Professional Documents
Culture Documents
sensationalism
Table of contents
1. Introduction............................................................................................................... 3
2. Introduction to the British press................................................................................ 3
2.1 Broadsheets vs. tabloids.................................................................................... 3
2.2 The language of broadsheets vs. the language of tabloids................................ 4
3. Analysis of news stories ........................................................................................... 5
3.1 Cigarettes to be sold under shop counters (24th March 2008) .......................... 6
3.1.1 Analysis of headlines ................................................................................ 6
3.1.2 Analysis of news reports........................................................................... 6
3.2 Corinne Bailey Rae's husband found dead from suspected drugs overdose
(24th March 2008) ........................................................................................................ 9
3.2.1 Analysis of headlines ................................................................................ 9
3.2.2 Analysis of news reports......................................................................... 10
3.3 Prince Harry aborts Afghan mission after web leak (29th February 2008)... 13
3.3.1 Analysis of headlines .............................................................................. 13
3.3.2 Analysis of news reports......................................................................... 13
4. War propaganda in 21st century Britain: prince Harry, a national hero or a war
phoney? ........................................................................................................................... 17
4.1 Lexical analysis............................................................................................... 17
5. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 18
6. List of references…………………………………………………………………19
1. I$TRODUCTIO$
This paper intends to analyse the linguistic repercussions that the coverage of a news
story may have when reported in both British quality press (the so-called broadsheets)
and British popular press (the so-called tabloids) This purpose will be accomplished by
examining in detail the remarkable linguistic contrasts that may be found in the way
three different news stories are approached by several British broadsheets and several
British tabloids. Given that the access to print newspapers was somehow hindered by
the obvious lack of British press close at hand, I felt compelled to make use of the on-
line versions of the following British newspapers: The Times, The Guardian, The
Independent, The Sun, and The Daily Mirror. The news stories to be commented on in
this paper were taken from three different issues: 29th February, 3rd March and 24th
March 2008. As regards the structure of this essay, let me say that first of all I will
provide a brief introduction to the British press. Then, I will proceed to discuss in depth
the linguistic features peculiar to the way the three news reports are dealt with in British
quality press and British popular press. It should be pointed out that for each news story,
I will start by analysing the headlines, and then I will comment on the news reports.
Finally, the last section of this essay will be devoted to a small-scale lexical study of
war propaganda in 21st century Britain, as present in the coverage of Prince Harry’s
deployment in Afghanistan.
Qualities: The Financial Times, The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian, The Independent,
The Times.
$ational Sundays:
Populars: )ews of the World, Sunday Express, Sunday Mirror, Mail on Sunday, People.
Qualities: The Sunday Telegraph, The Observer, The Sunday Times, The Independent
on Sundays.
In relation to tenor, let me say that the most outstanding differences between formal
and informal language have to do with lexis. One such difference stems from the
emotiveness present in some words. This means that informal language (tabloids) tends
to be highly attitudinal and emotional, while formal language (broadsheets) is more
neutral and objective. The following two headlines will serve to illustrate this point:
(5) Soul singer Corinne Bailey Rae distraught after husband
found dead. (The Daily Mirror)
(6) Singer’s husband dies of suspected drug overdose (The
Guardian)
As a general rule, there is often a one-to-one relationship between emotiveness and
coloquiallism, which means that attitudinal lexis tends to be colloquial (abbreviated
forms, slang) as well, and neutral lexis is usually formal (full forms, no slang) as well.
In order to illustrate this point, I will provide another tabloid headline for the news story
presented in examples (5) and (6):
(7) Tributes to singer’s hubby (The Sun)
Another relevant lexical difference between formal and informal language lies in the
naming of human participants. Informal language (tabloids) tends to employ first
names, nicknames and diminutives, whereas formal language (broadsheets) often makes
use of titles and full names:
(8) )o plot to kill Di, says MI6 spy (The Sun)
(9) MI6 held no files on Diana (The Guardian)
A final feature of British tabloids, as opposed to British broadsheets, was suggested
by Fowler (2001: 91), and is connected with the high degree of personalization found
in tabloids. By personalization, he argued that tabloids tend to be packed with items
about individuals, but they are lacking in reports of general or extended processes. This
certainly goes hand in hand with the emphasis that tabloids place on gossip, emotion
and scandal.
popular) Last but not least, it is worth pointing out that my analyses will take into
account mainly syntax (word order and syntactic structures) and lexis.
-Use of an active sentence in the tabloid (with a verbal process: said) and a
passive sentence in the broadsheet. Besides, there is a clear lexical difference
(informal vs. formal expression)
(23) The Department of Health said it is launching a
consultation later this spring to look at ways to stop kids from
smoking (The Sun). Vs. Both measures are to be included in a
consultation to be launched later this spring (The Times)
-The latest assault on smokers (The Times): It presents the ban as if it was
something negative, something intended to annoy smokers.
Vs.
(28) (The Times) The most recently available statistics (heavy
premodification of the head noun)
• The Sun is less specific than The Times. When referring to the participants
involved in the news story, The Sun employs collective nouns, while The Times
uses proper nouns (naming the specific participants)
(29) According to the Department of Health, the strategy –
coupled with the wider smokefree legislation – will save
hundreds of lives.
Vs.
(30) (The Times) Dawn Primarolo, the Minister for Public
Health, last night signalled she was ready to take on retailers to
implement changes that she claimed would save hundreds of lives
(Reported speech, syntactic complexity)
• Scarce use of the passive voice (see example 23)
• Unlike The Times, The Sun includes reactions from just one of the parties
involved: The Minister for Public Health.
• Possible manipulation of data to make a statement look more threatening and
shocking (hyperbole):
(31) Someone who starts smoking aged 15 is three times more
likely to die of cancer due to smoking than someone who starts in
their late twenties, the department said
Vs.
(32) (The Times) “Children who smoke are putting their lives at
risk and are more likely to die of cancer than people who start
smoking later.”
Corinne Bailey Rae's husband found dead from suspected drugs overdose (The Times)
• This headline is highly informative and objective, in the sense that we get two
important pieces of information: 1. Corinne’s husband has been found dead and
2. The suspected cause of his death.
• This headline is not at all emotional; it gets straight to the point.
• Passive sentence (affected participant coming first)
Tributes to singer's hubby (The Sun)
• Tributes coming first. This reveals that the article will be based more on the
reactions from people who knew him, than on the objective and detached
information about his death.
• Highly sensationalist and emotive headline.
Miguel Ángel Benítez Castro 9
El Inglés de la Publicidad y la Prensa
Broadsheets vs. Tabloids: neutrality vs. sensationalism
If we compare this sentence with the initial sentence in The Daily Mirror
(another tabloid), we will find that the affective and emotional component of the
news story is also highlighted.
(36) Soul singer Corinne Bailey Rae was devastated last night
after her husband died from a suspected drugs overdose.
• Structure:
1. Brief summary of the story:
(37) Detectives (agent: active subject) found the body of the
Scottish-born musician, 31, who played with funk band the
Haggis Horns, at a flat in the Hyde Park area of Leeds on
Saturday
Vs.
(38) (The Times) Jason Rae a 31-year-old saxophonist with the
Haggis Horns (affected: passive subject), was discovered at a
flat in the Hyde Park area of Leeds on Saturday by police called
to the scene.
The Times uses a passive sentence, while The Sun makes use of an active
sentence. Probably, using an active sentence helps to keep us in suspense
Miguel Ángel Benítez Castro 11
El Inglés de la Publicidad y la Prensa
Broadsheets vs. Tabloids: neutrality vs. sensationalism
a bit longer, for the very first participant we come across is not the person
who has died (from a communicative viewpoint, the most important
element here), but the detectives (the agent) who have found him.
Consequently, it appears that the active voice to some extent helps to
heighten the emotional load of the news report.
WHO?: Detectives
WHAT?: the body of the Scottish-born musician
WHERE?: at a flat in the Hyde Park area of Leeds
WHEN?: on Saturday
WHAT DID HE DIE OF? It is believed he died of a drugs overdose.
The Times provides that information in the first paragraph, and
even in the headline, while The Sun does so a bit later. It is
curious that the cause of his death is revealed in a separate
sentence, and by using an extraposition structure. From my point
of view, this could serve a ‘sensationalist’ purpose.
3. Reactions from Corinne Bailey (cf. the report in The Times: :Miss Bailey Rae
was not available for comment)
(42) The singer, who shuns a wild rock and roll lifestyle, last
year told how she desperately missed Jason when touring.
Interestingly, The Sun makes an extensive use of ‘direct speech’ when the news
story is about an individual (in this case, a celebrity) and when it serves a
‘sensationalist’ and ‘emotive’ purpose. (Cf. The Sun’s news report on the
smoking ban)
(43) “I knew Jason was the right one for a mixture of reasons. I
really liked him, and I think that’s a good place to start from”
5. Posmortem examination:
3.3 PRI)CE HARRY ABORTS AFGHA) MISSIO) AFTER WEB LEAK (29TH
FEBRUARY 2008)
3.3.1 Analysis of headlines
Prince Harry aborts Afghan mission after web leak (The Times)
• Prince Harry is presented as an active agent, who apparently, decides himself to
abort his mission in Afghanistan.
• Active sentence.
-To my mind, it is paradoxical that in (48) The Times refers to the blackout as an
agreement (‘an arrangement, promise, contract willingly made with somebody’),
while in (49), the journalist regards it as a news embargo (‘an official order that
bans the trade with another country’)
• Since all the details about Harry’s deployment can now be made public, The
Times provides a list of all the events in which Harry has been involved:
(50) — On )ew Year’s Eve, working as a battlefield air
controller known only to pilots as “Widow Six Seven”, he called
fighter bomber strikes on Taleban positions. (Once again, Harry
is depicted as an active and brave agent)
Miguel Ángel Benítez Castro 14
El Inglés de la Publicidad y la Prensa
Broadsheets vs. Tabloids: neutrality vs. sensationalism
• Ways of naming/referring to Prince Harry: Prince Harry, the third in line to the
throne, the Prince, Harry
• On the whole, this could be said to be an objective account of the news story.
The Times restricts itself to a real and down-to-earth presentation of the facts; it
is not until the last line that we find an ‘emotional’ component/nuance:
(51) "His conduct on operations in Afghanistan has been
exemplary," General Sir Richard Dannatt, Chief of the General
Staff, said. "He has been fully involved in operations and has run
the same risks as everyone else in his battle group."
3.3.2.2 The Sun
• First sentence:
(52) ARMY Chiefs have decided to pull Prince Harry out of
Afghanistan, The Sun can reveal.
-Active sentence aimed at making the news story more immediate and
emotional.
-Harry is presented as the affected participant.
-No mention of the element that triggered Harry’s withdrawal from Afghanistan.
-Syntactic simplicity.
• The Ministry of Defence confirmed that the 23-year-old officer's war had come
to an end in a statement late this morning.
-Active sentence: The Times reports this by using a passive sentence.
-The 23-year-old officer’s war: Personalizing the war somehow downplays
the harshness and severity associated with any armed conflict. It looks as if
the paper presented Harry’s deployment in Afghanistan as an adventure that
unfortunately has come to an end.
• As opposed to the coverage of this news story in The Times, here Harry’s active
(agentive) role in the Afghan war is clearly overplayed. Hence, we may well say
that Harry is presented as a kind of courageous war hero.
-(The Sun) Highly attitudinal and emotional lexis vs. (The Times) neutral lexis:
(The Sun) extraordinary tour of duty Vs. (The Times) his four-month
deployment.
(The Sun) unprecedented voluntary arrangement Vs. (The Times) a
Ministry of Defence agreement.
(The Sun) notorious US news website (notorious: ‘well-known for being
bad’) Vs. (The Times) a major American website.
The Sun is overtly taking sides with Prince Harry’s heroic deployment in
Afghanistan. This becomes clear in the use of an emotionally-loaded,
attitudinal lexis showing the tabloid’s annoyance or displeasure at
Harry’s removal from that country.
• Lexis
-Ways of naming/referring to prince Harry: Prince Harry, the 23-year-old
officer, Harry, Tob brass, the young lieutenant, the Prince.
-Ways of referring to Harry’s deployment: extraordinary tour of duty.
-Ways of referring to/naming the enemies: Taliban fighters, Taliban fanatics,
fanatical fighter, Taliban sympathisers, Taliban attackers.
-Ways of referring to Afghanistan: war-torn country.
-Compared with the way the Sun approaches the news blackout, this
tabloid seems to be much less sensationalist and emotional, and in turn,
more objective and straightforward. The only affective/emotive element
to be found in this sentence is a bitter blow.
-The Daily Mirror is the only paper explicitly calling the ‘agreement’ a
news blackout.
• Significant information missing in the other papers:
(60) It is feared that the revelation that the third in line to the
throne has been fighting in Helmand would increase the tempo
of attacks on British forces by the Taliban.
• Lexis:
-Ways of naming/referring to prince Harry: Prince Harry, the 23-year-old
Household Cavalry officer, the Prince, Harry and his comrades, the third in line
to the throne.
-Ways of referring to/naming the enemies: The Taliban
-Ways of referring to/naming the enemies: enemy fanatics, rebels, The Taliban gang,
Terry Taliban and his mates, enemy fighters, The Taliban, the hardened fighters,
Taliban troops.
At first glance, it is not at all hard to notice the ‘demonization’ of both the
enemies and their homeland (see the example below), as opposed to the heroic
exaltation of Prince Harry.
-Ways of referring to Afghanistan: no-man’s land.
-What war means to Harry: But Harry has no complaints about the hardships and says
it is about as "close to being normal" as he is likely to get; ")o, I don't miss booze, if
that's the next question. It's nice just to be here with all the guys and just mucking in as
one of the lads."; “It’s nice to get out here, live it rough”; "It's good fun to be with just
a normal bunch of guys, listening to their problems, listening to what they think.
As stated above, Prince Harry’s conception of ‘war’ is no more than a funny and
challenging adventure.
-Some of Harry’s actions (mainly material processes, aimed at presenting Harry as a
brave warrior who is always ready to take up arms against the enemy): rescued
underfire comrades; calling in bomber jets, air strikes; crush a Taliban attack; kill
about 30 enemy fanatics; blasting the rebels away; sent bursts of fire; Harry,23, was
serving in the perilous forward position; he gave the Top Guns permission to blow the
rebels to pieces; Harry ordered two jets to drop guided bombs; to prevent accidentslike
friendly fire; has been battling the Taliban; scrutinises Taliban positions; oversee his
first bomb strike; The strike...spearheaded by the Prince; Harry watched the figures live
on his kill TV; he must control a key buble of air space; some of the nightmares the Con formato: Fuente: Cursiva,
Color de fuente: Azul, Fuente
young royal has endured out in Helmand province; has been commanding Spartan de escritura compleja: Cursiva,
tanks; Inglés Reino Unido
Con formato: Fuente: Cursiva,
5. CO$CLUSIO$ Color de fuente: Azul, Fuente
de escritura compleja: Cursiva,
To sum up, this essay has provided some insights into critical discourse analysis, as Inglés Reino Unido
applied to quality press and popular press. The evidence has confirmed our initial
expectations about the neutrality and objectivity commonly associated with broadsheets,
as well as the sensationalism and deeply emotional style peculiar to tabloids. We have
seen how the linguistic consequences of both tenor and mode (mainly lexis, but also
syntax) highly contribute to the more or less biased nature implicit in any news report.
This suggests that however objective any newspaper prides itself on being, there are
always certain linguistic nuances that will reveal some kind of implicit opinion or
viewpoint.
List of references
Books
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March 2008]
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