5.1 A steel [E = 200 GPa] rod with a circular cross section is 6-m long.

Determine the minimum

diameter D required if the rod must transmit a tensile force of 30 kN without exceeding an allowable
stress of 180 MPa or stretching more than 5 mm.

Solution
If the normal stress in the rod cannot exceed 180 MPa, the cross-sectional area must equal or exceed
P (30 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
A≥ = = 166.6667 mm 2
σ 180 N/mm 2

If the elongation must not exceed 5 mm, the cross-sectional area must equal or exceed
PL (30 kN)(1,000 N/kN)(6,000 mm)
A≥ = 2
= 180.0 mm 2
Ee (200,000 N/mm )(5 mm)

Therefore, the minimum cross-sectional area that may be used for the rod is Amin = 180 mm2. The
corresponding rod diameter D is
π 2
Drod ≥ 180.0 mm 2 ∴ Drod ≥ 15.1388 mm = 15.14 mm Ans.
4

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5.2 An aluminum [E = 10,000 ksi] control rod with a circular cross section must not stretch more than
0.25 in. when the tension in the rod is 2,200 lb. If the maximum allowable normal stress in the rod is 20
ksi, determine:
(a) the smallest diameter that can be used for the rod.
(b) the corresponding maximum length of the rod.

Solution
(a) If the normal stress in the rod cannot exceed 20 ksi, the cross-sectional area must equal or exceed
P 2.20 kips
A≥ = = 0.1100 in.2
σ 20 ksi

The corresponding rod diameter D is

π 2
Drod ≥ 0.1100 in.2 ∴ Drod ≥ 0.374 in. Ans.
4

(b) If the elongation must not exceed 0.25 in., the aluminum control rod having a cross-sectional area of
A = 0.1100 in.2 can have a length no greater than
AEe (0.1100 in.2 )(10,000 ksi)(0.25 in.)
L≤ = = 125.0 in.2 Ans.
P 2.20 kips

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5.3 A 16-mm-diameter steel [E = 200 GPa] rod (2)
is connected to a 50-mm-wide by 8-mm-thick
rectangular aluminum [E = 70 GPa] bar (1), as
shown in Fig. P5.3. Determine the force P required
to stretch the assembly 3.00 mm.
Fig. P5.3

Solution
The elongations in the two axial members are expressed by
FL FL
e1 = 1 1 and e2 = 2 2
A1 E1 A2 E2

The total elongation of the assembly is thus

FL F L
uC = e1 + e2 = 1 1 + 2 2
A1 E1 A2 E2

Since the internal forces F1 and F2 are equal to external load P, this expression can be simplified to
⎡ L L ⎤
uC = P ⎢ 1 + 2 ⎥
⎣ A1 E1 A2 E2 ⎦

For rectangular aluminum bar (1), the cross-sectional area is

A1 = (50 mm)(8 mm) = 400 mm 2
and the cross-sectional area of steel rod (2) is
π
A2 = (16 mm) 2 = 201.0619 mm 2
4

The force P required to stretch the assembly 3.00 mm is thus

uC
P=
L1 L
+ 2
A1 E1 A2 E2
3.00 mm
=
⎡ 450 mm 1,300 mm ⎤
⎢ (400 mm 2 )(70, 000 N/mm 2 ) + (201.0619 mm 2 )(200,000 N/mm 2 ) ⎥
⎣ ⎦
3.00 mm
=
⎡⎣1.6071× 10 mm/N + 3.2328 × 10−5 mm/N ⎤⎦
−5

= 61,983.7574 N
= 62.0 kN Ans.

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5.4 Two polymer bars are connected to a rigid
plate at B, as shown in Fig. P5.4. Bar (1) has a
cross-sectional area of 2.2 in.2 and an elastic
modulus of 2,400 ksi. Bar (2) has a cross-sectional
area of 1.30 in.2 and an elastic modulus of 4,000
ksi. Determine the total elongation of the bar.

Fig. P5.4

Solution
Draw a FBD that cuts through member (1) to find
that the internal axial force in member (1) is
F1 = 20 kips (T)

Similarly, draw a FBD that cuts through member (2)

to find that the internal axial force in member (2) is
F2 = 30 kips (T)

The elongation in bar (1) can be computed as

FL (20 kips)(30 in.)
e1 = 1 1 = = 0.113636 in.
A1 E1 (2.2 in.2 )(2, 400 ksi)
and the elongation in bar (2) can be computed as
FL (30 kips)(36 in.)
e2 = 2 2 = = 0.207692 in.
A2 E2 (1.30 in.2 )(4, 000 ksi)

The total elongation of the bar is thus

e1 + e2 = 0.113636 in. + 0.207692 in. = 0.321 in. Ans.

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5.5 An axial member consisting of two polymer bars is
supported at C as shown in Fig. P5.5. Bar (1) has a
cross-sectional area of 720 mm2 and an elastic modulus
of 28 GPa. Bar (2) has a cross-sectional area of 1,560
mm2 and an elastic modulus of 16.5 GPa. Determine the
deflection of point A relative to support C.

Fig. P5.5

Solution
Draw a FBD that cuts through member (1) to find that the internal
axial force in member (1) is
F1 = 70 kN (T)

Similarly, draw a FBD that cuts through member

(2) and includes the free end of the axial member.
From this FBD, the equilibrium equation is
ΣFx = −70 kN + 90 kN + 90 kN + F2 = 0
Therefore, the internal axial force in member (2) is
F2 = −110 kN = 110 kN (C)

The elongation in bar (1) can be computed as

FL (70 kN)(1,000 N/kN)(850 mm)
e1 = 1 1 = = 2.9514 mm
A1 E1 (720 mm 2 )(28, 000 N/mm 2 )
and the elongation in bar (2) can be computed as
FL (−110 kN)(1,000 N/kN)(1,150 mm)
e2 = 2 2 = = −4.9145 mm
A2 E2 (1,560 mm 2 )(16,500 N/mm 2 )

The deflection of point A relative to the support at C is the sum of these two elongations:
u A = e1 + e2 = 2.9514 mm + (−4.9145 mm) = −1.963 mm = 1.963 mm → Ans.

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5.6 The roof and second floor of a building are supported
by the column shown in Fig. P5.6. The column is a
structural steel W10 × 60 wide-flange section [E = 29,000
ksi; A = 17.6 in2]. The roof and floor subject the column to
the axial forces shown. Determine:
(a) the amount that the first floor will settle.
(b) the amount that the roof will settle.

Fig. P5.6

Solution
(a) Draw a FBD that cuts through member (1) and includes the free
end of the column. From this FBD, the sum of forces in the
vertical direction can be written as
ΣFy = −150 kips − 180 kips − F1 = 0
Therefore, the internal axial force in member (1) is
F1 = −330 kips = 330 kips (C)

The settlement of the first floor is determined by the elongation

(i.e., contraction in this case) that occurs in member (1).
FL
uB = e1 = 1 1
A1 E1
(−330 kips)(14 ft)(12 in./ft)
=
(17.6 in.2 )(29, 000 ksi)
= −0.10862 in. = 0.1086 in. ↓

(b) Draw a FBD that cuts through member (2) and includes the free
end of the column. From this FBD, the equilibrium equation is
ΣFx = −150 kips − F2 = 0
Therefore, the internal axial force in member (2) is
F2 = −150 kips = 150 kips (C)

The elongation in member (2) (which will be contraction in this

instance) can be computed as
FL (−150 kips)(12 ft)(12 in./ft)
e2 = 2 2 = = −0.04232 in.
A2 E2 (17.6 in.2 )(29, 000 ksi)
The settlement of the roof is found from the sum of the contractions in the two members:
uC = e1 + e2 = −0.10862 in. + (−0.04232 in.) = −0.1509 in. = 0.1509 in. ↓ Ans.
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5.7 Aluminum [E = 70 GPa] member ABC supports a
load of 28 kN, as shown in Fig. P5.7. Determine:
(a) the value of load P such that the deflection of joint C
is zero.
(b) the corresponding deflection of joint B.

Fig. P5.7

Solution
Cut a FBD that exposes the internal axial force in member (2):
ΣFy = 28 kN − F2 = 0 ∴ F2 = 28 kN
Similarly, cut a FBD that exposes the internal axial force in
member (1):
ΣFy = 28 kN − P − F1 = 0 ∴ F1 = 28 kN − P

The deflection at joint C, which must ultimately equal zero, can be

expressed in terms of the member elongations e1 and e2:
FL F L
uC = e1 + e2 = 1 1 + 2 2 = 0
A1 E1 A2 E2
or
FL F L
uC = 1 1 + 2 2
A1 E1 A2 E2
(28, 000 N − P )(1,000 mm) (28, 000 N)(1,300 mm)
= + =0
π π
(32 mm) 2 (70, 000 N/mm 2 ) (50 mm) 2 (70, 000 N/mm 2 )
4 4

The only unknown in this equation is P, which can be computed as

P = 80.5841 kN = 80.6 kN Ans.

The corresponding deflection at joint B can be found from the elongation in member (2):
FL (28, 000 N − 80,584 N)(1,300 mm)
u B = e1 = 1 1 = = −0.497 mm = 0.497 mm ↓ Ans.
A1 E1 π 2 2
(50 mm) (70, 000 N/mm )
4

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5.8 A solid brass [E = 100 GPa] axial member is loaded and
supported as shown in Fig. P5.8. Segments (1) and (2) each have a
diameter of 30 mm and segment (3) has a diameter of 16 mm.
Determine:
(a) the elongation of segment (2).
(b) the deflection of joint D with respect to the fixed support at A.
(c) the maximum normal stress in the entire axial member.

Fig. P5.8

Solution
(a) Draw a FBD that cuts through segment (2) and includes the free
end of the axial member. From this FBD, the sum of forces in the
vertical direction reveals the internal force in the segment:
ΣFy = F2 − 14 kN − 28 kN = 0 ∴ F2 = 42 kN (T)
The cross-sectional area of the 30-mm-diameter segment is
π
A2 = (30 mm) 2 = 706.858 mm 2
4
The elongation in segment (2) is thus
FL (42,000 N)(1,200 mm)
e2 = 2 2 =
A2 E2 (706.858 mm 2 )(100, 000 N/mm 2 )
= 0.71301 mm = 0.713 mm

(b) The internal forces in segments (1) and (3) must be determined at
the outset. From a FBD that cuts through segment (1) and includes
the free end of the axial member:
ΣFy = F1 − 40 kN − 14 kN − 28 kN = 0 ∴ F1 = 82 kN (T)
The elongation in segment (1) can be computed as
FL (82,000 N)(1,800 mm)
e1 = 1 1 = = 2.08811 mm
A1 E1 (706.858 mm 2 )(100, 000 N/mm 2 )

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Similarly, consider a FBD that cuts through segment (3) and includes the free end of
the axial member:
ΣFy = F3 − 28 kN = 0 ∴ F3 = 28 kN (T)
The cross-sectional area of the 16-mm-diameter segment is
π
A3 = (16 mm) 2 = 201.062 mm 2
4
The elongation in segment (3) can be computed as
FL (28,000 N)(1,600 mm)
e3 = 3 3 = = 2.22817 mm
A3 E3 (201.062 mm 2 )(100, 000 N/mm 2 )

The deflection of joint D with respect to the fixed support at A is found from the sum of the three
segment elongations:
u D = e1 + e2 + e3 = 2.08811 mm + 0.71301 mm + 2.22817 mm = 5.02929 mm = 5.03 mm Ans.

(c) Since segments (1) and (2) have the same cross-sectional area, the maximum normal stress in these
two segments occurs where the axial force is greater; that is, in segment (1):
F 82, 000 N
σ1 = 1 = = 116.0 MPa (T)
A1 706.858 mm 2
The normal stress in segment (3) is
F 28, 000 N
σ3 = 3 = = 139.3 MPa (T)
A3 201.062 mm 2
Therefore, the maximum normal stress in the axial member occurs in segment (3):
σ max = 139.3 MPa (T) Ans.

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5.9 A hollow steel [E = 30,000 ksi] tube (1) with an
outside diameter of 2.75 in. and a wall thickness of
0.25 in. is fastened to a solid aluminum [E = 10,000
ksi] rod (2) that has a 2-in.-diameter and a solid
1.375-in.-diameter aluminum rod (3). The bar is
loaded as shown in Fig. P5.9. Determine:
(a) the change in length of steel tube (1).
(b) the deflection of joint D with respect to the fixed
support at A.
(c) the maximum normal stress in the entire axial Fig. P5.9
assembly.

Solution
Before proceeding, it is convenient to determine the internal forces in each of the three axial segments.
Segment (1): Draw a FBD that cuts through
segment (1) and includes the free end of the axial
member. From this FBD, the sum of forces in the
horizontal direction gives the force in segment (1):
ΣFx = − F1 − 2(22 kips) + 2(13 kips) − 30 kips = 0
∴ F1 = −48 kips
Segment (2): Draw a FBD that cuts through
segment (2) and includes the free end of the axial
member. From this FBD, the sum of forces in the
horizontal direction gives the force in segment (2):
ΣFx = − F2 + 2(13 kips) − 30 kips = 0
∴ F2 = −4 kips
Segment (3): Draw a FBD that cuts through
segment (3) and includes the free end of the axial
member. From this FBD, the sum of forces in the
horizontal direction gives the force in segment (3):
ΣFx = − F3 − 30 kips = 0
∴ F3 = −30 kips

(a) The cross-sectional area of the hollow steel tube (inside diameter = 2.25 in.) is
π
A1 = ⎡⎣(2.75 in.) 2 − (2.25 in.) 2 ⎤⎦ = 1.963495 in.2
4
The elongation in segment (1) is thus
FL (−48 kips)(42 in.)
e1 = 1 1 = = −0.034225 in. = −0.0342 in. Ans.
A1 E1 (1.963495 in.2 )(30, 000 ksi)

(b) For segment (2), the cross-sectional area of the 2-in.-diameter aluminum rod is
π
A2 = (2 in.) 2 = 3.141593 in.2
4
The elongation in segment (2) can be computed as
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 F2 L2 (−4 kips)(30 in.)
e2 = = = −0.003820 in.
A2 E2 (3.141593 in.2 )(10, 000 ksi)

For segment (3), the cross-sectional area of the 1.375-in.-diameter aluminum rod is
π
A3 = (1.375 in.) 2 = 1.484893 in.2
4
The elongation in segment (3) can be computed as
FL (−30 kips)(24 in.)
e3 = 3 3 = = −0.048488 in.
A3 E3 (1.484893 in.2 )(10, 000 ksi)

The deflection of joint D with respect to the fixed support at A is found from the sum of the three
segment elongations:
u D = e1 + e2 + e3 = −0.034225 in. − 0.003820 in. − 0.048488 in.
= −0.086533 in. = −0.0865 in. = 0.0865 in. ← Ans.

(c) Compute the normal stress in each of the three segments:

F 48 kips
σ1 = 1 = = 24.4462 ksi (C)
A1 1.963495 in.2
F2 4 kips
σ2 = = = 1.2732 ksi (C)
A2 3.141593 in.2
F3 30 kips
σ3 = = = 20.2035 ksi (C)
A3 1.484893 in.2
Therefore, the maximum normal stress in the axial member occurs in segment (1):
σ max = 24.4 ksi (C) Ans.

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5.10 A solid 5/8-in. steel [E = 29,000 ksi] rod (1)
supports beam AB, as shown in Fig. P5.10. If the
stress in the rod must not exceed 30 ksi and the
maximum elongation in the rod must not exceed
0.25 in., determine the maximum load P that may
be supported.

Fig. P5.10

Solution
The area of the 5/8-in.-diameter rod is
π
A1 = (0.625 in.) 2 = 0.306796 in.2
4
If the stress in the rod must not exceed 30 ksi, then the maximum force that can be applied to rod (1) is
F1 ≤ σ allow,1 A1 = (30 ksi)(0.306796 in.2 ) = 9.203880 kips
The length of rod (1) is
L1 = (20 ft) 2 + (16 ft) 2 = 25.612497 ft = 307.35 in.
If the maximum elongation in the rod must not exceed 0.25 in., the maximum internal force in the rod
must be limited to
e A E (0.25 in.)(0.306796 in.2 )(29, 000 ksi)
F1 ≤ 1 1 1 = = 7.236932 kips
L1 307.35 in.
Therefore, the maximum internal force in rod (1) must not exceed 7.237 kips.

Consider a FBD of the rigid beam. Rod (1) is a two-

force member at an orientation θ defined by:
16 ft
tan θ = = 0.8 ∴θ = 38.660°
20 ft

Write the equilibrium equation for the sum of moments

about A to find the relationship between F1 and P:
ΣM A = (20 ft)(F1 sin 38.660°) − (8 ft)P = 0
(20 ft)(7.236932 kips)sin 38.660°
∴P = = 11.302236 kips = 11.30 kips Ans.
8 ft

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5.11 A control rod in a mechanism must stretch 5 mm when a load of 5 kN is applied. The rod is made
from an aluminum alloy that has a yield strength of σY = 330 MPa and an elastic modulus of E = 73
GPa. If a factor of safety of 2 with respect to yield is specified, determine the diameter and length of the
lightest rod that can be used.

Solution
The allowable normal stress is
σ 330 MPa
σ allow = Y = = 165 MPa
FS 2
The minimum cross-sectional required for the control rod is thus
(5 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
A≥ = 30.303030 mm 2
165 N/mm 2
and the diameter is
π
D 2 ≥ 30.303030 mm 2 ∴ D ≥ 6.2115 mm = 6.21 mm Ans.
4

Since the rod is required to be the lightest possible, the rod diameter is taken as D = 6.21 mm (A =
30.2882 mm2). The rod must stretch 5 mm when subjected to a 5 kN load; therefore, the length of the
rod must be
eAE (5 mm)(30.2882 mm 2 )(73, 000 N/mm 2 )
L= = = 2, 211 mm = 2.21 m Ans.
F (5 kN)(1,000 N/kN)

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5.12 A 1-in.-diameter by 16-ft-long cold-rolled bronze bar [E = 15,000 ksi and γ = 0.320 lb/in3] hangs
vertically while suspended from one end. Determine the change in length of the bar due to its own
weight.

Solution
An incremental length dy of the bar has an incremental elongation given by
F ( y)
de = dy
AE
The force in the bar can be expressed as the product of the unit density of the bronze (γbronze) and the
volume of the bar below the incremental slice dy:
F ( y ) = γ bronze A y
Therefore, the incremental elongation can be expressed as
γ Ay γ y
de = bronze dy = bronze dy
AE E
Integrate this expression over the entire length L of the bar:
Lγ y γ L γ 1 L γ L2
e = ∫ bronze dy = bronze ∫ y dy = bronze ⎡⎣ y 2 ⎤⎦ = bronze
0 E E 0 E 2 0 2E

The change in length of the bar due to its own weight is therefore:
γ bronze L2 (0.320 lb/in.3 )(16 ft ×12 in./ft) 2
e= = = 0.000393216 in. = 0.000393 in. Ans.
2E 2(15, 000, 000 psi)

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5.13 Determine the extension, due to its own weight, of
the conical bar shown in Fig. P5.13. The bar is made of
aluminum alloy [E = 10,600 ksi and γ = 0.100 lb/in.3].
The bar has a 2-in. radius at its upper end and a length of
L = 20 ft. Assume the taper of the bar is slight enough for
the assumption of a uniform axial stress distribution over
a cross section to be valid.

Fig. P5.13

Solution
An incremental length dy of the bar has an incremental elongation given by
F ( y)
de = dy
AE
The force in the bar can be expressed as the product of the unit density of the aluminum (γalum) and the
volume of the bar below the incremental slice dy. The volume below the slice dy is a cone. At y, the
cross-sectional area of the base of the cone is:
2
⎛y ⎞
Ay = π ⎜ r ⎟
⎝L ⎠
and the volume of a cone is given by:
1
V = (area of base)(altitude)
3
Therefore, the internal force at y can be expressed as
1
F ( y ) = γ alum × Ay y
3
Therefore, the incremental elongation can be expressed as
γ alum Ay y γ y
de = dy = alum dy
3 Ay E 3E
Integrate this expression over the entire length L of the bar:
Lγ γ alum L γ alum 1 2 L γ alum L2
alum y
e=∫
3E ∫0
dy = y dx = ⎡y ⎤ =
0 3E 3E 2 ⎣ ⎦ 0 6E

The change in length of the bar due to its own weight is therefore:
γ L2 (0.100 lb/in.3 )(20 ft ×12 in./ft)2
e = alum = = 9.0566 × 10−5 in. = 90.6 × 10−6 in. Ans.
6E 6(10, 600, 000 psi)

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