .2 m s −1

The speed of the train at E is 16.2 m s−1.

(b) If friction is taken into account, only the speed of the train at A will be
unchanged, and that at B to E will decrease because some mechanical
energy will be converted to other energy forms due to friction.
9. (a) When the trolleys are just released, the P.E. stored in the spring is all
converted into the K.E. of the two trolleys. Hence, the initial P.E. stored in
the spring is given by
1 
P.E. = 2 ×  × 0.5 ×10 2  = 50 J
2 
(b) The K.E. of the trolley is equal to the work done by the friction f.
1
mv 2 = fs
2
1
× 0.5 ×10 2 = f ×10
2
f = 2.5 N
The average friction acting on the trolley is 2.5 N.

m( v f2 − vi2 ) = ×1500 × ( 25 2 − 5 2 ) = 450 000 J

1 1
10. (a) gain in K.E. =
2 2
(b) loss in gravitational P.E. = mg ( hi − hf ) = 1500 × 10 × ( 35 − 0 ) = 525 000 J

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 35 
(c) total length of the track s = 50 + ( π × 25) +   = 174 .2 m
 sin 50 ° 
The difference between the loss in P.E. and the gain in K.E. is equal to the
work done by friction. Hence we have
f ×174 .2 = 525 000 − 450 000
f = 430 .5 ≈ 431 N

The friction acting on the train is 431 N.

11. (a) loss in gravitational P.E. = mg (hi − hf ) = 60 ×10 × ( 223 − 50 ) = 103 800 J
(b) elastic P.E. stored = loss in gravitational P.E. × (1 − 0.3) = 72 660 J
12. (a) (i) gravitational P.E. = mgh = 60 ×10 ×10 = 6000 J
(ii) gravitational P.E. = mgh = 60 ×10 × 0 = 0
(iii) gravitational P.E. = mgh = 60 ×10 × (−3) = −1800 J
(b) After he enters the water, some of his K.E. is converted into internal and
sound energy due to water resistance. At the same time, as he continues to
fall under water, his gravitational P.E. is converted into K.E.
(c) When he is at 3 m below the water surface, applying the law of conservation
of energy, the work W done by water resistance is equal to his loss in
gravitational P.E., hence we have
W = mg ( hi − hf ) = 60 ×10 × [10 − ( −3)] = 7800 J
The work done by water resistance is 7800 J.

Checkpoint (p.205)
1. work done by the crane = mgh = 2000 ×10 × 20 = 4 ×10 5 J

Applying P =
W
, P=
(
4 ×10 5 )
= 8890 W
(t ) ( 45 )
2. Applying P = F ×v , P = 0.5 × 0.2 = 0.1 W

Exercise (p.205)
1. D
2. D
3. A
1  100 ×1000 2 
4. (a) gain in K.E. = ×1250 ×   − 0
2  60 × 60  
= 482 300 ≈ 482 000 J
482 300
(b) average power = ≈ 55 400 W
8 .7

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5. (a) In process 1, the energy E1 transferred is equal to the gain in K.E. of the
bullet.
1 1  8 
E1 = m1v12 − 0 = ×   × 350 = 490 J
2

2 2  1000 
In process 2, the energy E2 transferred is equal to the gain in K.E. of the car.
2
1 1  100 ×1000 
E2 = m2 v 22 − 0 = ×1500 ×   = 5.787 ×10 J > E1
5

2 2  60 × 60 
More energy is transferred in process 2.
(b) In process 1,
E1 490
average power P1 = = = 8.167 ×10 5 W
t1 6 ×10 −4
In process 2,
E 2 5.787 ×10 5
average power P2 = = = 1.157 ×10 5 W < P1
t2 5
Process 1 has a larger average power.
6. total mass lifted M = (8 × 70) + 1000 = 1560 kg
height raised h = (12 − 5) × 3.5 = 24.5 m
gravitational P.E. gained = Mgh = 1560 × 10 × 24.5 = 3.822 × 105 J
Mgh 3.822 ×10 5
minimum power needed = = = 47 775 ≈ 47 800 W
t 8
7. (a) gain in gravitational P.E. = mgh = 2 ×10 × (10 ×sin 20 °) ≈ 68 .4 J
(b) Since the speed of each package is constant, the gain in K.E. is zero.
E 68 .40 ×10
(c) power of the conveyor belt P = = ≈ 11 .4 W
t 60
8. (a) Since the car moves at a constant velocity, the net force acting on the car is
zero. Therefore the driving force F required must balance the component of
its weight along the slope and the friction on the car.
F = (1500 ×10 × sin 25 °) + 750 ≈ 7090 N
The driving force required is 7090 N.
(b) Applying P = Fv,
175 × 746 = 7089 × v
v ≈ 18.42 m s −1 ≈ 66.3 km h −1
The maximum velocity of the car on this slope is 66.3 km h−1.

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Chapter Exercise (p.209)

1. A
2. B
3. A
4. A
5. A
6. B
7. C
8. C
9. B
10. B
11. B
12. D
13. (a) For method A, the pushing force FA needed is equal to the friction fA on the
box. The normal reaction RA on the box is equal to its weight mg.
FA = fA = 0.6 × RA = 0.6 × mg = 0.6 × 10 × 10 = 60 N (1M+1A)
For method B, the normal reaction RB and the vertical component FBy of the
pulling force needed balance the weight mg, hence
RB + FBy = mg
(1M)
RB = mg − FB sin 45°
The horizontal component FBx of the pulling force needed balances the
friction fB on the box.
FBx = f B = 0.6 × R B
F cos 45 ° = 0.6 × (10 ×10 − FB sin 45 °) (1A)
FB = 53 .03 ≈ 53 .0 N < FA
Method B requires a smaller force. (1A)
(b) (i) The work W done by a force F on an object is defined as the
component of the force in the direction of the displacement s times the
displacement, i.e. W = Fs cos θ . (1A)
(ii) For method A, W A = FA s A cos θ A = 60 ×10 × cos 0° = 600 J (1A)
For method B, W B = FB s B cos θ B = 53 .03 ×10 × cos 45 ° ≈ 375 J (1A)
Method B requires less work. (1A)
(iii) There is no increase in the K.E. of the box (1A). The work done by
Ricky is converted into other forms such as internal and sound energy
due to friction (1A).

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14. (a) When the bead is at B, applying the conservation of mechanical energy,
loss in P.E. = gain in K.E.
1
m g(h A − hB ) = mvB2
2
 10  1 2 (1M)
10 ×   = × vB
 100 2
v B = 1.414 ≈ 1.41m s −1

The speed of the bead at B is 1.41 m s−1. (1A)

Similarly, when the bead is at C,
loss in P.E. = gain in K.E.
1
m g(h A − hC ) = m vC2
2
 10 + 4  1 2 (1M)
10×   = × vC
 100  2
vC = 1.673≈ 1.67 m s −1

The speed of the bead at C is 1.67 m s−1. (1A)

(b) (i) Applying the conservation of mechanical energy, we have
loss in P.E. = gain in K.E.
1
m g(h A − hD ) = m vD2
2
 1 0+ 4  1
10×  − hD  = × 1.12
 10 0  2
hD = 0.0 79 4m = 7 .9 4cm

D is at a height of 7.94 cm above C. (1A)

(ii) Any continuous curve would be correct as long as the following
criteria are met:
(1) The vertical distance between A and D remains unchanged.
(2) The highest point of the track is lower than A. (1A)
(c) (i) By the conservation of mechanical energy, the bead cannot pass E if E
is higher than A. Since E is 7.94 + 8 = 15.94 cm above C and A is only
10 + 4 = 14 cm above C, E is higher than A. Hence the bead cannot
pass E (1A).

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Applying the conservation of mechanical energy, we have

initial K.E. + initial P.E. = final K.E. + final P.E.
1 1
mv A2 + mgh A = mv E2 + mgh E
2 2
1  14   15 .94  (1M)
× v A2 + 10 ×   = 0 + 10 ×  
2  100   100 
v A ≈ 0.623 m s −1

Hence the minimum speed of the bead at A is 0.623 m s−1. (1A)

(ii) A higher speed would be required (1A) because some of the mechanical
energy would be converted into other forms such as internal and sound
energy due to friction (1A).
15. (a) (i) The gravitational P.E. (1A) of the block is converted into K.E. (1A)
(ii) Take the ground to be the reference level for calculating P.E.
Applying the conservation of mechanical energy, we have
loss in P.E. = gain in K.E.
1
m g( hi − hf ) = m v2 − 0
2
1 (1M)
10× ( 1.2 − 0.2) = × v 2
2
v = 4.4 7 2≈ 4.4 7 m s − 1

The speed of the block just before it reaches the spring is 4.47 m s−1.
(1A)
(b) (i) The K.E. of the block (1A) is converted into the elastic P.E. of the
spring (1A).
(ii) The energy E stored in the spring is equal to the total loss in
gravitational P.E. of the block during the fall.
E = mgh = 0.8 ×10 ×[1.2 − (0.2 − 0.08 )] = 8.64 J (1M+1A)
16. (a) (i) When the cyclist freewheeling down the slope, his gravitational P.E.
(1A) is converted into K.E. and so he gains speed as he travels down the
slope (1A).
(ii) Applying the conservation of mechanical energy, we have
loss in P.E. = gain in K.E.
1
mgh =mv 2
2
1 (1M)
10 × (10 × sin 30 °) = × v 2
2
v = 10 m s −1

The speed of the cyclist is 10 m s−1. (1A)

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(b) (i) The total loss in P.E. of the cyclist and his bicycle is equal to their gain
in K.E. and the work done by the braking force F.
1
mgh = mv 2 + Fs
2
1 (1M)
75 ×10 × ( 20 × sin 30 °) = × 75 × 5 2 + F ×10
2
F = 656 .25 N
The average braking force is 656.25 N. (1A)
(ii) By the law of conservation of energy, the mechanical energy does not
disappear but is converted into some other forms of energy (1A). In this
case, some of the mechanical energy is converted into the internal
energy of the brake pads (1A).
17. (a) The K.E. of the athlete is converted into the elastic P.E. stored in the pole.
1 1
elastic P.E. = K.E. = mv 2 = × 55 ×10 2 = 2750 J (1M + 1A)
2 2
(b) As the pole straightens and brings the athlete upwards, the elastic P.E. (1A)
stored in the pole is converted into K.E. and gravitational P.E. of the athlete
(1A).
(c) Suppose all the elastic P.E. is converted into the gravitational P.E. of the
athlete. Hence we have
55 ×10 × h = 2750
(1M)
h =5 m
Since the weight of the athlete acts on his c.g., it is the c.g. that raises by a
height of 5 m in the process (1M). Hence the maximum height he could
reach from the ground is 5 + 1 = 6 m (1A).
18. (a) (i) Applying v 2 = u 2 + 2as , the acceleration an needed is given by
80 2 = 0 + 2 × a ×100
(1A)
a n = 32 m s −2
(ii) Applying F = ma, the acceleration ap provided by the engines is given
by
90 000 = 20 000 × a
(1M)
a p = 4.5 m s −2 < a n

Hence the jet fighter cannot take off by itself (1A)

(b) (i) Assuming the acceleration of the jet fighter is uniform, we have
v 80
a= = = 40 m s −2 (1M)
t 2
The distance s required for taking off is
1 2 1
s = ut + at = 0 + × 40 × 2 2 = 80 m < 100 m
2 2

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Hence the jet fighter can take off successfully within 100 m. (1A)
(ii) The energy Ee supplied to the jet fighter by the engines is equal to the
work done by the total thrust. (1M)
E e = Fs = 90 000 × 80 = 7.2 ×10 6 J (1A)
The K.E. of the jet fighter during take off is
1 1
K.E. = mv 2 = × 20 000 × 80 2 = 6.40 ×10 7 J (1M)
2 2
The energy Ec provided by the catapult is equal to the K.E. of the jet
fighter during take off minus the energy provided by the engines.
E c = 6.40 ×10 7 − 7.2 ×10 6 = 5.68 ×10 7 J (1A)
E
(iii) Applying P = , we have (1M)
t
Ee 7.2 ×10 6
power of the engine Pe = = = 3.6 ×10 6 W (1A)
t 2
E c 5.68 ×10 7
power of the catapult Pc = = = 2.84 ×10 7 W (1A)
t 2
(c) (i) The energy E absorbed by the cable is the loss in K.E. of the jet fighter.
1 1
E= mv 2 − 0 = × 20 000 × 60 2 = 3.6 ×10 7 J (1M+1A)
2 2
(ii) Assuming the acceleration of the jet fighter is uniform, we have
v 2 = u 2 + 2as
0 = 60 2 + 2 × a × 80 (1M)
−2
a = −22 .5 m s
The time t needed in stopping the jet fighter is given by
v = u + at
0 = 60 + ( − 22 .5) × t (1M)
t = 2.667 s

The power P of the cable is

E 3.6 ×10 7
P= = ≈ 1.35 ×10 7 W (1A)
t 2.667

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19. (a) All the passengers have the same K.E. (1A)
(b) The distance s travelled by each passenger in the journey is
100
sin 30° =
s
s = 200 m
The time t needed is given by
s = vt
200 = 1 × t (1M+1A)
t = 200 s

(c) gain in P.E. = mgh = 50 ×10 ×100 = 50 000 J (1M+1A)

(d) minimum energy needed by the chairlift = 40 × 50 000 = 200 000 J
E
Applying P = , (1M)
t
200 000
minimum output power needed = = 10 000 W (1A)
200
20. (LE GCE O-level Jan 2004 P2 Q2)
21. (Edxcel GCE AS-level Jun 2005 Paper 6731/01 Q6)
22. (HKCEE 2004 P1 Q7)
23. (HKCEE 2006 P1 Q3)
24. (a) The weight of the counterweight is equal to the weight of the passenger car
plus 40% of the maximum load.
m ×10 =1000 ×10 +0.4 ×10 000
(1M)
m =1400 kg

The mass of the counterweight is 1400 kg. (1A)

(b) Since the counterweight is heavier than the car, the system will accelerate
toward the direction of the counterweight (1A). The gravitational P.E. of the
counterweight (1A) is converted into the gravitational P.E. of the car and the
K.E. of the whole system (1A).
(c) (i) gain in gravitational P.E. of the car and passengers
= (1000 + 600 ) ×10 × 60 = 960 kJ (1M+1A)
(ii) loss of gravitational P.E.of the counterweight
= 1400 ×10 × 60 = 840 kJ (1A)
(iii) energy supplied by the motor = 960 − 840 = 120 kJ (1A)

 Pearson Education Asia Limited 2009 15

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