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Terminology Language Change and History

Sound change
The set of constitutive rels or
principles by which a language
oerates (or a book setting out
either constitutive or prescriptive
Grammar rules)
Grammer that is precribed as
corred and should be used vs
Prescriptive grammar vs Descriptive grammer that is actually being
grammar used.
The study of the sound system
of a particular alnguage,
including its inventory of
distinctive sounds, possible
sound combinations, and
prosodic features (rhytym,
Phonology stress, and intonation of speech)
Study of form and formation of
words in a particular language as
wel as of word classes, or parts
Morphology of speech
The study of the arragement of
words into higher units such as
Syntax phrases, clauses, and sentences
The study of meaning, including
meanings related to the outside
world (lexical meaning, or
dictionary meaning) and
meanings related to the
grammar of the sentence
(grammatical meaning), e.g.
Semantics tense or number.
The study of language use in its
social context, concrned with the
principles by which spearkers
cooperate when they
communicate and the underlying
beliefs and assumptions of
spears and heareers as they are
Pragmatics encoded in language.
Phonemes vs. allophones
Bound vs. free morphemes
Affixes: derivational vs inflectional
A process of word formation,
characteristic in the Germanic
languages, which involves the
combination of two or more
independent roots to form a
Compounding single word, such as blackboard
Neologisms
Semantic features
The literal, objective meanin of
a word, or its dictionary meaning,
e.g. horse ‘a mammal beloning
to the genus Equus caballus’.
Vs. The set of associations
implied byword, as in the case of
steed (positive), horse (neurtral),
Denotation vs Connotation nag (negative)

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