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The electronic circuit design and analysis rests primarily on two Kirchoff's laws in
conjunction with Ohm's law modified for AC circuits and power relationships. There are
also a number of network theorems and methods (such as Thevenin, Norton,
Superposition, Y-Delta transform) that are consequences of these three laws. In order
to simplify calculations in AC circuits, sinusoidal voltage and current are usually
represented as complex-valued functions called phasors. Practical circuit design and
analysis also requires a comprehensive understanding of semiconductor devices,
integrated circuits and magnetics.
Here you will also find electricity and magnetism reference, basic electrical engineering
formulas, calculators, and other related information.
Also see:
Electrical Engineering Reference: circuit laws and theorems;
Search online degree programs and courses from accredited schools;
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Rparallel=
RESISTANC Rseries= 1/
E R1+R2+... (1/R1+1/R2+..
.)
Lparallel=
INDUCTANC Lseries= 1/
E L1+L2+... (1/L1+1/L2+...
)
Cseries=
CAPACITAN 1/ Cparallel=
CE (1/C1+1/C2+ C1+C2+...
...)
Z=R+jωL+1/jωC
Series
Z=
1/(1/R+1/jωL+jωC)
Parallel
Note: you can download a reference sheet with these and other formulas in pdf file.
MOSFET's behavior varies with the gate voltage Vg. When Vg<Vth, where Vth - gate
threshold voltage, the MOSFET is in OFF state with drain current Id≈0. When Vg>Vth
and the external load is such that Vd>Vg-Vth, the MOSFET is in an active region, in
which Id is proportional to the (Vg-Vth)2 and practically does not depend on the Vd.
Once Id reaches certain limit determined by an external circuit, MOSFET start acting as
a nearly constant resistance. In this mode Vds≈Id×Rdson, where Rdson - the ON-state
channel's resistance specified in data sheets as a function primarily of temperature and
gate voltage. Power MOSFETs are usually used as switching devices which operate in
either ON or OFF state.
Voltage:
Enter the source nominal voltage. Use the larger voltage of the system. Example: For a
120/240V Use 240V
Square Footage:
Measure the total square footage of the occupancy using the outside dimensions. Do not include
open porches, unused or unfinished spaces not adaptable for future use.
Clothes Dryers:(optional)
Enter the rating in volt-amps. A clothes dryer is not required. If there will be no clothes dryers
then enter a zero. The minimum rating is 5000va so, use 5000va or the name plate rating which
ever is larger. If your rating is listed in kW then multiply that rating by 1000. for example 6kW =
6000va. The neutral load will be calculated at 70% of the dryer load.
Largest Motor:
Enter in volt-amps the larges motor. In most cases this will be the AC compressor. If this motor
is only listed in horse power it should be converted to Amps using T430.148, then converted to
VA by multiplying by the rated voltage (ie 120 volts). If this is a 120V motor check the neutral
box.
MAGNETIC UNITS CONVERSION
Magnetic field
is one of two components of the electromagnetic field. It is a region where forces acting
on moving electric charges can be detected. Magnetic fields are created by moving
electric charges or variable electric field. The charge movement that creates magnetic
field may be macroscopic (currents in conductors), or microscopic (associated with spin
and orbital motion of electrons, resulting in "magnetic materials").
The SI unit for magnetic flux is the weber (Wb). If the magnetic flux changes by 1 Wb
over a time of 1s, then a voltage of 1 V is induced in a conductive loop encircling it: 1
Wb = 1 Vs.
The SI unit for magnetic flux density (magnetic induction) B is tesla (T): 1 T = 1
Wb/m2 = 1 Vs/m2.
Magnetic field with density of 1 T generates one newton of force per ampere of current
per meter of conductor.
When the magnetic fields generated by currents pass through some materials they
produce magnetization in the direction of the applied field. In ferromagnetics it results in
increased total field B. Quantity called magnetic field strength (or magnetizing
force) H is a measure of the applied magnetic field from external currents, independent
of the material's magnetic response. Quantity called magnetisation M defines the
material's response- it is magnetic moment per unit volume of material. Flux density
(magnetic induction) B describes the resulting field in the material. In power electronics
it is the main magnetic quantity used in calculation of the minimum required cross-
sectional area of power transformer cores for given voltage and frequency (see also:
engineering reference info on power transformer design).
The table below provides magnetic formulas in both SI and CGS systems and
conversion factors of magnetic units.
maxwell/square meter:
maxwell/sq. centimeter:
line/square centimeter:
gamma:
Bottom of Form
SYMBO
QUANTITY SI UNIT SI EQUATION CGS UNIT CGS EQUATION
L
Magnetic
B tesla (T) B=µo(H+M) gauss (G) B = H+4πM
induction
H = N×I/lc H = 0.4πN×I/lc
Magnetic field ampere/meter oersted
H ( lc - magnetic (lc - magnetic
strength (A/m) (Oe)
path, m) path, cm)
M=m/V M=m/V
ampere/meter (m- total magnetic (m- total magnetic
Magnetization M emu/cm3
(A/m) moment, moment,
V- volume, m3 ) V- volume, cm3 )
Magnetic
permeability µo newton/ampere2 µo= 4π×10-7 1 -
of vacuum
L=μoμN2Ac/lc L=0.4πμN2Ac/lc×10-8
Inductance L henry (Ac- area, m2, henry (Ac-area, cm2,
lc - magnetic path, m) lc - magnetic path, cm)
It has been found experimentally that the intensity of various electrical effects is related to the amount of elec
charge that passes by a certain region per unit time. Therefore this quantity I=Q/t, which is called the ele
current, presents a special interest in EE.
Sponsore
In practice, the flow of the current is controlled by various electronic components. A network of interconne
components that can accomplish a certain task is referred to as electronic circuit. The circuits can be use
processing signals, information, or energy. A current can be measured by an instrument called anammeter. F
current to flow continuously, the circuit should have an energy source and a closed path.
When a charged particle is placed in an electrical field, it experiences a force that depends on its position. S
particle therefore has a potential energy associated with this position. When a particle moves from one poi
another, the amount of work done by the electrical field equals the drop in its electrical energy, which is b
converted into other forms of energy, such as mechanical motion, heat and light. The change in the elec
energy of a particle per unit charge as it moves from one point to another is defined as voltage or pote
difference between these two points: V=ΔE/q. The power transfer is then equals to:P=ΔE/t=V×q/t=V×I. Note
only voltage differences rather than absolute voltages have direct physical meaning. The voltage between
points can be measured by an instrument called a voltmeter. A voltmeter can be just an ammeter with a se
connected high-value resistor through which the current proportional to the measured voltage is forced to
For hobbyist electronic projects there are inexpensive digital multimeters that can measure voltage, current
resistance.
IMPEDANCE
The V/I relationships for energy storage components (inductors and capacitors) are described by differe
equations. In practical cases the handling of these equations quickly becomes unmanageable. That's why
analysis of the networks with sinusoidal signals usually uses complex exponentialsmethod. With this me
voltages, currents and impedances are represented by complex exponential functions (phasors) based on E
relationship ejx=cosx+jsinx, where j is imaginary unit. The lenght of the phasor is proportional to the magn
of the quantity it represents, and its angle represents a phase shift relative to some reference signal. This a
turning differential equations into algebraic equations. In linear AC networks with single-frequency sinus
voltage sources impedance Z is defined as the ratio of voltage phasor to the current phasor: Z=V/Ĩ
magnitude is the ratio of the voltage amplitude to the current amplitude, and phase is the phase shift betwee
current and the voltage.
Every circuit design involves the development of a schematic. A schematic diagram is a drawing w
components are represented by graphical symbols and that can communicate information about a circu
theory, the processes in electronic circuits could be described by Maxwell's equations and the physics
describing properties of materials. However, in practical design and analysis engineers consider idea
elements that reflect some essential aspects of the operation of the real devices. This allows describing
operation of the circuit with simplified equations that use circuit theory terms.
The basis for most circuit analysis technique is Kirchoff's current and voltage laws in conjunction with Ohm's
extended for AC. There are also a number of network theorems and methods (such as Thevenin, No
Superposition, Y-Delta transform) that are derived from these three laws.
The circuit design typically includes computer simulation, breadboarding and prototyping.
Electronic devices are normally assembled on printed circuit boards (PCBs) that mechanically support
electrically interconnect parts by using conductive traces, etched from copper sheets laminated onto an isol
substrate.
BASIC ELECTRONIC
REFERENCE EDUCATION AND CAREER
CIRCUIT DESIGN
INFORMATION RESOURCES
AND ANALYSIS
R, L and C impedances and volt- Engineering Jobs (SMPS design Handbook of operational
amp relationships and other) amplifierapplications and OpAm
circuit collection
Electronic Parts- online datasheet Accredited online schools and
search and cross reference degree programs Digital Logic basics
Electrical Engineering reference, PCB layout jobs The DSP Guide: ADC & DAC
basic circuit theorems, online basics, sampling theorem, Four
textbooks Transform, FFT
In other industries, the term electrical engineer may refer to those who deal with utility and
industrial power systems and other electric equipment. In any case, both disciplines are
overlapping.
This webpage is for those who already learned EE and needs a quick reference. Here you
will find electricity and magnetism basics, electronics reference as well as the career related
information on the web.
Also see:
Electronic formulas and impedance calculations;
Understanding the physics of electronic circuits;
Distance learning, online degrees from accredited schools, salary surveys;
Engineering Jobs
Gauss'
law for
electricity
Gauss'
law for
magnetis
m
Faraday's
law of
induction
Ampere's
law
NOTES: E - electric field, ρ - charge density, ε0 ≈ 8.85×10-12 - electric permittivity of free space, π ≈
3.14159,
k - Boltzmann's constant, q - charge, B - magnetic induction, Φ - magnetic flux, J - current density, i -
electric current,
c ≈ 299 792 458 m/s - the speed of light, µ0 = 4π×10-7 - magnetic permeability of free space, - del operator
that Kirchhoff's laws can be derived from Maxwell's equations under static conditions, although historically they
eded Maxwell's equations.
can download a reference sheet with the above equations in a pdf file.
The current (voltage) phasor in any part To find an individual current (vo
of a linear circuit equals the algebraic from each source, short all othe
Superposition Theorem
sum of the current (voltage) phasors voltage sources and open all o
produced by each source separately. current sources.
Star-Delta Transformation
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