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א
אא
EF
١٦٧
١٦٧ א
EFאא אאא
W،،אא،א
א א א אא א א א א
אאא،אאאאאא
אאאאא
אWאאאאאא
K אא
אאאאאאא
א ،א אא
אאאאאאאא،
א א ،א אא
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א אא،א
Kאא،א
א? ? EF א א ? א א
א א אא א א א ?
Kא
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Kאאאאא
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Kא
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EFאא אאא
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אאאאאKאאאאאא
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אא Kאאאאאא
אא א،אאאאאאא
א א אKאאאאא
אאא
אאא Kאא
אאאאKאאאאא
אאאאאאא
אאWאאKאאאאאא
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א אא ،א א ،אא א אא א
א א K א א א א א
Kאאאאאאאאאא
١٦٧ א
EFאא אאא
אאאא
אאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאKאא
אאאאא Kאא
אאאאאאאאא
WאאKאא
אEאאFאאאאאאאא J
KאאאK
Kאאאאאאאא J
Kאאאאאא J
Kאאאאא J
Kאאאאא J
،א،אאא J
Kאאאאאא
Kאאאא J
אאאאאאאאאא J
Kאאאאאא
א א אאא J
Kאאא
אא אאאאא
Kא
Kאאאאאאאא J
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EFאא אאא
אא
א א א אא א א א
אאא א א א א
א אאאKא
WKאאאא
KאאאWאא .١
אאאWא .٢
Kאאאא
אאאאWא א.٣
K
אKאאאאW א.٤
Kאא
א א W א א.٥
Kאאא Kא
א א Wא א .٦
א א א א Kא א
אאאא
K א א
Kאאאא
١٦٧ א
EFאא אאא
א
Wאא
Wא
Wא
Wא
EאאאFאא
Wא
Wא
א
؟אאאא
؟א
؟
א
؟אאא
؟אאKא
EZאאFאא
Wא
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
Wאא
Wא
Wא
EFאא
אאא
אאא
١
אא ١٦٧ א
אאא EFאא אאא
K،אאאאאאWאא
Wאא
Kאאאאאא J
Kאאאאאאאאאא J
Kאאאאאאאאאאא J
Kאאאאאא J
١٢Wאאא
KE١١٠FאאאWאא
-١-
אא ١٦٧ א
אאא EFאא אאא
אK١
אאא J
(gm/cm3) ٣ L dK אאWאא
W
m
d =
v
Kאvm
אאאא J
Wאאא
KEpyknometerאF K١
K١٠٠ K٢
Kא K٣
KEFא K٤
Wאא
Kאאאא K١
Kw1א K٢
EאאאאFאאאאא K٣
KאאKאא
Kאאאאאא אK٤
Kאאאא K٥
Kw2، א K٦
Kאאאאאא K٧
EאאWF
Wאא
אVא،w3 = w2- w1w3א
Wא
٣L W3 Zא
V
-٢-
אא ١٦٧ א
אאא EFאא אאא
J
Wאאא
KK٣KאK٢KK١
Wאא
Kwgאאאאאא K١
Wאא K٢
K٣v1אאאא J
K٣v2אאאאא J
Wא
Kv =v2-v1 Wאא J
wg
٣
L
v Zאא
-٣-
אא ١٦٧ א
אאא EFאא אאא
Viscometerאאאאא K٢
Wא
Kאא
אאאא
אKאא،אאא
Kאאאא
Wא
L١٢١אאאא
K١אא
Wא
πr 4 f
η = t ×
8 vl
אW r ،א l :،אאW f ،אאW t W
KאאW v ،א
E2FאE1Fאאאא
t1 , t 2
η1 f 1t1
∴
η =
2
f 2t2
πr 4
WאK
8 vl אא
f = g ×d ×h
KאאW h ،אW d ،אאW g
Wאאא
η1 g × d1 × h t1 t1 × d1
= × =
η2 g × d2 × h t 2 t 2 × d2
η1 t1 × d1
∴ η = t × d
2 2 2
-٤-
אא ١٦٧ א
אאא EFאא אאא
אאאאאא
Kאאאא
Wאאאאא
KאאאאK١
KאאאK٢
KאK٣
Wאא
Kאא K١
٣١٥F K٢
א،אאאאאE
Kאאאאאאא
KאאKאאאאא K٣
אאאאאא K٤
KאאאאאKאא
KEאאאFאא K٥
Kאא K٦
Kאאא K٧
Wאא
Kאאאאאא J
אאאא J
אאאאKאא
Wא
η2 Lpoise
о
אא
10.06 20
8.93 25
8.00 30
7.20 35
Kpoise אW
-٥-
אא ١٦٧ א
אאא EFאא אאא
אא K٣
Wא
אא
W،،אאא
W
PV = nRT = RT
M
W
א WP
א WV
א WW
אא WM
אאא WT
אא WR
Wאאאא
K٢٥٠ K١
K K٢
K K٣
Kא K٤
Kאא،א،אאא K٥
K K٦
K K٧
K٥٠٠ K٨
Kא K٩
Wאא
KW1אאאא J١
Kאאאאא٣א J٢
-٦-
אא ١٦٧ א
אאא EFאא אאא
EאאאFאאאאא J٣
אאTאאא
KKאאא
Kאאאאא J٤
KW2אא J٥
אאאאאאא J٦
KVא
Wא
Wאאאא،אאא J
M = (W2 −PVW1 )RT = (W2 − W1 ×2 )V0.082 × T
-٧-
אא ١٦٧ א
אאא EFאא אאא
אאא K٤
Wא
Wאאאאאא
אאאאZאאאא
W
W?Q?אאא K١
Q=C×W×∆T
Kאאא ∆T ، W،אאא C
Wאא אK٢
Kאאאאאא
Wאא אK٣
Kאאא١אאא
W אK٤
K°١٥אאאא١אאא
Wאאא
Wאא
،T1אאEאFאאאאא١٠٠ J١
KWאאא
אאאאא١٠٠אאא J٢
KT2אאא
-٨-
אא ١٦٧ א
אאא EFאא אאא
Wא
אאאאאאאאZאאאאא
C × W(T2 − T1 ) + 100(T2 − T1 ) = 100(100 − T2 )
100(100 − T2 ) − 100(T2 − T1 )
∴ C = (T2 − T1 )× W cal/k/g
Wאאאא
Wאא
KWאאEא٢٠٠אFא J١
אאאE°٩٠אאFאא J٢
KT1א
KT2אאאא١٠٠א J٣
KT3אאאאאא J٤
Wא
KאאאאאאאZאאאא
CcalWcal (T3 − T2 ) + 100(T3 − T2 )
Cpb = Wpb (T1 − T3 ) Cal/k/g
W
אאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאא
אאאKאאאאא
Kאאאאא
-٩-
אא ١٦٧ א
אאא EFאא אאא
אאאא K٥
Wא
אאאאא
Kאאאאאא
ItA
W =
nF
אAאtאאI
٩٦٥٠٠אאFאאאWnאא
KL
Wאא
Wexp
I % = × 100
Wtheo
אאWexpאאאI%
KאאאאאאאWtheoא
Wאאא
W K١
KEאאFא J
KEאאFאא J
KE1M NiSO4 + 1.5M H2SO4FE1M CuSO4 + 1.5M H2SO4F K٢
K K٣
KEF K٤
K K٥
Wאא
Kאאאאאא J١
Kאאא J٢
Wאאאאאאאא J٣
I = 5, 10, 50, 100 mA/cm2
- ١٠ -
אא ١٦٧ א
אאא EFאא אאא
אEFאאEFא J٤
Kאאא
אאEFאאאאאא J٥
KWexp.אאאא
Wא
W אאאא J
- ١١ -
EFאא
א
א
٢
אא ١٦٧ א
א EFאא א
KאאWאא
Wאא
Kאאא J
Kאאא J
Kאאא J
Kאאאאאא J
١٦Wאאא
אאKאאאאאWאא
Kאא
- ١٢ -
אא ١٦٧ א
א EFאא א
אאא K٦
Wא
Wאא
CH3COOC2H5 + OH- → CH3COO- + C2H5OH
אא،אאא
EaF א אאאאא،אא
Wאאאא
1 x
k = ×
t a (a − x )
אאאxאאאk
Ktא
Wאאא
KE0.05 MFא K١
KE0.05 MFא K٢
KE0.025 MFא K٣
KE0.025 MFא K٤
Kא K٥
Wאאא
K K١
K١٠ K٢
K٥٠ K٣
K K٤
Wאא
، א
٥٠א K١
K٢٥אא،NaOH٥٠א
אאאא K٢
Kא
- ١٣ -
אא ١٦٧ א
א EFאא א
١٠٠א١٠٥א K٣
EאFE0.025 MFHCl١٠
Kא
KE0.025MFNaOHHClא K٤
E٣٠{٢٥{٢٠{١٥{١٠Fאאא K٥
KExFא
Wא
אאאאאHClaא K١
אEa-xFtHClאאאx
Kאאאאא
a ≡10 ml
t/min xNaOH /ml a-x x
a−x
5
10
15
20
25
30
Ka = 0.025 M
x
Wt אא K٢
a−x
K K × a Zא
t 1 אאא K٣
2
1
t 1 =
2 K × a
- ١٤ -
אא ١٦٧ א
א EFאא א
אא K٧
Wא
WאEאFאאא
K2S2O8 + 2KI → 2K2SO4 + I2
אאאאא
א אאא
אאאאאא
אאאאאאאאא
Wאאאא،Pseduo-first orderא
2 .303 a
K = × log
t a−x
Kאאאאאxאאאאa
Wאאא
KE0.2 MFא K١
KE0.005 MFא K٢
KE0.01 M Fא K٣
Kא K٤
K K٥
Wאאא
KEF K١
K K٢
K K٣
K١٠ K٤
K K٥
Kא K٦
K٥٠ K٧
K K٨
- ١٥ -
אא ١٦٧ א
א EFאא א
Wאא
٥٠אE0.2 MFא٥٠א K١
אאאא
Kא
א١٠א٥ K٢
Kאאא٢٠א
אE0.01 MFאאאא K٣
KxאאVtא
E٣٥{٣٠{٢٥{٢٠{١٥{١٠Fאאא K٤
KVtא
١٥٦٠אאא K٥
Kאא،אא
V∞אא١٠ אK٦
Kaאאאא
Wא
אאEtאFVt K١
EaאאאאFV∞x
2.303 V∞
t = × log Wאאאאא
k V∞ − Vt
Wא K٢
V∞ = mL
t/ min Vt V∞-Vt V∞ V∞
log
V∞ − Vt V∞ − Vt
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
- ١٦ -
אא ١٦٧ א
א EFאא א
V∞
KEאאFtאEאאF log א אK٣
V∞ − Vt
Kk אאאאא K٤
slope = k 2.303
W t 1 אK٥
2
t 1 = 0 . 693 k
2
- ١٧ -
אא ١٦٧ א
א EFאא א
אא אK٨
Wא
Wאאא
H2O2 → H2O + ½O2
א،MnO2אא
Kאא
Wאאא
KE0.125 MFH2O2 K١
KE0.05 MFKMnO4 K٢
K (1 M)H2SO4 K٣
KE0.05 gFMnO2 K٤
Wאאא
K٢٥٠ K١
K١٠ K٢
K K٣
K K٤
K٢٥٠ K٥
K K٦
Wאא
K٢٥٠א١٥٠א K١
אאMnO2E٠{٠٥F K٢
Kא
א א ١٠ ٣ K٣
KMnO4 א H2SO4 ١٠
Kא
א א K٤
Kא
- ١٨ -
אא ١٦٧ א
א EFאא א
١٠אאאא K٥
KH2SO4 (1 M)
Wא
H2O2אאא K١
KEa-xF
K(a)אאאE٥Fאא K٢
Wא K٣
a= ml.
t/ min (a-x) a
log
a
(a − x ) (a − x )
a
KEFtEF log אא K٤
(a − x )
WEt1/2FאEkFא K٥
k
slope=
2.303
0 .693
t 12 =
k
- ١٩ -
אא ١٦٧ א
א EFאא א
א K٩
Wא
Wאא
CH3COCH3 + I2 H+
CH2ICOCH3 + HI
אאא
אאאאא،
Kאא
x=kt
Ktאאx
Wאאא
K K١
K٪١٠ K٢
K١ K٣
Kא٠{١ K٤
Kא٪١٠אL٠{٥ K٥
Kא K٦
K K٧
Wאאא
K٢٥ K١
K K٢
K٢٥٠ K٣
K٥٠٠EאF K٤
K K٥
E٢٥،٢٥٠F K٦
- ٢٠ -
אא ١٦٧ א
א EFאא א
Wאא
١٩٠א١٠٢٥Wאא K١
K٢٢٥אא
Kאא٢٥א K٢
١٠אא٢٥א אK٣
KאEאFאאא
KVאאאאאא K٤
KE٣٥{٣٠{٢٥{٢٠{١٥{١٠FE٤{٣Fא K٥
W EV◦Fאאאא K٦
٥٠אא٤٥א٥
KV◦אא٢٥א
Wא
V◦Vx
x ≡ V° − V
Kkאt(V◦-V)אא
V ≡ a
t/min V ≡ a − x Lml V° − V ≡ x /ml
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
- ٢١ -
אא ١٦٧ א
א EFאא א
K١٠
Wא
Wאאא
KBrO3 + 5KBr + 3H2SO4 3Br2 + 3K2SO4 +3H2O
Wאאאאא
O
H
O
H
B
r
B
r
+
3
H
B
r
+
B
r2
B
r
אאאאאא
אאאאאKאאאא
Wא
⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ Rate α
⎝t⎠
Wאאא
− E / RT
Rate = Ae a
Wא،T/KאאאEa،A
1
= A′e
− Ea / RT
t
⎛1⎞
⎜⎝ t ⎟⎠ Z − E a + C
ln
RT
C
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛1⎞
א ⎜ T ⎟ ln ⎜⎝ t ⎟⎠ א
E a
R ⎝ ⎠
Kא
Wאאא
KE0.01 MFK١
E0.08MFאE0.16M)אK٢
Kא
- ٢٢ -
אא ١٦٧ א
א EFאא א
E0.3MFאK٣
KאאK٤
Wאאא
KK١٠٥٠K١
KאK٢
KK٣
KK٤
Wאא
Wאאא٥٠ J١
KאאHאא١٠H١٠
Kא٥אא J٢
אא٢٠אאאא J٣
Kאאאאאא
KE٥٠{٤٠،٣٠Fאאאא J٤
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
Kאא ⎜ T ⎟ ln⎜ t ⎟ אא J٥
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
T K t/ min 1
t
( t)
ln 1 1
T
20 + 273
30 + 273
40 + 273
50 + 273
- ٢٣ -
EFאא
א
א
٣
אא ١٦٧ א
א EFאא א
KאאאאאאאWאא
Wאא
Kאאאא J
Kאאאאא J
Kאאאאא J
Kאאאאאא J
١٦Wאאא
Wאא
Kאאאאאאאא J
EאאאFאא J
- ٢٤ -
אא ١٦٧ א
א EFאא א
אא K١١
Wא
אאאאE∆HFאא
אKאא
אאKאאאא
אאאא، אא
אאאאאאאK
אאאאKאאא
BOH HXKאאא
W
HX + BOH → H2O + BX + ∆H
H+ + X- + B+ + OH- → H2O + B+ + X-
Wאאא
Kא٠{١ J١
Kא٠{١ J٢
Kא٠{١ J٣
Kא٠{١ J٤
Wאאא
Kא J١
K٢٥٠EאF J٢
K٢٥٠ J٣
Wאא
אאKא١٠٠א١٠٠ J١
KETiFאא
KETfFאאאאאאא J٢
Kאאאאא J٣
- ٢٥ -
אא ١٦٧ א
א EFאא א
Wא
אאאאHאאאאZאאא
(
Q = Ccal×Wcal + Csol×Wsol ∆T )
Wcal EאFא אאCsol א אאCcal
Tf אא ∆T EאאFא Wsol א
KאTiאKTi
Wאא
∆H = Q x 100 cal/mol
- ٢٦ -
אא ١٦٧ א
א EFאא א
אא K١٢
אאא J
Wא
אאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאKא
אאאKNO3, NH4Cl, KNO3אאאאאKאא
אאאאאKNa2SO4, KOH, NaOHא
Kאאא
Wאא
KW1אאאא J
K٥אאאאא٢٠٠ J
אאאאNa2SO4NH4ClKNO3٥א J
KEF١٠
KW2אאאאא J
Wא
W?Q?אאא
Q = (Ccal×Wcal+Csol×Wsol) ∆T
אאאא ∆T ,WsolZ EW2-W1),Csol=1
Kאאאאאא
W ∆Η אאא
Q
∆Η = × M(salt) Cal/mol
W(salt)
KאאM(salt)W(salt)
- ٢٧ -
אא ١٦٧ א
א EFאא א
אאא J
Wא
א١٠٠אאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאKא
Kאא١
אאאאאא
Van‘tHoff
∆Η 1
ln S = − R T + const
אאאאא ∆ΗאS
Kאאאאא
Wאאא
K(NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl, KBr, KClW J
K J
Wאאא
K٣٢٢٠אK١
KאK٢
KK٣
KK٤
KאK٥
K٦٠٠K٦
Wאא
Kא٦٠٠א٣٠٠א K١
אאא٥W1א K٢
KEW= W2- W1FאאW2א
- ٢٨ -
אא ١٦٧ א
א EFאא א
א،אאאא٣אא K٣
١אא،אאאא
Kאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאא K٤
KTאאאאא
KTאאE٤Fא K٥
אאאאאא ١א K٦
אאאאאE٥FE٤Fא
Kאא
٥אאא١ K٧
אאאאKא
אאאאאא٢
W K
W × 1000
S=
V × M salt
Wאאא K٨
- ٢٩ -
אא ١٦٧ א
א EFאא א
אאאא K١٣
Wא
Kאא
א (SoF א א א Salting out א א
WCא(S)א
log ⎛⎜
Sο ⎞
⎟ = KC
⎝ S ⎠
אאאא ⎛⎜ S ο ⎞⎟ א،אאK
⎝ S ⎠
Activity coefficientאאfKfZ ⎛⎜ S ο ⎞⎟ ،א
⎝ S ⎠
Wאf
⎛S ⎞
log fZ KC = log ⎜ ο ⎟
⎝ S ⎠
KאאC، log ⎛⎜ S ο ⎞⎟
⎝ S ⎠
C fאא
Wאאא
K(0.03N)אK١
KאK٢
KEFאK٣
אK٤
Wאאא
K٢٥٠K١
KK٢
KK٣
K١٠K٤
Wאא
WE٥٠Fאאאאאא J١
[BaCl2.2H2O]= ( 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0) M
- ٣٠ -
אא ١٦٧ א
א EFאא א
E١{٥אFא J٢
K٣٥אא٦٠א
אאא١٠אאEאFא J٣
א،אאאאא
Kאא،אא
Wא J
א VNaOH C S° S Sο
log
Sο f
S S
Wא
0.03× VNaOH
(Sοor)S = 10
Sο
fK،אKClog
S
W
f = (10)
KC
- ٣١ -
אא ١٦٧ א
א EFאא א
אא אK١٤
EאאאאאאF
Wא
אאאאאאאאאא
WאאFreundlich אא
1
X = KC n
K,nאאאאC،אאאאX
K
Wאאא
E 1.0 M)א J١
KE0.1MFא J٢
Kא J٣
Kא J٤
K J٥
Wאאא
K٢٥٠ K١
Kא K٢
K K٣
K K٤
K K٥
K K٦
K K٧
Wאא
אא١٠٠ אא J١
Wאא
Mb =( 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1) M oxalic acid
- ٣٢ -
אא ١٦٧ א
א EFאא א
אאאא١{٠٠ J٢
K
E٣Fאאאא J٣
K
א١٠אEF J٤
אאאאא
KEMaFא
Wא J
NaOH (NV)
Ma = Na 2 = 10× 2
(Mb − Ma ) ×126
X= 10
C = M a × 126
WK,nאlog X log C
- ٣٣ -
אא ١٦٧ א
א EFאא א
אאאאא אK١٥
Wא
אאאאאאאא
WאLangmiur isotherm
KC
θ =
1 + KC
K،EאאFאאאC ،אאאא θ
Kאאאא
Wאθ א
N
θ= N
m
אאאNmאאאאאN
W، θ =1
N KC
=
N m 1 + KC
Wאאאא
C =
1
+
C
N KN m N m
KK ,Nmאא
Wאאא
KE0.5MF K١
KE0.1MFא K٢
Kא K٣
Kא K٤
Wאאא
K٢٥٠ K١
K K٢
K K٣
K K٤
- ٣٤ -
אא ١٦٧ א
א EFאא א
K K٥
K١٠ K٦
Wאא
אא١٠٠ אא J١
Mb =( 0.2, 0.15, 0.12, 0.09, 0.06) M CH3COOH Wאא
אאאא١{٠٠ J
K
E٣Fאאאא J٢
K
א٢٥אEF J٣
אאאאא
KEMaFא
Wא J٤
א Mb C = Ma ⎛M − Ma ⎞ C N
N =⎜ b ⎟
⎝ 10 ⎠
1 1
Zא Zא،C C N
KN m Nm
اﻟﻤﻴﻞ
K= اﻟﻘﺎﻃﻊ Wאא
∆Gº= -RT ln KW∆GºK
WאESFאאאNm
S = N m × 6.02 × 1023 × aCH COOH
3
- ٣٥ -
אא ١٦٧ א
א EFאא א
אאאאאאא K١٦
Wא
אאאאאאא
אאאאאא،א
WKאא
k × 1000
Λc = Λ∞ =
C
אΛ∞EאFCאאאΛc
אאאא
+ −
Λ∞ = λ∞ + λ∞
אFאאאאאאאk
E
S = C × Eq.wt.
Kאאא
Wאאא
K(0.01 M KCl = 0.0014 S cm-1)א K١
KPbSO4, AgCl, BaSO4Wאא K٢
K K٣
Wאאא
Kא K١
K K٢
K K٣
- ٣٦ -
אא ١٦٧ א
א EFאא א
Wאא
٠{٠١אאאא J١
K٢٥١ J١ J٠{٠٠١٤١٣אא
אאאאאאא J٢
Kkwater
אאאאאא J٣
אאאאאאאאאאא
Kאא
אKk salt٢٥אאאא J٤
Wאא
k = k salt – k water
Wאאאאא
k × 1000
C = + −
λ∞ + λ∞
Wא
S = C × Eq . wt
Wאא
K sp = (S M .wt )
2
BaSO4, AgCl, PbSO4WMXאא
٢٥אאאאא
+ 2 -1 1- 2 -1
Ag = 61.90 cm Ω equ. Cl = 76.35 cm Ω equ.
Ba2+ = 63.63 cm2Ω-1equ. ½ SO42- = 80.02 cm2Ω-1equ. ½
Pb2+ = 73.01 cm2Ω-1equ. ½
Ca2+ = 59.50 cm2Ω-1equ. ½
- ٣٧ -
EFאא
٤
אאא ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
KאאאאאאאWאא
Wאא
א א ،א אא א א א J
Kאא
א א א א א א א J
K
Kאאאאא J
١٢Wאאא
KאאאאאאאאWאא
- ٣٨ -
אאא ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
אאא K١٧
EאאאF
Wא
אאאאא
Wאא
Kא אK١
Kא אK٢
Kאא K٣
Kאא K٤
אאאאאאא
Dissociation or Association
∆T = k b m א
− ∆T = k f m א
Kאא ∆T
KEאאאאFאm
Kאאאkb
Kאאאkf
Wmא
Wsolute ×1000
m =
Wsolvent × MWsolute
Wאא
Wsolute×1000
MWsolute = ∆T× Wsolvent
× kb
Wsolute×1000
MWsolute = ∆T× Wsolvent
× kf
- ٣٩ -
אאא ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
אאאאאא J
Wאאא
KK١
KK٢
KK٣
KאK٤
KאאK٥
Wאאא
K١٠٠אאK١
KE אFK٢
KאK٣
KK٤
KK٥
Wאא
אאאאאאא J١
Kאאאאאאאא
K٪٥אאאא J٢
KE١Fאא J٣
אא MWsoluteאאא kb
Kאאאא ∆T
- ٤٠ -
אאא ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
אאאא J
Wאאא
Naphthalene.K١
KPhenolK٢
Wאאא
KE١٥٠Fא K١
Kא K٢
K K٣
Wאא
א E70 ºCFאאאא ١٠א K١
אאאאאא אאא
Kא
Kאאאא٢א K٢
אא MWsoluteEאFאאאkf K٣
KEאHאFאEאFאאא ∆T
Kאאא kfkbאK٤
- ٤١ -
אאא ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
אאאאאאK١٨
Wא
ECFאEPFאאEאאאFא
Wא
F = C - P +1
אאאאאא
אאאאאאאא
KEFאEF
EאF אEC = 2F אא
KEP = 2F EP = 1F
אאאאאאאא
אאאPhase diagram אא
K
Wאאא
K K١
K K٢
Wאאא
KE٥٠FאK١
KאK٢
KאK٣
KK٤
KK٥
Wאא
אאאאאא٣{٠٠א J
WאאE٪٦٠F
Wphenol
×% =
Wphenol + WH 2O
- ٤٢ -
אאא ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
٢٥אאאW،אא × %
KL١{٠٠
אאאE٧٠Fאאאא J
Kאאאא
אאאאאאאאא J
KETFא
אאאאאא J
אKE٪١٠،١٥،٢٠،٣٠،٤٠،٥٠FWאאאאאא
W
١٠ ١٥ ٢٠ ٣٠ ٤٠ ٥٠ ٦٠ ٪א
T/ºC
אאאאאא٪א אK٤
KאאETCFmaxא
- ٤٣ -
אאא ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
אאאאאK١٩
Wא
אא א א אא
א Eא אF א א א א
אKאא
Wאא
F = C - P
KאC،אאP،אאאF
E١٠Fאאאאא
א٪١٠٠
אאא
EPFאא
Pa +Pb +Pc=100%
،٪٣٠،٪٦٠FאKא Pc،א Pb،א Pa
EPcF ٪ ٦٠ א א E ٪١٠
אא EPaFאא، EPbF٪ ٣٠אא
אאאאא،٪ ١٠
Kאאא
Wאאא
KKאK
Wאאא
KK١٠KE١٠٠Fא٥
Wאא
WEFאאאאא J١
٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١ א
٦ ٧ ٨ ٩ ١٠ mlא
- ٤٤ -
אאא ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
٦ ٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ mlא
אאאאא J٢
Kא
WEW/WFאאאאא J٣
١٠٠CEEאFDEאFFZ٪א
٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١ א
٪
٪
٪
KL٠{٩٩٦Zאא
KL٠{٨٩٤Zא
KL٠{٧٨٩Zא
אאאאאאאאא J٤
KEאאאF
- ٤٥ -
א ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
אאא
א אא
c = 2.998 × 10 8 m/s א
2
g = 9.806 m/s אאEF
F = 96,485 c/mol א
R = 8 . 314 J / K . mol אא
R= 1 . 987 cal / K . mol
R = 0 . 082 l . atm / K . mol
k = 1.38 × 10 −23 J / K Boltzman
N = 6.022 × 10 23 mol −1 Avogadro א
e = 1.602 × 10 −19 C EאFא
−10
e = 4.803 × 10 esu
h = 6.626 × 10 −34 J .s Planck
u = 1.66 × 10 −27 kg אא
me = 9.109 × 10 −31 kg א
m p = 1.673 × 10 −27 kg א
m n = 1.675 × 10 −27 kg א
E=2.71828182846 e EאאFא
π = 3 .1415926535 9 πאאא
- ٤٦ -
א ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
1K=1ºC+273.16 אא
1 atm = 760 mm Hg
= 760 Torr א
= 101.325 kPa
1 bar = 105 Pa
1 l =103 cm3 א
= 1000 ml
1 N = 105 dyne א
1 J = 107 erg א
1 cal = 4.184 J
1 year = 365.25 days(d) א
1 day = 24 hours (h)
1 hour = 60 minutes (min)
1 minute = 60 second(s)
109 esu × 1 C = 3 אא
- ٤٧ -
א ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
אא
- ٤٨ -
א ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
אאאא
Kאאאאא
Wא
1 m = 10 dm = 100 cm =106 µm
- ٤٩ -
א ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
אא אא א
α א
Α
β B
γ Γ
δ ∆
η Η א
σ Σ
π Π
φ Φ
ψ Ψ
ω Ω
θ Θ
ρ R
κ Κ
ε Ε א
µ Μ
υ Ν
λ Λ א
τ Τ
χ
ξ Ξ
- ٥٠ -
א ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
٢٥אאא
א א
ka א
k1 = 4.3 × 10 −7 , k 2 = 5.6 × 10 −11 H2CO2 א
4.8 × 10−10 HCN א
1.8 × 10 −5 CH3COOH EאFא
1.8 × 10 −4 HCOOH EאFא
6.3 × 10 −5 C6H5COOH א
7.2 × 10 −10 H3BO3 א
107 HCl א
10 9 HBr א
1011 HI אא
k1 = 6.9 × 10 −3 , k 2 = 6.2 × 10−8 , H3PO4 א
k 3 = 4.8 × 10 −13
5.9 × 10 −9 H3BO3 א
k1 = 8.9 × 10−8 , k 2 = 1.2 × 10−13 H2S א
kb א
1.7 × 10 −5 NH4OH א
4.1× 10 −10 C6H5NH2
5 × 10 −4 CH3NH2 א
1.7 × 10 −9 C5H5N
- ٥١ -
א ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
אאאא
k
f kb א
°C/molal °C/molal
1.86 0.51 H2O א
- 1.22 CH3CH2OH א
- 0.83 CH3OH א
5.12 2.53 C6H6 א
- 33.3 C6H5CH3 א
1.79 2.02 (C2H5)2O אא
- 3.63 C Cl3H
29.8 5.02 C Cl4 אא
37.7 5.61 א
3.9 3.07 CH3COOH א
20 2.79 C6H12 אא
14.4 3.87 C6H5Br
6.9 5.80 C10H8
7.4 3.60 C6H5OH
- ٥٢ -
א ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
K٢٥אא
±
λ∞אא א א
349.8 H+ א
+
38.69 Li א
50.11 Na+ א
73.52 K+ א
73.4 NH4+ א
+
59.5 1 Ca א
2
63.6 1
2
Ba+ א
+
71 1 Pb א
2
- ٥٣ -
א ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
KEאאF٢٥אאאאא
אא א
-3.045 Li+ + e = Li
-2.925 K+ + e = K
-2.714 Na+ + e = Na
-1.662 Al3+ + 3e = Al
-0.763 Zn2+ + 2e = Zn
-0.440 Fe2+ + 2e = Fe
-0.36 PbSO4 + 2e = Pb + SO42-
-0.250 Ni2+ + 2e = Ni
-0.136 Sn2+ + 2e = Sn
-0.126 Pb2+ + 2e = Pb
0.00 H+ + e = ½H2
0.15 Sn4+ + 2e = Sn2+
0.153 Cu2+ + e = Cu+
0.222 AgCl + e = Ag + Cl-
0.268 Hg2Cl2 + 2e =2Hg +2Cl-
0.337 Cu2+ + 2e = Cu
0.521 Cu+ + e = Cu
0.536 I2 + 2e = 2I-
0.68 O2 + 2H+ = H2O2
0.771 Fe3+ + e = Fe2+
0.799 Ag+ + e = Ag
1.229 O2 + 4H+ + 4e = 2H2O
1.455 PbO2 + 4H+ + 2e = Pb2+ + 2H2O
- ٥٤ -
א ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
٢٥אאאא
ksאא א
3.7 × 10 −15 Al(OH)3 א
-6
5.5× 10 Ca(OH)2 א
1.2 × 10 −11 Mg(OH)2 א
5× 10-3 Ba(OH)2 א
2.2× 10-20 Cu(OH)2 א
1.0 × 10 −10 AgCl א
1.5 × 10 −16 AgI א
7.7 × 10 −13 AgBr א
9.0 × 10 −12 Ag2CrO4 א
8.5 × 10 −45 CuS א
-47
10 Hg2S א
7 × 10 −29 PbS א
10-97 Bi2S3 א
6.3× 10-50 Ag2S א
1.1 × 10 −10 BaSO4 א
9.1× 10-6 CaSO4 א
-6
2.8× 10 CaCO3 א
5.1×10-6 BaCO3 א
2 × 10 −10 ZnCO3 א
- ٥٥ -
א ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
EאFאא
- ٥٦ -
א ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
KאF2,Br2,Cl2,O2,N2,H2 אא J
א אאאאאאאאא J
Kא
- ٥٧ -
א ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
KEFאאא
א אא א אא
323 H─Si 432 H-H
305 C─N 146 O-O
358 C─O 160 N-N
259 C─S 154 F-F
485 C─F 239 Cl -Cl
339 C─Cl 193 Br-Br
276 C─Br 347 C-C
240 C─I 614 C═C
272 N─F 839 C≡C
200 N─Cl 418 N═N
243 N─Br 495 O═O
799 C═O 413 H─C
1072 C≡O 427 H─Cl
607 N═O 467 H─O
887 C≡N 391 H─N
941 N≡N 363 H─Br
347 H─S
- ٥٨ -
א ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
Wאא
،אאEpowerFEbaseF
Wא
Klogאאא10 אK١
Klnאאאe = 2.71828 אK٢
K34.67אאאאW١
log 34.67= 1.540
ln 34.67 = 3.5459
K3.76אאא–1.67אאאW٢
Anti log (3.76) =5754.3393
Anti ln (-1.76) = 0.1720
KאloglnG
- ٥٩ -
א ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
Wאאא
Wאאאאא
ax2+ bx+ c = 0
Wאxאאc,b,a
x = (−b ± b 2 − 4ac ) 2a
Kאxאא
WאאאxאW
x 2 + 2x = 4
WאאאWא
ax2 + bx + c = 0
x + 2x - 4 = 0
2
Wאx
x = (−b ± b 2 − 4ac ) 2a
= (−2 ± 4 − 4 × 1(− 4 )) 2 × 1
x = -3.236x = 1.236
Wא
KאאאאScientific notationאאא
א א אא א א W א
אא،אאאEFא
א K א א א
Kאאא
- ٦٠ -
א ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
35.7 × 10 8 א א 3570000000 אW١
K
35.7 × 10−9 3.57 × 10−10 א0.000000000357אW٢
Kאאא 357 × 10−8
- ٦١ -
א ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
Wאא
A10a +B10a = (A+B)10a א K١
A10a -B10a = (A-B)10a א K٢
)
10a10b = 10(a+b א K٣
)
10a/10b = 10(a-b א K٤
a
1/10a = 10- א K٥
0
10 = 1
10∞ = ∞
0a = 0
K0.0037 ,0.00081אW١
WאאאWא
37 ×10−4 + 8.1×10−4
= (37 + 8.1)10−4 = 45.1×10−4 = 0.00451
K 8 ×105 ,7.1×10−3 אW٢
Wא
8 × 105 × 7.1× 10−3 = 8 × 7.1× 105−3 = 65.8 × 102 = 6580
- ٦٢ -
א ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
Wאא
אאאאאא
Kאאאאאאאא
Wאa, nExFאאאאאא K١
אא א
ax adx
x n
nx n −1
ln x dx
x
en x
e dx
a 0
1 − dx
x x2
1 dx
a−x (a − x )2
W(xFאאאאאא K٢
אא אא
x 1
2 x2
xn 1
x n +1
n +1
ex ex
a ax
1 ln x
x
1 − ln (a − x )
a−x
- ٦٣ -
א ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
א
Kאאאאאאא
א א א E אF א א א אא
KEMFENF
אאאאKאאאאאאא
K EPF א א
Kאאאאא
Wאאא
WאאEMFEMWFאEVF
M ×V × MW
W =
1000
KאאW،אV
KMאאאא،VאאאW א
WאאNEWאV
W = N × V × EW
MW
Wאאא
M MW א V
Wא
10 × P × d
MC =
MW
א MC،אאא P،אא d
א Vא VCאא MCKאא
אM
M C × VC = M × V
א אא א א א
Kא
- ٦٤ -
א ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
M ×V M ×V × MW
VC = =
MC 10 × P × d
V א MC א א א VC א
KMא
WאNEWאV
N × V N × V × EW
VC = =
NC 10 × P × d
NCאאאאא VC،אא NC
KNאVא
K0.1 MNaCl200 mlאאאאW١
Wא
10 × P × d 0.1 × 200 × (23 + 35.5)
MC = =
MW 1000
= 23.71g
80% א א א א א W٢
0.05 N H2SO4500 ml1.325 g/cm3
Kאאא،500 ml0.05 NאWא
٢ ÷ אאZEFאאא
א
N × V × EW 0.05 × 500 × 49
VC = = = 1.16ml
10 × P × d 10 × 80 × 1.325
W
Kאאאא א
אאא א
Kא
Kאאא א
- ٦٥ -
א ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
WEmFא
Kאאאאאאא
Kאאאאאאאא
m = 1000 × W
M W × WS
WאאmאאאKאאWS
m × M W × Wt
W =
1000 + m × M W
KאאאWtאאW
Kא0.5 molal NaCl3.5 gW
אWא
m × M W × Wt
W=
(1000 + m × M W )
0.5 × 58.5 × 3.5
W =
(1000 + 0.5 × 58.5)
W = 0.1g
W S = 3500 − W
א
W S = 3499.9 g
- ٦٦ -
א ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
א
אאא
אא
Kא א א א K
13.0 ml،אאא 0.1 ml
Kאאאאא K13.00 ml13 ml
א א א א א א
N = 0.01 אא
Kא א אא
K0.40.3999N= 0.39Kאאאאא
אKאאאאאאא
11.0 ,10.5 Fא10.1אE10.2 ,10.0 ,10.1Fא0.1 ml
אK ± 0.1א E,10.0
Kא
- ٦٧ -
א ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
Wאא
אKאאאא
א א א K א א
אאKאאאאאאא
אאEאאFא
אאאאאאK least squareא
correlation factor אא א ،א אא א K א א
Kאאאאא
א א א א
אאאא Kא
אאאKא٤٥אאא
Kאאאאא
אאא אא
K
אאאא
אאא א
Kאא
- ٦٨ -
א ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
KאאאאאW
Time ln x
5 1.25
10 0.75
15 0.0
20 -0.46
25 -1.26
Ky ,x אא٢١א K١
٥٢אxא K٢
Kxא
F -1.5 א y א K٣
א
KאK 0.5 ٢Eא
Kאאאאאאאא
אאxאאא K٤
אאאyא
y2 − y1
Zא
x2 − x1
Kyאאאx =0אא K٥
- ٦٩ -
א ١٦٧ א
EFאא א
א
- ٢ - ............................................................................................................................................א 1.
- ٤ - ................................................. Viscometerאאאאא 2.
- ٦ - ................................................................................................... אא K٣
- ٨ - ...................................................................................................................... אאא K٤
- ١٠ - ..................................................................................... אאאא K٥
- ١٣ - ................................................................................................ אאא K٦
- ١٥ - ..................................................................................................... אא K٧
- ١٨ - .......................................................................................... אאא K٨
- ٢٠ - ......................................................................................................... א K٩
- ٢٢ - ................................................................................................ K١٠
- ٢٥ - ....................................................................................................................... אא K١١
- ٢٧ - ................................................................................................................................. אא K١٢
- ٣٠ - ......................................................................................אאאא K١٣
- ٣٢ - ........................................................................................................................ אאא K١٤
- ٣٤ - ......................................................................................... אאאאאא K١٥
- ٣٦ - .........................אאאאאאא K١٦
٣٩ ...................................................................................................... אאא K١٧
٤٢ .............................................................. אאאאאא K١٨
٤٤ ........................................................................ אאאאאK١٩