Kuliah 01-Pendahuluan

8/27/2008
Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

(KOM 421) – 3(2-3)
Kuliah 01:
Pendahuluan
Yeni Herdiyeni
Departemen Ilmu Komputer IPB
Semester Ganjil 2008

Topik
• Tujuan Instruksional Umum:
Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan, mengolah dan
menganalisis citra digital.
• Deskripsi:
Mata kuliah ini menjelaskan karakteristik citra digital,
analisis dan pengolahan citra digital seperti image
formation, image restoration, image enhancement,
transformasi citra dalam ruang frekuensi, kompresi
citra, deteksi tepi, segmentasi citra, morfologi citra dan
pengenalan pola. Perangkat lunak yang digunakan
MATLAB dan C
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Buku Bacaan:
• Gonzalez, R. C., Woods, R. E., Eddins, Steven. 2004. Digital Image
Processing Using Matlab. Prentice Hall. (BUKU UTAMA)
• Alasdair McAndrew. 2004. Introduction to Digital Image Processing with
Matlab. Thomson Course Technology, USA.
• Acharya, Tinku dan Ray, A.K. 2005. Image Processing. Principles and
Applications. A John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Publication
• Russ, John. C. 2007. The Image Processing Handbook, Fifth Edition. Taylor
& Francis Group, LLC
• Umbaugh, S.C. 1999. Computer Vision and Image Processing. A Practical
Approach using CVI Tools. Prentice Hall PTR.
• Rastislav Lukac dan Konstantinos. 2007. Color Image Processing. Methods
and Applications. Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
• Pitas, I. Digital Image Processing Algorithm. 1993. Prentice Hall
• Bahan bacaan lain yang relevan

Pengajar
• Yeni Herdiyeni
• Aziz Kustiyo
• Sony Hartono (Praktikum)
Komponen Penilaian
• UTS
• UAS
• Tugas
• Quiz
• Project
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Materi Kuliah
• Pertemuan 1 : Pendahuluan
• Pertemuan 2 : Citra Digital dan Matlab
• Pertemuan 3 : Pengolahan Titik
• Pertemuan 4 : Restorasi Citra
• Pertemuan 5 : Image Enhancement
• Pertemuan 6 : Pengolahan Warna
• Pertemuan 7 : Transformasi Citra pada ruang
frekuensi (Fourier Transformation)
• Ujian Tengah Semester

Materi Kuliah #2
• Pertemuan 8 : Transformasi Citra pada ruang frekuensi
(Wavelet Transformation)
• Pertemuan 9 : Deteksi tepi (edge detection)
• Pertemuan 10 : Segmentasi Citra
• Pertemuan 11 : Morfologi Citra
• Pertemuan 12 : Pemampatan Citra (Image Compression
– RLE, Huffman Code)
• Pertemuan 13 : Pemampatan Citra JPEG
• Pertemuan 14 : Pengenalan Pola (Pattern Recognition)
• Ujian Akhir Semester
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Applications of Digital Image Processing (DIP)
meteorology
astronomy
radiology seismology
ultrasonic autonomous
imaging navigation
microscopy inspection
DIP
robotic assembly digital library
surveillance
reconnassaince
internet remote radar, & mapping
sensing SAR
From Prof. Alan C. Bovik

Image Formation
1999-2007 by Richard Alan

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Image Formation

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Image Formation
projection
through lens
image of object

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Image Formation
projection onto
discrete sensor
digital camera
array.

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Image Formation
sensors register
average color.
sampled image

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Image Formation
continuous colors,
discrete locations.
discrete real-
valued image

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Digital Image Formation: Quantization

discrete color output
continuous colors
mapped to a finite,
discrete set of colors.
continuous color input

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Sampling and Quantization

pixel grid
real image sampled quantized sampled &

quantized

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Color images have 3 values per

Digital Image pixel; monochrome images have 1
value per pixel.
a grid of squares,
each of which
contains a single
color
each square is
called a pixel (for
picture element)

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Pengolahan Titik
- gamma - brightness original + brightness + gamma
histogram mod - contrast original + contrast histogram EQ

Spatial Filtering
blurred original sharpened

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Spatial Filtering
bandpass original unsharp

filter masking

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Spatial Filtering
signed image with
0 at middle gray
bandpass original unsharp

filter masking

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Motion Blur
regional vertical
original
zoom rotational

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Noise Reduction
blurred image color noise color-only blur

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Noise Reduction
blurred image color noise 5x5 Wiener filter

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Noise Reduction
periodic frequency
original
noise tuned filter
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Color Images
• Are constructed from three
intensity maps.
• Each intensity map is pro-jected
through a color filter (e.g., red,
green, or blue, or cyan,
magenta, or yellow) to create a
monochrome image.
• The intensity maps are overlaid
to create a color image.
• Each pixel in a color image is a
three element vector.
27 August 2008 1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II 25

Color
Image
s On a
CRT

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Color Processing
requires some
knowledge of how
we see colors

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Eye’s Light Sensors

cone density near fovea
#(blue) << #(red) < #(green)

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Color Sensing / Color Perception

These are approximations
of the responses to the
visible spectrum of the
“red”, “green”, and “blue”
receptors of a typical
human eye.

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Peters II


These are
approximations of
the responses to
the visible
spectrum of the
“red”, “green”,
and “blue”
receptors of a
typical human eye.
The simultaneous red + blue

response causes us to
perceive a continuous range
of hues on a circle. No hue is
greater than or less than any
other hue.

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The eye has 3 types of photoreceptors:
luminance
sensitive to red, green, or blue light.

hue
saturation
The brain transforms RGB into separate

brightness and color channels (e.g., LHS).
brain photo receptors

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Peters II
luminance and chrominance

Color Perception Pengantar Pengolahan Citra
(hue+saturation) Digital
are perceived
16× pixelization of: with different resolutions, as
are red, green and blue.
all bands luminance chrominance
red green blue

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Color Perception Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

16× pixelization of:
all bands luminance chrominance
red green blue

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Color Balance
and Saturation
Uniform changes in color
components result in change of
tint.
E.g., if all G pixel values are multiplied by

 > 1 then the image takes a green cast.

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Color Transformations
222 222
222 222
   
218 185 
 17   17 
121 122
  240   236
171 230 114 227
   
166  106 
240 240
171 171
   
160  103 
Image aging: a transformation, , that mapped:

 17   17   222 222  240 240  236 240 
122   121  222   222  171   171  227   230 
  171    218    160     166  
114 185  103 106 

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The 2D Fourier Transform of a Digital Image

Let I(r,c) be a single-band (intensity) digital image with R
rows and C columns. Then, I(r,c) has Fourier representation
 ur vc 
R 1 C 1  i 2   
I  r, c     I  u,v  e R C
, these complex
u 0 v 0
exponentials are
where
2D sinusoids.
 ur vc 
R 1 C 1  i 2   
I  u,v   RC1   I (r,c) e R C
r 0 c 0
are the R x C Fourier coefficients.

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A   2  c   
I r, c  
r
2D Sinusoids: cos  cos   sin       1
2     C R   
c
... are plane waves with
grayscale amplitudes, periods in
terms of lengths, ...

r
orientation
 = phase shift

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Peters II

... specific orientations,

2D Sinusoids: and phase shifts.
c c
r r

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The Value of a Fourier Coefficient …

… is a complex
number with a
real part and an
imaginary part.
If you represent
that number as a
magnitude, A, and
a phase, , …
..these represent the amplitude

and offset of the sinusoid with
frequency w and direction .
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The Sinusoid from the Fourier Coeff. at (u,v)

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The Fourier Transform of an Image
magnitude phase
I |F{I}| [F{I}]

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Continuous Fourier Transform
 
Ir, c     Iu, v  e
i 2 ( uc vr )
dudv
 
 
Iu, v     Ir, c e
i 2 ( uc vr )
dcdr

The continuous Fourier

transform assumes a
continuous image exists
in a finite region of an
infinite plane.
The BoingBoing Bloggers

27 August 2008 42
Peters II
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Discrete Fourier Transform

The discrete Fourier
transform assumes a
digital image exists on a
closed surface, a torus.
 uc vr 
R  1C  1 i 2   
I( r,c)    Iu,v  e C R
v 0 u 0
 cu rv 
R 1C 1  i 2   
Iu, v     Ir,c e C R 
r 0 c 0
The BoingBoing Bloggers

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Peters II

Sums of shifted and

Convolution weighted copies of
images or Fourier
transforms.
 r  16, c  16  r  16, c  16
 r  0, c  0
 r  16, c  16  r  16, c  16
Sum times 1/5

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Convolution Property of the Fourier Transform
Let functions f ( r, c ) and g ( r, c ) have

The Fourier Transform of a
Fourier Transforms F (u, v ) and G (u, v ). product equals the convolution of
Then, the Fourier Transforms. Similarly,
the Fourier Transform of a
F { f  g }  F  G. convolution is the product of the
M oreover, Fourier Transforms
F { f  g }  F  G.
 represents convolutio n
 represents pointwise multiplica tion
Then, a spatial convolution can be computed by
f g F
-1
F  G.

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Boundary Detection
http://www.robots.ox.ac.uk/~vdg/dynamics.html
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Boundary Detection
Finding the Corpus Callosum

(G. Hamarneh, T. McInerney, D. Terzopoulos)

Nonlinear Processing: Binary Morphology
“L” shaped SE Foreground: white pixels Cross-hatched

pixels are
O marks origin Background: black pixels indeterminate.

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Image Compression
Original image is
5244w x 4716h @
1200 ppi:
127MBytes
Yoyogi Park, Tokyo, October 1999. Photo by Alan Peters.

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Image Compression: JPEG

JPEG quality level
File size in bytes

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Image Compression: JPEG

JPEG quality level
File size in bytes

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Recognition - Shading
Lighting affects appearance
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Classification
(Funkhauser, Min, Kazhdan, Chen, Halderman, Dobkin, Jacobs)
28

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8/27/2008

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Applications of Digital Image Processing (DIP)

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

1999-2007 by Richard Alan

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

1999-2007 by Richard Alan

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

1999-2007 by Richard Alan

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

1999-2007 by Richard Alan

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

1999-2007 by Richard Alan

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

1999-2007 by Richard Alan

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Digital Image Formation: Quantization

continuous color input

1999-2007 by Richard Alan

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Sampling and Quantization

real image sampled quantized sampled &

1999-2007 by Richard Alan

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Color images have 3 values per

1999-2007 by Richard Alan

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

- gamma - brightness original + brightness + gamma

histogram mod - contrast original + contrast histogram EQ

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

blurred original sharpened

1999-2007 by Richard Alan

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

bandpass original unsharp

1999-2007 by Richard Alan

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

bandpass original unsharp

1999-2007 by Richard Alan

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

1999-2007 by Richard Alan

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

blurred image color noise color-only blur

1999-2007 by Richard Alan

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

blurred image color noise 5x5 Wiener filter

1999-2007 by Richard Alan

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

27 August 2008 1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II 25

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

1999-2007 by Richard Alan

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

1999-2007 by Richard Alan

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Eye’s Light Sensors

#(blue) << #(red) < #(green)

1999-2007 by Richard Alan