Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Version 9.0
March 10
V9.0 March 10
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March 3, 2010
Detail Survey Procedures
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.0 ADJUSTMENTS 37
Create new project................................................. 37
Enter Project details............................................... 38
3.1 Traverse Adjustment 39
Control Point Entry................................................. 39
Traverse String Entry ............................................. 40
3d Adjustment ....................................................... 42
Set Symbols and tinability ...................................... 44
3.2 Least Squares Horizontal Adjustment 45
Horizontal Adjustment ............................................ 46
Distances .............................................................. 47
Angles ................................................................... 47
True azimuths........................................................ 48
Fixed points ........................................................... 48
Initial points ........................................................... 48
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Open project
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• Click on the Registry Folder icon then select [Open] to open the configuration file
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• Click on the Environment configuration icon then click the explode icon
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• Click on <Read> to read the data into the model TITLE FILE
• Turn on the model TITLE FILE in plan view 1
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To automatically turn on a model in a view, type the view number after the
model name in the panel where the model will be created.
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• Select the bottom left of the existing logo. Ensure that the logo highlights and not one
of the surrounding strings. Accept the selection and the 12d logo will disappear.
• Import the new logo using the Insert icon from the Cad Images toolbar
• Click on <Insert> to insert the logo into the title block. As the model is already turned
on, the image will appear.
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Move image
• Move the image to better fit within the boundaries of the title block. Select option
Strings Strings edit Translate
• Click on <Start>, then pick and accept the bottom left corner of the logo
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Scale image
• Scale the image to better fit within the title block area using the Scale image icon
from the Cad Images toolbar
• Click and accept on the bottom left of the image. A green rectangle will appear as
you drag your mouse to show you the finished size of the image.
• Pick and accept the size of the image. It is a good idea not to make it as large as the
title block box as the logo will be drawn over the top of the linework.
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• Type in the new information and click <Ok> then click <Escape> to finish on the text
editor
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• Replace the rest of the text with your own company details
• To move the text around use the same option we used to move the logo. Move the
text by 1mm at a time and continually pick and accept it until it is in the correct
position.
By using the Translate option rather than the Cad Text Move Text
option you have better control over the position of the text because you can
easily move it horizontally or vertically. It is often best to use this option
when creating new lines of text, by copying and translating the existing text
and then modifying the new value.
• Note the format the text is typed into 12d. You can edit the text to reflect your own
company requirements but be sure to keep the exact format.
The title file and aliases work seamlessly with the interactive PPF editors. In the Title block
section of the interactive PPF editors and Plotters, the user defined title block file is scanned
for any $user_text in it and it is presented as a grid containing all the aliases in the title block
with a column to fill in the values that the user wants to be plotted.
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• Open up the plot parameter editor using option Plot Plot and PPF Editors Plot
Frames
• Expand the directory tree and open the User title info
• In the Title file field pick TITLE FILE.tbf from [User Lib]
• Note that line 1 asks for the first line of the drawing description (Description line 1).
Default Text
For title blocks, special information such as the current date and time, plotting scales etc. can
be automatically inserted into the title block.
To achieve this, special title block variables have been defined and wherever these variables
appear in a title block text command, they are expanded to their defined value. Hence the
title block variables are simply place markers which have text values substituted for them
when the title block file is used. The title block variables all begin with a $.
The title block variables which don't involve plot parameters are:
$time The current date and time. The format for the date and
time is defined in the PPF Editor.
$page_number Page number has the starting value one, or the value
given in the PPF Editor, and is incremented by one for
each plot produced by the plot option.
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$drawing_number Drawing number has the starting value one or the value
given in the PPF Editor and is incremented by one for
each plot produced by the plot option.
Data entered into the Projects details panel at the commencement of the project can also be
automatically inserted into the title file
• To use the project details we need to open up the details editor panel using option
Project Management Details Editor
• Click on Client
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To insert the client name into the title file type in variable $project_detail_Client where
“Client” is the Name of the variable
• Click on <Set> to update the stored attributes. In this instance they don’t change but
it may be that you changed the margins or any other of the parameters.
• Click on <Write> to save the new title block and then <Finish>
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World Linestyle
The world linestyle (worldstyle) is the definition of the style given in world or ground units.
Before we can create a linestyle we will draw a simple shape from 3 strings.
• Turn off the model TITLE FILE
• Create a new model called DEMO1 in the Cad ControlBar
• The starting position for our new linestyle will be 0,0, so hit the space bar to bring up
the coordinate entry panel and type in . (Note there is a <space> between the 0’s)
• Press <Enter>
• 12d is now asking for a bearing (look down in the bottom left hand corner), enter a
value of 90 (degrees).
• Again looking in the bottom left, 12d is asking for a distance, enter a value of 5
(metres).
• You have now created the first string, but 12d wants to continue with the traverse.
Press <Esc> and note that 12d will ask for the start position of the next traverse. We
will be starting the next line in the middle of the existing string.
• Select the Snaps Mid-segment icon to snap the start of the next string onto the
middle of the existing string.
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• Follow the instructions in the bottom left of the screen (Pick and accept the segment
to snap to)
• From the end of the original string draw another string at a bearing of 180° and a
distance of 0.5m
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To save this line style as a worldstyle, click on the lines style icon in the Cad Control Bar
Select [Edit ] from the very bottom of the list of existing symbols.
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• Click on <Process> to create the worldstyle. This will create the style in memory
only. You will need to write the file to your local folder if you want to use it once the
project has been restarted. But before writing the data away it is always a good idea
to check that it works.
• Create a new Plan View using option View New Plan
• Create a new Model (in the Cad ControlBar) called TEST
• Open the Linestyle selection panel.
• Note that there is a new group called DEMO and inside that group is the new style
DEMO1
• Select linestyle DEMO1
• Create a test string using the Create Line icon from the Cad Lines toolbar
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• Click on <Write> then <Finish> to save the file to your local directory.
• Leave the linestyle editor open
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Paper Linestyle
The paper linestyle (paperstyle) is the definition of the style given in millimeters when
plotted. In this case we will create a dashed line with some text.
• Turn off all the models in Plan 1 and create a new model called DEMO2 and set the
linestyle back to 1
• Using the Traverse option create a string from 0 0 to a point at 90° for a distance of
20m (once we convert this to a paperstyle the line will be 20mm in length when
plotted)
In order to produce a dashed line, leaving a gap of 5mm when plotted, we will also need
to create a point 5m from the end of the string already created.
• Create a point at a bearing of 90° and a distance of 5m from the end of the string
using option Bearing/Distance from the Cad Points toolbar
In the gap between the string and the point, we will add some text. The text must be in
world units and in the Text ControlBar there is already setup a list of favourites.
• Select CO-ORDINATES 1:1000 from the dropdown list.
The text control bar displays the font and text size
• Use the Create Text icon from the Cad Text toolbar to write the letter E in the gap.
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Type in E
• Click on <OK>
• To reposition the text, select [V] to move the vertex then move to text to be more
central to the gap
• Press <Escape> to finish the text placement
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2-Point Linestyle
A 2-Point Linestyle (2ptstyle) is defined by two points. It can be stretched in either one or
two directions, for example a symbol that looks like this could be stretched in the x
direction or in both x and y directions
• Turn off all the models in View 1 and create a new model called DEMO3 with a
linestyle of 1
• Draw a rectangle from a start point of 0 0 to point 2 1 (width 2 and height 1) and a
corner radius of 0.
• Draw a diagonal line from one corner of the rectangle to the opposite corner.
Note that in this example we will create the 2ptstyle with insertion points at the mid-point
of the shorter sides and the linestyle will scale in both x & y around these points
Save this linestyle as a 2 point linestyle
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3-Point Linestyle
(0,0) (2,0)
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World Symbol
• Turn off all the models in View 1 and create a new model called DEMO5 with a
linestyle of 1
• Create a circle at origin 0 0 and a radius of 1.5 using Centre and Radius icon from
the Cad Circles toolbar
• Draw text (S) as shown previously, and position it in the centre of the circle.
To save this symbol as a worldstyle, click on the symbol icon in the Symbol ControlBar
Select [Edit ] from the very bottom of the list of existing symbols.
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• Click on <Set> then write this away to your local folder and the new Font will then be
available to use inside the Text ControlBar
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• Expand the tree to open Textstyle data favourites and double click on Create
textstyle data favourite
Fill in the panel as shown. Note that the Textstyle DEMO which we created in the
previous exercise is now available.
Set the Slant to 15º to give the effect of Italics
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Basic tab
• Fill in the last row as per the example above. No name is necessary as it will use
the key as the name. The linestyle DEMO1 we created earlier will be used here
Symbols tab
• Fill in the last row as per the example above. The symbol DEMO5 we created
earlier will be used here
Tinable tab
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• Fill in the third row as per the example above. The textstyle DEMO we created
earlier will be used here
• Click on <Set> then write this away to your local folder
Try selecting the name DEMO TB from the Name icon in the Cad control bar
The rest of the control toolbars are populated with the previously set up parameters
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3.0 ADJUSTMENTS
Create new project
For the Adjustments exercise, create a new project in the DETAIL SURVEY folder called
ADJUSTMENTS
• Select Project New
Click on <Create>
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Browse up to folder
C:\12d\9.00\WORKSHOPS\SURVEY\DETAIL SURVEY
and select TRAVERSE CONTROL POINTS.12da
The view DATA INPUT is created and the data is automatically turned on
• Toggle on the Point Id’s – you may need to zoom all to see your points.
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• Before proceeding further it is a good idea to zoom into the closing point (904) and
check the misclose.
• Toggle on the vertices
• Use the option Measure Bearing/Distance icon from the Measure Edits toolbar to
measure between the vertex at the end of the traverse string to the fixed point 904
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3d Adjustment
The next step is to perform a 3d traverse adjustment.
• Open the Traverse Adjustment panel using Traverse adjustment icon from the
Survey Reductions toolbar
• Click on <Pick> and pick on the traverse string. The misclose after the angular
adjustment is shown.
• Note that the misclose shown here is not the same as the one shown in the graphics
as this misclose is calculated after the angular adjustment
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• Click <Adjust> and the traverse will be adjusted and the report file will be shown.
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• Click <Convert>
• Toggle on the Z values and zoom in to one of the points
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• Click on <delete>
• To restore a model tick the Select check box and then click on <Restore>
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Horizontal Adjustment
In this exercise, rather than type all the data in, we will simply read in an input file. The input
file format can be found via the 12d forum page.
• Open up the Least Squares Horizontal Network Adjustment panel using option
Survey Adjustments Least squares network
Browse up to folder
C:\12d\9.00\WORKSHOPS\
SURVEY\DETAIL SURVEY
and select the file HORIZ
WORKSHOP.in
• Click on <Read>
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Distances
• Select the Distance tab
The values shown are the observed horizontal distances between each point. You can set
the standard deviation for each distance individually, or you can set the standard deviation
for all distances
Angles
• Select the Angle tab
The values shown are the angles read in a clockwise direction. Again the standard deviation
can be set for each angle or all angles.
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True azimuths
• Select the True Azimuth tab
This section allows the entry of a fixed azimuth from a point. As we are using coordinates
only for our fixed parameters this section is not going to be used
Fixed points
• Select the Fixed tab
Points with known coordinates can be entered here or picked from the screen using the
<Add Point> button
Initial points
• Select the Initial tab
The Intial tab allows you to enter in approximate coordinates for your unknown points. 12d
Model will try and calculate the initial position for each point from the entered measurements
but for some points this is not possible
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Draw options
• Select the Draw tab
The Draw tab is used to plot the traverse to the screen as a diagram prior to any
adjustments.
• Tick check box to Clear draw model beforehand, so that if we run it a few times we
will not create multiple strings.
Output options
• Select the Output tab
The Output tab allows you to output a report file and to save the values typed into the panel
so they can be read back in at a later date.
• Enter an Output file name (HORIZ WORKSHOP EDITED.in), a Report file name
(HORIZ WORKSHOP.rpt) and set the Number of decimal places to 3.
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Control model
• Select the Control Model tab
The Control Model tab allows you to enter a new model, or select an existing model for the
adjusted control points. If you select an existing model, and there is a point in the model with
the same point id as a point being calculated, then rather than a new point being created, the
coordinates of the existing point can be updated after the reduction is complete
• Set the Model to SURV STN, give it a colour and set the Style to 1
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The report file can be checked for errors prior to running the adjustment
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• Click <Replace> to overwrite the edited input file if recreating the file
In the graphics error ellipses are created around each of the new station positions indicating
the accuracy of the solution
Turning on the names will show the residuals
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Browse up to folder
C:\12d\9.00\WORKSHOPS\SURVEY\D
ETAIL SURVEY and select the file
LEVEL WORKSHOP.lin
• Click on <Read>
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Observations
• Select the Observation tab
The values shown are the observed vertical distances between each point. You can set the
standard deviation for each distance individually, or you can set the standard deviation for all
distances
Benchmarks
• Select the Benchmark tab
• The values shown are the heights of all of the fixed stations.
Unknown points
• Select the Unknown tab
The Unknown tab allows you to enter in approximate heights for your unknown points. 12d
Model will try and calculate initial position for each point from the entered measurement but
for some points this is not possible. In this example we won’t use any initial levels
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Control model
• Select the Control Model tab
The Control Model tab allows you to select the control model whose heights are to be
updated
• Choose the model SURV STATION
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Browse up to folder
C:\12d\9.00\WORKSHOPS\SURVEY\DETAIL
SURVEY and select NON PROJECTION
BDY.12da
Prior to viewing the data we will create a second plan view. The data is divided into non
projection strings and two check points that lie in different coordinate systems so we will view
the data in separate views.
• Rename view DATA INPUT to view 2 using option View Rename
• Click back on plan view 1 and tile the two views vertically by selecting option Window
Tile Vertical
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• Add model BDY NON PROJECTION in plan view 1 and turn on model SURV PEG in
plan view 2. Toggle off the Z values, names and point id’s in plan view 1
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• You can check the accuracy of the translation, rotation and scale (based on your
chosen projection) by zooming in on the second control point and checking that it is
within the required tolerance.
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For the remainder of the training we will use a project called THE VALLEY which we will
create in the DETAIL SURVEY folder
• Select Project New
• Click on <Create>
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Survey Setup
In this section we will look at the feature coding available in 12d for the Sokkia SDR format.
Formats such as the Topcon GTS, Trimble and Nikon are set up in a similar fashion
• Open the Survey Data Setup panel using option Survey Setup
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The Feature Coding tab deals with the order in which you string the code in the field
The String number position has three options – before feature code
– no string number
– after feature code
We don’t need to worry about the Tinability position as we will use a Map File to
set up the tinability of a string
The Numeric feature coding is the number of characters for each code and is
always entered before the string number.
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The Command field defines the separator between the feature code/string number
and an op code command or another feature code/ string number. You must use a
character that cannot be used as part of a feature code, string number or op code
The Comment field defines the separator for comments. Note that in this example
we are using a space. Below we have used the feature code for a tree TRxxxx with a
<space> and then the description of the tree which will come through as vertex text
The Check measurement field defines a code that is used for a check shot rather
than a reading to a point.
We enter this code before the point number that you are taking a check reading to.
Below we have setup on station 902, set the backsight to 901 and taken a check
reading to 906. When this is reduced inside 12d, it will show us any errors
• For information on the other fields, press <F1> or click on <Help> and select Data
Collector Definitions
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By clicking on Comment raw files, the data from the raw survey file will be included
in the 12d Field File as comments. This can be useful for error tracking what was
actually done in the field
Allow bad line lengths is useful to be turned on if you have done any editing of your
raw file in a text editor or have created a raw file from a non native instrument (eg. An
SDR file from a Topcon instrument) as the native SDR file has a specific line length
depending upon the control code at the start of each line.
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Close allows you close a string, that is to join the current measurement back to the
first measurement of the string. Using the *C command code the headwall string
(69HW) will close after 4 points below.
Rectangle allows you to draw a rectangle given just three measurements. That is
the current measurement and the previous two points of the string are three points of
a parallelogram and the fourth point is automatically created (and given a null height).
Rectangle by 2 pts allows you to draw a rectangle by just two points. That is the
previous two points of the string define one side and a offset defines the opposite
side. Positive being to the right. The created points are given null height
Start arc fit allows you to define the start of a three point arc (or multiples of 3 points
– 3,5,7,9….).
End arc fit allows you to define the end of a three point arc (or multiples of 3 points –
3,5,7,9….).
New String allows you to start a new string. This is most commonly used when not
using string numbers, but you can also use it if you do not want to change the string
number for the next point.
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The Templating tab allows you to make use of a very powerful option inside 12d where you
can record your first cross section and then as you move along the defined feature, you do
not need to enter the individual feature codes, you can simply take readings, thus saving you
a lot of time in the field.
There is an example of this in the GSI file we will process in this workshop and we will look at
in more detail later in the training
If you want to see more information about this tab, click on the <Help> button and
select Data Collector Definitions
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Survey Setup
In this section we will look at the feature coding available in 12d for the Leica GSI format.
Control codes are typed into the data collector and these are in turn read by the converter file
gsi.4do to create the control codes in the field file.
For the Version 9 workshop we will use the Leica GSI format as the use of string
attributes is easier to demonstrate.
• Open the Survey Data Setup panel using option Survey Setup
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A full list of the control codes can be found in the reference manual under Appendix G
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.4 Measurement to backsight
.6 Check measurement
.61 Start of arc through sets of three points until end of string
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Finish using a field template or finish recording a field template (.52) (AM)
Word 1 .52
Stops using the current field template or stops recording a field template.
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Start of arc through sets of three points until end of string, or a 62 occurs (.61) (AM)
Word 1 .61
The arcs are fitted as follows - the first arc is fitted through points one, two and three, the
next arc through points three, four and five etc. If there is less than three points remaining at
the end, then no arc is fitted to the end points.
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The fitting of arcs through the points of the current string is stopped. The current
measurement point is the last of the points used in the arc fitting.
Add a real user defined attribute to the current string (.69) (AM)
Word 1 .69 ]Word 2 Name] Word 3 Real
Add a real (floating point) user defined attribute to the current string.
Add text user defined attribute to the current string (.70) (AM)
Word 1 .70 [Word 2 Name] Word 3 Text [Word 4 Text]
Add a real (floating point) user defined attribute to the current string.
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Add text user defined attribute to the current point (.73) (AM)
Word 1 .73 [Word 2 Name] Word 3 Text [Word 4 Text]
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The Basic tab reads the field code (Key) along with the attribute data (optional) and places
the data associated with this code in a user defined model, gives it a colour, determines if the
code is a point or a line, and gives the linestyle of the particular code. If the code represents
a symbol then the linestyle would be set to 0 or null and a symbol would be given on the
Symbols tab.
The Name column is the name given to the string or point once the map file has been
processed. As you can see, the name column is blank and therefore the name of the string
will be same as the field code (Key).
The Solid Fill branch
• Explode the Fills branch then select Solid Fill branch
The Solid Fill tab sets whether strings (closed and non-closed) are filled with a solid fill
colour.
The Name from the Basic tab is read along with the attribute data (optional) and the polyline
is then filled according the colour given. If the string is open then an imaginary string is used
to close the polyline to fill it in.
The Blend is the transparency of the fill – 1 is fully opaque and 0 is fully transparent, you can
use any number between 0 and 1 to achieve the desired result.
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String symbol
• Explode the Symbols branch then select String branch
The Symbols tab sets which symbols are to be used on the vertices.
You can set a symbol in the vertices of a linestyle, for example, if you picked up fence posts
and wanted to show both the posts and the fence in between.
The Basic tab would set the linestyle for the fence and the Symbols tab would set the
symbol for the posts.
A more common use is to just have a symbol at the vertex such as a tree, or a light pole.
The Name of the string, as set by the Basic tab, is read along with the attribute (optional) to
nominate a symbol. The symbol can be scaled by setting the Size, given a Colour and a
rotation (Angle). If you want to offset the symbol from the actual surveyed point then you
would fill in the Delta X and Delta Y fields.
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Vertex symbol
• Explode the Symbols branch then select Vertex branch
Symbols can be scaled given a user defined diameter. Here we will define a symbol for the
tree foliage outline
In the example below the Species GUM has a trunk diameter of 0.8 and a foliage diameter of
18
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An additional symbol can also be applied. Here we will define a symbol for the tree trunk
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The Tinable branch sets whether the vertices and segments are tinable (used in the
triangulation), not tinable (not used in the triangulation) or only the vertices (points) are
tinable. An example of where you would only want the vertices set to tinable would be for a
fence or a gate. In this case the fence and the gate themselves are not breaklines, however
the shots taken along the string would be used as natural surface shots in the triangulation.
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The Vertex Text Data branch sets parameters for drawing text at the vertices of the string
based on the comments given to the point in the field.
By using an * in the Name column, 12d will read the name of every string, check if a
comment was added to the code in the field and add the text to the data. You can assign
different fonts to different codes if you prefer by manually entering their name and then the
font details into the panel.
Pipes
• Explode the Pipes branch then select String branch
The String tab sets parameters for sizing pipes and culverts for strings, based on the name
set in the Basic Tab and attribute (optional).
In the Justify column, you can specify where you are picking up the height of the pipe
(invert, obvert or centre).
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The Shape of the pipe, would be set to culvert if you were picking up a box culvert type
pipe, and then Size 1 and Size 2 would be the width and height of the culvert. If you are only
picking up a pipe with a diameter then Size 1 and Size 2 would both be set to the diameter of
the pipe.
In the example below a reading has been taken to the invert of a 0.225 diameter circular
sewer pipe
Tin Boundaries
• Select Boundaries branch
The Boundaries tab sets the parameter for a string so that when it is part of a triangulation it
is also used to null or reset any triangles. A good example of an exclude boundary would be
a house or a dam. You do not want to triangulate inside the boundary of the feature so the
Boundaries are set to exclude. If you put a boundary around your entire survey then this
would be an include boundary and anything outside of this would not be used in the
triangulation.
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• Open the Survey Data Convert Raw panel using option Survey Convert raw
Browse up to folder
C:\12d\9.00\WORKSHOPS\SURVEY\DETAIL
SURVEY and select raw file VALLEY1.GSI
It is a good practice to open the output window to ensure that there are no errors found in the
conversions.
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Browse up to folder
C:\12d\9.00\WORKSHOPS\SURVEY\DETAIL
SURVEY and select file VALLEY SURVEY
STATIONS.12da
• Click <Read>
• A view called DATA INPUT shows the new data.
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In the Field Files tab, the last file that we converted is shown in the table. This is our field
data taken from its raw format (in this case GSI format and converted into 12d’s field file
format). We want to reduce all three files at once, so insert two blank lines above the file
shown.
• Add the two missing field files into the File column of rows 1 and 2 by clicking right
button inside the cell
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Mapping File
• Select Map File tab
We saw previously how to set up the map file. We will now use this file in the reduction of
our data.
Advanced settings
• Select Advanced tab
When control points are to be used, but the field file does not contain the coordinates of the
stations, 12d will use the coordinates in the Control model and match them to a point id.
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Geodetics
• Select Geodetics tab
This survey uses a total station that measures plane bearings and distances.
Our control points are in a projection coordinate system so by selecting the projection to work
with 12d will calculate and apply the scale factor to each reading.
Other settings
• Select Others tab
Additional settings can be set to help with the reduction including exploding point strings and
the handling of backsight and check measurements
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The Bearing Datum Difference panel will pop up showing the results of the backsight
reading from our first station setup 901 to station 902. A vector also appears in the graphics.
12d calculates the difference between the observed coordinates and the coordinates
contained in the control model and reports any differences in the coordinates, the bearing
and the distance
Provided the errors are within tolerance, then you can select <Yes> to Apply the Swing
12d now reports the Check Measurement from station 901 to station 905
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Select [Open]
The report file created by the function will open in the windows default text editor
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Detail Survey Procedures
• Scroll all the way to the bottom of the file and you should see a list of errors
The first error is a field code called TBK that was typed incorrectly in the field. It should have
been TBL. We will do a find and replace to change this code later in the field file editing
Next you can see that there is one Information
• To find what this refers to, copy the word Information and paste it inside a search
panel and locate the word. Moving the cursor to the top of the file may be required
prior to searching
• Select Search
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Detail Survey Procedures
You should find that we created a template and didn’t give it a name, so the information is
simply saying that the template has no name
• Exit out of the report file
• Prior to closing down the Survey Data Reduction Function panel, it is always a
good idea to turn on all your data
• Toggle off the Text in the plan view so that you can see the data properly
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Detail Survey Procedures
To make it easier to
print this manual some
of the screen colours
have been changed.
Your road should
appear white and your
background colour
should be black.
• To prevent this, go back to the Advanced tab in the Survey Data Reduction
Function
Obviously this clutters up the view and we can’t make any sense of the data without zooming
into an area. However, 12d allows you to set the zoom factor for the text to turn on or off.
We will create a chain to save this process. The chain will be saved to the User_lib folder for
use with any project using the same configuration (DETAIL SURVEY WORKSHOP)
• Zoom into an area where you can clearly read all the text with minimal overlap
Create chain
• Click on <Set>
• Zoom out slightly to check the settings is working
• Select <Finish> to exit the panel but LEAVE THE RECORDER RUNNING
• Click on <Set>
• Zoom out slightly to check the settings is working
• Select <Finish> to exit the panel but LEAVE THE RECORDER RUNNING
Point ID text
For the Point Id’s it is a good idea to have them turn on before the other information so we
will zoom out slightly
• Open the Vertex ID’s for Plan View panel using option Menu Settings
Point/Vertex id’s
• Click on <Set>
• Zoom all to check the settings are working. As you then zoom in the point ID’s turn on
first followed by the names and z values
Stop the recording
Select view 1
Open the Output window and check there were no errors in the chain
• Click on <Edit>
This can also be achieved using the Recalc panel
Now set the screen up so that the view takes up half the screen area and the Survey Field
Data Editor panel takes up the other half. This enables you to easily pick from either the
plan view or the panel to edit data
• Select Window Tile Vertical to float the plan view in the graphics
• Minimise the plan view DATA INPUT
• Move and resize the field file editor panel to the left half of the screen and move and
resize the plan view 1 to the right half
The toolbars Xtra Edit Reduction, Xtra Survey Reductions and Xtra Plotting toolbars are
displayed at the top of the screen
To Insert a new command into the field data, simply click on the line where the
data is to be inserted and select the Insert icon. The New Field Data Command
panel will open.
A full list of field commands is displayed by clicking on the down arrow and the
required command can be selected from the list. Once you select a command a
new panel will appear to fill in the required information
To Delete a line from the field data, highlight the data by clicking in the line and
then either use the Delete key on the keyboard or select the Delete icon from the
top of the panel.
If an original command has been deleted then the original command is left in the
file but has a large red cross placed on the left hand side of the line to indicate that
it has been deleted.
Any original command that has been deleted can be undeleted by simply
highlighting the deleted command and pressing the Delete icon or Delete key
again
Note that the first time you delete a line the backsight and check measurement
prompts will reappear as the field is recalculated.
Make sure you select Yes to all for the backsight prompts and Continue all for
the check measurement prompts.
Don’t select Cancel as this will stop the reduction at the relevant survey reading.
To re-reduce the survey if this has occurred then reopen the Survey Data
Reduction function and select <Reduce>
The Up/Down radio button define which direction to search in the field data.
Selecting the Find/replace icon brings up the Field Data Find/Replace panel.
After selecting Find by pick, the user selects a point in the plan view created by
the Survey function and the field data editor will scroll to the line of the field data
that created the point
The toggle button allows commented information to be shown/ not shown. Simply
press the Toggle icon to move from one state to another. You can set 12d (Survey
Setup Advanced tab) to comment the raw survey file, and then toggle to THE
raw data on and off as needed. The example below shows an SDR raw file.
The To Backsight icon is visible when a measurement line has been selected
(highlighted) in the field data. When the measurement line is highlighted, clicking on
the To Backsight icon brings up the Backsight panel with the highlighted
measurement details filled in.
The To Checksight icon works the same as the To Backsight except that it
converts the reading to a check measurement rather than a backsight measurement
Ticked on - when a line is selected (highlighted) in the survey data editor panel, if
the point is not visible in a plan view that the model for the data is on, the view will
automatically pan so that the selected point is at the centre of the view (keeping the
same zoom factor)
• Click on <Find> and 12d will search the file until it finds the first occurrence of the
code in the field file and will highlight the line.
In the plan view a vector will be drawn from the survey station to the point highlighted
• Click on <Replace>.
As you click on replace the data will be re-reduced and 12d will search the field file for the
next occurrence of the code. The field file editor will leave an audit trail that the data has
been edited by changing the colour to magenta
• Click <Replace> again
The plan view will show the correct linestyle or symbol for each point. The point has also
been moved into its correct model according to the mapping file.
If you are changing the code to a code whose model has not been turned on
previously the string will disappear. Simply turn the newly created model on
• Type in 1044. As soon as you start typing, the Enter XYZ panel will pop up, it is here
that you enter the point number to find
• 12d will pan to the point number and highlight it with a cross.
• If this the point that you require then press <Enter> and the field file editor will
highlight the line
• You can see that the previous point (1043) had a target height of 2.1m in order to see
over the top of a car parked on the side of the road, however the surveyor forgot to
change the target height back to 1.6m until several shots later.
• To fix this, click on the Insert target height icon from the Xtra Edit Reductions
toolbar
12d will fill in the panel with the existing target height
• Click <Set>
The file is re-reduced and the Target Height command is inserted into the field file
We have the same problem with point 3038, so follow the same procedure and set the target
of this point to 1.6m also.
Re-order Strings
In the field the surveyor may pick up points along a string in the wrong order. This produces
a zigzag effect.
• Zoom into point number 2356
• Note that there is a zigzag where the surveyor decided to pick up an extra point to
better define the direction of the top of bank, but did so after picking up the next point
• To make the view clearer you may want to toggle off the Text
• Pick on the icon Order by points. icon from the Xtra Edit Reductions toolbar
This options allows you to pick the correct order the points should be in one at a time
• Select the point that should be next along the string (2358)
12d will re-reduce the data and the string have the zigzag removed
• It is important to correct the zigzag in the same direction that the string was picked up
in. If you make a mistake then you can use the option Remove order from the
Xtra Survey Reductions toolbar and pick and accept anywhere on the string. The
string will return to its original state
• There is a similar problem on the string immediately north-east of the string we just
fixed that needs to also be rectified. Follow the same procedure to fix this string. The
string runs from top to bottom so the first point selected is 3019
Close String
• Zoom in near the left hand dam
The small island created where the creek bed splits up should be a closed string and the
direction of the string should show the bank leading into the bed rather than in on itself.
• Pick on the icon Close string icon from the Xtra Edit Reductions toolbar
12d will re-reduce the file and the string will now appear as a closed polygon
Reverse String
The same string will be reversed so that the bank ticks will point down the slope
• Pick on the icon Reverse string icon from the Xtra Edit Reductions toolbar
12d will re-reduce the file and the string will now be reversed
Templates
If you are using an instrument that doesn’t have templating commands built into the software,
then you can use the template commands within 12d.
here is a section of the pickup in VALLEY2.GSI as shown in the far north west of the job,
that was done using a template, coded with the commands from 12d.
If you wanted to undo this change then you could double click on the line again click on
<Reset> then <Finish>
Deleting a Point
To delete a point simply select the point either in the graphics or in the Survey Field Data
Editor
• Click on the Delete icon (or use the delete button on the keyboard. Ensure the focus
is on the field file editor before hitting the delete button)
The point will disappear from the graphics and will be shown with a red cross at the start of
the line in the field file editor. To undo the deletion, simply highlight it again and hit delete.
The Bearing Datum Difference panel will often pop up when you delete a point as a
safeguard in case you have deleted a backsight or an important measurement used in the
orientation of the data. If you are happy that it is only a normal measurement then you can
click <Yes to all>.
Bearing Swing
• Highlight point 1001 in the field file editor and click on the Insert icon
• Click <Create>.
• Click <Ok>
All the subsequent readings would then be swung by 10° until it reaches the next station
setup
If you wanted to only swing a few readings then you could add another bearing swing of 0°
before the reading that no longer required the swing
Be sure to delete the swings from the field file before continuing on
Distance Correction
• Highlight point 1001 in the field file editor and click on the Insert icon
• From the list select Distance correction and click <Create>. This will allow us to
adjust the distances to the prism if, for example the wrong ppm were set
• Click <Ok>
All the subsequent readings would have their distances reduced by 0.030 metres
If you wanted to only adjust a few readings then you could add another distance correction
before the reading that no longer required the correction
Be sure to delete the corrections from the field file before continuing on
A new option in 12d allows the user to create a temporary triangulation to check contours.
Height of target errors can also be picked up here.
Firstly we will toggle on the contours and set up the contour increment
Select Menu Settings Tins
Select the Tin Quick icon from the Tin Utility toolbar
Select view 1
• Click <Window>
Tinable points inside the rectangle are used to create the tin. Note that this is a temporary tin
and as such has no nulling parameters and can’t be retriangulated. It is for previewing only
• Click on the Lock function icon from the Xtra Edit Reductions toolbar.
• Click on the Print report icon from the Survey Reductions toolbar to open the
Edit a file *.rpt panel
The toolbars Xtra Edit Reduction, Xtra Survey Reductions and Xtra Plotting toolbars are
removed from the top of the screen
Join Strings
Joining the gaps in the strings can be done using a number of options. The first one we will
look at is the string join option. This assumes that we are joining from the end of one string to
the start of another with the same properties. To help with this we use a method called
Picking with Direction. This way we don’t have to worry about reversing strings to ensure
that we join between the two correct ends of the strings.
Zoom in to the gap between point 1232 and 2112
• Click on the Strings join icon from the Xtra Edits toolbar
• Pick on the first string, but when you do it, hold the left mouse button down and drag
the mouse towards the gap in the string. Then release the mouse button. Click
middle button to accept
• Pick on the second string, once again hold the left mouse button down and this time
drag away from the gap that you wish to join. Click middle button to accept
12d will automatically set the properties of the string to match the properties of the first string
that you pick
• Repeat this same procedure to join all the gaps in the survey.
• To reverse strings that are flipped using this process click on the Strings join icon
from the Xtra Edits toolbar and select the strings to reverse
`
Append String
Where the end of a string has to be joined to middle of another string or the two strings have
different properties, we cannot use the join string command (this only does end to end). In
this case we use the Append point option.
• Zoom in to the area where the two centerline of drain strings intersect at point 1115
• Click on the Append point icon from the Xtra Edits toolbar
• Press <Esc> to finish but note that 12d still stays in the option so you can continue
appending the next string
Append the bottom of bank string at point 2086 to the top of bank string at point 1078
• Repeat this same procedure to join all other gaps in the survey.
Create New String
The last type of join is where we can create an independent Cad string between two points.
The string properties are set from the Cad ControlBar.
We can set these either by selecting the name of the string in the Name field, or by using the
eyedropper icon to match the existing properties of a string already created.
Note that if you picked on the string then the properties of the vertex will not be set, therefore
any points we create will not have the point cross shown. In order to fill in both the string and
point properties, we need to pick a point on the top of bank string
• Click on the Create Line icon from the Cad Lines toolbar
• Pick and accept on the end of one string and then on the end of the other
Note that there are three separate strings created, so the original two strings have not been
joined but a new string has been created between them
Join Many
Another type of join is the Join Many command. You will notice that there is a sewer line
running through the job with a sewer manhole and an invert level at the centre of the pit. We
will need to join the sewer line to the invert level and then continue down the remainder of
the pipe.
1
2
• Click on the String Join Many icon from the Cad Strings toolbar
• Pick with direction towards the gap on the first pipe segment. Be sure to pick the
string, not the end point
• Zoom in on the manhole by itself and pick the invert level. Be sure to pick the invert
of the pipe (SEW) and not the manhole itself. The pipe will then join to this level.
As we are using the Join Many option we can now pick with direction towards the next gap
anywhere along the 3rd segment.
• Finally we can pick and accept anywhere with direction along the 4th segment. We
now have just one complete pipe string along the sewer line
Inserting Images
Images such as digital photos taken during the survey can be inserted into the graphics
either individually or as a group which matches a photo to a point id
Single photos
• Zoom in to the dam on the left as shown below. Ensure the text is toggled off
The image can be rescaled or moved using other options in the Images toolbar
• Click on the Scale Image icon from the Cad Images toolbar
• Pick and accept the bottom left hand corner of the image
We can now move the image to centre it better inside the dam
• Click on the Move Point icon from the Cad Vertex toolbar
• Pick and accept the insertion point of the image and move to the required position
Multiple photos
Photos can be renamed to match the point number of the survey point that they were taken
from.
Eg A photo called P1023 would be linked to the survey point 1023
The photos should be renamed prior to running the option and should be put into one folder
(this may be the working folder)
• Click on the Insert Many icon from the Cad Images toolbar
• Click on the Move image icon from the Cad Images toolbar
During the survey, we located two sides of a building and we will now construct the
remainder of the building using cad options.
• Zoom into the area of the housing allotment
Before creating the strings we want to match the string properties of the house
To create the two additional corner points of the house we will intersect two distances
• Pick on the 2 Distances Intersect icon from the Cad Intersect toolbar
• Pick and accept point number 7182 and enter a distance of 24.17 <Enter>
• Pick and accept point number 7179. This time we need to make a tentative pick (a
pick without the accept) somewhere near where the point should be
• We can do the same thing to create a point using an intersection of 15.85 from point
number 7181 and 11.26 from point number 7180
• We can now use the Join Many option to join the strings and points together
(remember to pick with direction)
Once we get to the last point we created, if you try to join back to the start, you will find that
the option fails. This is because you cannot join a string back onto itself.
• Instead you can use the String Close command from the Cad String toolbar to close
the string off and create a closed polygon
Editing Heights
If you toggle back on the Text, you will see that the new points that were created all have the
same height as the first point selected.
We can edit these heights. The first point we created will be given the height of the boundary
at the perpendicular of the point dropped onto the boundary.
• Click on the Point Height icon fron the Cad Vertex toolbar
• Pick and accept the point to open the Typed Input panel
• Click on the More Information icon and from the list select String from Point
• As you move the mouse back and forth a rubber band line appears perpendicular to
the fence and the height value updates according to the position of the cursor
• Click back in the panel and press <Enter>. The new z value will be given to the point
The second point we created will have the same z value as the closest point on the driveway.
• Pick and accept the point to open the Typed Input panel
• Click on the More Information icon and from the list select Point
• Click back in the panel and press <Enter>. The new z value will be given to the point
Other than the crossing breaklines, the errors are not in the GSI files. If
you wish to have the identical strings and the different z value errors,
you will need to read in the 12da file SAMPLE ERRORS.12da from the
folder C:\12d\9.00\WORKSHOPS\SURVEY\DETAIL SURVEY
Reporting errors
• Open the Check Breaklines, Duplicate Vertices and Identical Strings for panel
from option Tins Check breaklines
• Fill in the panel as shown
• Click on <Check>
Note that we have four crossing breaklines, one identical string and one occurrence of two
points having the same X and Y values but different Z values
Locate errors
• Exit the report file and move the Check Breaklines panel off the screen to give you
more workspace
Don’t finish the panel off, or you will need to fill all the information in again later
Note that in Plan view 2 it is far easier to detect the errors than it is with all the data turned
on in Plan view 1
• You can also locate the problem areas by opening the Output Window and looking
for the lines that start with an
• Click on one of the lines and crosshairs in the graphics will point to the problem
• To remove the crosshairs, in the Output Window, right click on the highlighted line
and select Deselect current
We will now fix the problem with the two points with the same X and Y values but different
heights
Firstly we will link Plan 1 to Plan 2 so that as we zoom into a string in Plan 2 the same zoom
will display in plan 1
• In plan view 2 select option Menu Utilities Autosync plan view
• Click on Vertex delete icon from the Cad Delete toolbar and delete the incorrect
point. In this case we have found it is the point with the height of 161.089
.
Use the Delete String icon to delete the circle.
Finally, to fix the crossing breaklines, there are a number of different options that we can use
• Working from left to right, zoom into the first problem at point 2275
• Delete the diamond around the intersection to show that we have fixed the problem
using String Delete icon from the Cad Delete toolbar
We have now resolved the first crossing breakline problem so we will move onto the next one
at point 3024.
• Zoom into the second intersection
The last problems show that the driveway has slightly overlapped the road. We won’t bother
to trim the driveway string this time, instead we will simply insert the points at end of the
driveway into the road strings.
• Use the Insert point command to insert a point at the end vertices of each driveway
string
• Remember to delete the diamonds
• Click <Check>
A warning will pop up to tell you that the report file already exists.
We should now get an empty report file. You may however, find that the report file says that
there are points with the same z value. This is most likely due to rounding errors, just check
that the values are the same and delete the circles if you are happy with the heights
• Delete plan view 2 and maximize plan view 1
Select view 1
• Click on <Triangulate>
• Change the contour interval as shown previously back to 1 and 5 metres
• Turn on the model tin GROUND in Plan view 1 and toggle off the contours
• Move the Retriangulate Tin panel off the screen, but do not shut it down
• Open the Models to Back panel by selecting Menu Models Models to Back
and select model tin GROUND
The survey line work will now be shown over the top of the triangulation
We can now more easily determine which triangles are not supposed to be part of the
triangulation.
Immediately to the left of the road there is a triangle that should not be part of the
triangulation.
• Zoom in close to the centre of the triangle (so that a point is not snapped to) and pick
and accept anywhere inside the triangle.
• By holding the <Ctrl> key down on the keyboard, we can use the middle mouse
button to pan around the entire job and check for other triangles that need nulling.
At the northern end of the road you will find three triangles that need to be nulled.
• To exit out of the pan mode, press the right button on the mouse once (this will then
return us to the null triangles mode) and then pick and accept each triangle
• Continue around the entire job paying particular note to the end of the drainage
strings. A triangle should not join between the opposite tops of banks
The reason for clearing the original nulling values is that the values are still used in addition
to the nulling boundary. If a triangle was reset (undeleted) at the edge then although the tin
boundary is formed out on the reinstated triangles the reset triangle will be deleted as per the
nulling values. See example below
• Click on <Retriangulate>
We could now make the house string an exclusion boundary similar to the dam strings so
that when triangulating, no triangles appear inside the house.
• Open the Tin Include/Exclude Boundaries panel using option Tins Null
Include/exclude
The triangulation will be recalculated and the triangles inside the house will be removed
Zoom and pan around the data and make a visual check for any errors in the contours.
The things to check for are that the contours change direction when crossing a breakline,
and that there are no strange “pyramids” where the contours appear to run to a point.
The steeper the ground the more uniform the contours appear to be and the flatter the
ground the more jagged or irregular they appear. It is often difficult to check the flat ground
for this reason
Tin Flow
• To help see the actual flow of the ground, toggle on the Tin flow using the Toggle
icon.
This will produce an arrow for each triangle with the direction that surface is flowing
indicated.
• You can also toggle off the Tin contours to show only the flow arrows
Flipping Triangles
• Set the graphics up so that the Tin contours and Tin edges are the only things
toggled on.
• Zoom in to point 3613
• Open the Flip Triangle panel using option Tins Edit Flip triangle
• Pick and accept the edge of the triangle that you want to flip (From pt 3563 to 3354).
A breakline will be added to your data ensuring the triangles run along the flipped
line.
If you are unhappy with the result of the flip, simply delete the breakline string and
recalculate the triangulation.
Slope Contouring
Another option that we can use to analyse the slope of the ground is to colour each triangle
based on the slope.
• Toggle off the Tin edges and Tin Contours
• Open the Slope Analysis Colour panel using option Tins Colour Slope
Colouring
• Click on <Slope>
Each triangle will be give its own colour based on the range file.
• To give a more dynamic view toggle on Tin Solid
• To reset the colour of the tin, open the Reset Colour of Triangles panel using option
Tins Colour Reset
• Click <Reset>
Select view 1
Orbit Button
• Click on the Orbit button
• By holding the left mouse button down you can rotate around the graphics up and
down or left and right
You can zoom in on the graphics using the scroll wheel on the mouse the same as you
would in a plan view or use the options in the Orbit panel
Shading
• Toggle on the Shade
• To change the angle of the shading open the Shade View panel using option Menu
Settings Shade
• Select the Angle tab
Pipes
• Zoom in on an area where the pipes go under the road
• Toggle off the Shading
Note that the pipe is shown in the perspective view as a solid circular string
• Click on <Drive>
• To pause the drive simply click Right button or press <Escape> anywhere in the
view
In the perspective view, the selected string does not highlight. It is therefore
important that you look at the information panel to see that you have selected
the correct string.
In this example we are looking for the model ROAD CROWN
• Tile view 1 and section view LONG to make it easier to navigate between them using
option Windows Tile Vertical
Settings
Before profiling any string in the section view we need to turn on any models that we wish to
see included in our profile.
• Add the models DRNGE PIPE, SEWER PIPE and tin GROUND. Note that even if we
zoom all, nothing will show in the section view until we have profiled a string
• Set the vertical exaggeration to 2x
• Zoom into anywhere along the road and pick and accept the centreline
• As we move the mouse back and forth along the section view, you can see a dynamic
link to the plan view to show exactly where the vertical matches the horizontal
geometry
Pipes
• In the section view move your mouse, back and forth until the cross in the plan view
passes over one of the culverts in the road
• Zoom into this area in both the plan and section view
Note that the pipe is shown in the section view and that the cursor in the section view
matches the cross in the plan view
We will now profile the sewer pipe
• Zoom into the area where the sewer pipe crosses under the road and note that you
can see the same thing
• In the section view, pick on the View Profile icon and pick and accept the sewer pipe
• Change the exaggeration to 5x
• Toggle on the Grades to see the as-constructed grades
• To see the coverage of the pipe, open the Depth From String to Tin Inquire panel
using option Tins Inquire Depth from string
The depths to the Invert, Centre and Obvert of the pipe will be shown as you move your
mouse back and forth along the string. The pipe diameter, and coordinates are also shown
in the message box at the bottom of the panel
Dynamic Profiling
• Use the right mouse button to click on the View Profile icon in the section view.
select 2 points from the menu
7.0 PLOTTING
Create new view
• Create a new view using option View Create Plan view and call it PLOT
SETUP
• Turn on all the survey models (either use the button or adding tagged models)
• Turn off the models tin GROUND and tin GROUND BDY
Set plot scale
The proposed plot scale is to be 1:500 and this needs to be set prior to any placement of the
text
• Select the Set plan Plot Scale icon from the Xtra Display toolbar
• Click on <Process>
• Turn on the two new models contours and contours major
• Use the Create line icon from the Cad Lines toolbar to draw a series of lines through
the data, along the ridges
• In the Tin: Contour, Smooth and Label panel, under the Label tab, select the model
in the Model of label lines
• Click on <Process> again and note the labels now follow the lines created
You can delete the model cut labels, remove it from the panel and reprocess the contours
Open the Label Map File by clicking on the Mapping info icon and
selecting [Open]
Take a look at the Point ID Text Data, Height Text Data, Name Text
Data and Vertex Attribute Text Data tabs to see how 12d will place the
labels in the graphics.
This option creates models for all the data whether there are labels to be applied or not so
we need to delete the empty models first
• Select option Models Delete Delete empty models
Manhole name
Manhole level
Manhole attribute (Depth to invert)
Pipe level
Station Point id
Station attribute (type)
Station level
• Zoom in to group of trees to the left of the dam at the left of the survey
• Click on <Set> and you will see a preview of what the plot will look like. The grid labels
will obviously sit just inside the plot frame
This will setup the model, colour and textstyle for the road labels we are about to create
Add Text
• Pick and accept a point in the graphics near where you would like to insert the text
• In the Typed Input panel, enter the name of the road
• Click on <Ok>
Once the text is placed, the text has three locks which allow you to edit the position, rotation
and size of the text
Size
Position
Rotation
• To move the text, click the Position lock and pick and accept the new location.
• To rotate the text, click and accept the Rotation lock. As you move the cursor, the
text will rotate.
• If you wish to align the text with another feature of the graphics you can use the
keyboard shortcuts described in the message window at the bottom left of the screen
• To make the text parallel to the centerline of the road, type ‘t’, then pick and accept
the road centreline
• If the text appears upside-down, type ‘n’ to flip it over
• To scale the text, click on the Size lock and move the cursor. To set the height to an
exact value, simply type the value in. The Typed Input panel will appear as soon as
you start typing
We can use the Edit Simple Text icon to move and change the text
• Using the Rotation lock make the text parallel to the pipe
• We will not use this model until we start plotting so ensure the model is not turned on
in the PLOT SETUP view
• Click on <Create>
The New Plot Frame Edit panel will open
• In the New Plot Frame Edit panel, select <Set> and <Finish>
• Click on <Pick> and pick and accept the existing plot frame
• The New Plot Frame Edit panel will open. We don’t want to change any of the
parameters, so click <Set> and <Finish>
• To copy the plot frames vertically, we can change the dx and dy to 0 247, and repeat
the steps above
All the plot frames have the same name pfa1survey so click on <Name>
• Pick and accept any of the frames and they will all move together. Select a suitable
position
• Open the Quick Sheet Plot panel using option View plotting Quick Sheet Plot
Initially the plot frame starts at a landscaped A4 size and is dynamically linked to the view
port size As you zoom in and out the scale dynamically changes which is very useful to find a
suitable scale for the required area
Once the plot frame looks about right we can type in a scale and the plot frame is now locked
into a scale and can be moved in ground coordinates
• Click on Notes to enter plot parameter file details for future reference
• Type in relevant notes about the plot parameter file. These notes will be stored with
the file once it is saved
• Click on Title Block section to nominate using a title file and to select the model for
the legend and scale bar
Prior to plotting we will save the plot parameter file to the local folder
• Type in a file name at the top of the panel
Notes: