BioF4 Module

LEARNING MODULE
BIOLOGY
FORM 4 — 2008 EDITION
NAME
CLASS
Prepared by :
AL MUMIN HJ. AL KANTA
SMK Agaseh, Lahad Datu, SABAH
DIRECTION & ORIENTATION
LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4

Dorsal (top)
Anterior Posterior
(front) (back)
A B
Total Surface Area per Volume
(TSA/V)
Ventral (bottom) Cross sectional
Material A is breaks down into B.
The volume is still the same but
differ in total surface area. TSA/V
of B is higher than A. Therefore,
the smaller the higher the value of
Longitudal section TSA/V. Food is need to be break
down into a small pieces to
increase its TSA/V so that easy for
enzyme to digest.
TERMS, AFFIXES & SUFFIXES
Gastro (stomach) a, an, ar (without) hypo (low)

Gaster juice is secreted by e.g., anaerobic respiration. e.g., hypoglisemia (low
stomach wall. concentration of glucose)
ad (above)
macro (big/large)
Hem (blood) e.g., Adrenal gland. e.g., macronutrient.
Type of blood pigment are
haemoglobin & haemoeritrin. aero (air) mono (one/single)
e.g., Aerobic respiration. e.g., monosaccharides (single
Hepato (liver) sugar molecule)
Hepatic portal vein carry digested anti (anti/fight)
food from small intestine to the e.g., antibody & antitoxin. multi/poly (many)
liver. e.g., multicellular.
bi (two)
peri (around)
Cardio (heart) e.g., bisep muscle & bicuspid e.g., perisikel (plant tissue)
Cardiovascular disease—heart valve.
attack.
pod (leg)
co (together) e.g. pseudopodium.
Reni, reno (kidney) e.g., codominan gene.
Adrenaline is the hormone sub (below)
produced to prepare body to glyco (sugar) e.g., submaksila gland.
counter emergency such as fear e.g., glycolysis & glycogen.
and anger. genesis/genetic (formation)
e.g., oogenesis.
homo (same)
Cerebro (brain)
lysis (break down)
Cerebrum is the structure that hydro (water) e.g., haemolysis (red blood cell
control conscious actions.. e.g., hydrolysis. burst)
Thrombo (coagulate) hyper (high) uria (urine)
Thromboplastin & trombin e.g., glycosuria.
(enzyme for blood coagulation).
e.g., hypertonic
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CELL—STRUCTURE & ORGANISATION

Cell Structure & Function
Label the diagram and complete the table below.
Organelle Function
Plasma membrane Regulate (control) the movement of substances into and out of cell.
Cell wall (plant)
Cytoplasm
1. Controls all the activities inside the cell.

Nucleus
2.
Endoplasmic • rough :
reticulum • smooth :
Ribosome
Mitochondrion
Golgi apparatus
Vacuole (plant)
Chloroplast (plant)
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Cell Comparison
Compare the animal and plant cell based on aspects given below:
i. cell shape
ii. plasma membrane and cell wall
iii. vacuole
iv. organelle
v. food storage
Animal Cell Plant Cell

Cell’s shape is fixed and usually
rectangular or hexagonal.
Has a plasma membrane and no cell wall.
Food is stored in form of glycogen. Food is stored in form of starch.
The Density of Organelle

• Some of the organelles presence in a large amount (high density) or abundance in
cell. The density of organelles depends on cell / tissue functions.
Complete the table below.
High density
Cell/Tissue The importance
organelle
Produce energy for contraction and relaxation of

Muscle cell Mitochondrion
muscle for movement.
Liver cell
Sperm
Palisade cell
Heart muscle Produce energy for contraction and relaxation of

Mitochondrion
cell muscle to pump blood to the entire body.
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Unicellular Organisms

1. Label the diagram of Amoeba and Paramecium.
2. Explain how Paramecium and Amoeba regulates the excess amount of water moves into
their body?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
3. Compare Amoeba and Paramecium based on aspects given below:
i. Habitat ii. Reproduction
iii. Movement iv. Nutrition
v. Number of nucleus
Amoeba Paramecium
Live in freshwater lakes and ponds. Live in freshwater lakes and ponds.
4. Explain why the cell structure of the unicellular organism is more complex compare to
human cells (e.g. epithelial cell).
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Cell Specialisation & Organisation
1. Cell specialisation is ...................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
2. Cell organisation is ...................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
Cell specialisation
Tissue Function
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Vascular tissue
Meristematic tissue
Nerve tissue
Muscle tissue
Adipose tissue
Cell organisation (animal—digestive system)
Cell Tissue Organ System

Circular muscle Esophagus, stomach
Smooth muscle cell and longitudal and intestine.
muscle
Digestive system
Inner layer of
Epithelial cell Endothelium intestine and enzyme
gland
Epithelial tissue
Epithelial cell
Organ : Intestine
Muscle tissue (circular muscle
and longitudal muscle )
Smooth muscle cell
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• List down the tissues that can be found in hand.

.........................................................................................................................................
• By giving the example, explain the formation of nerve system — name the cells, tissues and
organs involved.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
Cell organisation (plant—stem)
Cambium cell Epidermal cell Parenchyma cell Xylem & Phloem cell
Meristematic tissue Epidermal tissue

Cortex tissue
Vascular tissue
Stem—organ
(cross sectional)
Regulating the Internal Environment
Temperature Osmosis pressure

Physical Factors
affect
Internal Environment of Cell Respiration

Enzyme
affect
Chemical Factors
affect
pH Concentration of minerals Concentration of glucose
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1. Why the internal environment of cells need to be maintained (constant)?

.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
2. Based on diagram, give the meaning of homeostasis
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
3. Explain the effect of factors given below.
Factor Effect to the cell
Temperature
Concentration of Environment with higher concentration (hypertonic) will caused water to

mineral move out of the cell. Cell become dehydrated and finally die.
Concentration of
glucose
The increase or decrease of pH will caused enzyme to denatured.

pH
Chemical reaction will stop and cell die.
Discussion
Predict the effect of factors given below to onion cell;
i. temperature 0 oC ...................................................................................
ii. salt solution 50% ...................................................................................
iii. solution with no glucose / sugar ...................................................................................
iv. hydrochloric acid solution (pH 2.0) ...................................................................................
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MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES

Substances listed below are essential to living things. Explain the importance substances to the
cell.
Substances Function (the importance to the cell)
Glucose Source of energy.
Amino acid
Minerals
Water
Oxygen
List out two substances that must be excreted or removed form the cell and their effect.
Substances Effect if not excreted from the cell
Structure of Plasma Membrane
1. Why substances need to move (in or out) the plasma membrane?

.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
2. Explain the terms given below:
i. polar ..............................................................................................................
ii. non-polar ..............................................................................................................
iii. hydrophobic ..............................................................................................................
iv. hydrophilic ..............................................................................................................
3. State the characteristics of substances given below:
i. glucose ..............................................................................................................
ii. amino acid ..............................................................................................................
iii. sodium ions ..............................................................................................................
iv. water ..............................................................................................................
v. lipid ..............................................................................................................
4. What is the meaning of selectively permeable?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
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4. Draw a simple diagram (2D drawing) of plasma membrane in given space below (based on

Fluid Mosaic Model). Label the carrier protein, pore protein and phospholipids bilayer.
List out two substances which pass (move) through the structure given below:
Substances which Reasons — based on characteristic of
Structures
pass through substances and structure
Phospholipids
Carrier protein
Because its molecule is small enough to pass

Pore protein
through pore and water soluble.
Based on the structure of plasma membrane, why it selectively permeable?

..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Movement of substances — types movement
Type Type of movement — give two reasons Two examples
Glucose and
Amino acid
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Effect of osmosis to the cell

Explain the meaning of terms given below:
i. hypertonic ........................................................................................................................
ii. hypotonic ........................................................................................................................
iii. isotonic ........................................................................................................................
Concentration
of solution
Type of Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic
solution (high concentration) (equal concentration) (low concentration)
Cell shape
(plant cell)
Cell condition Normal
Cell condition Normal
Shape of Outer layer

mustard stem
(longitudal
Inner layer
section)
Based on the table above, make a conclusion about osmosis?

..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Practice
1. Compare the passive transport and active transport.
Passive Transport Active Transport
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2. What is the effect of the excess use of fertilizer to the plant? Why?

.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
3. Why fermented fruits are not rotten (busuk) easily?
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
4. Vegetables are wilt (layu) if not soaked in the water. Why?
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
5. The diagram shows the changing of visking tube size after being soaked in solution Q for
a 60 minutes.
Solution P Solution R
Solution 60 minutes
Q
Tube N Tube M Tube N Tube M
(a) Explain why does the experiment shows the result as shown above — inferences.
N ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
M ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(b) Arrange in sequence the concentration of solution used in the experiment. Begins with
the highest.
.......................................................................................................................................
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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN THE CELL

What is:
i. inorganic compound ...................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
ii. organic compound ...................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
State one the role of substances and organic compounds given below.
Substances The importance (state one only)
Nitrogen Synthesis of protein, nucleic acid and organic compounds.
Sulphur
Phosphorus
Calsium
Magnesium
Sodium
Organic
The importance to the cells
compound
Carbohydrates
Lipid
Protein Formation of plasma membrane and cell growth.
Nucleic acid
Role of Water
1 .........................................................................................................................................
2 .........................................................................................................................................
3 .........................................................................................................................................
4 .........................................................................................................................................
Carbohydrates
Carbo means carbon (C), while hydrates is water (H2O). Based on that meaning, what are the
elements that made up carbohydrates?
..............................................................................................................................................
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Short notes

Glucose (structure & function)
Glucose
S .......................................................
F .......................................................
.......................................................
Cellulose Starch
S .......................................................
F .......................................................
.......................................................
Glycogen
S .......................................................
F .......................................................
Glycogen .......................................................
Cellulose
Starch S .......................................................
F .......................................................
.......................................................
Formation of disaccharides & polysaccharides
Monomer
Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
Cellobiose Cellulose
Glucose Starch / Glycogen hydrolysis condensation

+ H2O - H2O
Sucrose (sugarcane) -
Lactose (milk sugar) - Polymer
Hydrolysis—addition of
Monosaccharides : Glucose-Fructose-Galactose (MonoGFG) water that cause molecule
Disaccharides : Sucrose-Lactose-Maltose (DiSuLaM) to break down
Protein
1. Elements that made up protein are .............................................................................

2. Essential amino acid is..................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
3. Non essential amino acid is...........................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
4. Egg white changes its physical characteristic and colour when heated. Explain why?
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
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Essential amino acids
1. Alanine
2. Aspartic acid
3. Glutamic acid
4. Aspargine
5. Gyicine
6. Glutamine
7. Proline
8. Serine
Protein 9. Sisteine
10. Tyrosine
Pepsin/tripsin
Non essential amino
condensation (- H2O)
hydrolysis (+ H2O)
acids
1. Arginine
Polypeptide 2. Phenilalanine
3. Histidine
Eripsin/Peptidase 4. Isolucine
5. Leucine
6. Lysine
7. Methionine
Dipeptide 8. Threonine
Eripsin/Peptidase 9. Tryptophane
10. Valine
Amino acid DON’T MEMORISE

THIS LIST
Types protein based on function
Group The role inside body

Antibody • Reacts to the antigen (foreign substance) which enter the body and acts as
protector.
Hormone • Stimulates reactions or process such as growth.
Transport protein • Haemoglobin acts as carrier to transport respiratory gases. There are also carrier
protein in plasma membrane.
Contractile protein • Found in muscle and able to contract to produce movement.
Catalyst protein • All types of enzyme which is trigger or initiate chemical reactions.
Level of protein structure & examples

Primary Secondary Tertiery Quartenery
Polypeptide
Fibrous protein Globular protein Haemoglobin
chain
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Lipids
1. Elements that made up lipid are ........................................................................................

2. Fat or oil made up from ....................................... and ............................................... in the
ratio of .....................
3. In space given below, draw the “building block” of triglyceride (fat).
Type Location and function

Fat • As a energy storage (under skin), organ protector, energy storage and isolation of
heat.
Phospholipid • Found in plasma membrane—part of plasma membrane.
Cholesterol • Basic molecule for making steroid e.g. sex hormone.
Bile • Colesterol byproduct which emulsify fat and turn it into small droplets.
Vitamine D • Synthesized on skin with the presence of ultraviolet rays and helps absorption of
calcium ion for bone growth.
• Oestrogen and progesterone involved in menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
Steroid • Adrenaline secreted by adrenal gland as a reaction to an emergency such as
panic, fear and angry.
4. Compare the saturated and the unsaturated fat based on (i) chemical structure, (ii) state of
matter in room temperature, (iii) effect to the blood cholesterol level and (iv) sources.
Differences of saturated fat and unsaturated fat

Saturated fat Unsaturated fat
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Enzymes

1. Meaning of enzyme.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
2. Function of enzyme.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
3. Three examples of enzymes and its substrate:
Enzyme Substrate Gland
4. Four characteristics of enzyme:

a ......................................................................................................................................
b ......................................................................................................................................
c ......................................................................................................................................
d ......................................................................................................................................
5. What is active site?
.........................................................................................................................................
6. Why does the denatured enzyme does not perform its function? Relate your answer with
active site.
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
reaction occur when enzyme collided/
...................................................................................... make contact with substrate.
7. Draw a schematic diagram to show the synthesis of protein (e.g. enzymes).
8. By giving appropriate example, describe how different organelles works together to enable
cell to function in orderly manner. (e.g. protein / enzyme)
.........................................................................................................................................
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9. Complete the graph below.

Effect of temperature Effect of pH
The rate of reaction

pH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 (oC) 0 1 2 3 4
Effect of enzyme concentration Effect of substrate concentration

Concentration of enzyme Concentration of substrate
10. Explain why acid able to stop the enzyme reaction?

.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
11. State two examples of intracellular enzymes and its function.
Enzyme Function
12. State two examples of extracellular enzymes and its function.

Enzyme Function
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Practice

1. Complete the diagram below to demonstrate the Lock and Key hypothesis.
Enzyme & substrate
Enzyme & substrate Enzyme & product
complex
substrate
Enzyme
(globular shape)
2. In the space given below, draw an enzyme (based on answer in 1) and its shape after
being denatured.
denatured
(by temperature or pH)
3. State four enzymes and its uses in industries.
Enzyme Function
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CELL DIVISION

Cell Cycle
1. Give two reasons why cell is need to be divided (increase in number)?
i. ...................................................................................................................................
ii. ...................................................................................................................................
2. Label the stages of cell cycle diagram above.

3. State the function of stages below;
i. Growth phase 1 (G1)
...................................................................................................................................
ii. DNA Synthesis (S)
...................................................................................................................................
iii. Growth phase 2 (G2)
...................................................................................................................................
iv. Mitosis
...................................................................................................................................
v. Cytokinesis
...................................................................................................................................
4 a. What is replication?
...................................................................................................................................
b. Why does the chromosomes need to be replicated?
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
5 Why does the chromosome number of an organisms are must to be in constant from a
generation to the next generation? Explain.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
6 Explain the difference of cytokinesis in animal and plant cells.
.........................................................................................................................................
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Mitosis

Interphase Explanations
Number of chromosome .....

1 ...................................................................
2 ...................................................................

1 ...................................................................
2 ...................................................................
3 ...................................................................

1 ...................................................................
2 ...................................................................

1 ...................................................................
2 ...................................................................

1 ...................................................................
2 ...................................................................
3 ...................................................................
4 ...................................................................
Use Ward’s Finger Model
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The significance of mitosis

i. ...................................................................................................................................
ii. ...................................................................................................................................
iii. ...................................................................................................................................
iv. ...................................................................................................................................
Uncontrolled Mitosis—Cancer
What is cancer?
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Causes of cancer
i. .........................................................................................................................................
ii. .........................................................................................................................................
iii. .........................................................................................................................................
Treatments—explain
i. surgery ..................................................................................................................
ii. chemotherapy ..................................................................................................................
iii. radiotherapy ..................................................................................................................
Application of Mitosis
Cloning—tissue culture
Purpose :................................................................................................................
Advantages i. ............................................................................................................
ii. ............................................................................................................
Disadvantages i. ............................................................................................................
ii. ............................................................................................................
Procedure
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Cloning

1. What is cloning?
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
2. Draw a schematic diagram to show the
cloning of Dolly.
3. What is the role of ultraviolet rays in
cloning process?
.................................................................
.................................................................
4. Advantages of cloning:
i. .................................................................
ii. .................................................................
iii. .................................................................
5. Disadvantages of cloning:
i. .................................................................
ii. .................................................................
iii. .................................................................
Practice
Graph shows the division of cell inside organism

X.
1. How many chromosomes in parent cell and

daughter cell?
i. parent ............
ii. daughter ............
2. What type of division involved?
....................................................................
3. Give your reason for answer in 1.
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
4. What happen to the chromosomes during
stage M1 and M2?
i. M1 …....................................................
.......................................................
ii. M2 …....................................................
....................................................... 6. Mark on graph the stage of:
5. i. What is organism X?
............................................................... i. Prophase
ii. Give your reason for answer in 5.i. ii. Metaphase
.................................................................... iii. Anaphase
.................................................................... iv. Telophase
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Meiosis

Meiosis with Paper Cuttings
1. Make sure your group have 8 paper cuttings with 2 size and 2 colours. For example,
large paper cuttings —2 blue and 2 red and small paper cuttings —2 blue and 2 red.
2. Analogy 1: each paper cutting represent a chromosome.
3. Analogy 2: paper cuttings with the same size are homologous or identical (same size and
shape).
4. Analogy 3: do the replication by adding paper cuttings with same size and colour.
5. Analogy 4: do the crossing over by “cut and paste” the paper cuttings.
6. Draw a cell, nucleus membrane and spindle fiber on the table by using chalk.
7. Follow your teacher’s instruction and complete the worksheet for this activity.
Worksheet
1 2 3 4
Interphase Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I
5 6
Telophase I Prophase II
7 Metaphase II 8 Anaphase II
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8 Telophase II

Meaning of terms
Synapsis .....................................................................................................................
Chiasma .....................................................................................................................
Crossing over .....................................................................................................................
Variation .....................................................................................................................
Role of meiosis
1 ............................................................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................................................
3 ............................................................................................................................................
Practice
1. Based on the diagram you’ve drew (in page 19 and 23), state the differences of mitosis
and meiosis based on:
i. number of chromosome
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
ii. genetic content
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
2. Draw the chromosome for stages below:
Mitosis - Metaphase Meiosis - Metaphase I
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3. Based on drawing in 2, explain the difference in term of chromosome position.

........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
4. Which cell division produce variation? How?
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
5. Name the cell division, where the separation of homologous chromosome occurs? Name
the stage.
........................................................................................................................................
Parent Gametes Offspring
46 23
46
46 23
6. In human, the diploid (2n) number of chromosomes are 46. Based on diagram, explain
how the number of chromosome is maintained (keep in constant) from a generation to the
next generation.
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
7. State the tissue where the process of mitosis and meiosis take place in animal and plant.
Animal Plant
Meiosis ....................................................... .......................................................
Mitosis ....................................................... .......................................................
8. Draw the chromosome of daughter cells inside the diagram below.
Metaphase I Daughter cell
Meiosis
1 2
3 4
Meiosis 1 2
3 4
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9. Compare mitosis and meiosis based on;

i. the difference in chromosome number in daughter and parent cell;
ii. number of cell division;
iii. number of daughter cell;
iv. crossing over; and
v. the difference in genetic content in daughter and parent cell.
Mitosis Meiosis
Number of chromosomes in parent’s and
daughter’s cell are equal.
NUTRITION
Four process involved in nutrition are:

i. ......................................................... ii. .........................................................
iii. ......................................................... iv. .........................................................
Types of Nutrition
Autotroph organisms are .......................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Heterototroph organisms are ................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Nutrition Meaning and two example of organisms

Synthesis the organic compound (glucose) by oxidizing in organic
Chemosyntesis
substances such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3).
Photosynthesis
Holozoic
Saprophytism
Parasitsm Obtained food by living on or in the body of living organisms.
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*
Balanced Diet

NOTE
The role of water, carbohy-
Meaning of balanced diet drates, proteins & lipids aren’t
stated here because its already
............................................................................................
being stated in Chapter 4.
............................................................................................
............................................................................................ Draw a pyramid of food
The necessity of balanced diet
............................................................................................
............................................................................................
............................................................................................
............................................................................................
Energy Value
1. How to prove that food contain / produce energy? Explain.

.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
2. State the class of foods which does not contain/produce energy. Explain why?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
3. Explain how does the factors listed below affects the requirement of energy.
Body size
Gender
Age
Occupation
4. In a rest condition (such as sleep) we still need energy. Explain why?

........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
5. Why does the Eskimo (live in Artic region) consume a lot of fatty food?
i. ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
ii. ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
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Calculation of energy value

Mineral
Mineral Function Deficiency

Bone and tooth formation, aids in blood clotting, Ricket (children), delayed blood
Calcium
needed in muscle and nerve coordination. clotting and osteoporosis.
Magnesium Activates most types of enzymes (as a cofactor) Retarded function of muscle.
Component of haemoglobin needed for oxygen
Ferum / iron Anemia.
transport in the blood.
Maintain the osmotic pressure and important
Sodium Muscle cramps.
component in blood plasma.
Potassium Maintenance of acid-base and water balance. Heart failure & muscular weakness.
Iodine Component of the thyroxine hormone. Goiter (adult) & kretinisme (children)
Needed for muscle growth, bone and tooth Rickets & demineralization of bone
Phosphorus
formation, nucleotide and ATP synthesis. (lost of calcium)
Chlorine Maintenance of osmotic pressure. Muscle cramps.
Vitamin
Vitamin Function Deficiency

A Needed for formation of light pigment in retina Vision problem (night blindness) and
Retinol and maintenance of epithelial tissue. scaling skin.
Beriberi (muscle weakness, nerve

B1 Precursor of a coenzyme which functions in
Thiamine disorder, heart disorder, swollen feet
carbohydrate metabolism.
and loss of skin sensitivity.
Sore eyes and swollen tongues and
B2
Riboflavin Component of coenzymes in energy metabolism. skin lesions at the corner of mouth,
nose and ears.
Pellagra (skin and gastrointestinal
B3
Niacin Component of coenzymes in energy metabolism. lesions, nervous, mental disorders
and loss of appetite).
B5 Component of coenzyme A, with a role in energy Muscle cramps, fatigue, impaired
Pantothenic acid metabolism. motor coordination.
Irritability, muscular twitching,

B6 convulsions, dermatitis, retarded
Coenzymes in amino acid metabolism.
Pyridoxine growth, kidney stones and pernicious
anemia.
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Vitamin Function Deficiency

B12 • A coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism. Pernicious anemia, neurological
Cobalamin • Synthesis of red blood cells. disorders and weight loss.
1. Poor collagen formation.

2. Scaly skin.
• Required in the synthesis of collagen. 3. Scurvy: symptoms include
C
Ascorbic acid • Maintenance of cartilage, bone and dentin. swollen, bleeding gums and tooth
• A strong antioxidant. loss.
4. Degeneration of blood vessels,
muscles and cartilage.
D Aids in the absorption of calcium and ♦ Ricet (demineralization of bone)
Calcipherol phosphorus ions for bones and teeth growth. ♦ Tooth decay.
E Produce red blood cells.

♦ Anemia.
Tocopherol Acts an antioxidant.
K Defective blood clotting which leads
Important in blood clotting.
Phylloquinone to excessive bleeding.
Group Work
Group Discussion
Explain the necessity of diet on a person below:
1. Expectant mother.
2. Sumo wrestler.
3. Long distance runner.
4. Everest climber.
5. Old man.
6. Children.
Scrap Book
• Make a scrap book or booklet about the effect of vitamin and minerals deficiency
and malnutrition in human. Information mainly based on pictures and simple explanation
about the picture.
• Use internet search engine such as google.com, click on image and key in the key word
of image you want.
• Make sure the pictures that you want to download not less than 40 kb (file size).
• The procedure of finding the information using internet will be provided.
Malnutrition
• Meaning ........................................................................................................................
• Causes ........................................................................................................................
• Effect ........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
M in 20 0 9 29
Foods test—experiment

Reducing sugar test
Material
......................................................................
Benedict solution
......................................................................
Water
......................................................................
Result
......................................................................
Glucose solution ......................................................................
......................................................................
Non reducing sugar test
Solution sucrose
Sodium Benedict solution
+ HCL
bicarbonate
Water
Material :.......................................................................................................................
Result :.......................................................................................................................
Millon test (protein)
Material
......................................................................
Millon solution
......................................................................
Water
......................................................................
Result
......................................................................
Egg white ......................................................................
......................................................................
Starch and Fat Test
Starch :.......................................................................................................................
Fat :.......................................................................................................................
M in 20 0 9 30
Food Digestion-Human
1. Name two organic polymer (large molecule) found in food and its source.
i ...................................................................................................................................
ii ...................................................................................................................................
2. Can organic polymer absorbed into blood stream / cells? Why?
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
3. Why does the organic polymer need to be hydrolysed (break down) into its monomer?
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
4. Why does the food need to be break down into a small pieces?
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
5. Complete the short notes below by stating the adaptation (characteristic + role) of an
organ to perform its function. Fill in only the main idea and use a simple and short
sentences.
Mouth Oesofagus
• Produce saliva to • Consist of circular and longitudal muscle. Foods are moved
lubricate and digest by peristalsis action.
starch.
• Chewing breaks down
Liver
food into small pieces
to increase total surface .............................................................................................
area. .............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
Stomach
i. ........................................................................................
........................................................................................
ii. ........................................................................................
........................................................................................
Small Intestine
i. ........................................................................................
........................................................................................
ii. ........................................................................................
........................................................................................
iii. ........................................................................................
........................................................................................
iv. ........................................................................................
........................................................................................
Large Intestine
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
M in 20 0 9 31
Digestive enzymes
Gland Enzyme Substrate End product

Salivary Amilase Starch
Stomach Rennin
(gastric juice) Pepsin
Pancreas Amilase Starch
(pancreatic juice) Trypsin
Fatty acid + Glyserol
Intestinal Asid amino
Maltose
Lactose
Sucrase
Experiment — digestion of starch
Purpose
Test tube To investigate the digestion of starch.
Distilled water
Procedure
Yeast suspension 1. Apparatus as shown is prepared.
2. Iodine and Benedict test is done to the sample of
Visking tube water every 30 minutes.
Yeast suspension 3. Observation are recorded.
+ saliva
Note : Iodine test —> starch —> Dark blue
A B : Benedict test —> Glucose —> Copper
Observation A No change in color for Iodine and Benedict test

Inference A
(reason)
No change in color for Iodine test but the colour of water turn into
Observation B
copper when tested with Benedict solution.
Inference B
(reason)
Discussion
Conclusion
M in 20 0 9 32
Practice

1. Label the digestive system above.
2. State two the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
i. ...................................................................................................................................
ii. ...................................................................................................................................
3. Explain the role of bile in digestion process.
i. ...................................................................................................................................
ii. ...................................................................................................................................
iii. ...................................................................................................................................
4. Explain two adaptations of small intestine to increase the absorption of digested food.
i. ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
ii. ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
Digestion in Ruminant & Rodent

Ruminant Rodent
mouth
anus
1. Label parts of ruminant’s and rodent’s stomach.

2. Draw an arrow to show the flow of food inside ruminant’s stomach.
M in 20 0 9 33
3. Animals unable to produce cellulase to digest cellulose (component of plant cell wall)

into glucose. Explain how the ruminants digest the cellulose?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
4. Compare the digestive system of ruminant and rodent based on:
i. stomach structure
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
ii. Digestion of cellulose
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
5. Why ruminant need more than one stomach?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
Absorption & Assimilation of Digested Food
1. Draw the structure of one villi inside the given space.
2. Three adaptations (characteristic + role) of villi to

increase the rate of food absorption are;
i. ......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
ii. ......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
iii. ......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
3. State the digested food absorbed by the structure below:

i. Blood capillary ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
ii. Lacteal ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
*
Creative essay
If you’re the starch or protein (choose one), describe your experience in human digestive
system start from mouth until you’re inside the liver.
M in 20 0 9 34
The Role of Liver

Small intestine Liver Blood Cell / Tissue
Glucose Glucose Glucose Energy

production
Glycogen
Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Protein synthesis

Urea
Protein Plasma protein
Other Functions What is?

• Break down old red blood cell and haemoglobin.
• Glycogen
• Storage of blood (300 cm3 – 1500 cm3).
...........................................
• Synthesis of plasma protein such as albumin and
globulin. • Urea
• Storage of vitamine A, D and B12. ...........................................
• Storage of minerals, Fe and Cu. • Plasma protein
• Detoxification of drugs, alcohol and poisons. ...........................................
Defaecation
1. State two functions of large intestine.

i. ...................................................................................................................................
ii. ...................................................................................................................................
2. State the role of rectum.
.........................................................................................................................................
3. Why does the undigested food must be expelled (eliminated) out of the body?
.........................................................................................................................................
4. Explain the cause of constipation.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
Problems Related to Nutrition

Problem Causes Symptom & Effect
Gastric
Anoreksia
nervosa
M in 20 0 9 35
Problem Causes Symptom & Effect

Obesity
Belumia
Nutrient Requirement in Plant
1 Does the plant able to live only by using product of photosynthesis (starch)? Explain.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
2 What is nutrients / minerals?
............................................................................................................................................
3 Complete the table below.
Macronutrient Micronutrient
Meaning
Minerals
The Role of Macronutrient
Minerals Function Effect of deficiencies
• Synthesis of protein, chlorophyll &

Nitrogen (N) nucleic acid (DNA & RNA) ♦ Yellowish & stunted leaves (chlorosis)
• Growth of leaf & stem
• Synthesis of protein & nucleic acid ♦ Stunted growth

Phosphorus (P) (DNA & RNA) ♦ Poor root growth
• Enhanced cell division ♦ Formation of dull, dark green leaves
♦ Stunted growth
Potassium (K) • Synthesis of protein & starch
♦ Premature death of plants
♦ Stunted growth
Calcium (Ca) • Growth of shoot & root
♦ Leaves become distort & cupped
♦ General yellowing of leaves or entire

Sulphur (S) • Synthesis of protein
plant
Magnesium (Mg) • Synthesis of chlorophyll (constituent) ♦ General yellowing of leaves
M in 20 0 9 36
Lack (deficiencies) of mineral will cause several symptoms. Based on minerals and symptoms

given below, explain why the symptom occur?
1. Nitrogen—stunted growth
........................................................................................................................................
2. Phosphorus—stunted growth
........................................................................................................................................
3. Magnesium—yellowish leaves
........................................................................................................................................
Preparation of Culture Solution

Knop Solution (complete solution)
Calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) 0.8 g

Potassium nitrate (KNO3) 0.2 g
Potassium dehidrogen fosfat (KH2PO4) 0.2 g
Magnesium sulfat (MgSO4) 0.2 g
Ferum (III) fosfat (FePO4) trace
Distilled water 1000 cm3
1. Objective :.......................................................................................................................
2. Variables i. manipulated :......................................................................................
ii. response :......................................................................................
iii. constant :......................................................................................
3. Hypothesis :.......................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
4. What the purpose of covering jar with black paper?
........................................................................................................................................
5. Why does the root need to be aerated (provided with air)?
........................................................................................................................................
6. Name one mineral which provides elements listed below;
i) sulphur ........................................ ii) phosphorus ................................................
iii) nitrogen ........................................ iv) calcium ................................................
7. Based on Knop solution above, how do you prepare solution with lack of (without):
i. Nitrogen .............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
ii. Phosphorus .............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
iii. Calcium .............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
iv. All minerals .............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
M in 20 0 9 37
Photosynthesis
Purpose
...............................................................................................
Result and Discussion
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
Conclusion
...............................................................................................
Purpose
...............................................................................................
Result and Discussion
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
Conclusion
...............................................................................................
Cross sectional of leaf
1. Label the cross sectional of leaf above. Label must include palisade mesophyll, spongy
mesophyll, epidermal cell, cuticle, vascular bundle (xylem and phloem) and stoma.
2. State the function of structures below:

i. Palisade mesophyll ...................................................................................................
ii. Spongy mesophyll ...................................................................................................
iii. Vascular bundle ........................................................................................................
iv. Stoma ........................................................................................................
M in 20 0 9 38
3. State three structural adaptations (characteristic + role) of leaf to increase the rate of

photosynthesis.
i. ...................................................................................................................................
ii. ...................................................................................................................................
iii. ...................................................................................................................................
4. State the adaptations to carry out photosynthesis for plants given below:
i. Seaweed (rumpair)
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
ii. Cactus
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
Mechanism of photosynthesis
Structure of chloroplast
24 H2O
24 H+ 24 OH-
Photolysis 6 O2
12 H2O
24 e- 24 e-
Chlorophyll
Absorb energy from Light reaction
24 H sunlight
6 H2 O
Dark reaction
*
C6H12O6 REMINDER
6 CO2
Do not memorized the number
of molecules, ions and electron.
1. Based on flow chart, explain what happen during:
i. light reaction ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
ii. dark reaction ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
2. What is the role of sunlight in photolysis (light reaction)?
.........................................................................................................................................
3. Does the dark reaction occurs at night? Why?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
M in 20 0 9 39
+
4. Label the flow chart above to shows the summary of photosynthesis.
5. Based on flow chart in page 39, summarized the chemical equation of photosynthesis.
.........................................................................................................................................
6. (a) What is the end product of photosynthesis that useful to the plant?
...................................................................................................................................
(b) State the two roles of substance stated in 5 (a).
i. ..............................................................................................................................
ii. ..............................................................................................................................
7. Compare the light reaction and dark reaction based on:
i. Substrate (substance used in reaction)
ii. Site of reaction
iii. End product
iv. Time of reaction
• Note : use complete sentences.
Light reaction Dark reaction
Occurred in grana.
Factor affecting photosynthesis

Rate of photosynthesis
Rate of photosynthesis
Light intensity 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 (oC)

M in 20 0 9 40
1. Plot the graph in page 40.

2. Explain the relation of;
i) light intensity and rate of photosynthesis.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
ii) temperature and rate of photosynthesis
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
3. Explain how the concentration of carbon dioxide become a limiting factor to the rate of
photosynthesis.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
Technology in Food Production
Group discussion
• Explain how methods listed below increase the quality and quantity of food production.
i. Hydrophonics
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
ii. Aerophonics.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
iii. Breeding.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
iv. Tissue culture.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
v. Genetic engineering.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
M in 20 0 9 41
Technology of Food Processing

Purpose Drying (dehydration)
Purpose
1 ............................................................... .................................................................
............................................................... .................................................................
............................................................... .................................................................
2 ............................................................... Method
............................................................... .................................................................
3 ............................................................... .................................................................
............................................................... .................................................................
4 ............................................................... Advantages
............................................................... .................................................................
.................................................................
Sample of food
.................................................................
Pasteuraization
Purpose
Canning
To destroy bacteria and keeping the flavour
Purpose
and nutrient
To kill microorganisms and its spore (survive
up to 120 oC).
Method (temperature)
Method (temperature)
63 oC in 30 minutes or 72 oC in 15 seconds
Packed in cans and steamed with high
temperature and high pressure.
Advantages
Advantages
Bacteria are destroyed but the nutrient (eg.
Keep food sterile (free from microorganisms)
protein) undamaged.
for a long period.
Sample of food
Sample of food
Sardines and pineapple
Milk and fruits juice.
Refrigeration Vaccum packaging

Purpose Purpose
................................................................. .................................................................
................................................................. .................................................................
Method Method
................................................................. .................................................................
................................................................. .................................................................
................................................................. .................................................................
Advantages Advantages
................................................................. .................................................................
................................................................. .................................................................
Sample of food Sample of food
................................................................. .................................................................
M in 20 0 9 42
RESPIRATION
1. What is the substance act as source of energy in living things?
.........................................................................................................................................
2. Why substance in 1 contain energy?
.........................................................................................................................................
3. How to get energy from substance in 1 so that it can be use by living things?
.........................................................................................................................................
4. State three the role of energy to living things.
i. ...................................................................................................................................
ii. ...................................................................................................................................
iii. ...................................................................................................................................
5. State two cells/tissues in human body which used a lot of energy. Explain why?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration
Glycolysis
Break down of glucose
Creb Cycle
The process which produce a lot of
energy.
Note : do not memorized both terms.
1. If you’re not breathing for a certain period of time, you will be weak, then
unconscious and finally die. Based on biology fact, explain why does it happen?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
2. Sprinter athlete (such as 100m) hold their breathe while running. Can energy be
produce in that condition (without air/oxygen)? Explain how?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
3. After reaching finishing line, the athlete will be puffing (breathing in a fast rate) and
exhausted. After a while, he/she will be recovered and back into normal condition. Explain
these phenomena based on biology fact.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
M in 20 0 9 43
Chemical Equation of Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration In Animal & Yeast
Practice
Apparatus A Apparatus B
Questions 1 e. Name the other substance being produce.

a. Why does the glucose solution need to be ................................................................
boiled? ................................................................
................................................................ f. If paraffin layer is removed, what will you
................................................................ expect?
b. Which apparatus acts as control? Explain ................................................................
the purpose of using control. ................................................................
................................................................ ................................................................
................................................................ ................................................................
................................................................ g. How to increase the gas production?
c. What the purpose of using paraffin oil? ................................................................
................................................................ ................................................................
................................................................ ................................................................
................................................................ ................................................................
d. What gas being produced? Give your h. If yeast is replaced with bacteria, what is
reason. the expected result?
................................................................ ................................................................
................................................................ ................................................................
................................................................ ................................................................
................................................................ ................................................................
M in 20 0 9 44
2. Why does the unicellular organism such as yeast and bacteria are able to survive only

by performing anaerobic respiration? [only produce small amount of energy]
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
3. During flood, most of plant will die. Explain why? [based on respiration]
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
4. Compare between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration based on:
i) Substrate used
ii) Product of reaction
iii) The amount ATP produced
iv) Site of reaction.
Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration

Substrate used is glucose Substrate used is glucose
Respiratory Structure—Human
• Role of cartilage rings?

................................................
................................................ larynx
................................................
• Function of epiglottis? epiglottis
................................................
................................................
................................................
• Function of diaphragm? lung
................................................
................................................
................................................
M in 20 0 9 45
Explain the adaptations of alveolus to increase the Draw the cross sectional of alveolus

efficiency of gaseous exchange.
i. ............................................................................
............................................................................
............................................................................
ii. ............................................................................
............................................................................
............................................................................
iii. ............................................................................
............................................................................
............................................................................
Respiratory Structure—Animals
1 Explain the adaptations of respiration structure (way to increase the TSA/V) to
facilitate the gaseous exchange.
2 Explain how the gaseous exchange.
Unicellular organism—Amoeba
1 .................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
Earth worm
1 .................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
spiracle
trachea
Insect-Cockroaches
1 ....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
M in 20 0 9 46
Frog

1 ...........................................................................
...........................................................................
...........................................................................
2 ...........................................................................
...........................................................................
...........................................................................
draw gill filament
gill arch
Gill raker
gill
gill arch
operculum
Fish
1 .........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
2 .........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
Practice
1. Why does the unicellular organism do not require a respiratory structure?

.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
2. Crocodile is able to chase its prey for a limited distance/time only, continue chasing
will cause death. Explain why?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
3. Whale use lungs for breathing. What happens if whale using gill for breathing?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
M in 20 0 9 47
Gaseous Exchange in Human

Alveolus
Partial O2
pressure
CO2 CO2 O2
Tissue
Partial O2
pressure
CO2 CO2 O2
• Oxygen transported in form of .................................................... while carbon dioxide

transported in form of .................................................., ..................................................,
and ..................................................
• Haemoglobin is a ................................... which contain ...............................
• The gaseous exchange between respiratory structure and blood involving .........................
........................................
• Diffusion occurred due to the .............................................................................................
• For example in alveolus, the partial pressure of oxygen is .............. then the blood
inside the blood capillary. As a result, oxygen ............................. into the blood and
combine with hemoglobin to form ...........................................
• In tissue, partial pressure oxygen is ................... compare to blood inside blood
capillary. As a result, ........................................... releases its oxygen. Oxygen
then ....................... into the tissue.
• Same condition is occur to the carbon dioxide.
1. Label the diagram above.
M in 20 0 9 48
2. Explain the condition of structures below during inhalation.

i. diaphragm ...........................................................................................................
ii. intercostals muscle ...........................................................................................................
iii. ribs ...........................................................................................................
iv. lung ...........................................................................................................
Regulatory Mechanism
1. What happen to the breathing and heart beat rate after doing vigorous activity?
.........................................................................................................................................
2. Does the breathing and heart beat rate changed after reaction in 1? What happen?
.........................................................................................................................................
Respiratory centre
Respiratory centre Medulla oblongata
Chemoreceptor of medulla oblongata
Chemoreceptor of carotid body Intercostals muscle
Chemoreceptor of aortic bodies

Diaphragm
Regulation of carbon dioxide

• Carbon dioxide in the blood is in form of carbonic acid.
• The increase of carbonic acid will increase the acidity of blood (drop of pH) and this changes
is detected by (or stimulate the) chemoreceptor of respiratory centre in medulla oblongata.
• Respiratory centre send impulses to intercostals muscle and diaphragm muscle to
increase the relaxation and contraction of muscles. Hence, the rate of breathing is
increased.
• As a result, more carbon dioxide expelled out of the body and partial pressure of carbon
dioxide in blood is decreased.
• The reduction of partial pressure will reduce the acidity (or carbonic acid) and pH value of
blood is return into normal.
Regulation of oxygen
• Partial pressure of oxygen inside the blood is detected by carotid body and aortic bodies.
• Low partial pressure of oxygen stimulate the chemoreceptor of carotid body and aortic
bodies.
• Carotid body and aortic bodies send impulses to the respiratory centre and the
breathing rate is increased.
• The increase of breathing rate will increase the partial pressure of oxygen.
• The increase of the partial pressure of oxygen, will cause the chemoreceptor not
stimulated and the breathing rate return into normal.
M in 20 0 9 49
Respiration in Plant

Cross sectional of leaf Cross sectional of lenticels
1. State how the structures below gets its oxygen.

i) leaf .......................................................................................................................
ii) stem .......................................................................................................................
iii) root .......................................................................................................................
2. Write down the chemical equation of anaerobic respiration in plant.
.........................................................................................................................................
3. Explain how submerged plant gets its oxygen.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
Comparison—Respiration & Photosynthesis

Compare based on:
i. substrate ii. end product of reaction
iii. condition for reaction iv. site of reaction / organelle involved
v. occur in...
Respiration Photosyntesis
Use glucose and oxygen. Use carbon dioxide and water.
M in 20 0 9 50
Respiration & Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis produce glucose and oxygen that required by
respiration, and respiration produce carbon dioxide that glucose
required by photosynthesis. oxygen
In darkness photosynthesis respiration

• Photosynthesis stop and plant carry out respiration—use
oxygen and release carbon dioxide. carbon dioxide
The increase of light intensity

• The rate of photosynthesis increase due to the increase of light intensity.
• Production of oxygen will increase.
• Respiration still occur—oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is released.
• Carbon dioxide from respiration is used in photosynthesis and oxygen produced by photosynthesis
is used in respiration.
Compensation point (photosynthesis = respiration)

• All carbon dioxide produced by respiration is used in photosynthesis, while all oxygen pro-
duced by photosynthesis is used in respiration.
• At compensation point, no excess amount of oxygen because the rate of oxygen production (by
photosynthesis) is equal to the rate of oxygen usage (by respiration).
• Same condition occurs to carbon dioxide, the rate of carbon dioxide production (by respiration) is
equal to the rate of carbon dioxide usage (by photosynthesis). So, no excess amount of carbon
dioxide.
• At this point, all glucose produced by photosynthesis is used in respiration. As a result, no
excess amount of glucose for storage (starch production).
• So, the rate of photosynthesis must be higher then the rate of respiration to make sure
there are excess amount of glucose for storage in form of starch.
• Hence, the light intensity must be higher then compensation point, so that the rate of photosyn-
thesis is higher then the rate of respiration.
Intake of CO2
increase
volume of O2
light intensity
Release of CO2
increase
Graph 1 light intensity Graph 2
1. Plot the graph above and mark the compensation point.

2. Based on graph, how do you determine the compensation point?
3. At low light intensity, certain plant become retarded or gradually die. Explain why? (based
on compensation point)
M in 20 0 9 51
DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM

Decomposer Pyramid of Number
Producer Consumer
Forth trophic level
(tertiary consumer)
Number of organism is decrease

Biotic Component
Third trophic level
(secondary consumer)
Ecosystem
Second trophic level

Abiotic Component (primary consumer)
pH Humidity
Temperature Topography
First trophic level
Light intensity Microclimate (producer)
• Draw a food web based on pyramid of number above.
Energy Flow in Food Webs

energy input energy lost in energy lost in energy lost in energy lost in
(sunlight) respiration respiration respiration respiration
90% 90% 90% 90%
10% 10% 10%
producer herbivores carnivores top carnivores
death excursion & death excursion & death excursion & death
defecation defecation defecation
energy lost in
decomposer—fungi, bacteria, worm & scavenger
Interaction Between Biotic Component
Commensalism
..........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
Mutualism
..........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
M in 20 0 9 52
Saprophytism

..........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
Prey-Predator
..........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
Parasitism
..........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
Investigate the effect of competition
Paramecium Paramecium Paramecium aurelia +

aurelia caudatum P. caudatum
Experiment
Experiment 1 Experiment 2
Separated population Mixed population
Result
(plot the
Population
Population
graph)
Days Days
...................................................................................................................
Discussion ...................................................................................................................
(why the curve ...................................................................................................................
is like that?)
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
Conclusion
...................................................................................................................
Colonisation & Succession

Explain the terms below:
i) habitat ......................................................................................................................
ii) species ......................................................................................................................
iii) niche ......................................................................................................................
M in 20 0 9 53
iv) population ......................................................................................................................

v) community ......................................................................................................................
vi) ecosystem ......................................................................................................................
vii) colonisation ......................................................................................................................
viii) succession ......................................................................................................................
Colonisation & Succession in Pond
Pioneer species
succession process algae and submerged plant
cause pond getting shallow/reduce the depth—initiate the
Deposition of dead/decayed organic material in basement die and submerge
First successor species
die and submerge
Second successor species
die and submerge
Third successor species
Climax community
• Explain the adaptation of;

i) pioneer species (algae and submerged plant)
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
ii) primary successor species
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
iii) secondary successor species
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
• What are the changes that cause the succession in pond?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
M in 20 0 9 54
Colonisation & Succession in Mangrove

dead organic matter & mud.
because of the deposition
The bank getting higher
Map below shows the effect of succession in mangrove after 20 years. Complete the diagram
below by using appropriate symbol.
• What are the changes after 20 years?
B B B
A Avicennia sp. B
B B
S Sonneratia sp. B
B
R Rhizophora sp.
B Brugueira sp.
Muddy and sand bank B B B B
B
B B B
F Forest Year 2000 Year 2020
high tide
Year 2020 Year 2000
low tide
• Avicennia sp. (pokok api-api putih) and Sonneratia sp. (pokok perepat) are the pioneer
species in the muddy and sandy bank. This species are able to stands a high salinity, wave
and wind.
• The extensive root system traps and collects the sediment, including organic matter from
decaying plant parts. The soil become more compact and firm (kukuh).
• This condition favours the Rhizophora sp. Consequently, the Avicennia sp. and Sonneratia
sp. are replace by Rhizophora.
• The prop roots (akar jangkang) of the Rhizophora sp. traps silt (selut) and mud and
creating firmer soil.
• The ground (or bank) getting higher and less submerged by sea water.
• The soil getting firm and hard and this condition favours the Brugueira sp.
• Consequently, the Rhizophora sp. is replaced by Brugueira sp.
• The root of Brugueira sp. traps silt and mud and further modified the soil structure.
• Over the time, plants like nipah and Pandanus begin to replace the Brugueira sp.
• The gradual transition and succession from a mangrove to a terrestrial forest and
eventually to a tropical forest—a climax community.
M in 20 0 9 55
Population Ecology
Quadrate sampling technique Capture, Mark, Release

and Recapture Technique
This technique is used to estimate

the population of animal such as ant,
birds and mammals by using ink/
ring/tag. Some precaution and
Quadrate frame - metal / wood assumption to be considered;
• The mark not harmed to the

animal or predator.
Quadrate frame—rope and stick • Animal captured randomly.
Examples of Quadrate • Let the animal free to mixed
with original population.
Quadrate for small organism • Assumption — no migration
(eg. fungus) and mortality due to disease.
• Capture a large samples of
Percentage coverage animal.
Total coverage of • The experiment is repeated
all quadrate to increase the validity
X 100% (kesahan) of data.
Number of quadrate
Example of coverage x quadrate area
No. of org. in first sample x
No. of org. in second sample
Density Frequency
No. of marked org. recaptured
Sampling of soil organisms
Tullgren Funnel
• The principle of both
instruments;
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
Bearmann Funnel
• The difference;
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
M in 20 0 9 56
The Effect of Abiotic Factors on Population
Factors Effect
pH
temperature
humidity
light
intensity
Biodiversity
Definition
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
The importance
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
Protista
Kingdoms
......................
Paramecium Yeast
Amoeba Mold
Euglena Mushroom
...................... ...................... ......................

.......................... .......................... ..........................
.......................... .......................... ..........................
.......................... .......................... ..........................
M in 20 0 9 57
Classification of Organisms
Kingdom 1. Why does an organisms must be

K
classified?
Phyllum ..................................................
P
..................................................
..................................................
Class C
..................................................
Order O 2. Why does the Latin language is

used for naming the species?
Family F
..................................................
G ..................................................
Genus ..................................................
..................................................
S
Species
Category Housefly Human Corn / Maize Rat
Kingdom Animalia Animalia Plantae Animalia
Phyllum Arthropoda Chordata Trachaeophyta Chordata
Class Insecta Mamalia Angiospermae Mamalia
Order Diptera Primate Glumnifloflorae Rodentia
Family Muscidae Homonidae Maydeae Muroidae
Genus Musca Homo Zea Rattus
Species domestica sapiens mays rattus
Law of scientific names — Linnaeus Binomial System

• Species has two names - genus + species.
• Genus begins with capital letter and species all small letter.
• Written in italics (usually in printing) or underline (usually in hand writing).
Local name Printing Hand writing
Toad (katak puru) Bufo melanogaster Bufo melanogaster
Cockroach (lipas rumah) Periplaneta americana Periplaneta americana
Durian Durio zibethinus Durio zibethinus
M in 20 0 9 58
The Impact of Microorganisms

Fungi & Algae
Fungi Algae
................................................................... ...................................................................
................................................................... ...................................................................
................................................................... ...................................................................
................................................................... ...................................................................
................................................................... ...................................................................
................................................................... ...................................................................
................................................................... ...................................................................
................................................................... ...................................................................
Bacteria & Virus
1. Label the bacteria structures. 2. Label the virus structures.

Label — capsule, cell wall, flagella, Label — capsid dan nucleic acid (genetic
cytoplasm and genetic material-DNA/RNA. material-DNA/RNA)
4
1
3 6
7
1 – binary fission-bacteria, 2 – Streptococcus, 3 – flagella-bacteria, 4 – bakteriofaj,

5 – budding-yis, 6 – tobacco mosaic virus, 7 – bacteria spore.
M in 20 0 9 59
Ca Coccus Spirillum
ps diplococcus,
ul streptococcus,
e
N (s staphilococcus
Fl
o po
ag
sp r e) Aerobic
el
ec
Respiration
-p
la
Bacillus Vibrio
ifi ro
ed
–m
te
or
ct
ov
io
ga
em
shapes
n Anaerobic
ne
en
lle
t
Nutrition
- auxotroph, parasite & Bacteria
saprophyte &
it ion
tr
o nu
e
n
ca +
–n
an
sio
ly in
n)
br
g
fis
og te
in ion
em
tid ro
liv irat
ry
ep p
-
m
na
n sp
(p l –
No re
bi
no
e al
–
-
NA
oduce in
rid w
n
Living – repr
o
l
D
ha el
ti
s-
.
host cell only
cc C
c
u
du
le
ro
uc
ite
ep
sa
s Ou
R
ly
ra
po
a t er
lp ho
Al st
st
c ell
le
—
Nucleic acid
DNA – attack animals

(DNA/RNA)
al
Capsid (protein) +
RNA – attack plants be

sm
reminder co
*
m
e
e
Th
cr
ys
Don’t use short form ta
lliz
in answering the e
examination and test.
Protozoa
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Amoeba
Moves and captures its prey
by using pseudopodium
(false leg) also known as
phagocytosis.
Antibiotic effect
A substances produces by
microorganism to stunned/
stop/kill other microbe.
Based on picture-the effect
are vary.
M in 20 0 9 60
Experiment—handling microbe

Precaution—experiment involving microbe
In experiment involving microorganisms, apparatus must be free from microbe (sterile) to
prevent contamination and the validity of an experiment. Several precautions and steps have
to be taken during experiment;
1. Wash your hand using antiseptic before and after the experiment.
2. Table is cleaned by using antiseptic before and after the experiment.
3. Food not allowed in the lab.
4. Clean with antiseptic if the microbe culture is spilled.
5. After the experiment, wash all apparatus with antiseptic.
6. Don’t throw agar medium into the bin or sink. Discard by using antiseptic or burning.
The formation of colony (spot)
Term/scale used to describe the growth of microorganisms

Cloudy — clear, light & heavy
Numbers of colony — 2, 3, 4, ....
Size of colony — measure the diameter
1. Agars is used in experiment involving microbes which

contain agar and nutrient. What is the initial colour of
agars? What happens after the microbe colonize (growing)
in the agar?
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
2. The agars need to be sterile (free from microbe) before

the experiment. Why?
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
M in 20 0 9 61
Experiment— growing microbe

1. Wash your thumb.
2. Press (gently) the agar using your thumb.
3. Mark your thumb and group members on Petri dish.
4. Overturned the Petri dish and store in dark place.
5. Live for 3 days and record the result—numbers, size and colour of the colony.
Practice
Experiment was carried out by growing the bacteria Bacillus subtilis (round and white colony)
inside Petri dish which contain nutrient agar under different condition. Numbered of colony are
measured after 24 hours.
Temperature factor
Petri dish A Petri dish B Petri dish C
o o
5 C 37 C 60 oC
Condition (refrigerator) (oven) (oven)
Result
Observation
(state)
1. State the inference for the observation in:

i. Petri dish A ...................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
ii. Petri dish B ...................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
2. State the variables:
i. manipulated ...................................................................................................
ii. responding ...................................................................................................
iii. constant ...................................................................................................
3. State two hypothesis for this experiment.
i. .................................................................................................................................
ii. .................................................................................................................................
4. What the meaning of growth based on this experiment (defining operationally).
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
M in 20 0 9 62
Useful Microorganisms
1. What are the role of bacteria and protozoa in the alimentary canal of ruminant?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
2. “Microorganisms helps the human digestion system”. Explain this statement.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
3. Sate the role of Trichonympha in the alimentary canal of termite.
.........................................................................................................................................
Denitrifying bacteria
Animals
absorb by...
death &
waste SOIL
Organism P
Organism Q
Bacteria Z
Bacteria X Bacteria Y
4. a. Complete the diagram above.

b. Name the:
i. Bacretia X ..............................................................
ii. Bacteria Y ..............................................................
iii. Bacteria Z ..............................................................
c. Give two example of organism Q and their role.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
d. What are the importance of nitrogen cycle to the human being?
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
M in 20 0 9 63
Harmful Microorganisms

Pathogens Disease Method of transmission Signs and symptoms
Protozoa Malaria Vector. Anopheles sp. mosquito High fever, violent shiv-
(Plasmodium sp.) ering profuse sweating.
Virus Dengue fever Vector: Aedes sp. mosquito Fever with severe body
pain and rashes over
parts of the body.
Bacterium Cholera 1. by drinking water or eating Profuse and watery di-
(Vibrio cholerae) food contaminated with the arrhea, vomiting and leg
cholera bacterium. cramps.
2. faeces of an infected person.
3. inadequate sewage treat- Rapid loss of body fluids
ment and improper treat- leads to dehydration and
ment of drinking water. shock.
Fungi Ringworm Contagious and is spread through Rashes on the body

(Tinea corporis) infected pets or through direct which look like red circular
contact with infected individuals. lesions with a scaly bor-
der. These infected areas
may be itchy.
Bacteria related Food poisoning Contamination of cooked food Diarrhea, nausea, chills,
food poisoning is and inappropriate handling and vomiting and fever within
the most common preparation of food. 12 to 24 hours.
for example,
Salmonella sp.
Human Acquired Immune 1. Unprotected sex with an in- People with AIDS often
Immunodefi- Deficiency Syn- fected partner. suffer diseases of the
ciency drome (AIDS) 2. Blood transfusion from an lungs, brain, eyes and
Virus (HIV) infected person. other vital organs along
3. Transmission from a preg- with debilitating weight
nant mother to an unborn loss and diarrhea.
child.
4. Contaminated syringes, nee-
dles or other piercing instru-
ments.
Coronavirus Severe acute respi- Through the respiration droplets High fever (body tem-
ratory released into the air when an perature of more than
Syndrome (SARS) infected person coughs or 38.0 °C (100.4 °F).
is a viral respiratory sneezes.
illness After two to seven days,
SARS patients may de-
velop a dry cough. Most
patients develop pneumo-
nia.
Viruses Hepatitis A by contaminated food or water Jaundice, inflammation
and personal contact. of the liver, fever, fatigue,
diminished appetite, nau-
Hepatitis B contaminated sea and abdominal pains.
blood or needles, as well as
sexually Severe - lead to liver
cancer, liver failure, and
eventually death.
M in 20 0 9 64
Controlling Pathogen—Sterilization

Meaning ........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Method Explanation
Antibiotics
Antiseptics
Disinfectants
Autoclave Heated over 120 oC to kill microbe and bacteria spore.

In medical use-sterilized the instruments.
Microorganism in Biotechnology
Production of Vaccine
Mikroorganism ..............................................................................................................
Role ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
Production of Antibiotic
Mikroorganism ..............................................................................................................
Role ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
Cleaning Oil Spills
Mikroorganism .............................................................................................................
Role ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
Waste Treatment
Mikroorganism ..............................................................................................................
Role ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
Food Processing
Mikroorganism ..............................................................................................................
Role ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
Bioplastic (biodegradable) Industry
Mikroorganism ..............................................................................................................
Role ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
Production of Energy from Biomass-biogas & biofuel
Mikroorganism ..............................................................................................................
Role ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
M in 20 0 9 65
ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM

The effect of unplanned
management
Soil erosion Extinction of species Global warming
Flash flood Deforestation Climate change
Landslides Thinning ozone layer
air Water
Pollution
noise Thermal
Group Project—Presentation
Topic (one topic for each group) Using search engine (Google
1. Soil erosion & landslides. & Ms Internet Explorer)
2. Flash flood.
3. Air pollution.
Searching for text /
4. Water pollution & eutrophication.
5. Thermal pollution & radioactive pollution. document.
6. Global warming & climate change.
7. Thinning of ozone layer. • Key in key word, pres Enter.
8. Deforestation and extinction of species. • Click on link you want or
Right click, Open in New
Format of presentation — computer & booklet Window.
1. Introduction (meaning) • Save file— File, Save as...
2. Example (local / global) • Press Back Button to go to
3. Source
previous page.
4. Effect
5. Steps taken to overcome the problem.
Searching for picture.
6. Closing (conclusion)
NOTE : use picture in presentation & booklet. • Click on Images.

• Key in key word, pres Enter.
Search Engine • Click on picture you want or
www.yahoo.com Right click, Open in New
www.altavista.com Window.
www.google.com • Right click on picture you
want, Save Picture As...
Useful key word for internet searching • Saving / downloading.
soil erosion, flood, eutrofication, water pollution, air pollution, • Press Back Button to go to
thermal pollution, global warming, green house effect, climate, previous page.
world’s climate, el nino, la nina, deforestation, endangered
species.
M in 20 0 9 66
Type of hu- Causes (sources) Effect Ways to prevent
man activities
M in 20 0 9
Soil erosion &
landslide
Flash flood
Thermal
67
pollution
Notes— based on presentation
Deforestation
Extinction of
species

The effect of polluted substances

Pollutants Source Effect to the living things
Heavy metal
Smoke &
haze
(jerebu)
Carbon
Fossil fuel burning
monoxide
Oxides of
Fossil fuel burning
sulphur
Oxides of
nitrogen
Nuclear power
Radioative
plant
Water borne
mikro-
organism
Chemical
Agriculture
fertilizer
Pesticides
(racun Agriculture
perosak)
Global Warming—Green House Effect

Causes / source
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
How it happen?
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Effect
1 .........................................................................................................................................
2 .........................................................................................................................................
3 .........................................................................................................................................
4 .........................................................................................................................................
M in 20 0 9 68
infrared red (heat) reflected to Ways to prevent

space
1 ..................................................................
..................................................................
CO2 absorbed the reflected
ray (heat) 2 ..................................................................
..................................................................
3 ..................................................................
..................................................................
Atmosphere EARTH 4 ..................................................................

..................................................................
Acid Rain
NO2 gas
Formation of acid rain—chemical equation
Causes / source of acid rain gaseous

.......................................................................
Nitrogen dioxide + water —> Nitric acid
.......................................................................
Effects
NO gas
1 ..................................................................
Nitrogen monoxide + water —> Nitrous
acid + water —> Nitric acid ..................................................................
2 ..................................................................
..................................................................
SO2 gas
3 ..................................................................
Sulphur dioxide + water —> Sulphuric ..................................................................
acid 4 ..................................................................
..................................................................
Thinning The Ozone Layer

Note : high intensity of ultra violet light will damage DNA/nucleus/cells.
Source of CFC
Formation of ozone
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
oxygen molecule + oxygen atom —> Ozone
Effects
Destruction—by CFC
1 ..................................................................
CFC (strike by UV ray)—-> chlorine atom ..................................................................
2 ..................................................................
Ozone + chlorine atom (CFC)
..................................................................
—> oxygen molecule + chlorine monoxide
3 ..................................................................
Chlorine monoxide + oxygen atom —> ..................................................................
oxygen molecule + chlorine atom 4 ..................................................................
..................................................................
M in 20 0 9 69
Ways to prevent thinning of ozone layer

1 .........................................................................................................................................
2 .........................................................................................................................................
3 .........................................................................................................................................
4 .........................................................................................................................................
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Definition
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Relationship with dissolved oxygen level
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Eksperiment-measuring BOD value

• Blue methylene will decolorises in a sort time due to low
level of dissolved oxygen where the oxygen usage by
microbe is high.
• This means the BOD value is high.
• The increase usage of oxygen will reduce the oxygen level
and increase the BOD value. [O2 È — BOD Ç]
The effect of high BOD value to aquatic organism.

..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Eutrophication occur due to the sudden increase of algae population

and increased the BOD value (low level of dissolved oxygen).
Explain that phenomena. [algae is producing oxygen trough photosynthesis]

..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Why the presence of organic waste or fertilizer will increase the BOD value?
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
M in 20 0 9 70
Steps for Maintaining Stable Environment

Why environment need to be maintained in stable condition?
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Steps
Implementation Education The use of Preservation and Biological The use of

of lows technology conservation of control renewable
the environment energy
Concept of 4 R Land-Water- The efficient

Recycle-Reuse-Reduce-Renew Forest-Mangrove use energy
Technology-Prevention of Pollution
1. Palm oil waste

• Converted into organic fertilizer (baja kompos).
• Breakdown by mikroorganism for production of methane.
• Used in palm oil plant to generate electricity.
2. Exhaust filter
• Complete the combustion of fuel by converting/changing carbon monoxide and other
hidrocarbons into carbon dioxide and water.
3. Funnel filter (penapis cerobong)

• Filters the acid rain gaseous such as nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen monoxide and sulfur
dioxide.
4. Fuel
• Using unleaded petrol.
• Using natural gas and biofuel.
5. Recycle
• Metal, paper and glass.
6. Modern equipments
• To detect the source and level of pollution.
M in 20 0 9 71

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LEARNING MODULE

LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4

TERMS, AFFIXES & SUFFIXES

Gastro (stomach) a, an, ar (without) hypo (low)

LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4

Cell wall (plant)

1. Controls all the activities inside the cell.

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Has a plasma membrane and no cell wall.

Food is stored in form of glycogen. Food is stored in form of starch.

The Density of Organelle

Produce energy for contraction and relaxation of

Heart muscle Produce energy for contraction and relaxation of

LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4

1. Cell specialisation is ...................................................................................................

Cell organisation (animal—digestive system)

Cell Tissue Organ System

LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4

Cell organisation (plant—stem)

Meristematic tissue Epidermal tissue

Regulating the Internal Environment

Temperature Osmosis pressure

Internal Environment of Cell Respiration

pH Concentration of minerals Concentration of glucose

LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4

Concentration of Environment with higher concentration (hypertonic) will caused water to

The increase or decrease of pH will caused enzyme to denatured.

LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4

Substances Function (the importance to the cell)

Glucose Source of energy.

Structure of Plasma Membrane

1. Why substances need to move (in or out) the plasma membrane?

LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4

Because its molecule is small enough to pass

Based on the structure of plasma membrane, why it selectively permeable?

LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4

Cell condition Normal

Cell condition Normal

Shape of Outer layer

Based on the table above, make a conclusion about osmosis?

1. Compare the passive transport and active transport.

Passive Transport Active Transport

LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4

Tube N Tube M Tube N Tube M

LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4

Nitrogen Synthesis of protein, nucleic acid and organic compounds.

Protein Formation of plasma membrane and cell growth.

LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4

Glucose Starch / Glycogen hydrolysis condensation

Lactose (milk sugar) - Polymer

1. Elements that made up protein are .............................................................................

Amino acid DON’T MEMORISE

Types protein based on function

Group The role inside body

Level of protein structure & examples

1. Elements that made up lipid are ........................................................................................

Type Location and function

Differences of saturated fat and unsaturated fat

LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4

4. Four characteristics of enzyme:

LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4

The rate of reaction

Effect of enzyme concentration Effect of substrate concentration