Tema: saliteraturi ena da cocxali metyveleba

• ZiriTadi problema, romelic saliteraturo enis

istoriis kvlevisas dgas, werilobiTi Zeglebis
monacemTa da cocxali metyvelebis
urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxia.

roca cocxal metyvelebaze vsaubrobT,

mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ara romelime konkretuli
dialeqti, aramed is zedialeqturi movlena,
romelic mWidro urTierTobaSia saliteraturo
enasTan, zegavlenas axdens masze da Tavadac
ganicdis saliteraturo enis zegavlenas.

• gavrcelebuli mosazreba, rom qarTvelebi ise

vwerT, rogorc vlaparakobT da ise vlaparakobT,
rogorc vwerT, swori ar aris. es debuleba ar
mtkicdeba arc Tanamedrove da ar Zveli qarTulis
magaliTze.

magaliTebi:

erTi mxriv, vambobT _ kargaT, kacaT, moqca, qsurs,

fiqrofs, ambofs da misT.
da vwerT _ kargad, kacad, mogca, gsurs,
fiqrobs, ambobs da misT.
cnobisaTvis: viT.br. niSnis -T varianti pirvelad
adiSis oTxTavSi dasturdeba `aRvida igi mTaT~, X s-
dan gvaqvs `ubiwoT, kacaT...~
Wil-etratis iadgarSi (Xs) gvaqvs forma davPsnad
( davwerd, gavakeTed, gamaTavisuflod, qvemod, zemod,
albad, winad-is msgavsi fsevdogranmtizirebuli
formebis pirveli magaliTi)
meore mxriv, vwerT _ adgili aqvs, saxezea, daniSnul
iqna, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs....
da vambobT – xdeba, aSkaraa, dainiSna,
vgulisxmobT.....
o cnobisaTvis: oficialur-saqmiani stilisTvis
damaxasiTebeli `adgili aqvs~ rusuli имеет место-s
kalkia, rac, Tavis mxriv, germanulis, germanulSi ki
berZnul-laTinuris (τοπον εχει) kalkia.

erTi mxriv, Zvel teqstebSi gvaqvs formebi: xufroYs,

lukaYsi, mefH, miyofies....
mere mxriv ki - xufros, gudasman, mefe,
miyofia....

e. i. arc axal da arc Zvel qarTulSi zepiri

(cocxali) metyveleba da wera (saliteraturo enis
norma) absoluturad identuri ar yofila.

• amasTanave, aSkaraa, rom Zveli qarTuli enis

uZvelesi werilobiTi Zeglebis ena (xanmeti da
haemeti teqstebi), normaTa TvalsazrisiT arsebiTad
erTnairia. is SeiZleba erTgvar ena-etalonad
miviCnioT, romlis dacvasac cdiloben mweral-
gadamwerebi, Tumca ukve am periodis ZeglebSic
sporadulad SeiniSneba iseTi movlenebi, romlebis
saliteraturo enaSi gabatonebul normaTa sistemas
ewinaaRmdegeba da warmoadgens saliteraturo enaze
cocxali metyvelebis zegavlenis Sedegs.

• es sxvaoba izrdeba IX-XI saukuneTa manZilze,

faqtobrivad am periodis ZeglebSi gamovlindeba
yvela is arsebiTi niSani, romelic axali qarTuli
saliteraturo enis damaxasiaTeblad aris miCneuli.
es ar niSnavs, rom IX-XI saukunebis qarTuli ar icavs
saliteraturo qarTulis mtkice sistemas, radgan
normebidan gadaxevis magaliTebi SedarebiT iSviaTia,
SezRuduli raodenobiTaa, normebis dacva ki sistemurad
xdeba.
normebi aSkarad Cans, advili dasadgenia,
ilustrirebulia uamravi masaliT, darRvevebi ki
saZiebelia.

• saliteraturo enis normebsa da cocxal metyvelebas

Soris garkveuli winaaRmdegoba arsebobs. saliteraturo
enis normebi konservatiuli xasiaTisa, saukunebs uZlebs,
cocxali metyvelebis normebi gacilebiT swrafad
icvleba.

• saliteraturo enis normebi xSirad mas Semdegac

ucvlelia, rac cocxal metyvelebaSi am normaTa
safuZveli gramatikuli Tu fonetikuri evoluciis
Sedegad aRar arsebobs.

• sazogadod, saliteraturo ena normaTa mtkiced

Camoyalibebul sistemas efuZneba. marTalia, V-X
saukunebis qarTul werilobiT ZeglTa Soris
jerjerobiT ar Cans raime gramatikuli traqtati,
an enobriv normaTaA krebuli, magram am ZeglTa
enis Seswavla ueWvels xdis, rom saliteraturo
enis normebi mtkicedaa Camoyalibebuli da maT
mwerlebi da gadamwerebi mtkiced icaven.
swored amitomaa TvalSi sacemi yoveli gadaxveva
saliteraturo enis normebidan.

magaliTad: Y (iotis) dakargvis SemTxvevebi ukve VI_VII

s- dan gvxvdeba, IX-XI s-is cocxal metyvelebaSi Y-is
Semcveli damavali difTongebi aRar arsebobs, ar gaaCnia
 es niSani mxedrul anbansac, magram xucurma anbnma es
niSani XVIII saukunemde Semoinaxa, ufro metic , es niSani
xucuris zegavleniT XVII saukunidan mxedrul anbanSic
Cndeba.
XVII-XVIII saukunis gadamwerebi cdiloben am grafemis
Zveli normebiT gamoyenebas, magram Zalze xSirad ver
axerxeben, radgan Sesabamisi bgera enis fonematur sistemas
didi xania aRar gaCnia. faqtia, rom cocxal metyvelebaSi IX-XI
saukuneSi momxdari cvlileba saliteraturo enis
orTografiul normas ver cvlis XIX saukunemde.

igive iTqmis moTxr.brunvis niSnis man/ma

variantebzec .
werilobiT ZeglebSi -ma IX saukunidan gvaqvs , e.i.
cocxal metyvelebaSi -man ukve aRaraa erTaderTi forma,
mas -ma enacvleba, magram saliteraturo enaSi is kidev
didxans darCeba, rogorc normisadmi garkveuli xarkis
gaRebis gamovlineba.

saliteraturo enaSi gamovlenili darRvevebi im

winaaRmdegobis Sedegia, rac mweral-gadamwerTa enobriv
idealsa da maTs enobriv sistemas Soris arsebobs;
mwerlis (gadamweris) enobrivi idealia saliteraturo enaa,
Tavisi konservatiuli, cocxal metyvelebas mowyvetili da
xSird masTan dapirispirebuli normebiT;
amve dros, mwerali (gadamweri) sakomunikacio saSualebad
iyenebs saliteraturo enisagan sakmaod gansxvavebul
enobriv sistemas.
mwerali (gadamweri), ra Tqma unda, cdilobs Zvel normaTa
dacvas, amCnevs sxva gadamwerTa mier daSvebul Secdomebsac,
cdilobs gaasworos isini, magram cocxali metyvelebis
zegavleniT TviTonac uSvebs amgvarive Secdomebs.
`RmerTman uwyis, raYca Cemisa umecrebisagan
egeboda, kargad qmnasa da simarTlesa dia
moviWirve, magram dedaY odiSs dawerili iyo da
sityuasa scvalebda (`andria salosis cxovreba~.
H 1345, 201r-v)

cxadia, aseTi gulmodgine gadamweris xelidan gamosuli

teqsti enis istorikoss nakleb masalas miscems, enis
istorikosis TvalsazrisiT ukeTesia is gadamweri, romelic
met `Secdomas~ uSvebs, maSasadame, ufro metad gamoavlens
cocxali metyvelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel formebs.

gvaqvs iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca gadamweris mier daSvebuli

Secdomebi, maT Soris iseTebi, romlebic cocxali
metyvelebis gamovlinebaa, gasworebulia SecdomiT
dawerils zemoT swori forma aweria, an mcadri forma
amofxekilia.

sazogadod, saliteraturo enas axasiaTebs

ganviTarebis ori, urTierTsawinaaRmdego tendencia:
¾ moqmedi normis SenarCunebisa da
ganmtkicebis tendencia
¾ damkvidrebuli enobrivi normis Secvlis
tendencia.
axal formaTa raodenobrivma dagrovebam SesaZloa
saliteraturo enis normaTa cvla gamoiwvios.
• WeSmariti enobrivi norma moZravi,dinamikuroi unda
iyos, da, amasTanave, ar unda kargavdes garkveul
imperatiulobas.
• enaSi momxadri evolucia werilobiT ZeglebSi
sporadulad aisaxeba. gadmwerTa mier daSvebuli
Secdomebi miniSnebas iZleva am cvlilebaTa Sesaxeb,
amitomac aqvs amgvar Secdomebs gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba.
• magram cxadia, yovrelgvari Secdoma, mcdari
daweriloba, ver iqneba enis istorikosisTvis
msjelobisa sagani da erTnairad faseuli.

• igi iseT Secdomebze unda amaxvilebdes yuradRebas,

romlebis enis ganviTarebis momdevnoperiodSi ukve
normad iqceva.

• yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi lingvisturma

analizma unda gadawyvitos SemTxveviT
FformasaTan gvaqvs saqme Tu enis
istoriisaTvis sayuradRebo faqtTan.

• SecdomiT daweril formaTa raodenoba enis istoriis

kvlevisas gadamwyveti araa. SesaZloa, romelime
movlena ZeglebSi erTi –ori `SecdomiT~ iyos
warmodgenili, magram enis istoriisTvis swored am
mcdar formebs eniWeba gadamwyveti mniSvneloba da
ara Wabad warmodgenil swor formebs, ramdenadac
isini enis evolucias, misi ganviTarebis tendencias
asxaven.
 • Secdomebi ori jgufad SeiZleba davyoT:
¾ SemTxveviTi xasiaTis Secdomebi (
meqanikuri Secdomebi)
¾ Secdomebi, romelTac enobrivi safuZveli
moepovebaT ( cocxali metyvelebis
amsaxveli Secdomebi)

SemTxveviTi xasiaTis Secdomebi

( asoTa,marcvalTa
kleba,zedmeti asos an marcvlis, sityvis dawera, sityvis
SecdomiT amokiTxva ( mgmobari/megobari; bunebaY/gonebaY;
suTieli/suleli; .... ) damweris naklebi gawafulobiT,
zogjer ki misi fizikuri mdgomareobiTac aixsneba:
9 ` momemadla me friad codbvilsa ioanes da
davCxrike wmidaY ese wigni ori Tavi saxarebaY
lukaYsi da ioanHsi PeliTa CemiTa friad codviliTa
dReTa oden borotad moxucebulobis CemisaTa diad
xaSmman da brmaman~ (Sin 38, 115r) (ioane zosime)
9 `dedaY TviT giorgi mTawmidelisadan dawerili
maqunda, magram esreT wurilad naweri iyo,romel
kacisa Tmasa hguanda,xolome kaci viyav
momdREvnebuli~
9 o, RmerTo,rogor SemaWirva noRisa sicxeman! (
noRa=dabali adgili)
amgvari mizeziT gamowveuli meqanikuri Secdomebi
mniSvnelovania mxolod filologiuri TvalsazrisiT,
xelnawerTa urTierTmimarTebis dasadgenad, magram ara
enis istoriisaTvis.

II jgufis Secdomebs enobrivi safuZveli moepovebaT :

magaliTad, meqanikur Secdomad ver CavTvliT amgvar
Secdomebs:
 evHaY, mariam-i, , ( iakobis protoevangele,VII s),
ufros, xudidesi, gudasman, dalilman,
Tarxuji, miyofia, dauweria...
es enis ganviTarebis tendenciis maCvenebeli
Secdomebia. isini gviCveneben, sxvaobas
saliteraturo enis normasa da cocxal metyvelebas
Soris, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, imas, rom sxvagvarad
werdnen da sxvagvarad laparakobdnen.

SecdomaTa klasifikacia

¾ Sebrunebuli dawerilobani
¾ fsevdogramatizirebuli dawerilobani
¾ kontaminirebuli dawerilobani

1. Sebrunebuli dawerilobani
werilobiT ZeglebSi dasturdeba grafemaTa
urTierTSenacvlebois SemTxvevebi,masin roca
cocxalmetyvelebaSi sesabamis bgeraTa saurTierTo
substitucia savaraudebeli ar aris. grafemaTa aseTi
Senacvleba enaSi moxdari garkveuli fonetikuri
movlenebis damamtkicebeli sabuTia.
P da x-s monacvleoba P-s nacvlas x-s xmarebis
SemTxvevebi X-XII saukuneebis ZeglebSi miuTiTebs,rom
enaSi /P/ : /x/ fonematuri opozicia iSleba
magaliTebi: xeli - Peli; xedavda – Pedavda;
gulisxma – gulisPma....

fonema erTia /x, grafema ori x da P , gadamwerebma kargad

ar ician maTi adrindeli ganawilebis wesebi ( sanam
cocxalmetyvelebaSi /P/sebobda, gadamwers am grafemis
dawerilobaSi Secdoma ar mouvidoda,warmoTqma exmareboda) da
D werilobiT ZeglebSi Tavs iCens ori saxis Secdoma:
 ¾ x wereba iq, sadc adre P iyo (ganyara Peli/xeli)
¾ P iwereba iq, sadac adre x iwereboda.( Ze kacisa
Par)

2 . fsevdogramatizirebuli
dawerilobani
¾ enaSi momxdari evoluciis utyuari dasturia iseTi
dawerilobani,roca grafemas cocxal metyvelebaSi
Sesabamisi bgerobrivi erTeuli ar Seesatyviseba,es aso ki
imitomaa dawerili,rom, gadamwerlis azriT, amgvari
daweriloba sworia.
¾ gadamweris amgvari gadawyvetilebis safuZveli aris is,
rom orTografiul normaTa mixedviT, Sesabamis poziciaSi
sxva formebSi mocemuli grafikuli niSani iwereba.
o aRvida igi mTaT ( C) , cxebaT ferPTa
uflisaTa, , amaRldi zecaT ( Wil-etr)

imis gamo, rom cocxal metyvelebaSi moiSala mJRer da yru

TanxmovanTa opozicia auslautSi, d grafema Tavs iGens iq,
sadac is adre arasdros yofila:
¾ ara davPsnad sityuaY (aT.mr); aRvPed navsa da
marTl miviswrafed; warvediT da auwyed
macxovarsa.
¾ SvaY, menave /menaY-ve
fsevdogramatizirebul dawerilobaTa gamomwvevi mizezi
saliteraturo enis normaTa cocxali metyvelebisagan
daSorebaa.

3. kontaminirebuli daweriloba (gaixseneT

aeri+hava=haeri)

amgvari dawerilobani enaSi moxdari cvlilebebis yvelaze

TvalsaGino mowmobas warmoadgenen, kontaminirebul
dawerilobaSi erTdrouladaa warmodgenili8 ori forma (
swori da araswori,norma da darRveva)
`amisTvis mogelis Sen gKrgKni simarTlisaY , romeli migqces
qadagebulman Sen mier~(Xs,Sin64).

raJams gamosSGndi zeciT ( fsalm,X s)

viTarca nestu oPxreani Pmobs
raJams Semoqmedi maTi wiarTagan gardamoxPda
sasSjeli, mihsca, dahscxra,,
dReH igi ukanaskneli, meufeH igi huriaTaY, ZeH, mzeH,
ukuH, ukuHTu

cocxal metyvelebaSi momxdari procesebis daTariReba

saliteraturo enaSi gamovlenil faqtTa mixedviT.
 I kolokviumisaTvis

¾ z. sarjvelaZe, qarTuli saliteraturo enis

istoriis Sesavali, Tb. 1984
Tavi I, II, III, IV, X,
¾ b.jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia
¾ arn.Giqobava, Zvelisa da axlis komponentebisaTvis
vefxistyaosnis morfologiur da sintaqsur
struqturaSi
¾ r. patariZe, bolnisis taZris saamSeneblo warwera,
`mnaTobi~, 1984, #1;
¾ a.SaniZe, literaturuli cnoba axlad aRmoCenili
uZvelesi qarTuli teqstebis Sesaxeb XI saukunis
mwerlobaSi, Txz. t. II, Tb.,1981;

¾ a. SaniZe, xanmeti leqcionari, Zveli qarTuli enis

Zeglebi, I, Tb., 1944;
¾ a. SaniZe, sinuri mravalTavi 864 wlisa da misi
mniSvneloba qarTuli enis istoriisaTvis, Tsu
Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi; Tb., 1959;
¾ iv. javaxiSvili, axlad aRmoCenili uZvelesi
qarTuli xelnawerebi da maTi mniSvneloba
mecnierebisaTvis, qarTuli paleografia, Tb. ,1949;
¾ qarTuli oTxTavis ori Zveli redaqcia sami
Satberduli xelnaweris mixedviT, a. SaniZis
gamocema, Tb., 1945