Physics Definition
Kinetic Model Of Matter:
Brownian Motion is the
movement of smoke
particles in a random and
continuous motion in all
direction.
Conclusion: Provide
Evidence that air molecules
are always in continuous
and random motion.
Temperature:
It is the measure of the
degree of hotness of a
body.
Heat refers to the amount
of thermal energy that is
contained in a body.
Lower-fixed point aka Ice
Point:
Temperature of pure
melting ice at standard
atmospheric pressure.
Upper-fixed point aka steam
point:
Temperature of steam from
boiling water at standard
atmospheric pressure.
Transfer of Thermal Energy:
Conduction is the process
by which heat is transferred
through a medium by the
collisions of one particle to
another.
Convection is the process
by which heat is transmitted
from one place to another
by the movement of heated
particles in a gas or liquid.
Radiation is the process of
heat transfer through the
emission or absorption of
electromagnetic waves
Thermal Properties of
Matter:
Energy = power x time
Internal Energy is the
sum of kinetic energy and
potential energy of all the
particles.
Heat Capacity(C) is the
amount of heat required to
raise the temperature of the
object by 1oc.
Q
C=
θ
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Specific heat capacity(c):
Is the amount of heat
required to raise the
temperature of 1kg of the
object by 1oc
Q = mcθ
Melting is the process in
which a substance changes
from a solid state to a liquid
state without a change in
temperature.
Boiling is the process in
which a substance changes
from a liquid state to a
gaseous state without a
change in temperature.
Latent heat of fusion (lf)
of a substance is the
quantity of heat needed to
change a unit mass of the
substance from solid to
liquid without a change in
temperature.
Q =ml f
Latent heat of vaporization
(lv): of a substance is the
quantity of heat needed to
change a unit mass of the
substance from liquid to gas
without a change in
temperature.
Q =ml v
Light:
Law 1: The angle of
incidence is = to the angle
of reflection.
Law2: The incident ray,
reflected ray and normal
lies at the point of incidence
all lie on the same plane.
Refraction: The bending of
light when it passes from
one transparent medium to
another.
Law1: The incident ray,
refracted ray and normal
the point of incidence all lie
on the same plane
Law2: For 2 given media,
Physics Definition

sin i 2. Angle of incidence (i) Amplitude (a): Longitudinal waves:

n= (Less dense to must be greater than the Maximum displacement are waves in which the
sin r critical angle(c). of wave from rest direction of vibration of
denser medium)
position. the wave particles is
sin r Thin converging lenses: parallel to the direction
n= (Denser to less
sin i Wavelength ( λ ): of wave motion.
dense medium) Focal length F is the distance between 2
(n= refractive index or distance between the optical identical points on Wave front: imaginary
optical density) center of the lens to the successive waves. line on a wave that joins
Refractive index of medium: focal point all points which have the
Frequency (f): no of same phase of vibration.
c Linear magnification (m) complete wave in one
n= is the ratio of the image second. Sound:
v height (hi) to the object
height (ho). Period (T): time taken to Compressions: region
C= speed of light 3x108 generate one complete where air particles is
V= velocity of light hi wave. slightly higher than
m= 1 normal atmospheric
Total internal reflection: ho T= pressure.
f
Critical angle(c): is the (Or the image distance (v) Rarefaction: region
angle of incidence for which from the lens to the object Speed of wave: Distance where air particles is
the angle of refraction in distance (u) from the lens) moved by any point on slightly lower than
the optically dense medium the wave in one second. normal atmospheric
is 90o. v pressure.
m= Hence, v= fλ
u Echo: reflected sound
1
sin c = General Wave Properties:
Transverse wave: are wave from large and
hard surface.
n waves in which the
direction of vibration is
Conditions for TIR: Wave: Phenomenon which perpendicular to the Loudness: dependent
1. Light must travel from an energy is transferred direction of wave on amplitude.
optically denser medium through vibrations. motion.
into optically less dense Pitch: dependent on
medium frequency of the wave

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Physics Definition

Gradient gives the Dynamics:

Ultrasound are sound that Acceleration (a) is the acceleration.
are above the upper hearing rate of change of Positive gradient: Newton 1st Law:
limit of the human ear. velocity with time. acceleration. When there is no net force
Negative gradient: acting on a body, the body
Kinematics: Deceleration or will remain at rest and a
v −u retardation. body in motion will continue
Scalar: a= Zero gradient: its motion at constant
 units t (i) object at rest velocity.
 magnitude Terminal Velocity: (ii) moving at
 no direction When an object falls at a constant speed Newton 2nd Law:
constant maximum Net force action on a body
Vector: velocity, with an Area under graph is directly proportional to
direction acceleration of 0m/s2, it equals to distance the product of the object’s
 units is known as terminal travelled. mass and the acceleration it
 no magnitude velocity. In general, average produces.
speed is always area
Distance (d) total length The Downward force is under graph divide by Resultant/net force:
covered by a moving object. equal to the upward time.
force, hence no net Average speed= FR=ma
Displacement(s) the force.
distance measured in a area.under.graph Resultant force produces
specific direction. Distance-time graph: acceleration
t constant net
Speed is the rate of change Gradient: speed of When acceleration is force=constant acceleration.
of distance with time. object. constant in graph, doubling net force will
1 double acceleration produce
If it is a straight line, it average.speed = (v + u ) Doubling mass requires a
d
Speed = is travelling at a 2 force twice as large to
t constant speed. achieve the same
Velocity (v) is the rate of v= Final velocity acceleration.
change of displacement with Velocity-time/ speed- u=Initial velocity
time. time graph: t= time taken for
change
s
Velocity =
t

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Physics Definition
Newton 3rd Law:
For every action, there is an
equal and opposite reaction,
and they act on different
bodies.
Inertia is the reluctance of
a body to change its state
of rest or motion. Or
It is the tendency of a body
to remain at rest, or
continue moving at a
constant speed.
Friction is a force that
opposes motion.
Mass, Weight & Density:
Mass is a measure of the
amount of matter in an
object. SI unit: kilogram
(kg)
Weight is due to the pull of
gravity (or, gravitational
force of attraction) upon a
mass.
Gravitational field
strength (g) is define as
the gravitational force
acting per unit mass of a
body.
Density is the mass per
unit volume of a substance.
M
ρ=
V the product of force applied
Turning Effect of Forces
Moment of force is the
product of the force, and
the perpendicular distance
from the line of action of
the force to the pivot.
Moment = Fx ⊥ d
Principle of moments
states that when a body is
in equilibrium, the total
clockwise moments about
the pivot = to the total anti-
clockwise moment about
the same pivot.
Centre of gravity of an
object is the point where
the whole weight of the
object seems to act on.
Stability is a measure of a
body’s ability to regain its
original position
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to another but the total
amount remains constant.
Work, Energy & Power: Power is the rate of work
Work done by a force is
done or energy converted.
W .D E
P= or P =
t t
and the distance moved in
the direction of the force.
Pressure is the force acting
per unit area on a body.
W .D = F x d
F
P=
A
Energy is defined as the
capacity to do work.
Pressure due to liquid:
P = hρ g
K.E is the energy possesses
due to its motion.
Atmospheric pressure is
1 2
K .E. = mv the weight exerted by the
2 atmosphere.
G.P.E is the energy a body Output force in a hydraulic
possesses due to its system=
position from the surface of
A 
the earth. FB = FA  B 
G.P.E. = mgh  AA 
The principle of the A barometer is an
conservation of energy instrument used for
states that Energy can measuring atmospheric
neither be created nor pressure.
destroyed in any process. It
can be converted from one
form to another or
transferred from one body
Physics Definition
Static Electricity
Electric Field is the region
where an electric charge
experiences an electric
force.
Magnetism
Magnetic Field is the
region around a magnet in
which a magnetic force can
be detected by a magnetic
material.
Electricity
Charge is measured in
coulombs (C)
Charge of one electron is
-1.6x1018 .
Current is the rate of flow
of charge that flows through
any particular point.
Q required.
I=
t provide strong magnetic
E.m.f is defined as the work
done by a force in driving a
unit charge around a
complete circuit.
W Carbon Brushes: Provide
ε=
Q diode.
Voltage is the work done to
drive a unit charge through
the component.
W V2
V=
Q VT I ( R1 + R2 )
Resistance is the ratio of
the potential difference
across the component to
the current flowing though
it.
RI = V
Power of an electrical
component is the product of
the current flowing through
it and the potential
difference across it.
P = IV
Ohm’s Law states that the
current passing through a
conductor is directly
proportional to the potential
difference between its ends
provided that the physical
conditions and temperature
remains constant.
Diode only allows current
to flow in one direction
Rectification is the process
of converting alternating
current to a direct current
usually through the use of a
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Potential Divider divides
voltage proportionally into 2
voltages.
IR2
= coil.
Earth Wire is used for
safety reasons. Connected
to metal casing of an
appliance and direct excess
currents due to the ground
when there is a leakage or a
short circuit.
Fuse melts when excess
current flows through it
breaking the circuit to
prevent current from
flowing to prevent user from
electrocution and also
prevent damage to
appliance.
Electromagnetism/
Electromagnetic Induction
Permanent Magnet:
field.
Curved in to provide radial
field.
electrical contact between
circuit and coil
Soft Iron Core: to
concentrate magnetic field
lines around the coil to
exert a greater force on the
(D.C motor)Split ring
commutator: Reverses the
direction of current flowing
into the coil for every half a
turn to ensure the coil
rotates in one direction.
(A.C motor)Slip ring:
Reverse direction of induced
current flowing in the coil
for every half a rotation.
Why transformer need
A.C?
It is to provide a constantly
changing magnetic field for
electromagnetic induction.
Hence a constantly
changing current is