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9. ix = 1 A; iy = 5 A.
11. If the DMM appears as a short, then all 5 A flows through the DMM, and none
through the resistors, resulting in a (false) reading of 0 V for the circuit
undergoing testing.
15. R = 34 Ω; G = 90 mS
19. -23.5 V
27. None of the conditions specified in (a) to (d) can be met by this circuit.
35. (a)
P5A = –5 vx = –1.389 kW
2
P100Ω = (vx) / 100 = 771.7 W
2
P25Ω = (vx) / 25 = 3.087 kW
Pdep = –vx(0.8 ix) = –0.8 (vx)2 / 25 = –2.470 kW
(b)
P5A = –5 vx = –776.0 W
2
P100Ω = (vx) / 100 = 240.9 W
2
P25Ω = (vx) / 25 = 963.5 W
Pdep = –vx(0.8 iy) = –428.1 W
37.
P8A = –8 vx = –240 W
P6Ω = (vx)2 / 6 = 150 W
P8A = –7 vx = –210 W
2
P12Ω = (vx) / 12 = 75 W
2
P4Ω = (vx) / 4 = 225 W
41. 638 mW
51. -515 V
53. Req = 1 kΩ
57. 5.5 kΩ
59. 60 Ω; 213 Ω; 52 Ω
65. Proof
67. 607 mV
69. 22 A
75. 18 μW
R 2 (R 3 + R 4 )
77. (a) VS ;
R 1 (R 2 + R 3 + R 4 ) + R 2 (R 3 + R 4 )
R 1 (R 2 + R 3 + R 4 )
(b) VS ;
R 1 (R 2 + R 3 + R 4 ) + R 2 (R 3 + R 4 )
R2
(c) VS .
R 1 (R 2 + R 3 + R 4 ) + R 2 (R 3 + R 4 )
⎛ R3 R5 ⎞
81. VS ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 3
R (R + R 4 + R 5 ) + R 3 (R 4 + R 5 ⎠
)
5. -1.74 V
7. 172 V
11. -28 V
13. -8.1 V
15.
v1 = 3.4 V v5 = 1.7 V
v2 = 7.1 V v6 = 3.8 V
v3 = 7.5 V v7 = 3.5 V
v4 = 4.9 V v8 = 2.4 V
19. -3.25
21. -91 V
23. 45 W
31. 2.79 A
33. -380 W
39. (a) 330 μA; (b) 330 μA; (c) units of resistance.
43. -3.65 W
45. -1.03 V
47. 5Ω
57. 350 mA
61. -4 mA
63. -16 V
69. One possible solution: 9 V in series with 5 1-Ω resistors (R1) and 5 1-Ω resistors
(R2 – R5). Take V1 across R2-R5, V2 across R3-R5, and V3 across R4-R5.
1. Define percent error as 100 [ex – (1 + x)]/ ex. If we choose x < 0.1, we ensure that
the error is less than 1%.
3. 4.7 V, 2.0 A
5. 4 V → 40 V and 10 V → 100 V.
7. 10.8 V
13. 957 μW
15. Impossible; 76 mW
17. (a) 18 V
21. (a) 42 V voltage source in series with 6 Ω and in series with 10 Ω; (b) 26 V; (c)
Cannot remove the resistor across which v appears or v may become lost.
23. 10 mW
25. 33 μW
29. 764 nA
37. (a) An 8/5 A current source in parallel with 5 Ω, in parallel with RL.
39. -2 V
41. (a) The Thévenin equivalent is a 9.3 V source in series with a 17 Ω resistor,
which is in series with the 5 Ω resistor of interest; (b) 928 mW.
43. (a) 25 Ω; (b) 303 Ω; (c) Increased current leads to increased filament
temperature, which results in a higher resistance (as measured). This means the
Thévenin equivalent must apply to the specific current of a particular circuit – one
model is not suitable for all operating conditions.
45. (a) 6.7 Ω, -300 mA, arrow upwards; (b) 6.7 Ω, -150 mA, arrow upwards.
51. 15 Ω, 15 Ω
57. 2 MΩ
vin Ri ( Ro − AR f )
59. VTH = ; RTH =
R1 Ro + Ri Ro + R1 R f + Ri R f + R1 Ri + AR1 Ri
Ro (Ri Rf + R1 Rf + R1 Ri)
--------------------------------------------------------------
Ri Ro + R1 Ro + Ri Rf + R1 Rf + R1 Ri + A R1 Ri.
61. 16 Ω, 6.3 W
63. 65 V, 15 Ω, 70 W
67. There is no conflict with our derivation concerning maximum power. While a
dead short across the battery terminals will indeed result in maximum current
draw from the battery, and power is indeed proportional to i2, the power delivered
to the load is i2RLOAD = i2(0) = 0 watts. This is the minimum, not the maximum,
power that the battery can deliver to a load.
73. 9.9 Ω
77. -13 V, 27 Ω
79. Although the network may be simplified, it is not possible to replace it with a
three-resistor equivalent.
83. 1.4 Ω
87. One possible current-limiting scheme is to connect a 9-V battery in series with a
resistor Rlimiting and in series with the LED; Rlimiting = 220 Ω.
3. (a) vout = −10vin = −20 sin 5t ; (b) vout = −10vin = −10 − 5 sin 5t
7. To get a positive output that is smaller than the input, the easiest way is to use
inverting amplifier with an inverted voltage supply to give a negative voltage,
where Rf = 1.5 kΩ and Rin = 5.1 kΩ
11. (a) vout = 2vin = 8 sin 10t ; (b) vout = 2vin = 2 + 0.5 sin 10t
13. -2.2 V
15. One possible solution of many: a non-inverting op amp circuit with the
microphone connected to the non-inverting input terminal, the switch connected
between the op amp output pin and ground, a feedback resistor Rf = 133 Ω, and a
resistor R1 = 1 Ω.
17. V1 = 21 V
23. (a) B must be the non-inverting input; (b) Choose R2 = RB = 1 Ω; (c) A is the
inverting input.
27. 4.2 V
N
vi
29. - Rf ∑R
i =1 i
37. 1 kV
39. -179 kV
41. 1.7 V
47. R = 400 Ω, R1 = 82 Ω.
I Is
vout - 100A
53. = ; A = 9999.
vin 101 + A
57. (a)
(b)
vout = 105(-0.00004v2 - 9.99980×10-6v1)+5v2 = 1.00008v2 - 0.99998v1 = 0.0005 –
1.99996 sin t
59. (a) V3 = 27 V;
61. Positive voltage supply, negative voltage supply, inverting input, ground, output
pin.
65. For vx = -10 mV, PSpice predicts vd = 6 μV, where the hand calculations based on
the detailed model predict 50 μV, which is about one order of magnitude larger.
For the same input voltage, PSpice predicts an input current of -1 μA, whereas the
hand calculations predict 99.5vx mA = -995 nA (which is reasonably close).
67. (a) Negative saturation begins at Vin = –4.72 V, and positive saturation begins at
Vin = +4.67 V. (b) 40.6 mA.
69.
71. (a)
15
12 V
10
5
V out (V)
0
-2 -1 0 1 2
-5
-10
-12 V
-15
V active (V)
73.
⎛ R2 R3 ⎞
75. (a) Vout = V1 − V2 = Vref ⎜ − ⎟ ; (b) Vout = 0; (c) R = 4.3 kΩ and R
⎜R +R R +R ⎟
⎝ 1 2 3 Gauge ⎠
= 4.7 kΩ, gain of 5.39 for R = 4.7 kΩ, so R = 11.5 kΩ.
11. (a) −120 sin 400t μ A ; (b) 6.4 μJ; (c) 400(1 − e100t )V ; (d) vc = 500 − 400e −100t V
19. (a)
27. (a) 6.4 J; (b) 100 mJ; (c) Left to right (magnitudes): 100, 0, 100, 116, 16, 16, 0
(V); (d) Left to right (magnitudes): 0, 0, 2, 2, 0.4, 1.6, 0 (A)
31. 4.3 μF
35. Cequiv = 85 nF
37. 140 nF
41. 292 pH
45. (a)
(b)
(c)
47. (a) -6.4e-80t mA; (b) 80e −80t − 60V ; (c) 20e −80 t + 60V
1 1+ A
51. (a) vs =
c ∫ idt + vi ; (b) vo′ +
RC
vo + Avs′ = 0
−Rf t
L ∫0
55. (a) Vout = vs dt ' ; (b) Capacitor values are more readily available than
inductor values.
57. One possible solution of many (with C = 1 mF, R = 600 kΩ):
61. (a)
(b)
1 t
20v20 +
5 × 10−6 ∫ (v
o 20 − vc )dt + 12 = is
1 t
63.
iout G in (V2 - V1 ) + G f V2
65. =
iS 1 t
L1 ∫0
V1dt ′ + G in (V1 - V2 )
67. 32 J
69. 2.6 mJ
71. 221 μJ
73. R = 1 Ω and L = 1 H
75. 558 pJ
3. 50 mH
5. 3.5 Ω
13.
35. (a) 30 A; (b) 1.7 ms; (c) i (t ) = 30e −600t A ; (d) −1440e −600t V ; (e) 6e −600 t + 14A
37. (a) 290 mA; (b) 200 mA; (c) 50 mA; (d) 277 mA; (e) 34 mA
45. (a) 100 V, 0; (b) 100 V, 100 V; (c) 80 ms; (d) 100e-12.5t V; (e) 5e-12.5t mA;
(f) −20e −12.5t + 80V , −80e −12.5t + 80V ; (g) 16 mJ, 100 mJ, 20 mJ
49. v (t ) = 6u (t ) − 6u (t − 2) + 3u (t − 4) V
6
10
9 − t
65. (a) i (t ) = − 0.9e 9 A; (b) 1.04 A
5
67. 2.5 V
71. (a) 80 mA; (b) 0.08(1 − e −25t )A, t > 0 ; (c) 0.16 − 0.08e −25t A, t > 0 ;
(d) 0.016 cos 50t + 0.032sin 50t − 0.016e −25t A, t > 0
0.94
79. v(t ) = ⎡⎣ −10e −0.1t + 10 cos 4t + 400sin 4t ⎤⎦
1601
81. (
4.5 1 − e −10t )
iA = 10 + 7.5e −10 t /10 = 10 + 7.5e −10 t mA, t > 0, iA = 2.5mA t < 0
8 3 5
83.
85. (a) vc (t ) = −8u (−t ) + (16 − 24e −500 t ) u (t ) ; (b) −0.4u (t ) + (0.8 + 2.4e −500t ) u (t )mA
89. (a) 80 V; (b) 80 + 160e −100000t V, t> 0 ; (c) 80 V; (d) 80 − 32e −20000t V, t > 0
91. 693 ns
93. (a) 242 mV: (b) 3.11 mW; (c) 15 μJ
95. 1.0e-t/10 u(t) V
3
97. vo(t) = -0.2[1 + e-20×10 t]u(t) V
99. 2.5 μF
101. (a)
103.
3. (a) 5×108 s-1; (b) 32 Trad/s; (c) −0.5 ± j 32 Grad/s ; (d) underdamped
7. (a) 100 aF; (b) 1 MΩ; (c) 5 Gs-1; (d) −5 ×109 + j 70.71× 1012 s −1 ,
−5 × 109 − j 70.71×1012 s -1 ; (e) 7.1× 10 −5
13. (a) −20e −10t + 60e −40t V, t > 0 ; (b) 160 e −10 t − 120 e −40 t A
21. (a) 50 V; (b) –2 A; (c) vc (t ) = −25e −2000t + 75e −6000t , t > 0 ; (e) 270 μs; (f) 2 ms
(
(a) 1.6 mΩ; (b) iL ( t ) = e −3.2×10 t 3.2 ×106 t + 10 )
5
25.
49. 4.7 kV
53. ( ) ( )
vC (t ) = e −2500t ⎡⎣100 cos 1.6 × 105 t + 1.6sin 1.6 × 105 t ⎤⎦ V
61. 12 − e − t (t + 2) V, t > 0
63. (a) 2.5e −500t − 22.5e −1500t mA, t > 0 ; (b) 25e −500t + 22.5e −1500t mA, t > 0
dv 1
73. (a) = - v
dt 3.3
(b) one possible solution:
diL
75. (a) = - 4iL ;
dt
5. 85 Mrad/s, 39 V, pi
7. (a) -6 cos (2π60t + 9o) lags 6 cos (2π60t – 9o) by 360 – 9 – 189 = 162o;
(b) -cos (t - 100o) lags cos (t - 100o) by 180o;
(c) -sin t lags sin t by 180o;
(d) 7000 cos (t – π) lags 9 cos (t – 3.14o) by 180 – 3.14 = 176.9o.
9. (a) 800 mV; (b) 771 mV; (c) 814 mV; (d) 805 mV
1 ω CVm ⎛ 1 ⎞
21. (a) −ω Vm sin ω t = Ri′ + i ; (b) cos ⎜ ωt + tan −1 ⎟
C 1 + ω 2 C2 R 2 ⎝ ω CR ⎠
27. (a) 39∠ − 76° ; (b) 4∠ − 70° ; (c) 2.4 + j8.9 ; (d) 0.67 + j 0.21
31. (a) 12∠20°A ; (b) 7.6∠113° A ; (c) 3.9∠ − 108° A ; (d) -65 V; (d) 54 V
33. 35 mV
35. (a) 18.3 cos (5000t – 41o) V; (b) 76 cos (5000t + 79°) V ;
(c) 58 cos (5000t + 118°) V
39. (a) –j292 Ω; (b) –j2.92 Ω; (c) –j292 mΩ; (d) –j292 nΩ
45. (a) 196∠ − 11°Ω ; (b) 72 μF; (c) 11.3 and 444 rad/s
53. (a) j88 mS; (b) j8.8 S; (c) j880 S; (d) j8.8 GS
55. 2 Ω, 2 H
57. (a) 105 rad/s; (b) 105 rad/s; (c) 102 krad/s; (d) 52 krad/s, 134 krad/s
63. 34∠23° V
Vo jω C1R f A V − jω C1R f A
69. (a) =− ; (b) o =
Vs 1 + A + jω C1R f Vs (1 + A) (1 + jω C f R f ) + jω C1R f
71. 16 mW
73. 4.9 F
⎛ ⎛ ⎞⎞
⎜ − ω ⎜ g C + C μ + Cπ + C μ ⎟ ⎟
⎜ ⎜ m μ ′ ′ ⎟
−1 ⎛
− jωCμ ⎞ −1 ⎜ ⎝ RL R S ⎟⎠ ⎟
75. (a) ang(Vout) = tan ⎜⎜ ⎟ - tan
2 ⎟
⎜ -1 ⎟
⎝ g m RS ⎠ (
⎜ ′ ′ + ω 2C μ + C μ Cπ ⎟
2 2
)
⎜ RS R L ⎟
⎝ ⎠
ω
, 2 Ω, 2 H
ω + j (2ω 2 − 1)
77.
85.
Vout 0.802
87. (a) (b) =
VS 1 + 6.4 ×10−24 ω 2
89. v1(t) = 3.2×10-3 cos (2×104t – 87o) + 310×10-12 cos (2×105t + 177o) V and
v2(t) = 31×10-9 cos(2×104t – 177o) + 116×10-12 cos(2×105t – 93o) V
91. 57∠ − 77° , 26∠ − 140° , 51∠ − 50° , 143∠13° , 51∠ − 140° , 51∠ − 140°
7.
9. The temptation is to extend the procedure for voltages, but without the specific circuit
topology, we do not have sufficient information to determine I31.
o o o o
11. 22.8 ∠ -18.5 A; 34.4 ∠ -12.1 A, 7.60 ∠ -109 A, 36 ∠ 180 A
29. 40.2∠45° A rms; 60.5∠ − 170° A rms; 36∠ − 30° A rms; 4320 + j 4320 VA
37. 186 W.
39. 862 W
41. We assume that the wire resistance cannot be separated from the load, so we measure
from the source connection.
1. M 21 = 663 μ H
7. −2300e − t + 3400e −3t A/s ; −1700e − t + 4600e −3t A/s ; i2 = 1700e − t + 4600e −3t A
11. 106 + j 76 Ω ; 25 W
30t
13. ic (t ) = μA, t >0
(t + 0.01) 2
2
0.2ω2 ⎡ 0.02ω2 ⎤
17.+ + jω ⎢0.1 − ⎥ ; 2.8 + j1.2 Ω
25 + 0.25ω2 ⎣ 25 + 0.25ω2 ⎦
2.16K 2
23. W
K 4 − 1.82K 2 + 1.1881
j1.7
29. V2 = −
k L1L 2 + 1
31. 4.56 − j 4 nΩ ; 10 + j 63 Ω
33. M = 5 H, L 1 = 9 H, L 2 = 11 H
37. OC SC
Z ocT × A = jω4 M Ω T×A T ×B
T ×B
; Z SS = Z SS = − jω4 M Ω + jω8 jω10 M Ω ;
Z oc = jω4 M Ω
T×A
Z in = − jω4 − jω10 + jω8 M Ω
Z inT × B = jω26 jω12 − jω8 M Ω
j 4.9ω
39. Ω
1 + j 0.5ω
41. 25 + j 0.62 Ω ; j 24 Ω ; − j 25 Ω
43. 20 + j 31 Ω ; 20 + j 28 Ω ; 20 + j 25 Ω ; 21 + j 24 Ω
47. 8 W; 2.1 W; 5 kW
49. 0.89, 5
51. −9.2 V
53. 4.8 A
2
1 ⎛ 120 ⎞
57. IQ = ⎜⎜ ⎟ × 576 × Age ; half a century
1000 ⎝ 28.8 × 10 + 576 × Age ⎟⎠
3
59. You need to purchase (and wire in) a three-phase transformer rated at
( )
3 (208 )(10 ) = 3.6 kVA.
5. 6.6 μC ; 9 μC ; No.
7. 8.1e −3t cos(15t − 60°) ; 8.1e −3t cos(15t − 60°) ; −4.1 ; −4.1
K
17.
s
5 3 K
19. ; ;0;
s s+8 s
21.
5
s
(1 − e −2 s ) ;
5
s
(1 − e −2 s )
8 8 8
23. ⎡⎣1 − e −6−3s ⎤⎦ ; ⎡⎣1 − e 6 e −3s ⎤⎦ ; ⎡⎣1 − e −6−3s ⎤⎦
2+s s−2 s+2
1 −2 s − 5 s 4 4 −2 s − 6
29. ( e − e ) ; e − 2 s ; F (s ) = e ; 4e −2 s ; 2.9
s s s+3
31.
2 −s
s
( 2
s
)
e − e − 3s ; e − 4 s ;
3 − 4 s −8
s+2
e ; 3e −5 s ; −4e − s
⎡1 1 ⎤
33. 90δ (t ) − 4.5u (t ) ; 11δ (t ) + 2u (t ) ; te − t u (t ) ; ⎢ e − t − e −2t + e −3t ⎥ u (t )
⎣2 2 ⎦
35. 2.5 mA
37. δ (t ) + u (t ) + 2e − t u (t ) ; δ (t − 2) + 2δ (t − 1) + δ (t ) ; 2e −1δ (t − 1) ; δ (t − 1) + δ (t − 5)
2 2
43. f (t ) = δ (t ) + u (t ) − e −3t u (t ) ; f (t ) = 0.5tu (t ) + 0.25u (t ) + 0.35 cos(2t + 135°)
3 3
[ ]
45. h(t ) = δ (t ) − e −2t u (t ) ; h(t ) = 2e − t − e −2t u (t ) ;
d 1 9 81
h(t ) = 2 δ (t ) + 6δ (t ) − te −t u (t ) + e −t u (t ) − e −3t u (t )
dt 2 4 4
⎛ 20 130 −3t ⎞
49. 50 V; 0.1v c' + 0.2v c + 0.1(v c − 20) = 0 ; vc (t ) = ⎜ + e ⎟u (t ) V
⎝ 3 3 ⎠
51. (4 − 2e −0.15t )u (t )
∞
55. -600 mA; 40 = 100ic + 50 ∫
0−
ic dt + 100 ; − 0.6e −0.5t u (t )
1
57. R = 250 mΩ, C = 1 F, L = H ; v(t ) = (75e −3t − 12.5e − t − 62.5e −5t )u (t ) V
3
1.
= 0.032s Ω
12
0.032s Ω mA
= 384 μV s
20s 2 + 11, 000s + 200, 000 s + 200 s + 500 20s 2 + 11, 000s + 200, 000
3. ; − 11 Ω ; 8.1∠54° Ω ; ; ;
s 2 + 700s + 100, 000 20s 1000 s 2 + 700s + 100, 000
rπ R B (1 + Z L C μ s )
7.
Z L rπ R BCπ C μ s 2 + (g m Z L rπ R BC μ + rπ R BCπ + rπ R BC μ + Z L rπ C μ +Z L R BC μ )s + rπ + R B
2 1 −t4 2 1 − t4
13. i1 (t ) = − e A, t ≥ 0 and i2 (t ) = + e A, t ≥ 0
3 6 3 12
35s - 131
15. ;
⎡( s + 2 ) + 100 ⎤ ⎡( s + 6 )2 + 100⎤
2
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
e-6t [0.092cos 2t - 1.5 sin 2t] - e-2t [0.092 cos10t - 0.34 sin 10t] A
200s(s 2 + 9s + 12)
19. 4 3 2
; [185 e-3t cos (4t - 48o) + 86e-1.25t cos (1.9t + 107o)] u(t)
2s + 17s + 90s + 185s + 250
23. 2[1.301 e-142.8t cos (742.3t + 12.54o) + 0.00202 cos (2t – 6.538o) – 6.601×10-5 δ(t)
- 1.564 e-142.8t cos (742.3t – 33.56o) - 2.998 cos (2t + 179.9o)]2 W
25. (a)
(b)
2500s + 0.5 7.5 × 106s + 1500
Ω , V
0.001s 2 + 5s + 500 (
s s 2 + 5000s + 5 ×105 )
-2.5×106t
(c) [-3 e + 3 e-0.2t + 3×10-3 + 21 cos(711t + 89.9o)] u(t)
27.
70 420s 4 + 133s3 + 21s 2 + 60s + 9 70
V ; Ω; A
60s + 19s + 3
2
60s + 19s + 3
2
420s + 133s + 21s 2 + 60s + 9
4 3
29.
30303(0.2239 ×1013 + 0.1613 ×1013s + 98700s 2 )
V1 = ,
s(0.4639 ×1010s3 + 0.7732 ×1015s 2 + 0.5691×1018s + 0.1936 ×1018 )
7609(705000s3 + 0.1175 ×1012s 2 + 0.6359 ×1014s + 0.8897 ×1014 )
V2 = ;
s(0.4639 ×1010s3 + 0.7732 × 1015s 2 + 0.5691×1018s + 0.1936 ×1018 )
31.
4.639 × 109s3 + 7.732 ×1014s 2 + 5.691×1017s + 1.936 × 1017
Ω,
98700s3 + 1.645 × 1010s 2 + 1.21× 1013s + 2.059 × 1012
5000s
33. ; [-0.76 e-6385t + 0.77 cos (103t – 8.9o)] u(t) A;
( )
s + 10 ( s + 6385 )
2 6
1 3
35. Poles at ± j 2, 1 ; zeroes at s = 0, ∞ .; Poles at s = ±1, − ± j , double at s = 0 , Zeroes at
4 4
−1 ± j 2, ∞
37. (a.)
zeros at s = -25 and -12.5 s-1, and
poles at s = 0 and s = -1.7 s-1.
(b.)
zeros at s = -9. 1 and -105 s-1, and
poles at s = -1.55×105 and s = -3.2 s-1.
5(s + 1)(s + 4)
39. Z in = ; − 1.5, ∞ ; − 1, − 4 s −1
6(s + 1.5)
10 20
41. 0, (1 − cos πt ) , , (10/ π) (1 + cos πt), 0
π π
43. 8t − 8 V, 16 V, zero
45.
15 15 15 15 30
- 15e-2s , 15 u(t) – 15 u(t - 2), 2 − e − 2 s , 15 t u(t) – 15 u (t - 2), 2 − e − 2 s + 15e − 4 s , 15 t
s s s s s
15 15s -2s
u(t) – 30 u (t - 2) + 15 u(t), 2 - e , 5 sin 3t u(t) – 15 cos [3(t – 2)] u(t - 2),
s + 9 s2 + 9
(c) 5
51.
; 4.7, 10; 15 cm
55.
100( 2 + jω ) ω2 + 4
; ; 100 ; graph; 2 rad/s, 69
(5 − ω 2 ) + j 2ω ω 4 − 6ω 2 + 25
61.
2.5
; [1 + 0.066 e-6.4t – 1.1e-0.39t ] u(t) V
s + 6.75s + 2.5
2
− 5s R + 10 5 10s + 10 5
63. H ( s) = ; ;
s + 10 5 5s s + 10 5
67. One possible design: If we use a 1-μF capacitor, then R = 159 Ω. To complete the
design, select Rf = 2 kΩ and R1 = 1 kΩ.
69. One possible design: If we use 100-nF capacitors, then R = 3.167 kΩ.
⎡ 4 −8 9 ⎤ ⎡ I1 ⎤ ⎡12 ⎤
1. (a) ⎢⎢ 5 0 −7 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢I 2 ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ 4 ⎥⎥ ; (b) 651; (c) 21; (d) 600 mA; (e) -141 mA
⎢⎣7 3 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ I 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦
2s 2 + 15s + 20
5.
2s + 5
15s + 25
7.
s(s + 4)
R 1R 3 R 4
9. (a) jω C ; (b) jω 0.8 × 103 Ω (Lin = 0.8 mH)
R2
19. (a) Input is applied between g-s and output taken from d-s;
(b) jω ( C gs + C gd ) , − jωC gd , g m − jωC gd , + jω ( C gs + C gd ) ;
1
rd
(c) j 4.8ω pS , − j1.4ω pS , 4.7 × 10−3 − jω (1.4) × 10−12 S ,
10−4 + jω (0.4 + 1.4) × 10−12 S
23. 9.9 Ω
25. (a) 56; (b) -9.6; (c) 530; (d) 3.4 Ω; (e) 35 Ω
⎡ 7.5 1.1⎤
31. ⎢ −4.5 11 ⎥ (Ω)
⎣ ⎦
⎡1000Ω 0.01 ⎤
(a) ⎢ ; (b) 8.6 kΩ
2 × 10−4 S⎥⎦
41.
⎣ 10
43. (a)
( jωC ) (1 + jω r C ) + g
μ π π jω rπ Cμ
+
1
; (b)
( g m − jωCμ ) rπ
1 + jω r ( C + C ) 1 + jω rπ ( Cπ + Cμ ) 1 + jω rπ ( Cπ + Cμ )
m
π π μ
rd
rπ jωCμ rπ
(c) rx + ; (d)
1 + jω rπ ( Cπ + Cμ ) 1 + jω rπ ( Cπ + Cμ )
⎡ 0.61 3.3Ω ⎤
45. (a) ⎢ ⎥ ; (b) 11 Ω
⎣ 0.053 S 0.81 ⎦
⎡ 1.5 3Ω ⎤
⎡ 1.4 2Ω ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ , ⎡ 11/ 7 4Ω ⎤ ; (b) ⎡ 4.71 15.9 Ω ⎤
47. (a) ⎢ ⎥ , 1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0.962 S 3.47 ⎥
⎣ 0.2 S 1 ⎦ ⎢ S 1 ⎥ ⎣1/ 7 S 1 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎣6 ⎦
⎡ 1 0 ⎤ ⎡1 R ⎤ ⎡1/ a 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0.58 14 Ω ⎤
49. (a) ⎢ ⎥ , ⎢ ⎥ , ⎢ ⎥ ; (b) ⎢ ⎥
⎣1/ R 1 ⎦ ⎣0 1 ⎦ ⎣ 0 a ⎦ ⎣ 0.115 S 4.5 ⎦