EQUIPMENTS IN SUB-STATION

ISOLATOR : It used for supporting live conductor and bus bars. For 66 kv switch yard
stack, mounted horizontal or vertical as per condition.

CONDUCTOR : Generally copper / Aluminium material used. Now a days Aluminium

conductor used for it’s higher conductivity on weight basis, low cost for same current
capacity and excellent corrosion resistance and formability, for reliable connection they
can be coted with silver.

OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER AND RECLOSER : The HV Circuit breaker are intended
for making/breaking high voltage circuits when they carry the normal load current/break
circuit in case of fault. Generally pneumatic/hydraulic/mechanically operated breaker
should be used instead of solenoid mechanisum. The re-closers used on low voltage bus
structure columns and thus separate structure can be avoided.

AIR BREAK/DISCONNECTED SWITCH : They are manually operated but can also
be mounted if they are to be of remote controlled type. Now a days automatic
sectionalization switches used.

The disconnect switch for 46 kV and below are generally of single pole and have
hook stick operated mechanism but they can also be of group-operated mechanism.

The 110 kv and higher voltage disconnected switches are group operated.
However, these air break switches are opened only after the circuit breaker had made the
circuit dead.

TRANSFORMERS : The use of 3 phase transformers, because of the advantages of 3

transformer is that in case of fault in one of them it could be completely replaced by new
one. The main advantage of 3 phase transformer need only one 3 phase load tap changing
mechanism could be used. Further the installation of a single 3 phase transformer is much
simpler than 3 phase transformer. The 3 phase transformer generally installed over a flat
concrete slab foundation In order to provide ventilation the large transformer are placed
upon length of rail.

CARRIER CURRENT EQUIPMENT : Such equipment is used for communication,

relaying tele metering or for supervisory control. This equipment is suitably mounted
and connected to the high voltage power circuit. The communication equipment is
mounted adjacent to the breaker and connected above the breaker termination.

PROTECHTIVE FUSE AND RELAYS : The fuses are very commonly provided on
the high voltage side Alongwith the other protection device. It serves to protect
the transformer from the system or it can also be said that the fuse protects the
system from transformer. It’s also used to protects the power system equipment
from damage against fault at any point enroute.
CONTROL CABLE AND CONDUIT SYSTEM : The modern power complex has
made it all most necessary to provide automatic operation/interlocks. Control
cables and conduits are necessary for effecting such automatic controls. The
control supply 110 or 220 volt and cable used is multi conductor havinf 10 / 37
or 61 conductors as per requirement. For laying this cables generally ducts are run
from control house basement to centerally located junction boxes from where the
conduits are to the required point.

SWITCH BOARD : It consists of meters, relays and control equipment. The essential
meters are placed as the top end. Relay and nonessential meters are placed at the
bottom, so as to facilitate their operation.

CONTROL ROOM : All equipment such as switch board carrier current equipment,
batteries etc. Generally 2 X 1.5 Mtr. Basement hatch way left in floor for
facilitating the installation. Below the switch board a slot of about 10 cm.
Provided for control room cable.

Equipment Function Remarks

1.Busbars Various incoming and
out going circuits are
connected to bus bars.
Bus bars receive power
from incoming circuits
and deliver power to
outgoing circuits.
2. Surge Arresters Surge Arresters
(Lightning Arresters) discharge the over –
voltage surges to earth
and protect the
equipment insulation
from switching surges
and lighting surges.
(Word `Surge’ refers to
impulse wave is
transmission of
distribution systems.)
Either Rigid Aluminium
Tubular bus bars
supported on post
insulators.
OR
Flexible ASCR or All
aluminium stranded bus
bars supported from two
ends by strain insulators.
Two levels or three levels
Indoor or outdoor.
- Connected generally
between phase conductor
and ground.
- Located as the first
equipment as seen from
the incoming overhead
line and also near
transformer terminals
phase to ground.
- Two types : Gapped
Arresters and Gapless
zinc-Oxide Arrestors.

3. Isolators To provide isolation - Located at each side of

( Disconnecting from live parts for the circuit breaker.
Switch ) purpose of maintenance. - Does not have any rating
for current breaking or
 current making.
- Types :
1. Center
rotating
horizontal
swing.
2. Center-break
3. Vertical
swing
4. Pantograph
type
- Interlocked with circuit
breaker.

4. Earthing Switch Discharging the voltage - Mounted on the frame of

on the circuit to each for the isolators.
safety. - Location generally for
each incomer and each
bus bar Section.

5. Current Transformer Stepping down current -1. Protective CT

measurement, protection -2. Measuring CT
and control. -Location decided by
protective zone
measurement
requirement.

6. Voltage Transformer Stepping down current - Types :

for measurements, 1. Electro magnetic
protection and control. 2. Capacitive VT
(CVT)
- Location on feeder side
of circuit breaker.

7. Circuit breaker Switching during Located near every

normal and abnormal switching point. Located
operating condition. To at both end as every
interrupt short circuit protected zone.
currents. - types : Depending on
Operations include : rated voltage : Low
- closing voltages, medium high
- opening voltage, high voltage,
- auto-reclosing extra high voltage.
- Types : Depending on
medium of are
quenching :
 1. SF
2. Vacuum
3. Air blast
4. Minimum Oil.
8. Power Transformer To step-up or step-down - Usually oil filled for
A.C. voltages and to outdoor use.
transfer electrical power - two winding or three
from one voltage level winding.
to another.
Tap changers used for - Three single phase units
voltage control. For to form a three bank used
every largewhen single three phase
transformers, unit becomes too large to
Transportation, rail
transport.
permit etc. should be - Provided with coolers.
decided in advance. - Provided with tamp-
changers.
9. Shunt Reactors Used for long E H V - Usually oil filled,
transmission lines to gapped core, shielded.
control voltage during - Usually unswitched.
low-load period. To
compensate shunt
capacitance of
transmission line during
low load periods.
10. Shunt Capacitor For compensating - Located at receiving
reactive power of stations and Distribution
lagging power factor. Sub-stations.
To improve power - Banks rated 132 kV, 66
factor. For voltage kV, 33 kV, 11 kV, 6.6 kV
control during heavy etc.
lagging power factor - Switched in during
loads. heavy loads, switched off
during low loads.
11. Sales Capacitor Used for some long E H - Capacitor bank located
V A. C. lines to improve at sending-end and/or
power transferability. receiving-end of line.
- Provided with by-pass
circuit-breaker and
protective spark-gaps.
12. Carrier Equipment Used for protection and - Line trap unit usually
Line trap communication mounted above C V T or
unit signaling, voice on separate structure.
- Coupling Capacitor communication, - Coupling capacitor
- Electronic protection signaling, mounted on structure.
Equipment telex channel, control - Tunning unit.
 and monitoring signals. - P L C C panels located
in Control room.
13. Marshalling Kiosks To mount monitoring - Located switchyard near
instruments, control every power transformer ;
equipment and to a group of equipment in a
provide access to bay.
various transducers.
Control and protective
cable are laid between
Marshalling Kiosks
located in switchyard
and corresponding
indoor control panels.
14. Metering Panels, To house various- Located in air-
Control and Relay Measuring Instruments, conditioned building.
Panels (Indoor) Control Instruments, Control cables and laid
Protective Relays. between switchyard
equipment and these
panels.
15. Medium Voltage A. C. To provide A. C. power - Located inside
switchgear and Low to auxiliaries, station switchgear building.
Voltage A. C. lightning system etc. at
Switchgear (Indoor). respective voltage
levels.
16. Station Earthing To provide a low - Earth-mat and earth
System resistance Earthing for electrodes placed below
- discharging currents ground level. Connected
from surge arrestors, to equipment structures,
overhead shielding, neutral points for purpose
Earthing switches. of Equipment Earthing
- For equipment body and Neutral Point
Earthing Earthing.
- for safe touch potential
and step potential in
substation.
- for providing path for
neutral to ground
currents for earth fault
protection.
17. Lightning Protection To protect substation -Lightning Masts located
equipment from direct in outdoor yard.
lightning strokes. - Alternatively, overhead
shieding wires to cover
entire outdoor yard.
18. Series Reactors To limit short-circuit - Located at strategic
(Current current and to limit locations such that fault
 Limiting Reactor) current surges levels are reduced. Now
associated with no more preferred.
fluctuating loads.
19. Isolated Phase Bus Provides connection - Aluminium enclosures
System between generator and for each phase conductor.
main transformer. High Can withstand high.
normal currents.
To provide connection Short-circuit currents due
between L V side of to magnetic shielding
power transformer and provided by enclosures.
indoor metal clad
switchgear.
20. Neutral Grounding To limit short-circuit -Short-time rated.
Equipment current during ground Connected between
-Resistor fault. neutral point and ground.
- Reactor
21. Static Var Sources To provide stepless, -Thyristor controlled
(SVS) variable shunt shunt reactor and shunt
compensation for capacitor
voltage control. - Rapid control of voltage.
22. Line trap Inductive coil usually -Connected in outdoor
outdoor. yard incoming line.
- Past of PLCC
requirement.
23. Power Cables - Single -P V C insulated
core -X L P E insulated
- - Three -for power flow
core
24. Control Cables - Multi -P V C insulated
core - Shiclded
- For
protection,
Controlme
asurements
etc.
- Low
voltage
25. Insulators - String - For
- Procelain Insulator Flexible
- Glass s ASCR
- Epoxy for - 1. conductors
- Indoor use Tension - For tublar
- 2. conductors
Suspensi - For
on apparatus
- Post
 insulators
- Solid
care

LIST OF EQUIPMENTS IN SUB STATIONS

1. Circuit breaker 66/132 kV: a) Bulk oil (b) Minimum oil c) SF 6

2. Isolaters
3. Transformer a) Power b) Distribution
4. Earth Switches
5. Potential Transformers : a) Current b) Potential
6. Circuit breaker 11 kV a) Bulk b) Minimuum oil c)
SF-6
d) Vacuum
7. Power line carrier communication equipment
8. Wire less set
9. Telephone
10. Batteries
11. Battery Charger
12. A C Distribution Board
13. D C Distribution Board
14. Neutral Resistance
15. Neutral Resistance
16. Capacitor Bank
17. Earting Transformer
18. Fire Extingusher
19. Lighting Arestor

PERMISSIBLE CONTINOUS RATING OF FEEDERS

SYSTEM VOLTAGE SIZE OF CABLE/CONDUCTOR CURRENT CAPACITY

132 kV 0.2 Sq.inch. 450 A

132 kV 0.125 Sq.inch. 280 A
66 kV 0.2 Sq.inch. 450 A
66 kV 0.175 Sq.inch 380 A
66 kV 0.5 Sq.inch. 255.Sq.inch.
66 kV 0.1 Sq.inch. 210 A
66 kV 240 Sq.mm 966 A
11 kV 1.25 Sq.inch. 230 A
11 kV 0.2 Sq.inch. 220 A
11 kV 240.Sq.mm 254 A

RATING OF TRANSFORMERS :
 5 MVA 66/11 kV 48.8/262.5 A
12.5 MVA 66/11 kV 109/656 A
15 MVA 66/11 kV 131/787.5 A
20 MVA 66/11 kV 175/1050 A
30 MVA 132/11kV 131/1575 A
50 MVA 132/66 kV 218.7/437.4 A
65 MVA 132/66 kV 284.3/568.6 A
100 kVA 11 kV/ 440 V 5.25/133.34 A
160 kVA 11 kV/440 V 8.4/2133 A