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Irrigation Engineering

Indus Basin Irrigation System

1.History:
The Indus Valley has been the host to one of the most ancient civilization of human history, the
Indus Valley Civilization. After the extinction of the Indus Civilization, new settlements
especially in doabs grew slowly. New irrigation systems started to evolve. Inundation canals and
small dams were constructed and population grew all around this area. In order to reduce the
occurrence of low irrigation water supply the British authorities, towards the middle of the last
century, started modernizing and expanding the irrigation system of the Indus Basin.

The Almighty Allah has gifted Pakistan with abundant water resources with water flowing down
the Himalayas and Karrakurram heights from the world's largest glaciers , a free and unique
bounty of nature for this land of alluvial plains. As a result of this natural resource, today we
have the worlds marvelous and the largest contiguous irrigation system that currently irrigates
over 16 million hectares of land, out of 34 million hectares of cultivable lands available. This
land lies within the plains formed by river Indus and its tributaries. Britishers started the
barrage irrigation system during 1930s. However, before that the residents of Punjab, Sindh,
and Frontier had constructed a number of inundation canals to irrigate their lands. In the
Punjab, 38 such canals had been taken out of Sutlej, Indus, and Chenab rivers to irrigate areas
around Bari Doab Multan, Muzaffargarh, and Dera Ghazi Khan. In Sindh, water level of the
Indus during summer had always been higher than the surrounding lands, thus, 16 inundation
canals in this area had conveniently carried out the irrigation water during past century.
However, British Army Engineers undertook construction and improvement of several irrigation
canals in the sub- continent. Subsequently, remodeling/construction work on Bari Doab Canal;
Sidhnai Canal, Lower Sohag, Ramnagar Canal, Lower Jhelum Canal, Kabul Canal, and Lower
Sawat were completed by the end of l9th century. However, at the time of independence
country had 29 canals to provide regulated supply to an area of about 11 million hectares,
beside an area of about 3.2 million hectares irrigated through inundation canals leading from
Indus and its tributaries. These main inundation canals included Upper Sutlej, Lower Sutlej,
Shahpur, and Chenab in Punjab; whereas, Rohri, Fuleli, Pinyari, and Kalri in Sindh. However,
after the construction of barrages these canals are no more inundation canals but get regulated
water supply and some of them have become perennial while few are nonperennial.

2.Water Ability of the IBIS

There are three main sources of water availability in the Indus Basin:

2.A .Surface Water. The average annual flow of Western Rivers of Indus Basin is approximately
142 million acre feet (MAF). About 105 MAF of this water is diverted for irrigation purposes and
about 32 million acre feet outflows to the Arabian Sea.

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2. B. Rain Water:
Another source of water is the rain fall. Irrigated areas of Indus Basin receive on average 40
million acres feet of water annually.

2.C. Ground Water:

The third source of water is the ground water. It provides approximately 40 percent of crop
water requirements of the country.

3.Schematic Diagram of IBIS:

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3.1 KEY FACTS AND FIGURES/ SALIENT FEATURES:

1. No. major reservoirs: 3

(Chashma, Mangla, and Tarbela)

2. No. of Barrages: 16
(Sulemanki, Islam, Balloki, Marala, Trimmu, Punjnad, Sukkur, Kotri, Taunsa, Guddu,
Chashma,Jinnah , Sidhnai, Rasul, Qadirabad, and Marala)

3. No. of Headwork’s: 2

(Mangla & Khanki Headwork’s)

4. No. of Interlink Canal: 12

5. No. of Canal Irrigation System: 44
6. Water Diverted to Canals: 105 MAF
7. Water extracted from Ground: 42 MAF
8. Average escapage to sea: 32 MAF
9. No. of watercourses: 107,000
10. Length of Canals: 585000 Km
11. No. of Tube wells: >700000
12. Canal Irrigated Area: 36 million Acre

4.Barrages in Pakistan
An artificial bar or obstruction placed in a river or water course to increase the depth of water
so that water can be diverted to canals is called barrage.

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Key Data/ Salient Features:

4.1JINNAH BARRAGE
Year of Completion 1946
Location & River on which its constructed Kalabagh, Indus river
Design Discharge 950,000 cusecs
Left 1
No. off Taking Canals
Right -
Length 3781 ft
No. of bays 42
No. of under Sluices 1
Crest level 678.0 .P.D

4.2 GHAZI BARRAGE

Year of Completion 2002
Location & River on which its constructed Ghazi, Indus river
Design Discharge 500,000 cusecs
Left 1
No. off Taking Canals
Right -
Length -
No. of bays 20
No. of under Sluices 1
Crest level 332.2 m

4.3 CHASHMA BARRAGE

Year of Completion 1971

Location & River on which its constructed Chashma Mianwali, Indus river
Design Discharge 1.1 million cusecs
Left 1
No. off Taking Canals
Right 1
Length 3556 ft
No. of bays 52
No. of under Sluices 2
Crest level 622.0 .P.D

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4.4 TAUNSA BARRAGE

Year of Completion 1959
Location & River on which its constructed Near Taunsa Sharif, Indus river
Design Discharge 750000 cusecs
Left 2
No. off Taking Canals
Right 2
Length 4346 ft
No. of bays 53
No. of under Sluices 2
Crest level 428.0 .P.D

4.5 GUDDU BARRAGE

Year of Completion 1962
Location & River on which its constructed Kashmore, Indus river
Design Discharge 1.2 million cusecs
Left 2
No. off Taking Canals
Right 3
Length 4445 ft
No. of bays 64
No. of under Sluices 2
Crest level 236.0 .P.D

4.6 SUKKUR BARRAGE

Year of Completion 1932

Location & River on which its constructed Near Sukkur, Indus river
Design Discharge 1.5 million cusecs
Left 4
No. off Taking Canals
Right 3
Length 4725 ft
No. of bays 66
No. of under Sluices 2
Crest level 177.0 S.P.D

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4.7 KOTRI BARRAGE (GHULAM MUHAMMAD BARRAGE)

Year of Completion 1955

Location & River on which its constructed Near Hydraabad Indus river
Design Discharge 875000 cusecs
Left 3
No. off Taking Canals
Right 1
Length 2984 ft
No. of bays 44
No. of under Sluices 2
Crest level 48.0 .P.D

4.8 MARRALA BARRAGE

Year of Completion 1968
Location & River on which its constructed Sialkot, Chenab river
Design Discharge 1.1 million cusecs
Left 2
No. off Taking Canals
Right -
Length 4472.33 ft
No. of bays 66
No. of under Sluices 1
Crest level 800.0 .P.D

4.9 QUADIRABAD BARRAGE

Year of Completion 1967

Location & River on which its constructed Hafizabad, Chenab river
Design Discharge 900,000 cusecs
Left 1
No. off Taking Canals
Right -
Length 3373 ft
No. of bays 50
No. of under Sluices 1
Crest level 684.50 .P.D

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4.10 TRIMMU BARRAGE

Year of Completion 1939
Location & River on which its constructed Near Jhang, Chenab river
Design Discharge 645000 cusecs
Left 2
No. off Taking Canals
Right 1
Length 3025 ft
No. of bays 37
No. of under Sluices 2
Crest level 477.50 .P.D

4.11 PUNJNAD BARRAGE

Year of Completion 1932
Location & River on which its constructed Muzafffargarh, Chenab River
Design Discharge 700000 cusecs
Left 2
No. off Taking Canals
Right -
Length 3400 ft
No. of bays 47
No. of under Sluices 1
Crest level 325.0 .P.D

4.12 RASUL BARRAGE

Year of Completion 1967

Location & River on which its constructed Jhelum river
Design Discharge 850000 cusecs
Left 2
No. off Taking Canals
Right -
Length 3209 ft
No. of bays 42
No. of under Sluices 1
Crest level 703.0 .P.D

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4.13 SULAIMANKI BARRAGE

Year of Completion 1926

Location & River on which its constructed Sutlej river
Design Discharge 325000 cusecs
Left 2
No. off Taking Canals
Right 1
Length 2223 ft
No. of bays 24
No. of under Sluices 2
Crest level 560.0 .P.D

4.14 ISLAM BARRAGE

Year of Completion 1927

Location & River on which its constructed Hasilpur,Sutlej river
Design Discharge 300000 cusecs
Left 2
No. off Taking Canals
Right -
Length 1621 ft
No. of bays 29
No. of under Sluices 1
Crest level 435.50 – 441.00 S.P.D

4.15 BALLOKI BARRAGE

Year of Completion 1965
Location & River on which its constructed Ravi river
Design Discharge 225000 cusecs
Left 2
No. off Taking Canals
Right -
Length 1646.5 ft
No. of bays 35
No. of under Sluices 1
Crest level 624.50 .P.D

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4.16 SIDHNAI BARRAGE

Year of Completion 1965

Location & River on which its constructed Ravi river
Design Discharge 150000 cusecs
Left 2
No. off Taking Canals
Right -
Length 712 ft
No. of bays 15
No. of under Sluices 1
Crest level 454.0 .P.D

4.17 MAILSI BARRAGE

Year of Completion 1964

Location & River on which its constructed Near Mailsi, Sutluj river
Design Discharge 429000 cusecs
Left 2
No. off Taking Canals
Right -
Length 1601 ft
No. of bays 24
No. of under Sluices 1
Crest level 415.50 S.P.D

4.18 KHANKI HEAD WORKS

Year of Completion 1891

Location & River on which its constructed Near Mailsi, Sutluj river
Design Discharge 800000 cusecs
Left 1
No. off Taking Canals
Right -
Length 4600 ft
No. of bays 6
No. of under Sluices 1
Crest level 726.5 – 727.0 S.P.D

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5.Salient Feature of off- taking canals from barrages

5.1BALLOKI SULMANKI LINK CANAL (BS LINK CANAL)
Year of Completion 1951
Design Discharge 18500 cusecs
Length
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Balloki Barrage)
Link Ravi to Sutluj
Location of area District pakpattan,Depalpur etc

5.2LOWER BARI DOAB CANAL (LBDC CANAL)

Year of Completion 1859
Design Discharge 7000 cusecs
Length 804.6 CM
Off –taking Location Left bank canal (Balloki Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 659000acres 0.27 mHa
Location of area Sahiwal, Multan Distt

5.3SIDHNAI CANAL
Year of Completion 1886
Design Discharge 4005 cusecs
Length 36.4CM
Off-taking Location Left bank canal (sidhnai Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 1017000acres 0.41 mHa
Location of area Multan, Vehari Distt.

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5.4SIDHNAI MAILSI BAHAWAL LINK CANAL

Year of Completion 1965
Design Discharge 10100cusecs
Length 60CM
Off-taking location Left bank canal (sidhnai Barrage)
Link Ravi to Sutluj
Location of area District Bahawalpur,Lodharan

5.5 UPPER CHENAB CANAL (UCC)

Year of Completion 1912
Design Discharge 16500cusecs
Length 42.8CM
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Marala Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 1441000acres 0.58 mHa
Location of area Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura Distt.

5.6MARALA RAVI LINK CANAL (MR LINK CANNAL)

Year of Completion 1956
Design Discharge 22000cusecs
Length 189.9CM
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Marala Barrage)
Link Chenab to Ravi
Location of area Sialkot,Narowall, Lahore etc

5.7LOWER CHENAB CANAL (LCC)

Year of Completion 1892
Design Discharge 11727 cusecs
Length 155.9CM (canal mile)
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Khanki headworks)
Area to be irrigated 3054000 acres 1.24 mHa
Location of area Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Faisalabad Distt.

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5.8QUADIRABAD BALLOKI LINK CANAL (QB LINK CANAL)

Year of Completion 1967
Design Discharge 18600cusecs
Length 104CM
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Quadirabad Barrage)
Link Chenab to Ravi
Location of area Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Faisalabad Distt.

5.9TRIMMU SIDHNAI LINK CANAL (TS LINK CANAL)

Year of Completion 1965
Design Discharge 11000 cusecs
Length 44CM
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Trimmu Barrage)
Link Chenab to Ravi
Location of area Muzaffargarh, Jhang, Multan Distt.

5.10 HAVALI CANAL

Year of Completion 1939
Design Discharge 5242cusecs
Length 36.4CM
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Trimmu Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 1166000acres 0.47 mHa
Location of area Muzaffargarh, Jhang, Multan Distt.

5.11 RANGPUR CANAL

Year of Completion 1939
Design Discharge 2710 cusecs
Length 138.2CM
Off-taking location Righ t bank canal (Trimmu Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 345000acres 0.14 mHa
Location of area Muzaffargarh, Jhang, Multan Distt

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5.12 PUNJNAD CANAL

Year of Completion 1929
Design Discharge 9567 cusecs
Length 57.2 CM
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Punjnad Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 1355000acres 0.55mHa
Location of area Bahawalnagar, Rahim Yar Khan Districts

5.13 ABBASIA CANAL

Year of Completion 1929
Design Discharge 1064cusecs
Length 25.7 CM
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Trimmu Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 154000acres 62323 Ha
Location of area Rahim yar khan,sadiqa abad

5.14 ESTERAN SIADIQIA CANAL

Year of Completion 1926
Design Discharge 4917 cusecs
Length 49 CM
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Sulmanki Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 1052000acres 0.43 mHa
Location of area Bahawalnager, Multan, Sahiwal Districts

5.15 FORDWAH CANAL

Year of Completion 1927
Design Discharge 3366 cusecs
Length 9.2 CM
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Sulmanki Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 428000acres 0.17 mHa
Location of area Bahawalpur, Multan, Sahiwal Districts

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5.16 PAKPATTAN CANAL

Year of Completion 1927
Design Discharge 6950 cusecs
Length 183.1CM
Off-taking location Right bank canal (Sulmanki Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 1049000acres 0.42 mHa
Location of area Bahawalpur, Multan, Sahiwal Districts

5.16 QAIM CANAL

Year of Completion 1927
Design Discharge 538 cusecs
Length 33CM
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Islam Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 1036000acres 0.42 mHa
Location of area Bahawalpur, Mailsi and Vehari Districts

5.17 BAHAWAL CANAL

Year of Completion 1927
Design Discharge 5400cusecs
Length 17.9CM
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Islam Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 730000acres 0.30 mHa
Location of area Mailsi and Vehari Districts

5.18 UPPER JEHLAM CANAL (UJC)

Year of Completion 1915
Design Discharge 7800cusecs
Length 88CM
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Mangla headworks)
Area to be irrigated 544000 acres 0.22 mHa
Location of area Gujrat, Jehlum Distt.

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5.19 RASUL QUADIRABAD LINK CANAL (RQ Link Canal)

Year of Completion 1967
Design Discharge 19000cusecs
Length 30CM
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Rasul Barrage)
Link Jehlum to chenab
Location of area Sargodha, Gujrat Distt

5.20 LOWER JEHLUM CANAL (LJC)

Year of Completion 1901
Design Discharge 6600cusecs
Length 39.4CM
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Rasul Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 1518000acres 0.61 mHa
Location of area Sargodha, Gujrat Distt

5.21 GHAZI BROTHA POWER CANAL

Year of Completion 2002
Design Discharge 75000cusecs
Length 52km
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Ghazi Barrage)
Location of area Ghazi

5.22 THAL CANAL

Year of Completion 1947
Design Discharge 8500cusecs
Length 31.5CM
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Jinnah Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 1912000acres 0.77 mHa
Mianwali, Muzaffargarh, Khushab, Bhakkar,
Location of area
Leiah Distt.

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5.23 CHASHMA JEHLAM LINK CANAL (CJ LINK CANAL)

Year of Completion 1970
Design Discharge 21700cusecs
Length 63CM
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Chashma Barrage)
Link Indus to Jehlam
Location of area D. I. Khan, Provide water for Jehlum river.

5.24 CHASHMA RIGHT BANK CANAL

Year of Completion 1990
Design Discharge 5000 cusecs
Length 90CM
Off-taking location Right bank canal (Chashma Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 0.23 mHa
Location of area D. G. Khan .

5.25 KACHHI CANAL

Year of Completion Under construction
Design Discharge 6000 cusecs
Length 313CM
Off-taking location Right bank canal (Taunsa Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 0.29mHa 713000acres
Location of area Balochishtian

5.26 MUZAFFARGARH CANAL

Year of Completion 1958
Design Discharge 8301cusecs
Length 74.2CM
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Taunsa Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 820000acres 0.33 mHa
Location of area Muzaffargarh Distt

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5.27 TAUNSA PUNJNAD LINK CANAL (TP LINK CANAL)

Year of Completion 1959
Design Discharge 14000 cusecs
Length 38CM
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Taunsa Barrage)
Link Indus to Chenab
Location of area Muzaffargarh Distt

5.28 DERA GHAZI KHAN CANAL

Year of Completion 1958
Design Discharge 8790 cusecs
Length 69CM
Off-taking location Right bank canal (Taunsa Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 906000acres 0.37 mHa
Location of area Muzaffargarh Distt

5.29 PAT FEEDER/CANAL

Year of Completion 1962
Design Discharge 3176 cusecs
Length 106CM
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Guddu Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 380827acres 0.15mHa
Nasirabad and Jafarabad districts of
Location of area
Balochistan.

5.30 DESERT FEEDER/CANAL

Year of Completion 1962
Design Discharge 12945 cusecs
Length
Off-taking location Right bank canal (Guddu Barrage)
Area to be irrigated
Location of area Sukkar, Mirpur, Rohri, Kalat Distt.

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5.31 BEGARI SINDH FEEDER

Year of Completion 1962
Design Discharge 15494 cusecs
Length
Off-taking location Right bank canal (Guddu Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 958857acres 0.39mHa
Location of area Sukkar, Mirpur, Rohri, Kalat Distt.

5.32 GHOTKI FEEDER/CANAL

Year of Completion 1962
Design Discharge 8490 cusecs
Length
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Guddu Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 855231acres 0.35mHa
Location of area Sukkar, Mirpur, Rohri, Kalat Distt.

5.33 EAST NARA CANAL

Year of Completion 1932
Design Discharge 13649cusecs
Length 226CM
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Sukkur Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 2240186acres 0.91mHa
Location of area Hyderabad, Sanghar Distt.

5.34 EAST KHAIRPUR CANAL

Year of Completion 1932
Design Discharge 2096cusecs
Length 10CM
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Sukkur Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 369596acres 0.15mHa
Location of area Hyderabad, Sanghar Distt.

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5.35 ROHRI CANAL

Year of Completion 1932
Design Discharge 10883cusecs
Length
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Sukkur Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 26001213acres 1.1mHa
Location of area Hyderabad, Sanghar Distt.

5.36 DADU CANAL

Year of Completion 1932
Design Discharge 3150cusecs
Length 131.1CM
Off-taking location Right bank canal (Sukkur Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 550963acres 0.22mHa
Location of area Hyderabad, Sanghar Distt.

5.37 RICE CANAL

Year of Completion 1932
Design Discharge 10658cusecs
Length 81CM
Off-taking location Right bank canal (Sukkur Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 519660acres 0.21mHa
Location of area Hyderabad, Sanghar Distt.

5.38 WEST KHAIRPUR CANAL

Year of Completion 1932
Design Discharge 1940cusecs
Length 24CM
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Sukkur Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 322000acres 0.13mHa
Location of area Hyderabad, Sanghar Distt.

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5.39 NORTH WEST CANAL

Year of Completion 1932
Design Discharge 5152cusecs
Length 36CM
Off-taking location Right bank canal (Sukkur Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 940014acres 0.38mHa
Location of area Hyderabad, Sanghar Distt.

5.40 KALRI BAGHAR CANAL (FEEDER)

Year of Completion 1955
Design Discharge 9075 cusecs
Length 5761m
Off-taking location Right bank canal (Kotri Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 603741acres 0.24mHa
Hyderabad, Sanghar, Nawabshah, Badin,
Location of area
Mirpur Distt.

5.41 PHUELLELI CANAL (FEEDER)

Year of Completion 1955
Design Discharge 14350cusecs
Length
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Kotri Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 929358acres 0.38mHa
Hyderabad, Sanghar, Nawabshah, Badin,
Location of area
Mirpur Distt.

5.42 PINYARI CANAL (FEEDER)

Year of Completion 1955
Design Discharge 13000 cusecs
Length
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Kotri Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 786353acres 0.32mHa
Hyderabad, Sanghar, Nawabshah, Badin,
Location of area
Mirpur Distt.

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5.43 AKRAM WAH CANAL (FEEDER)

Year of Completion 1955
Design Discharge 4100cusecs
Length
Off-taking location Left bank canal (Kotri Barrage)
Area to be irrigated 487347acres 0.20mHa
Hyderabad, Sanghar, Nawabshah, Badin,
Location of area
Mirpur Distt.

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References:
I. Barrages & Dams in Pakistan
By DR. Izharul Haq (Secretary Pak. Engg. Congress)
II. www.southasianmedia.net
III. www.scribd.com/doc/25280380/Irrigation-Engineering-Part-3
IV. www.pakistaniat.com/2006/10/30/punjab-link-canal-irrigation/
V. www.magazine.com.pk/travel/pakistan.php?ss=&page=irrigation
VI. www.sida.org.pk/areawaterboard/default.asp
VII. www.rohri.net/sukkur-barrage.htm

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