Tavisuflebis biblioTekis krebulis I wigni

liberalizmis safuZvlebi
jon stuart mili (1806-1875)

ingliseli filosofosi da ekonomisti, “aRmosavleT

indoeTis kompaniis” xelmZRvaneli, parlamentis wevri
(1865-1868), jon stiuart milis CamoyalibebaSi didi
wvlili Seitanes mamam - jeims milma da jeremi benTamma,
romlebic utilitaruli filosofiis mimdevrebi iyvnen.
Tumca, jon stiuart mili ar moeqca arc maTi gavlenis da
arc maTi saxelebis Crdil qveS. man, sakuTari
Sexedulebebis srulyofis mizniT sxva politikuri da
ekonomikuri moZRvrebebic Seiswavla, ris Sedegadac 1843
wels gamosca naSromi “logikis sistema”. 1848 wels amas
mohyva naSromi “politikuri ekonomikis principebi”,
romliTac man utalitarizms humanitaruli elferis
SesZina, xolo mas - saxeli da pativiscema mouxveWa. utilitarizmis Temas is
kidev erTxel daubrunda, roca 1861 wels amave saxelwodebis naSromi gamoaqveyna.
jon stiuart mili agreTve cnobilia, rogorc 19 saukunis erTerTi yvelaze
gamorCeuli publicisti, romelic interess logikisa da eTikuri Teiriisadmi
iCenda. misi yvelaze cnobili naSromia narkvevi “Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb”, romlis
mimarT interesi dRemde ar ganelebula, radgan yuradReba gamaxvilebulia iseT
mniSvnelovan sakiTxze, rogoricaa saxalxo xelisuflebis tiraniaSi gadazrdis
safrTxe da ilaSqrebda gabatonebuli azris tiraniis winaaRmdeg. niSandoblivia,
rom misi sxva naSromebi ufro samarTliani ganawilebisa da sxva socialisturi
ideebisadmi TanagrZnobiTaa gamsWvaluli, ramac garkveuli niadagi Seuqmna
liberaluri inteleqtualebis TandaTanobiT daaxloebas socialistebTan da
liberaluri socializmis ideebis Camoyalibebas. mis Sesaxeb informacia
moipoveba Semdeg eleqtonul misamarTebze: http://www.utilitarianism.com/jsmill.htm;
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/milljs.htm

Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb

(gamoqveynda 1859, ibeWdeba pirveli Tavis Sesavali nawili)

am narkvevis Tema sulac ar gaxlavT e.w. nebis Tavisufleba, romelsac

samwuxarod “filosofiuri saWiroebis“ damaxinjebulad warmodgenil
doqtrinas upirispireben. narkvevi exeba samoqalaqo, anu
sazogadoebriv Tavisuflebas; im Zalauflebis xasiaTs da sazRvrebs,
romelsac sazogadoeba kanonierad mimarTavs, individze
zemoqmedebisTvis. es aris sakiTxi, romelsac iSviaTad aRniSnaven da
zogadi saxiT kidev ufro iSviaTad ganixilaven. Tavisi faruli
arsebobiT es sakiTxi udides gavlenas axdens Cven droSi mimdinare
diskusiebze da mas uaxloes momavalSi aRiareben, rogorc momavlis
umniSvnelovanes sakiTxs. es sulac ar gaxlavT axali Tema.
garkveulwilad, is uxsovari droidan mosdevda kacobriobas. dRes,
rodesac gacilebiT civilizebuli arsebebi ganviTarebis gzas adganan,
sakiTxi sruliad axali formiT, axali pirobebiT warmoCindeba da
ufro gansxvavebul da safuZvlian midgomas iTxovs.
Tavisuflebasa da Zalauflebas Soris brZola, im istoriuli
sinamdvilis, yvelaze naTlad gamoxatuli Tvisebaa, romelsac adreuli
etapidan vicnobT; gansakuTrebiT, saberZneTSi, romsa da inglisSi.
magram es dapirispireba subieqtebs, an subieqtebis garkveul klasebsa
da xelisuflebas Soris mimdinareobda. TavisuflebaSi igulisxmeboda
politikuri mmarTvelebis tiraniisgan dacva. miiCneoda, rom
xelisufalni usaTuod (saberZneTis zogierTi saxalxo mmarTvelobis
garda) dapirispirebuli iyvnen im xalxTan, romelsac marTavdnen.
xelisuflebas warmoadgenda, an ubralod erTi mmarTveli, an
mmarTveli klani, an kasta, romelmac marTvis ufleba brZoliT an
memkvidreobiT moipova. maTi xelmwifeba ar gamomdinareobda marTulTa
survilidan, magram xalxi ver bedavda, rom eWvi Seetana maT
uzenaesobaSi, SesaZloa, dapirispirebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT.
xelisufalTa Zalaufleba aRiqmeboda, rogorc uaRresad saWiro,
magram aseveZalian saxifaTo ram. is iyo iaraRi, romlis gamoyenebasac
SeiZleboda, rogorc gareSe mtris, ise TviT marTuli subieqtebis
winaaRmdeg. uamravi mtacebelis Tavdasxmisgan sazogadoebis SedarebiT
susti wevrebis dasacavad, saWiro iyo ufro Zlieri mtacebeli,
romelsac danarCeni mtaceblebis alagmva evaleboda. ramdenadac
mtaceblebis mefe aranakleb Zarcvavda xalxs, vidre sxva wvrilfexa
mxecebi, aucilebeli xdeboda misibrWyalebisagan dacva. swored amitom
patriotebma miznad daisaxes sazogadoebaze mmarTvelis Zalauflebis
SezRudva. TavisuflebaSi isini swored am SezRudvas gulis xmobdnen.
am mizniT maT or xerxs mimarTes. pirveli, moipoves garkveuli
privilegiebis aRiareba. davarqvaT amas politikuri Tavisufleba, an
uflebebi, romelTa darRveva mmarTvelis mier aRiqmeboda, rogorc misi
valdebulebebis darRveva da am uflebebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi
garkveuli winaaRmdegoba, an saerTo amboxeba ukve gamarTlebulad
iTvleboda. meore, romelsac ufro mogvianebiT mimarTes, iyo
konstituciuri sazRvrebis daweseba, romlis mixedviTac sazogadoebis,
an maTi interesebis gamomxatveli sxva romelime sazogadoebrivi
institutis Tanxmoba aucilebeli piroba gaxda, mmarTveli
Zalauflebis SedarebiT mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad. am
ori meTodidan pirveli SedarebiT efeqturi gamodga: mmarTveli
Zalaufleba evropis umravles qveyanaSi metnaklebad iZulebuli gaxda
daeTmo. magram ase ar moxda meore meTodis SemTxvevaSi. am amocanis
Sesruleba, an ufro metis miRweva, garkveuli warmatebebis mopovebis
SemTxvevaSi, Tavisuflebis motrfialeTa principuli mizani gaxda.
amdenad, adamianebs akmayofilebda erT mterTan meoris saSualebiT
brZola da uflebas aZlevdnen yofiliyvnen marTulni mmarTvelis mier
im pirobiT, rom misi tiraniisgan metnaklebad efeqturad iqnebodnen
daculi, magram maTi miswrafebebi am wertils didad ar gascdenia.
Tumca adamianTa urTierTobebis ganviTarebis kvaldakval dadga dro,
rodesac adamianebma Sewyvites fiqri imaze, rom bunebis gardauvalobis
gamo xelisufleba damoukidebeli Zala unda yofiliyo da maTive
interesebs dapirispirdeboda. ufro misaRebi aRmoCnda is azri, rom
saxelmwifo moxeleebi mxolod droebiTi mmarTvelebi, anu delegatebi
yofiliyvnen da romelTac sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr gamoiwvevdnen.
miiCneoda, rom mxolod am gziT iyo SesaZlebeli, miRweuliyo sruli
usafrTxoeba, maTi interesebis winaaRmdeg xelisuflebis mier
Zalauflebis borotad gamoeyenebis dros. TandaTanobiT mmarTvelebis
droebiToba da saxalxo partiebis arCeviToba, sadac ki es partia
arsebobda, mTavar amocanad gadaiqca da garkveuli xarisxiT,
xelisufalTa Zalauflebis SezRudvis Sesaxeb moTxovnas Caenacvla.
Zalauflebis SezRudvis moTxovna, naklebad mniSvnelovani gaxda,
ramdenadac brZola imisTvis gagrZelda, rom xelisufleba xalxis
periodul arCevanze gamxdariyo damokidebuli. es ukve xelisufalTa
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli xerxi iyo, romelTa interesebic, rogorc wesi,
xalxis interesebs upirispirdeboda. axali moTxovnebis Tanaxmad,
mmarTvelebi xalxTan unda yofiliyvnen gaigivebuli da maTi interesebi
da neba, xalxis interesebis da nebis gamomxatveli unda yofiliyo. am
SemTxvevaSi ers misive nebisgan dacva aRar dasWirdeboda. tiraniis
safrTxe aRar iarsebebda, Tuki xalxis winaSe xelisufalTa
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi dadgeboda da xalxs, gansazRvrul vadaSi,
mmarTvelTa gaTavisuflebis ufleba eqnebodaT.
aseT SemTxvevaSi, xalxs ukve SeeZlo garkveulwilad ndoba
gamocxadebina sakuTari xelisuflebisadmi da ekarnaxa, Tu rogor
gamoyenebina maT mier miniWebuli Zalaufleba.
marTvelTa Zalaufleba sxva araferi iqneboda, Tu ara Tavad xalxis
koncentrirebuli Zalaufleba, warmodgenili yvelaze xelsayreli
formiT. sakiTxisadmi aseTi midgoma gavrcelda da is, evropeli
liberalebis ukanaskneli TaobisTvisac ki misaRebi aRmoCnda.
kontinentur nawilSi, es azri jer kidev dominirebs. isini, vinc
aRiareben xelisuflebis Zalauflebis SezRudvis aucileblobas,
brwyinvale gamonaklisebs warmoadgenen evropis politikur
moazrovneebs Soris, Tu ar CavTvliT im filosofosebs,
romlebicTvlian, rom xelisufleba saerTod ar unda arsebobdes.
msgavsi azrovneba SeiZleba CvenTanac misaRebi gamxdariyo, Sesabamisi
procesebi rom Cvens qveyanaSic ucvlelad gagrZelebuliyo.
politikur da folosofiur TeoriebSi, iseve rogorc adamianebSi,
warmatebas wina planze is naklovanebebi da susti mxareebi gamoaqvs,
romlebic warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi SeumCneveli rCeba. is mosazreba,
rom sulac ar aris saWiro xalxis Zalauflebis maT mierve SezRudva,
aqsiomaturi Canda im pirobebSi, rodesac xalxis mmarTveloba mxolod
ocnebis sferos ganekuTvneboda, an aRiqmeboda, rogorc warsulis
Soreuli periodis kuTvnileba. iseTma xanmokle gadaxvevebma, rogoric
iyo, magaliTad, safrangeTis revolucia, am mosazrebaze ar imoqmeda. am
revoluciis yvelaze uaryofiTi mxare is iyo, rom amboxeba saxalxo
organizaciebis Zalisxmevis Sedegi ki ar iyo, aramed spontanuri da
konvulsiuri amboxi, monarqiuli da aristokratiuli despotizmis
winaaRmdeg.
miuxedavad amisa, adreul periodSi demokratiuli respublikebis
tipma, msoflios udidesi nawili daikava da saerTaSoriso
sazogadoebis yvelaze gavleniani wevris saxeli daimkvidra, ris gamoc
arCeviTi da pasuxismgebeli xelisufleba, dakvirvebisa da kritikis
obieqtad iqca. iseTi frazebi, rogoricaa “TviTmmarTveloba” da
“xalxis Zalaufleba sakuTar Tavze” saqmis arss zustad aRar asaxavda.
“xalxi”, romelsac xelT epyra Zalaufleba, yovelTvis ar
warmoadgenda imaT, vis mimarTac es Zalaufleba iyo gamoyenebuli.
ybadaRebuli “TviTmmarTveloba” gulisxmobda, ara TiToeulis
mmarTvelobas sakuTar Tavze, aramed TiToeulis mmarTvelobas yvela
danarCenis mier. metic, “xalxis neba” praqtikulad niSnavs ricxviTi
umravlesobis, an ufro aqtiuri nawilisnebas. umravlesobam, anu im
nawilma, romelmac moipova danarCenebisgan umravlesobadcnobis
ufleba, sakuTari ricxovnuli upiratesobis gamo, SeiZleba moindomos
sxvebisSezRudva. amitomac, usafrTxoebis zomebis miReba am Zaladobis
winaaRmdeg, iseve aucilebelia, rogorc uflebamosilebis gadametebis
nebismieri sxva formis winaaRmdeg. amdenad, mTavrobis individebze
Zalauflebis SezRudva, sulac ar kargavs Tavis mniSvnelobas, rodesac
xelisufalni sazogadoebis winaSe, anu sazogadoebis yvelaze aqtiuri
nawilis winaSe mudmivad pasuximgebelni arian. am TvalTaxedvam
advilad daimkvidra adgili da Tanabrad misaRebi aRmoCnda
moazrovneebisTvis da evropuli sazogadoebis im mniSvnelovani
nawilisTvis, romelTa realur, an warmosaxviT interesebs demokratia
upirispirdeboda. politikur azrovnebaSi “umravlesobis tirania”
erT-erTia im safrTxeTagan, romlis winaaRmdegac sazogadoeba mudmiv
sadarajoze unda idges.
sxva saxis tiraniebis msgavsad, umravlesobis tiraniac aseve sakmaod
saxifaToa da umTavresad, sazogadoebrivi institutebis mier
ganxorcielebul qmedebebSi gamoixateba. gonebagaxsnilma pirovnebebma
gaaTviTcnobieres, rom calkeuli individebisgankoleqtiurad Semdgari
tiranuli sazogadoebis mier gamoyenebuli represiuli meTodebi,
yovelTvis ar emTxveva Zalmomreobis im meTodebs, romlebic
sazogadoebam misivepolitikur funqcionerTa xeliT SeiZleba
gamoiyenos. sazogadoebas SeuZlia da iZleva kidec sakuTar
gankargulebebs. Tu is iZleva mcdar, araswor an iseT gankargulebas,
romlis uflebac ar aqvs, maSin adgili aqvs iseT socialur tiranias,
romelic politikuri zewolis bevr sxva saxeze ufro saxifaToa.
amdenad, tirania gadarCenis Zalian cota Sanss tovebs. is, kidev ufro
Rrmad aRwevs adamianTa cxovrebis siRrmeebSi da imonebs maT. amitomac,
mxolod xelisufalTa tiraniisgan dacva, sakmarisi aRar aris. saWiroa
aseve dominirebuli azrisa da grZnobis tiraniisagan dacva; garkveuli
zomebis miReba sazogadoebis im tendenciis winaaRmdeg, romelic,
gansxvavebuli azris mqone sazogadoebis nawilze, sakuTari azrebisa da
qmedebebis moxvevas da am qmedebebis qcevis normebad dakanonebas
uglisxmobs; aseve, aucilebelia ar iqnes daSvebuli, rom tiranulma
sazogadoebam SesZlos masTan dapirispirebuli pirovnebebis
Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis xelis SeSla; sazogadoebis TiToeul
wevrze zewola, raTa maT miiRon tiranuli sazogadoebis modeli.
arsebobs garkveuli zRvari, romelic gansazRvravs koleqtiuri azris
individualur TavisuflebaSi SeWris kanonierebas da am sazRvris
migneba da misi gamoyeneba agresiis winaaRmdeg, adamianTa
urTierTobebis aucilebeli pirobaa, rac politikuri despotizmisgan
dacvas gulisxmobs.
zogadad, es mosazreba naklebad sakamaToa, Tumca, Cndeba praqtikuli
kiTxva: sad gadis es zRvari, rogor unda SeTavsdes individis
Tavisufleba sazogadoebriv kontrolTan? es is sferoa, romelic
detalur analizs moiTxovs. sxva adamianTa qmedebebze garkveuli
SezRudvebis daweseba adamianTa cxovrebis Rirebulebebs gansazRvravs.
Sesabamisad, zogierTi SezRudva upirveles yovlisa kanonis mier unda
ganisazRvros, xolo imsakiTxebSi, romlis daregulirebac kanonis mier
ar xdeba, azrovnebas unda mieces gasaqani. ras unda warmoadgendes es
wesebi? aRniSnuli sakiTxi adamianTa urTierTobebSi umniSvnelovanesia.
zogierTi iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, am problemis gadawyvetisaTvis
Zalian cota Tu gakeTebula. yvela qveyanam, yvela saukuneSi, aRniSnuli
sakiTxi sxvadasxvanairad gadawyvita.
erT saukuneSi miRebuli gadawyvetileba, an erT qveyanaSi miRebuli
gadawyvetileba, meorisTvis sruliad gansxvavebuli da gasakviria. da
mainc, nebismieri qveynis, an epoqis xalxi, mas raime gansakuTrebul
problemad arasodes miiCnevda. TiTqos am sakiTxze, kacobrioba didi
xania SeTanxmda. sakuTari TavisTvis dawesebuli qcevis normebi maTTvis
aqsiomaturi da TviT-gamamarTlebeli Cans. es yovlismomcveli iluzia,
tradiciis magiuri zemoqmedebis erT-erTi magaliTia. imis iluzia, rom
adaminebis mier sakuTari TavisTvis dadgenili qcevis normebis dacvis
SemTxvevaSi, adamianebi ubedurebas Tavidan aicileben, tradiciis
efeqtia. adamianebi, wes-Cveulebebis raime motiviT axsnas saWirod ar
Tvlian.
xalxi miCveulia rom sjerodes da udrtvinvelad iwamos
filosofosofiisken miswrafebuli adamianebis, rom maTi
winaTgrZnobebi, am saxis movlenebze, gonebiT gansjaze umjobesia da
gonebis moxmoba saWiro ar aris. adamianTa qcevebis Sesaxeb maT
mosazrebas, TiToeuli pirovnebis gonebaSi arsebuli Sexeduleba
gansazRvravs - yvela mis msgavsad unda moiqces. sinamdvileSi aravin
aRiarebs, rom miseuli Sefasebis standarti, mxolod misi sakuTari
poziciaa. dasabuTebis gareSe, Sexeduleba qcevis normebis Sesaxeb,
mxolod erTi pirovnebis prioritetad SeiZleba CaiTvalos da Tu am
Sexedulebas sxva adamianebic iziareben, maSin es ukve erTis nacvlad,
bevri adamianis Sexedulebad aRiqmeba. Tumca, Cveulebrivi
adamianisTvis, misi piradi priotiteti ara marto sruliad sakmarisi,
aramed erTaderTi motivaciaa, romelic gansazRvravs mis warmodgenas
moralis, gemovnebis, qcevis Sesaxeb, rac naTlad ar aris gamoxatuli
mis religiur kredoSi; piradi priotiteti, TviT religiuri kredos
miseul SemecnebaSic mTavari megzuria.
adamianebis mosazrebebis Camoyalibebaze, imisda mixedviT Tu ra aris
mosawoni da gasakicxi, sxvadasxva mizezi zemoqmedebs, romlebic, Tavic
mxriv, adamianebis survilebze axdens gavlenas. es mizezebi imdenad
mravalricxovania, ramdenadac adamianebi, romlebic TavianT survilebs
gansazRvraven. mizezebSi SeiZleba igulisxmebodes maTi crurwmenebi da
stereotipebi, maTi socialuri da arcTu iSviaTad, maTi
antisocialuri prioritetebi, Suri da eWvi, qedmaRloba da
ampartavneba. ufro xSirad, maTi survilebi an SiSebi, kanonieri an
ukanono interesebi. qveynis moralis ZiriTadi principebi mmarTveli
klasis interesebidan da maTi klasis upiratesobis SegrZnebidan
gamomdinareobs. iq, sadac mmarTveli klasia, spartelebsa da
heliotebs, plantatorebsa da zangebs, mmar Tvelebsa da xelqveiTebs,
keTilSobilebsa da mdabioebs, mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris
gansxvavebulma moralma aRniSnuli klasebis interesebi da
Sexedulebebi warmoSva. isdamokidebuleba, romelic amgvarad
warmoiSva, Tavis mxriv, upiratesi klasis wevrebis moralur
Sexedulebebsa da maT urTierTdamokidebulebaze reagirebs. meores
mxriv, iq, sadac mmarTvelma klasma dakarga gavlena, an sadac am klasis
mmarTveloba arapopularulia (miuRebelia sxva klasisTvis), yvelaze
metad gavrcelebuli moraluri Sexedulebebi, xSirad mmarTveli
klasis upiratesobis mimarT siZulvilis StabeWdilebas tovebs. kidev
erTi udidesi principi, romelic qcevis, qmedebisa Tu umoqmedebis,
normebs gansazRvravs da romelic cxovrebaSi damkvidrda kanonebis Tu
Sexedulebebis saSualebiT, gulisxmobs kacobriobis morCilebas im
Sexedulebebis mimarT, rac maT droebiT mmarTvelebs Tu sarwmunoebas
miaCnia misaRebad, an miuReblad. es morCileba moCvenebiTi sulac araa.
swored man daudo saTave sruliad gamorCeul siZulvilis grZnobas da
aiZula adamianebi cecxlze daewvaT jadoqrebi da eretikosebi.
sazogadoebis ZiriTad da aSkara interesebs, moraluri Sexedulebis
CamoyalibebaSi sakmaod didi wvlili miuZRoda: adamianebs gauCndaT
simpaTiebi da antipaTiebi. am simpaTiebsa da antipaTiebs, araviTari
kavSiri ar hqondaT sazogadoebis interesebTan. Tumca, swored
isiniiqcnen udides Zalad moralis CamoyalibebaSi.
sazogadoebis, an misi umetesi nawilis Sexedulebebi qcevis wesebis
marTebulobis Sesaxeb, praqtikulad gvevlineba im kanonebis an
normebis ganmsazRvrelad, romlis dacva zogadad dasjis SiSiT an
rwmeniT xdeba. sazogadoebis mowinave nawili miiCnevs, rom es principi
utyuaria. Tumca, isini winaaRmdegobaSi modian mis garkveul
detalebTan. maT daiwyes imis Zieba, Tu ra unda moswondes, an ar
moswondes sazogadoebas da nakleb yuradRebas aqcevdnen imis dadgenas,
ramdenad saWiroa individebisTvis kanonad iqces is, rac
sazogadoebisTvis misaRebia. isini ufro prioritetulad miiCneven
garkveul sakiTxebis mimarT kacobriobis Sexedulebebis Secvlisaken
swrafvas, vidre gaerTianebas Tavisuflebis dasacavad.
religiuri mrwamsi aRmoCnda erTaderTi sakiTxi, romelsac didi
mniSvneloba mieniWa da Tanmimdevrulad iqna ganxiluli. es iyo sakiTxi,
romelic sainteresoa mravali kuTxiT da aranakleb saintereso im
TvalsazrisiT, rom is warmoadgens yvelaze TvalSisacem magaliTs im
cdomilebisa, romelsac zneobas uwodeben: radganac religiuri
siZulvili Tavgamodebul morwmune adamianSi aris erTerTi yvelaze
mkafiod gamoxatuli zneobrivi SegrZnebis magaliTi. maT, vinc
pirvelad daamsxvria universaluri eklesiis uReli, imdenad mcire
survili gaaCndaT daeSvaT religiur azrTa gansxvavebebi, ramdenadac
Tavad eklesias. magram, rodesac konfliqti dasrulda ise, rom
mogebuli arc erTi mxare ar darCenila da TiToeuli eklesia Tu seqta
iZulebuli gaxda gamoTxoveboda, maT mier ukve dakavebuli miwebis
samudamod SenarCunebis imeds. umciresoba mixvda, rom umravleobad
gaxdomis aranairi Sansi aRar hqonda da iZulebuli gaxda maTTvis, visi
moqcevac Tavad ver SeZles, gansxvavebuli religiuri mimarTulebis
ganviTarebisTvis ufleba gamoeTxova. Sesabamisad, individis uflebebi
sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg daculi aRmoCnda, xolo sazogadoebis
moTxovna, rom Zala yofiliyo gamoyenebuli gansxvavebulad moazrovne
adamianebis winaRmdeg, aSkarad daupirispirda am principebs.
didi mwerlebi, romlebTanac qveyniereba valSia religiuri
Tavisuflebis mopovebisTvis, yuradRebas ZiriTadad amaxvilebdnen
sindisis Tavisuflebaze, rogorc ganuyofel uflebaze da sruliad
uaryofdnen pirovnebis angariSvaldebulebas sxvebis mimarT,
religiuri rwmenis sakiTxebSi. azrTa sxvadasxvaoba rwmenis
mniSvnelovan sakiTxebSi imdenad bunebrivia, rom praqtikulad
religiuri Tavisufleba ar arsebobs, garda im SemTxvevisa, sadac
religiuri gulgriloba zeobs da Teologiuri dapirispirebebis
Tavidan asacileblad yvelafers akeTeben. TiTqmis yvela morwmune
adamianis azriT, yvelaze tolerantul qveynebSic ki Semwynarebloba
sakmarisi ar aris. pirovneba SeiZleba ar eTanxmebodes eklesiis mier
miRebul gadawyvetilebas, magram usityvod eTanxmebodes mis dogmas.
zogierTs, papistisa da unitarianelis garda, yvela adamianis mi marT
SeuZlia rom Semwynarebloba gamoiCinos. zogierTs ki, vinc aRiarebuli
religiis mimdevria, SeuZlia Semwynarebluri damokidebuleba yvela
adamianis mimarT hqondes. zogierTi maTgani sakmaod didsulovani da
qvelmoqmedia. Tumca, maTTvis RmerTisa da momavali cxovrebis rwmena
sruliad sakmarisia.
sadac ki umravlesobis ganwyoba kvlav namdvili da myari iyo,
umcieresobebis daqvemdebarebis survili arsad ganelebula. inglisSi,
sxva evropel saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT, Cveni politikuri istoriis
Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, sazogadoebrivi azris uReli
gacilebiT mZimea, xolo kanonis - ufro msubuqi. sazogadoebaSi
arsebobs sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis individebis
avtonomiaSi Carevis eWvi, magram es ar aris individis
damoukideblobisadmi saRi midgomis Sedegi. es sazogadoebaSi jer kidev
myarad gamjdari azrovnebis Sedegia, romlis mixedviTac xelisufleba
sazogadoebis sapirispiro interesebs gamoxatavs. umravlesobam jer
kidev ver gaiazra, rom xelisufleba maTi Zalauflebaa, an
xelisuflebis azri maTi azria. aqedan gamomdinare, individualur
Tavisuflebas xelisuflebis mxridan Carevis iseTive safrTxe emuqreba,
rogorsac mas sazogadoebrivi azri uqmnida. Tumca, sazogadoebaSi
sakmaod didi xarisxiT arsebobs grZnoba, SeewinaaRmdegos kanonis mier
kontrolis dawesebis nebismier mcdelobas im sferoSi, romelSic
kanons uwin ar SeuzRudavs. sazogadoebas naklebad surs gaanalizos,
esa Tu is sakiTxi, jdeba Tu ara is kanonieri kontrolis sazRvrebSi.
amdenad Sexeduleba, romelic mTlianobaSi uaRresad sasargebloa, am
SemTxvevaSi imdenad uadgilo xdeba, ramdenadac uaRresad saWiro
zogierT SemTxvevaSi.
faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs aRiarebuli principi, romelic
gansazRvravda mTavrobis mier pirovnebis avtonomiaSi Carevis
mizanSewonilobas, an mizanSeuwonlobas. xalxi aRniSnul sakiTxs,
rogorc wesi, sakuTari prioritetebis mixedviT wyvets. zogierTi
adamiani, am movaleobas didi siamovnebiT daakisrebda xelisuflebas,
xedavda ra sikeTis qmnis, an borotebis aRmofxvris saWiroebas.
zogierTs ki, urCevnia TviTon zidos sazogadoebrivi mankierebis
nebismieri simZimis tvirTi da xelisuflebis mier kontrolirebad,
romelime adamianTa interesebis damcvel samsaxurs, kidev erTi saqme ar
daumatos.
amdenad, TiToeul konkretul SemTxvevaSi, adamianebi dgebian romelime
mxares, maTi Sexedulebis zogadi mimarTulebis da sakiTxisadmi
interesis xarisxis mixedviT. zogierTis azriT, es xelisuflebiss
gadasawyvetia. zogis azriT ki, ar aris xelisuflebis gadasawyveti,
ramdenadac is saTanado formiT gadawyvetas ver SeZlebs. me ki
meCveneba, rom am principis, an wesis ararsebobis pirobebSi, erTi mxare
iseTive mcdaria, rogorc meore. TiTqmis Tanabari xarisxiT. xalxi
mTavrobis daxmarebas arasaTanadod ixmobs da aseve, arasaTanadod
uaryofs.
aRniSnuli narkvevis mizania, martivi principis damtkiceba, romelic
sruliad gansazRvravs sazogadoebis individTan mimarTebas, iZulebisa
da kontrolis pirobebSi.
principis arss is warmoadgens, rom Tavdacva is erTaderTi saboloo
wertilia, romelic adamianebis mier, individualurad Tu
koleqtiurad, TavisuflebaSi Carevas amarTlebs. sxva adamianebis
dacva safrTxisgan, warmoadgens erTaderT mizans, romlisTvisac
civilizebuli sazogadoebis wevrze, misi nebis gareSe Zalauflebis
gamoyeneba dasaSvebia. sikeTis Sesaxeb miseuli azri, iqneba es fizikuri
Tu moraluri sikeTe, sakmaris sabuTs ar warmoadgens. ar iqneba
samarTliani, Tu mas vaiZulebT raime gaakeTos, an ar gaakeTos, mxolod
imis gamo, rom sxvebis azriT misTvis ase moqceva ukeTesia, radgan mas
bedniers gaxdis, an ufro gonivruli da marTebuli iqneba. es
yvelaferi sakmarisi sabuTia imisTvis, rom adamiani davarwmunoT,
daviyolioT, vTxovoT, daviTanxmoT, magram ara vaiZuloT, an davsajoT,
Tu sxvagvarad moiqceva. adamiani, sakuTari saqcieliT sazogadoebis
winaSe imdenad aris pasuxismgebeli, ramdenadac misi saqcieli
sazogadoebis sxva wevrebs exeba. qcevis im nawilSi, romelic mis
pirovnebas exeba, adamianis damoukidebloba absuluturia. individi
suverenulia da misi avtonomia xelSeuxebelia, rodesac saqme piradad
mas, mis sxeulsa da gonebas exeba.
albaT saWiroeba aRar moiTxovs avRniSno, rom es doqtrina im
adamianebs Seexeba, romlebic sakuTari SesaZleblobebis simwifes
ganicdian. Cven ar vsaubrobT bavSvebze, an axalgazrdebze, romelTac
qaluri, an mamakacuri simwifisken zRvari SeiZleba kanonma daudginos.
isini, visac jer kidev sWirdebaT sxvebis mzrunveloba, daculi unda
iyvnen ara marto gareSe safrTxisgan, aramed sakuTari qmedebebisganac.
amave mizezis gamo, ar SevexebiT sazogadoebis im fenebs, romlebSic
TviT adamianebi SeiZleba iqnas aRqmuli, rogorc moumwifebeli masa.
spontanuri progresis gzaze imdeni barieria, rom maTi gadalaxvis
arCevani Zalzed mcirea. amdenad, ganviTarebis mosurne mmarTvels
nebadarTuli aqvs miznis misaRwevad, iseTi saSualebebi gamoiyenos, ris
gareSec, savaraudod, mizani miuRweveli darCeboda. xelisuflebis
despotizmi velurebTan mimarTebaSi im SemTxvevaSia gamarTlebuli, Tu
is, saboloo jamSi miznad maT gamosworebas isaxavs. xolo, Tu
gamoyenebuli saSualebebi saboloo Sedegze realur gavlenas moaxdens,
Tavisuflebis, rogorc principis, gamoyenebas, azri ara aqvs im dromde,
sanam kacobrioba ganviTarebis iseT stadias miaRwevs, rodesac
Tavisufali da Tanabari diskusiebi adamianebis gakeTilSobilebas
daiwyeben. manamde ki, maT meti gza ar darCeniaT, garda imisa, rom
daemorCilon Acbar an Charlemagne (dideba Sarl-diads). Tu, ra Tqma
unda, gaumarTlaT da aseTi ipoves. magram, rogorc ki kacobrioba am
stadias miaRwevs, rodesac ganviTarebis gzaze win wauZRvebaT myari
rwmena da damajerebeli argumentebi, (stadia, romelic yvela qvemoT
xsenebulma erma didi xania miaRwia) iZuleba, rogorc misi pirdapiri
saxiT, ise daumorCileblobis sapasuxod, sasjeliTa da wamebiT
gamoxatuli, dauSvebeli xdeba, rogorc maTi sikeTis damTrgunveli
meTodi da mxolod, sxva adamianebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis
mizeziTaa gamarTlebuli.
me ganvixilav sargeblianobas, rogorc saboloo instancias yvela
eTikuri sakiTxis gadawyvetisas. magram is sargebliani, farTo gagebiT
unda iyos, romelic adamianis, rogorc progresuli arsebis maradiul
interesebs daefuZneba. Cemi azriT, es interesebi legitimurs xdian
xelisuflebis cdas, pirovnuli spontanuroba gare kotrols
dauqvemdebaron, mxolod im qmedebebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebsac sxva
adamianebis interesebs Seexeba. Tu vinmes qmedeba sxvebisTvis zianis
momtania, es upirobod iZleva pirdapiri Carevis safuZvels, mis
dasasjelad kanonis farglebSi, an sazogadoebis mier dagmobas, Tu
kanoni amgvar gadacdenisaTvis sasjels ar iTvaliswiebs.
umravles SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebas SeuZlia individi, aiZulos misTvis
sasargeblod imsaxuros, Tan sruliad samarTlianadac. magaliTad,
sasamarTloSi misces Cveneba; saerTo TavdacvaSi Seitanos Tavisi
wvlili; sazogadoebis interesebis sasargeblod, nebismier saerTo
saqmeSi miiRos monawileoba, romelic mis dacvas uzrunvelyofs da
amasTan erTad sikeTec akeTos. magaliTad, axalgazrda Semoqmedi ixsnas
sikvdilisgan, miusafari daicvas, an sruliad samarTlianad,
pasuxismgebeli iyos sazogadoebis winaSe im qmedebebze, rac udavod
warmoadgens adamianis movaleobebs. adamianma SeiZleba ziani miayenos
sxvebs, ara marto Tavisi qmedebebiT, aramed Tavisi umoqmedobiTac.
Tumca adamiani arasodes agebs pasuxs, misi umoqmedobiT gamowveuli
zianis gamo. meore SemTxveva ki, pirvelisgan gansxvavebiT, iZulebis
ufro frTxilad gamoyenebas gulixmobs. zianis miyenebisTvis
angarisworeba miRebuli wesia, xolo zianis Tavidan acilebisTvis,
pasuxismgebloba gamonakliss warmoadgens. jer kidev, uamravi mZime da
aSkara magaliTi arsebobs, romelic am gamonakliss amarTlebs.
garemosamyarosTan urTierToebis yvela sferoSi, pirovneba
iuridiulad agebs pasuxs maT winaSe, vis interessac exeba da Tu
saWiroa, Tavadac sazogadoebis damcvelad unda warsdges. xSirad
pasuxismgeblobis aridebisTvis es kargi mizezia, magram es mizezebi im
SemTxvevebis specifikidan gamomdinareobs, romlebzedac vsaubrobT. Tu
es, is SemTxvevaa, rodesac pirovneba Carevis gareSe ukeTesad moqmedebs,
vidre sxvisi kontrolis qveS; Tu kontroli ufro didi borotebas
warmoSobda, vidre mis gareSe iqneboda. rodesac dasjas aseTi mizezi
aferxebs, Tavad pirovnebis sindisma unda moaxdinos sakuTari
saqcielis gansja; daicvas, misafarTa interesebi da sakuTari Tavis
mimarT midgoma gaamkacros, radgan mas, sxvebi ver gaasamarTleben.
miuxedavaT amisa, arsebobs moqmedebis sfero, romelSic sazogadoebas,
individisgan gansxvavebiT, mxolod arapirdapiri interesebi gaaCnia. es
imas gulisxmobs, rom pirovnebis cxovrebis garkveulma nawilma, an
misma qcevam SeiZleba gavlena Tavad im pirovnebaze iqonios. im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu pirovnebis qceva gavlenas sxva adamianebze moaxdens, es
zegavlena maTi mxridan nebayofilobiT iqneba miRebuli. yvela misaRebi
saSualebiT, iqneba es praqtikuli, Teoriuli, moraluri Tu
Teologiuri; sindisis, fiqris, azrisa da damokidebulebis,
absolituri Tavisuflebis moTxovna yvela sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi _
pirovnebis TavisuflebaSi, pirvel rigSi, Segnebis floba igulisxmeba.
azris gamoxatvisa da gamoqveynebis Tavisufleba, SeiZleba calke
principis sferod ganvixiloT, ramdenadac igi individis qcevis
nawilia, romelic sxva adamianebs Seexeba.
warmoadgens ra iseTive Rirebulebas, rogoricaa TviT azrovnebis
Tavisufleba da umeteswilad, efuZneba ra imave pirvelsawyiss,
faqtobrivad Tavisuflebis ganuyofeli nawili xdeba. meorec _ es
principi, gemovnebis, survilebis da miswrafebebis Tavisuflebasac
gulisxmobs. Cveni cxovrebis, Cvenive saqcielTan Sejerebas, survilebis
da qcevis Tavisuflebas, im dromde vidre, Cveni qmedeba sxvebs zians ar
ayenebs, Tundac sxvebma Cveni saqcieli sulelurad, garyvnilad an
mcdarad Seafason.
mesame _ es principi, TiToeuli individis Tavisuflebidan
gamomdinareobs individebis nebismieri miznisTvis gaerTianebis ufleba,
romelsac sxva adamianebisTvis ziani ar moaqvs. Tu Tqma unda, Tu
aRniSnuli individebi srulwlovanni arian da Zaldatanebis, an
motyuebis Sedegad ar erTiandebian.
sazogadoeba, romelic zemoTaRniSnuli Tavisuflebis principebs ar
icavs da pativs ar scems, ar warmoadgens Tavisufal sazogadoebas,
rogori mmarTvelobis formac ar unda hqondes mas. sazogadoeba, sadac
Tavisuflebis principebis dacva ar warmoadgens upirobo da
absolutur Rirebulebas, srulyofilad Tavisufal sazogadoebad ver
CaiTvleba. Tavisufleba isaa, roca Cveni qonebis marTva, Cvenive
SexedulebebiTaa SesaZlebeli da ar vcdilobT is sxvebs CamovarTvaT,
an mis SeZenaSi xeli SevuSaloT. yoveli adamiani Tavisi, rogorc
fizikuri, aseve mentaluri da sulieri janmrTelobis saukeTeso
damcvelia. imis nacvlad, rom sxvebis nebas dahyvnen, adamianebi,
saukeTesod sargebloben sxvaTa darwmunebiT, icxovron ise, rogorc
Tavad surT.
miuxedavaT imisa, rom es doqtrina axali sulac ar gaxlavT da
zogierTisTvis truizmis magaliTs warmoadgens, damkvidrebuli
Sexedulebis sayovelTao tendencias mxolod is upirispirdeba.
sazogadoebam, imis mcdelobas, rom xalxi iZulebuli gaexada mis
Sexedulebebs morgeboda, imdenive Zalisxmeva moaxmara, ramdenic
socialur srulyofilebas. antikuri qveynebi, sazogadoebrivi
Zalauflebis pirovnebis avtonomiaSi Carevas dasaSvebad im mizeziT
miiCnevdnen, rom saxelmwifosTvis, TiToeuli moqalaqis fizikuri da
gonebrivi disciplina Rirebulebas warmoadgenda. Zlieri mtrebiT
garSe mortymuli patara respublikebisTvis, romelebic Sida
areulobisa Tu gareSe mtris Tavdasxmis, mudmivi safrTxis qveS arian
da maTTvis Zalebis odnavi modunebac ki SeiZleba sabediswero
aRmoCndes, aseTi saxis azrovneba SeiZleba misaRebic gaxdes. amdenad,
sakuTar Tavs imis nebas ver miscemen, rom im dromde daicadon, sanam
Tavisufleba maT Tavad ixsnis. Tanamedrove msoflioSi politikuri
xelisuflebis gacilebiT didma maStabebma, da, upirveles yovlisa,
sulieri da miwieri Zalauflebis diferenciaciam, romlebic sxvadasxva
mimarTulebiT warmarTaven adamianis cnobierebas, pirad cxovrebaSi
Careva mniSvnelovnad SezRuda. Tumca, gabatonebuli azrisgan gadaxveva
rom ar momxdariyo, sazogadoebas myarad eWira moraluri zewolis
berketebi. religias, romelmac moraluri Segnebis Camoyalibebaze
yvelaze mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina, TiTqmis yovelTvis marTavda
puritanizmis suli, an ierarqiuli ambicia, romelic adamianTa qcevis
yvela aspeqtis gakontrolebas cdilobda. zogierT Tanamedrove
reformators, romlebsac Tavi religiebis mowinaaRmdegebad moaqvT,
sulieri dominaciis uflebas, eklesiasa da seqtebze aranaklebi
mondomebiT qadageben. kerZod, m. komtes naSromi, (Tra ite de
Politique Positive) socialuri mowyobis sistema, miznad isaxavs,
sazogadoebis mier individze despoturi Zalauflebis damkvidrebas,
rac antikur filosofosebs Soris, yvelaze Tavgamodebul disciplinis
momxresac ki ar mouvidodaT TavSi.
garda calkeuli moazrovneebis zemoTxsenebuli dogmebisa, msoflioSi
SeiniSneba sazogadoebis mxridan individze gavlenis zrdis yovlad
gaumarTlebeli tendencia. es sazogadoebis Sexedulebebze
Zaldatanebisa da TviT kanonmdeblobis gziT xorcieldeba. amitom,
ramdenadac msoflioSi mimdinare cvlilebebi, individis Zalauflebis
SezRudvis xarjze aZlierebs sazogadoebas, aRniSnuli agresiis formis
ukvalod gaqroba, naklebad savaraudoa. piriqiT, es agresia ufro da
ufro saSiSi xdeba. miuxedavad imisa, Tu vin iqnebian isini, mmarTvelebi
Tu Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebi, adamianis bunebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi Tvisebebi asazrdoebs maT survils – sxvebs
moaxvion Tavze sakuTari Sexedulebebi qcevis normebis Sesaxeb.
Zalauflebisken swrafva am survilebs kidev ufro aZlierebs. qveynad
ki xelisufleba ara Tu mcirdeba, aramed izrdeba kidec da Tu
moraluri mrwamsis Zlieri barieriT ar SevaCereT, arsebul pirobebSi
is zrdas gaagrZelebs.
argumentirebisTvis upriani iqneba, pirvel rigSi mis calkeul
sferoebs Tu ganvixilavT. upirveles yovlisa msurs gamovyo fiqris
Tavisufleba, romelSic werisa da saubris Tavisuflebis monaTesave
sferoebs, ver davacalkevebT. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavisuflebis es
sferoebi, religiuri Semwynareblobis da Tavisufali institutebis
mqone yvela qveynis politikuri moralis nawils warmoadgens, misi
filosofiuri da praqtikuli safuZvlebi albaT naklebad cnobilia da
mosalodnelze naklebad dafasebulia. saTanadod gaanalizebuli
safuZvlebi, maTi SedarebiT farTo gamoyenebis saSualebas iZleva da
sakiTxis detaluri Seswavla, saukeTeso megzuri iqneba Teoriis
ukeTesad gasagebaT. imedia, mkiTxvelebi momiteveben, Tu Cems TeoriaSi
axals verafers aRmoaCenen. vbedav da gTavazobT kidev erT diskusias im
sakiTxze, romelic unakaskneli sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi ase xSirad
iqna ganxiluli.