Professional Documents
Culture Documents
JOHN LIGUORI
CONSULTING ENGINEER
MSEE, PE
1
UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES
2
UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES
OUTLINE
• INTRODUCTION
• POWER DISTURBANCES
• UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES
• GENERAL DISCUSSION
• SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• QUESTIONS
3
INTRODUCTION
• PURPOSE
• WHAT IS AN UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY?
• WHY USE A UPS?
4
PURPOSE
5
WHAT IS AN UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY?
6
WHY USE A UPS?
7
POWER DISTURBANCES
• CAUSES
• TYPES
• DURATION
• RESULTING PROBLEMS
• COMMENTS
• WHAT THE POWER UTILITY CAN DO
• WHAT THE ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER (OEM)
CAN DO
• WHAT YOU CAN DO
• PROTECTIVE DEVICES
8
CAUSES OF POWER DISTURBANCES
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TYPES OF POWER DISTURBANCES
• INTERRUPTION
• SAG, UNDER VOLTAGE
• SURGE, OVER VOLTAGE
• VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION
• FREQUENCY VARIATION
• SPIKES / TRANSIENTS
IMPULSIVE
OSCILLATORY
• WAVEFORM DISTORTION
DC OFFSET
HARMONICS
INTERHARMONICS
NOTCHING
NOISE
• VOLTAGE IMBALANCE
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DURATION OF POWER DISTURBANCES
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CLASSIFICATION OF PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM
POWER DISTURBANCES
• DISRUPTIVE
EQUIPMENT DOES NOT OPERATE AS INTENDED
• DISSIPATIVE
EQUIPMENT EXPERIENCES REPEATED STRESSES THAT LEAD TO
FAILURE LATER FOR NO APPARENT REASON
• DESTRUCTIVE
EQUIPMENT FAILS AT THE INSTANT THE DISTURBANCE OCCURS
12
PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM
POWER DISTURBANCES
• DATA ERRORS
• DATA LOSS
• BLOWN FUSES
• TRIPPED BREAKERS
• INTERFERENCE WITH CONTROL OF LOADS
• OVERLOADED NEUTRAL CONDUCTORS
• MOTORS
HEATING
SPEED VARIATION
STALLING
AUDIBLE NOISE
VIBRATION
• TRANSFORMERS
HEATING
AUDIBLE NOISE
VIBRATION
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POWER DISTURBANCES - COMMENTS
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WHAT THE POWER UTILITY CAN DO TO MINIMIZE
THE EFFECT OF POWER DISTURBANCES
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WHAT THE OEM CAN DO TO MINIMIZE THE EFFECT
OF POWER DISTURBANCES
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WHAT YOU CAN DO TO MINIMIZE THE EFFECT OF
POWER DISTURBANCES
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PROTECTIVE DEVICES OTHER THAN UPS
• LINE FILTERS
FILTERS OUT HARMONICS, TRANSIENTS AND NOISE
• ISOLATION TRANSFORMER
ELIMINATES DC OFFSET AND NOISE
18
POWER DISTURBANCES
AND
PROTECTIVE DEVICES
19
UPS
• ARCHITECTURES
• WAVEFORMS
• INVERTER TECHNOLOGY
• COMPONENTS
• SWITCHOVER TIME
• ADVANTAGES / DIS-ADVANTAGES
• SIZING
• BATTERY SAFETY
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UPS ARCHITECTURES
• LINE INTERACTIVE
• ON-LINE
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
LINE INTERACTIVE UPS
CRITICAL
AC SUPPLY AUTOMATIC LOAD
SWITCH
BATTERY INVERTER (AC)
CHARGER DC TO AC
BATTERY
AC FAIL
22
BLOCK DIAGRAM
ON-LINE UPS
CRITICAL
AC SUPPLY AUTOMATIC LOAD
SWITCH
CONVERTER INVERTER (AC)
AC TO DC DC TO AC
BATTERY
INVERTER FAIL
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
LAPTOP COMPUTER POWER SUPPLY
CRITICAL
AC SUPPLY LOAD
BATTERY
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UPS WAVEFORMS
• TRUE SINEWAVE
• MODIFIED SINEWAVE
• SQUARE WAVE
25
UPS WAVEFORMS
170
TRUE SINEWAVE
MODIFIED SINEWAVE
SQUARE WAVE
VOLTAGE
0
0 4 8 12 16 20
TIME (ms)
-170
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INVERTER TECHNOLOGY FOR TRUE SINEWAVE
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
PWM INVERTER
DC POWER
CRITICAL
HIGH BASE /
PULSE WIDTH TRANSISTOR LOAD
FREQUENCY GATE TRANSFORMER FILTER
MODULATOR BRIDGE
GENERATOR DRIVE
(AC)
REFERENCE
SINEWAVE
GENERATOR
COMPARISON
AMPLIFIER
28
BLOCK DIAGRAM
LINEAR AMPLIFER INVERTER
DC POWER
SINEWAVE CRITICAL
OSCILLATOR LOAD
TRANSFORMER
(AC)
OSCILLATOR
AMPLIFIER COMPARISON POWER
AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
RESONANT INVERTER
DC POWER
CRITICAL
SQUARE
SWITCH TRANSISTOR LC RESONANT LOAD
WAVE TRANSFORMER
DRIVE SWITCHES TANK FILTER
GENERATOR
(AC)
(OR FERRORESONANT)
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UPS COMPONENTS
• CONVERTER - AC TO DC
SPD - PROTECTS AGAINST SPIKES AND TRANSIENTS
• BATTERY
STORED ENERGY DEVICE - PROTECTS AGAINST INTERRUPTIONS
• INVERTER – DC TO AC
WAVEFORM SYNTHESIS – PROTECTS AGAINST DC OFFSET AND
INTERHARMONICS
FILTER – PROTECTS AGAINST HARMONICS, NOTCHING AND NOISE
VOLTAGE REGULATOR – PROTECTS AGAINST SAGS, SURGES AND
FLUCTUATIONS
• MONITOR AND CONTROL HARDWARE / SOFTWARE
31
SWITCHOVER TIME
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ADVANTAGES / DIS-ADVANTAGES OF THE
DIFFERENT UPS ARCHITECTURES
• ON-LINE ADVANTAGES
ZERO SWITCHOVER TIME FROM MAIN LINE TO BATTERY POWER
ALWAYS ISOLATED FROM POWER DISTURBANCES ON THE MAIN LINE
33
SIZING THE UPS
• TOTAL UPS LOAD MUST NOT EXCEED THE UPS VOLT AMP
(VA) RATING
• TOTAL UPS LOAD MUST NOT EXCEED THE UPS WATT (W)
RATING
• RUNTIME CHARTS
34
UPS SIZING – EXAMPLE SPREADSHEET
(va) (w)
1 PC
2 MONITOR
3 EXTERNAL HARD DRIVE 1
4 EXTERNAL HARD DRIVE 2
5 AUDIO SYSTEM
6 PRINTER 1
7 PRINTER 2
8 CABLE MODEM
9 LAPTOP / DOCKING STATION
10 PHONE AND ANSWER MACHINE
11 LAMP
12 CLOCK
TOTAL
35
BATTERY SAFETY
• MAINTENANCE
INSPECT PERIODICALLY
REPLACE AS NEEDED
• RISKS
ACID
ELECTRIC SHOCK
BURN
FLYING, MOLTEN METAL (EYES)
INJURIES RESULTING FROM CARRYING HEAVY BATTERY PACKS
• DISPOSAL
DISPOSE OF PROPERLY
RECYCLE WHENEVER POSSIBLE
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GENERAL DISCUSSION
37
DOES A UPS OFFER COMPLETE PROTECTION?
• UPS FAILURE
38
DO YOU THINK “POWER DISTURBANCES WON’T
HAPPEN TO YOU” ?
39
MISCELLANEOUS
40
SUMMARY
THINGS TO CONSIDER WHEN SPECIFYING A UPS
• POWER QUALITY
ARCHITECTURE - LINE INTERACTIVE OR ON-LINE
WAVEFORM - SQUARE, MODIFIED SINE, TRUE SINE
IMMUNITY TO DISTURBANCES OTHER THAN OUTAGE
• RUN TIME WITH AN OUTAGE
• RELIABILITY
• AUDIBLE NOISE
• MONITOR AND CONTROL HARDWARE / SOFTWARE
LOCAL / REMOTE CONTROL
• INITIAL COST
• MAINTENANCE COST
• WARRANTY
41
REFERENCES
42
QUESTIONS
43