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INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
In terms of military technology the Thirty • Brief historical notes on the army, its wars,
Years’ War produced little that was new. All the its famous generals, weapons and/or troop
weapons used in the war existed before it started, types.
and would remain in use after it ended. However, • A ready-to-play starter army – just put it
the period did see the musket coming to the together and play a balanced small game.
fore as the most important infantry weapon, as • Instructions for building a customised army
the decisive effects of firepower started to be using our points system.
understood. This resulted in infantry formations • A table with the full list of compulsory and
becoming shallower than they had been in the optional troops.
16th century, and the start of the development of
linear tactics that would dominate the battlefield Although each of the army lists in this book
for the next two centuries. A side effect of contains useful historical notes, the Thirty
the increasing importance of firearms was the Years’ War is a very complex subject and it
continued decline in the use of armour for is impossible to fully do it justice in
personal protection. such a short space. Players who are
This volume covers the armies interested in the wider history of
that took part in the great European the war, and its origins, are advised
conflict of the Thirty Years’ War and to buy one of the substantial studies
its associated peripheral wars such of the war, such as the recently
as the English Civil Wars and the published “Europe’s Tragedy”, by Peter
Portuguese War of Restoration. H. Wilson.
As you look at each army, you will
find the following sections: Pikemen
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WARS OF RELIGION
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LATER EIGHTY YEARS’ WAR DU TCH
TROOP NOTES owing to the nature of the terrain in the Low LATER EIGHTY YEARS’
WAR DUTCH
Whilst Dutchmen were a minority in the armies Countries. Maurice and William Louis converted
of the United Provinces, the foreign troops, the lance armed cavalry into cuirassiers although
English, Scots and Germans in the main, were a few lancers are recorded as late as 1600. The new
organised into Dutch style units and fought in cuirassiers formed the majority of the Dutch
the same manner as the Dutch. Some of the best cavalry and were supported by less well armoured
regiments of the army were in fact foreign, such “Arquebusiers”. It is unclear whether the Dutch
as the English foot (commanded by Sir Francis followed the trends of the rest of Europe and
Vere) who performed so well at the Battle of lightened their cavalry equipment during the
Nieuwpoort in 1600. Thirty Years’ War, but we allow for the possibility.
In 1600 and 1603 large bodies of unpaid The shot component of the foot regiments
Spanish troops (in reality Walloons and Germans) were initially armed with a mixture of arquebus
deserted to the Dutch and were incorporated into and muskets, with the latter replacing the former
the army in larger than usual regiments. We allow over time. We give battle groups the capability
for the possibility that these may have briefly of the majority weapon type. However, some
operated like tercios and thus allow them to use Walloon regiments may have been predominantly
the Later Tercio rules. Despite being deserters, musket armed even in the early part of this list
the unit in 1600 fought effectively at the Battle of and, therefore, we allow a small number of musket
Nieuwpoort and so justifies Average rating. armed battle groups at this time as well as the
Cavalry formed a minor part of the army majority arquebus armed.
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WARS OF RELIGION
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LATER IMPERIAL SPANISH
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WARS OF RELIGION
which in a single day reversed all the gains of in 1621 until the Peace of the Pyrenees in 1659
the Swedes in the preceding years, putting the confirmed Spanish decline in Europe. It also
Catholic forces into the ascendant for a number of includes Spanish armies in Italy, or from Italy,
years. However, possibly the main effect of this such as that the Cardinal-Infante Don Fernando
victory was that it drew France into committing led to the Low Countries via the victory at
its armies into the mainstream of the Thirty Years’ Nördlingen in 1634.
War. The net result was that for the next decade,
the Spanish would be fighting the French at the TROOP NOTES
same time as fighting the Dutch. The main strength of the Spanish army was still
Despite now fighting a war on at least two, and the famous infantry tercio, but these went through
often three, fronts in France, the Low Countries a number of changes during this period.
and Southern Germany, the Spanish were still the When the Twelve Years’ Truce expired in 1621
dominant military force in the area. Indeed in and the war against the Dutch flared up again, the
1636 the Spanish overran northern France after Tercio was still, in theory, circa 3,000 men strong,
the capture of Corbie, and were within striking but in practice actual numbers were roughly half
distance of Paris – which might just have knocked of this. In 1632 an ordinance was issued that
France out of the war if the success had been restated that the strength of a Tercio should be
followed up boldly. However, it was not, and 3,000 men, however it directed that they should
thus the war with France continued for over form up 10 ranks deep – this latter appears to be a
20 more years. case of bringing the theory in line with actual
By the early 1640s the Spanish were very much practice in the field rather than a radical reform,
focused on the wars with the Dutch and France whilst the former remained an unattained ideal.
and had more or less withdrawn from the war in Tercios of this size fought at Nördlingen. In our
Germany. The war with France swung to and fro, opinion these formations prior to 1635 should be
with victories and defeats on both sides, although treated as Later Tercios as defined in the rule book.
in general the Spanish had the better of these. Subsequently the Tercio again declined in size,
Often seen as a turning point in the war, the and by the time of the Battle of Rocroi in 1643
Battle of Rocroi in 1643 was not as decisive as the actual size of individual units in the army of
French mythology has made out, although it did
see the destruction of the most effective units of Spanish Arquebusiers
the Spanish infantry.
Although both the Eighty and Thirty Years’
Wars were brought to a conclusion in 1648 by the
Peace of Westphalia, the war between Spain and
France continued until the Peace of the Pyrenees
in 1659. By this time it was clear that Spain
was utterly exhausted, again bankrupt, and now
eclipsed as the major power in Europe.
This list covers Spanish armies in the Low
Countries from the end of the Twelve Years’ Truce
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LATER IMPERIAL SPANISH
Flanders was roughly 900 men. Montecuccoli, amongst the Caballos corazas in the Army of
writing around this time, suggests that the normal Flanders. As Spanish sources maintained that
LATER IMPERIAL
fighting depth was now 7 ranks. These smaller lancers were able to defeat pistol armed horse, the SPANISH
formations are more akin to the “battalions”, and change may have been due to factors other than
similar, of other contemporary armies and thus perceived effectiveness.
in our opinion do not qualify to be treated as Caballos corazas could variously be equipped as
Later Tercios anymore, but as “other pike & shot heavily armoured cuirassiers or as lighter armoured
formations” as defined in the rule book. demi-cuirassiers in the German fashion. The
In addition to size and fighting formation, the continued contact with the Swedes and Swedish
weaponry of the Tercio went through changes as influenced Germans from the mid-1630s may
well. Up until at least the Battle of Nördlingen, well have also led to shallower formations being
the arquebus was still a common firearm in many adopted. Cavalry certainly became more important
units, and indeed remained so in the relative at this time in the Army of Flanders as its
backwater of Italy subsequent to this. Before 1635, operations in France were in more cavalry
therefore, we allow a choice of firearm capability friendly country; Italy, however, remained a
for many battle groups. military backwater.
The Guardias viejas (“Old Guard”), the The first dragoon company was created
remnants of the old feudal nobility, may well have in 1632, and by the end of the period there
retained the lance until the Battle of Nördlingen were three units with a total establishment of
in 1634, being subsequently re-equipped as 2600 men.
cuirassiers, or they may have been cuirassiers for French rebel allies represent the troops of the
the whole period, Hence we allow both options. Prince de Condé present at the second battle of
We assume that whenever they became the Dunes in 1658. Two battalions of English
cuirassiers they adopted the same fighting style Royalist foot were also present fighting with the
as other Spanish cuirassiers, and they are included Spanish army.
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Core Troops
Only before Heavily Light
Gendarmes Superior – Swordsmen 21 2–4
Guardias 1635 Armoured Lancers
0–4
viejas Heavily
Horse Superior – Pistol Pistol 16 4 4–8
Armoured
Only before Heavily
1635 or Horse Superior – Pistol Pistol 16 4 0–8
Armoured
Army of
Italy Heavily
Horse Average – Pistol Pistol 12 4
Armoured 4–8
Horse Armoured Average – Pistol Pistol 10 4
Heavily
Horse Superior – Pistol Pistol 16 4
Caballos Armoured
4–12
corazas Determined
Army of Armoured Superior – Pistol Pistol 21 4
Horse
Flanders
Heavily
only from Horse Average – Pistol Pistol 12 4
Armoured
1635
Horse Armoured Average – Pistol Pistol 10 4 4–12
Determined
Armoured Average – Pistol Pistol 12 4
Horse
Only before Armoured 11
1635 or
Horse Average Carbine – Pistol 4–6 4–8
Army of
Italy Unarmoured 9
Arquebusiers
Army of
Flanders
Horse Unarmoured Average Carbine – Pistol 9 4 0–8
only from
1635
Only Army Medium Foot Unarmoured Elite Musket – – 13 6 9
of Flanders
Tercios viejos before 1635 Heavy Foot Armoured Elite – Pike Pike 11 3 (LT)
0–12
españoles Only Army Medium Foot Unarmoured Elite Musket – – 13 4
of Flanders 6
from 1635 Heavy Foot Armoured Elite – Pike Pike 11 2
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Heavily
Only before Horse Superior – Pistol Pistol 16 4 0–4
Armoured
1635 or
Heavily
Army of Horse Average – Pistol Pistol 12 4
Armoured 4
Italy
Horse Armoured Average – Pistol Pistol 10 4
Heavily
Horse Superior – Pistol Pistol 16 4
Caballos Armoured
4–8
corazas Determined
Army of Armoured Superior – Pistol Pistol 21 4
Horse
Flanders
Heavily
only from Horse Average – Pistol Pistol 12 4
Armoured
1635
Horse Armoured Average – Pistol Pistol 10 4 4–8
Determined
Armoured Average – Pistol Pistol 12 4
Horse
Armoured 11
Arquebusiers Horse Average Carbine – Pistol 4 0–4
Unarmoured 9
Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Arquebus – – 10 6 9
0–9
Only Army Heavy Foot Armoured Superior – Pike Pike 9 3 (LT) 9–
of Italy Medium Foot Unarmoured Arquebus – – 7 6 9 9– 36
Average
Heavy Foot Armoured – Pike Pike 6 3 (LT) 36
Other
Spanish Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 11 6 9
tercios and Heavy Foot Armoured Superior – Pike Pike 9 3 (LT)
“Tercios Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 6 9
de las Only Army Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 3 (LT)
Naciones” of Flanders
before 1635 Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Arquebus – – 10 6 9
Heavy Foot Armoured Superior – Pike Pike 9 3 (LT)
Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Arquebus – – 7 6 9 9–30
Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 3 (LT)
Other Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 11 4
Spanish 6
Only Army Heavy Foot Armoured Superior – Pike Pike 9 2
tercios and
of Flanders
“Tercios Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
From 1635
de las 6
Naciones” Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 2
Only before Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Arquebus – – 7 4
6
1635 Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 2
Only before Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket* – – 7 4
6
Other 1626 Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 2
foreign Only from Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4 0–12
regiments 1626 to 6
1634 Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 2
Only from Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
6
1635 Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2
Medium Medium
Field guns – Average – – 20 2 0–2
Artillery Artillery
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EARLY 17TH CENTURY FRENCH
W
SPANISH
ith the assassination of Henri IV on the encirclement. To counter this they intervened with EARLY 17TH CENTURY
FRENCH
eve of a declaration of war against armies in Piedmont and northern Italy, in an
Spain, France remained somewhat inward looking attempt to break the so called “Spanish Road” that
and militarily weak with the ascension of the linked Spain’s Italian possessions with the Low
eight-year-old Louis XIII to the throne with his Countries, and also, more covertly, by financial
mother, Marie de Medici, as regent. Although he support for the Dutch and German Protestants.
legally came of age when he reached the age of It was in this period that the Musketeers of the
thirteen, it wasn’t until some years later that he Guard, as made famous by Alexandre Dumas’ “The
finally threw off the influence of his mother, Three Musketeers”, were founded. Players may
The first conflicts of Louis’ reign were to be be interested to know that one Charles Ogier de
internal. A rebellion by a number of nobles in Batz de Castelmore, Comte d’Artagnan, joined the
1620 was easily suppressed by royal forces, but this company in 1632, possibly aided by the influence
was followed by troubles with the Protestant of a family friend, Jean-Armand du Peyrer, Comte
Huguenots within France, supported, albeit de Troisville (or Tresville). D’Artagnan rose to the
ineffectively, by England. rank of captain of the company and was killed at
Following the rise of Armand Jean du Plessis the siege of Maastricht in 1673.
de Richelieu, Cardinal-Duc de Richelieu, to the This list covers French armies from the
position of the King’s first minister in 1624, France assassination of Henri IV in 1610 until the entry
entered a period of stability and started once again of French armies into the main Thirty Years’ War
to look to its interests on the international stage, conflict in 1635.
especially in regard to its traditional rivals, the
Habsburgs. With borders with Spain in both TROOP NOTES
the Pyrenees and the Low Countries, plus the The pikemen of the Guard infantry regiments
growing ascendancy of the Austrian Habsburgs and the established Vieux and Petits Vieux
in the Thirty Years’ War, the French feared regiments appear to have remained armoured in
this period, but more ephemeral regiments and
Enfants perdus led by King’s Musketeers militia were probably not so well equipped.
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French shot retained the arquebus in by the birds; we had covered the entire mountain with
significant numbers for a much longer period than tree trunks that we had pushed down the slope; we were
did their contemporaries, possibly due to relative fortified in different places and covered by a number of
peace at the start of the century. After 1622, forts.” To represent this tendency from 1623 we limit
however, the musket was the only firearm used French infantry to Musket* capability but give them
by the infantry. Impact Foot capability in addition.
During this period French infantry increasingly The Musketeers of the Guard were formed as
favoured a rapid advance to close combat, rather mounted Carabins in 1622 and were part of the
than a fire fight maybe followed by close combat, Maison du Roi. They fought both mounted and
as was more usual at the time. This behaviour on foot, and were occasionally attached to the
developed during the early 1620s during the Enfants Perdu for especially hazardous missions,
internal wars of the reign of Louis XIII. It even in which role they were considered superior to all
extended to attacking enemy in well prepared other troops. Thus we rate such Musketeer led
defences. Indeed one opposing general stated bodies as Superior, and the battle group bases
about a position attacked by the French: “We were of such should include dismounted Musketeers
entrenched in places that I believed approachable only figures in addition to normal musketeers.
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EARLY 17TH CENTURY FRENCH
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THIRTY YEARS’ WAR DANISH
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WARS OF RELIGION
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EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR GERMAN PROTESTANT
T
THIRTY YEARS’ WAR
he Holy Roman Empire had never been a led to the famous 2nd Defenestration of Prague in DANISH
properly unified political construct and 1618, and a revolt of the Bohemians against the EARLY THIRTY YEARS’
WAR GERMAN
things had become worse after Luther had Emperor. The Palatine Elector Friedrich V used PROTESTANT
introduced religion as a further cause of division. this to get himself elected King of Bohemia. In
Tension between the Catholic and Reformed an attempt to limit the inevitable conflict, the
Religions had been increasing since the late Protestant Union agreed with the Emperor on an
16th century. A legally dubious move by the armistice that excluded Bohemia, thus isolating
Emperor to allow the Catholic Maximilian I of Friedrich V. Deprived of support and hoping vainly
Bavaria to punish the free city of Donauwörth for help from England or the Low Countries, the
(for breaking the religious peace by interfering with initially promising revolt was now facing serious
the Catholic minority practicing their beliefs) and trouble. The only real help was a small mercenary
the subsequent forcible re-Catholicisation of the army under Ernst von Mansfeld, and Bethlen
city, finally convinced several Protestant leaders to Gábor‘s revolt and subsequent invasion of Hungary.
form a defensive union in 1608. However, many While Bethlen’s actions tied up Imperial troops the
Protestant leaders abstained from taking part, Emperor could still rely on the Catholic League
mostly because the Protestants themselves were split and Spanish troops to carry out his war, ultimately
along Calvinist and Lutheran lines and the defence leading to a total Bohemian defeat near Prague at
union was mostly led by Calvinists. the Battle of White Mountain (1620).
The attempt of the Archduke Ferdinand II to Whilst the fighting in Bohemia ended in
re-Catholicise economically important Bohemia May 1621, Friedrich V and other Protestant rulers
attempted to regain the Rhenish Palatinate from
Bandellier reiter the Spanish and the Catholic League until 1624.
These efforts were supported by the Dutch, who
had been battling the Spanish for decades, and
who could not ignore a strong Spanish presence
on the Rhine. Still Protestant attempts ended in
defeat in almost every battle, most notably the
battles of Wimpfen and Höchst in 1622.
The war might have ended here, but England,
Denmark, the Lower Saxon Circle and the Dutch
created the Protestant Coalition of the Hague,
which planned to attack the Habsburgs on multiple
fronts. However, the strongest member, Christian
IV of Denmark, found foreign help from
the coalition somewhat lacking. The Dutch
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WARS OF RELIGION
and English only offered moral support, and which allowed Catholics to regain control of
co-ordination with the Protestant leaders of the territories, churches, monasteries, etc. that had been
other planned fronts, Christian von Braunschweig- under Protestant ownership since the second half
Wolfenbüttel and Ernst von Mansfeld, proved of the 16th century. This gave Gustavus Adolphus,
difficult at best. King of Sweden, a formal reason to start his
In the end Mansfeld was defeated by invasion, which he did with a small force in
Wallenstein at the Battle of Dessau Bridge in summer 1630. Having secured a base of operation,
April 1626, and in the same month Christian IV and aided by French money, Gustavus quickly
was also heavily defeated by Tilly at the Battle of increased the size of his army, becoming a
Lutter. After his defeat at Dessau Bridge, Ernst formidable force. Despite this, the Protestant
von Mansfeld tried to link up with Bethlan Gábor, powers of Germany were reluctant to directly assist
but Gábor had already been forced to sign a him. In 1631, however, Johann Georg of Saxony’s
peace treaty with Friedrich II. So Mansfeld was army joined Gustavus and together they met Tilly’s
stranded in the Balkans with his army and, lacking combined League and Imperial army at the First
pay, his troops deserted him. Mansfeld himself Battle of Breitenfeld where, despite the Saxon
died in late 1626. army almost wholly routing on first contact, Tilly
Fearing Swedish intervention in Germany, was overwhelmingly defeated.
Wallenstein persuaded Friedrich II to sign a This list covers German Protestant armies of
generous peace treaty with Christian IV in June the early Thirty Years’ War from the start of the
1629. However, in the same year, Friedrich II also Bohemian revolt in 1618 to the First Battle of
issued the highly controversial Edict of Restitution, Breitenfeld (September 17, 1631).
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EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR GERMAN PROTESTANT
German mercenary cavalry, 1632, by Richard Hook © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Men-at-
Arms 262: The Army of Gustavus Adolphus (2): Cavalry.
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WARS OF RELIGION
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EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR GERMAN PROTESTANT
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EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR GERMAN CATHOLIC
Thus ended the first phase of the Thirty Years’ intervention, Wallenstein persuaded Friedrich II
War, but peace was not to be enjoyed, due to to sign a generous peace treaty with Christian in
the formation of the Protestant Coalition of the June 1629.
Hague. However, Friedrich II was ahead of the Partly because of his success, Wallenstein was
coalition. As early as 1624 he had appointed a not well-liked by the electoral princes as, through
capable military leader who was directly answerable him, a Holy Roman Emperor had, for the first
to the Emperor – Albrecht von Waldstein, better time in decades, the power to enforce his will EARLY THIRTY YEARS’
WAR GERMAN
known as Wallenstein. This was necessary as Tilly by military means. So when the time came for PROTESTANT
was head of the Catholic League, which was Friedrich II to ensure the continuity of his line on EARLY THIRTY YEARS’
WAR GERMAN
answerable to Maximilian of Bavaria rather than the throne (which required the electors to elect his CATHOLIC
the Emperor. If Maximilian should decide to pull son King of the Romans) the electoral princes
out of the war, having achieved all his personal jumped at the chance to pressure the Emperor
goals and becoming the only Elector with two to dismiss Wallenstein and cut the size of the
votes, the Emperor might easily find himself with Imperial army by two-thirds.
insufficient troops and without a reliable military Unfortunately, about the same time, the Swedish
leader. Wallenstein proved to be a good choice. King, Gustavus Adolphus, invaded Germany.
In April 1625, he was created Generalissimo of all With Wallenstein out of the way and the Imperial
the Imperial troops. He went on to recruit some army reduced in size and engaged in northern Italy,
24,000 troops to fight for the Emperor and Gustavus stormed from one victory to the next.
was made the Duke of Friedland. He and Tilly Even the combined armies of the Catholic League
made for a formidable combination, and the and what Imperial troops were available, led by the
three-pronged attack planned by the coalition came renowned Tilly, failed to stop the Swedes at the
to naught. First Battle of Breitenfeld. Tilly managed to rebuild
After shattering the armies of Christian an army but was defeated again at the Battle
von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel and Ernst von of Rain in April 1632. He subsequently died of
Mansfield, the two Catholic generals then drove wounds received there. With the Catholic cause in
Christian IV back to Denmark. While Schleswig disarray, Wallenstein was reinstated by the Emperor
and Jutland were occupied by Tilly, Wallenstein and rapidly rebuilt his army.
occupied Mecklenburg. As a reward for this This list covers German Imperial and
success, Friedrich II made Wallenstein Catholic League armies of the early
Duke of Mecklenburg and named him Thirty Years’ War from the start of
“General of the whole Imperial Fleet the Bohemian revolt in 1618 until
and Lord of the Atlantic and the death of Tilly in June 1632. It also
Baltic”. Wallenstein also invaded includes the armies of Savoy that were
Pomerania, but failed to take the involved in the minor conflicts in and
important city of Stralsund due to around Italy, such as the War of the
Danish and Swedish intervention. Mantuan Succession, 1628–1631.
Another attack on Wallenstein’s
army by the Danes was routed with
loss, but, fearing a Swedish Graf von Tilly
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Imperial pikemen, 1618, by Darko Pavlovic © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Men-at-Arms 457:
Imperial Armies of the Thirty Years’ War (1): Infantry and artillery.
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EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR GERMAN CATHOLIC
based on the square root method, League infantry that were supposedly bullet proof, and
regiments can be fielded as Early Tercios. Other swords. Their main role by this time
regiments formed up in smaller bodies and are was to disperse “unprotected”
therefore classified as Later Tercios. musketeers i.e. those not
Crabaten (Croats), Ungarn & Kossaken are supported by pike.
collective terms for various light eastern type Montecuccoli also
auxiliary riders of varying quality. At the start wanted them to front
of the war they were mainly Polish Kossacks. pike formations,
After control of Hungary had passed back to the but he admitted
Habsburgs, the majority were Hungarian hussars that this was unlikely
(though these were commonly recruited in to happen in practice.
Croatia). They were found in substantial numbers
mainly in Imperial armies, so should not be used
for pure Catholic League armies. Veteran infantryman
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Imperial musketeers, 1618, by Darko Pavlovic © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Men-at-Arms 457:
Imperial Armies of the Thirty Years’ War (1): Infantry and artillery.
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HUNGARIAN-TRANSYLVANIAN
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After his Bohemian allies suffered total defeat but succeeded in preserving the political and
at the Battle of White Mountain in 1621, Bethlen territorial integrity of Transylvania for years to
ceased all further advances and tried to negotiate come. What set Bethlen apart were his diplomatic
a peace treaty with Emperor Friedrich II, but was skills and economically sound politics. The former
rejected. After several incursions into Lower allowed him to get comparably generous peace
Austria and taking parts of Moravia, Bethlen terms every time even although he had broken
was finally able to coerce Friedrich II into peace former treaties, and the latter permitted him
talks, much to his relief as he was convinced that to actually sustain his army without relying on
without additional aid from either Venice or plunder and foraging as much as other armies did EARLY THIRTY YEARS’
WAR GERMAN
the Turks he would not be able to keep going. during the Thirty Years’ War. CATHOLIC
The peace of Nikolsburg granted Bethlen the After Bethlen’s death his younger brother Istvan HUNGARIAN-
TRANSYLVANIAN
right to several counties in Hungary, but obliged followed him on the throne, but abdicated after
him to renounce the Hungarian Crown and give just two months, freeing the way for György I
up the recently conquered areas. Rákóczi. While György favoured a very aggressive
However, this peace wasn’t to last long. Having anti-Habsburg policy, he lacked the many talents
secured support from the Turks, and believing the of Bethlen, and as a result also lacked the money
Protestants had the Imperial forces well occupied, and troops. So for almost 18 years he was just a
Bethlen started a new offensive in mid 1623. Again nuisance to the Habsburgs. While he undertook
he swiftly conquered large areas of Hungary and regular large scale raids into Habsburg Hungary,
Moravia, and moved in on lower Austria. This time these had very little lasting effect and only served
there was even a Turkish army ready to join forces to make him unpopular with the Hungarian
with him. Before this came to pass, however, people. Only in 1643, after he agreed to treaties
massive logistical problems, in part created by the first with the Swedes and shortly after also with
Catholic Hungarian nobility, forced Bethlen to France, did he receive the economic backing and
offer a truce (something Wallenstein had urged experienced military advisors needed to conduct a
Friedrich to offer already) and fell back. large scale invasion into Hungary. During the next
By mid 1624 a new treaty had been two years he managed to occupy most of Hungary.
signed, more or less reinstating the Just before he could take Pressburg, and
treaty of Nikolsburg. combine his forces with the Swedish army
A third attack by Bethlen in 1626 under Lennart Torstensson, political
went along similar lines. He was pressure by the Ottomans forced him to
militarily successful but unable to keep abandon further military action.
his army supplied without resorting to
the same brutal foraging methods other TROOP NOTES
Thirty Years’ War armies employed. Bethlen’s Transylvanian and
Thus Bethlen was again forced to sue for Hungarian troops were frequently
peace. The treaty of Pressburg again veterans with considerable combat
restated the terms of Nikolsburg. experience, but were mostly used to
In the end Bethlen had failed
to create a united Hungary, Szekler
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WARS OF RELIGION
fighting Turkish border troops in a style of warfare this area (aside of Hungary-Transylvania just being
consisting of skirmishes, raids and counter-raids. somewhat of a backwater) is that such armour was
Owing to the nature of the fighting in the area, effective against the arrows of the Turks thus saving
the heavy infantry that had become the mainstay the horseman – although their unprotected horses
in the rest of Europe was rare and not very good. would still suffer badly. Over time, and with more
Hence Bethlen found it necessary to supplement exposure to the western way of war one assumes,
his native troops with mercenary infantry. they changed to the somewhat less complete, but
Additionally he lacked sufficient artillery by the stronger around vital areas, armour of the German
standards of the day. Cuirassiers. Those that couldn’t afford the more
The nature of the warfare that Transylvania was complete armour found themselves among the
involved in allowed traditional lancers to survive far Viteji or Hussars.
longer in this area than in other neighbouring Dorobanti are Wallachian and Transylvanian
countries. They appear to have still formed the core mercenaries using muskets and large axes. We
of the heavy cavalry in Bethlen’s army in 1619 classify them as Musket*, Heavy Weapon.
& 1620. Whilst over time they adopted pistols Haiduks were border settlers and highly
in addition to their other weapons, they still skilled at guerrilla type warfare. Classification of
maintained an aggressive charging attack as Szekler foot is problematic as we know very little
their usual doctrine. For defence they wore about them, but they generally seem to have
“Trabharnische“ – basically 3/4 plate armour – at the fought in a similar style to the Haiduks, so we
start of this period. This style of armour was group them together.
considered outdated by the end of the 16th century Peasants armed with arquebus fought in
in western Europe. One theory for its survival in support of Bethlen’s mercenary infantry.
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HUNGARIAN–TRANSYLVANIAN
Territory Types: Agricultural, Hilly, Woodlands
C-in-C Great Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1
Field Commander 50 0–2
Sub-commanders
Troop Commander 35 0–3
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total HUNGARIAN-
Troop name TRANSYLVANIAN
Type Armour Quality Shooting Impact Melee per base per BG bases
Core Troops
4–12 before
Only
Heavily Heavy 1621
before Gendarmes Superior – Swordsmen 21 4–6
Armoured Lancers 0–8 from
1629
1621 4–
Boyars
Heavily Light 0–8 before 12
Gendarmes Superior – Pistol 21 4–6
Armoured Lancers 1621
Any date
Light 4–12 from
Cavaliers Armoured Superior – Pistol 19 4–6
Lancers 1621
Armoured 11
Viteji Horse Average Carbine – Pistol 4–6 4–12
Unarmoured 9
Carbine – Pistol 10
Cavalry Unarmoured Average
Bow – Swordsmen 10
4–6 8–40
Light Bow – Swordsmen 9 8–
Hussars Unarmoured Average
Horse Carbine – Pistol 9 40
Light Bow – – 7
Unarmoured Average 4–6 0–12
Horse Carbine – – 7
Carbine – Pistol 13
Unarmoured Superior
Bow – Swordsmen 13
Cavalry
Szekler or veteran Carbine – Pistol 16
Armoured Superior 4–6 4–16
Hussars Bow – Swordsmen 16
Light Carbine – Pistol 12
Unarmoured Superior
Horse Bow – Swordsmen 12
Optional Troops
Seimeni Dragoons Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 3 or 4 0–8
Unarmoured Heavy Heavy 7
Dorobanti Heavy Foot Average Musket* 6–8 0–12
Armoured Weapon Weapon 8
Average 7 0–18
Light Foot Unarmoured Musket – – 6–8
Superior 10 0–
Haiduks or Szekler Foot 0–6
Medium Superior 11 18
Unarmoured Musket – Swordsmen 6–8
Foot Average 7 0–12
Peasants Only
Medium
armed with before Unarmoured Poor Arquebus – – 4 6–12 0–12
Foot
arquebus’ 1627
Peasants Mob Unarmoured Poor – – – 2 8–12 0–12
Armoured 11
Mercenary Arquebusiers Horse Average Carbine – Pistol 4 0–8
Unarmoured 9
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Only
Mercenary Heavily Superior 16
before Horse – Pistol Pistol 4
Cuirassiers Armoured Average 12
1635
0–8
Mercenary
Only from
demi- Horse Armoured Average – Pistol Pistol 10 4
1635
cuirassiers
Only Medium
Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 6 9
before Foot
(LT)
Mercenary 1627 Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 3
0–27
Infantry Medium
Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
Any date Foot 6
Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 2
Medium Medium
Field Guns – Average – – 20 2 0–2
Artillery Artillery
HUNGARIAN–TRANSYLVANIAN ALLIES
Allied commander Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 1
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Shooting Impact Melee per base per BG bases
4–8 before
Only
Heavily Heavy 1621
before Gendarmes Superior – Swordsmen 21 4–6
Armoured Lancers 0–4 from
1629
1621 4–
Boyars
Heavily Light 0–4 before 8
Gendarmes Superior – Pistol 21 4–6
Armoured Lancers 1621
Any date
Light 4–8 from
Cavaliers Armoured Superior – Pistol 19 4–6
Lancers 1621
Armoured 11
Viteji Horse Average Carbine – Pistol 4–6 0–6
Unarmoured 9
Carbine – Pistol 10
Cavalry Unarmoured Average
Bow – Swordsmen 10 4–6 4–20
Bow – Swordsmen 9 4–
Hussars Unarmoured Average
Light Carbine – Pistol 9 20
Horse Bow – – 7 4–6 0–6
Unarmoured Average
Carbine – – 7
Carbine – Pistol 13
Unarmoured Superior
Bow – Swordsmen 13
Cavalry
Szekler or veteran Carbine – Pistol 16
Armoured Superior 4–6 4–8
Hussars Bow – Swordsmen 16
Light Carbine – Pistol 12
Unarmoured Superior
Horse Bow – Swordsmen 12
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EARLY CAROLINE ENGLISH
command of Sir Edward Cecil. Despite Cecil this, by the late 1630s Charles had managed to stir
being an experienced soldier (he had seen extensive up religious controversy in England and Scotland.
service in Dutch pay) he had no experience of By trying to enforce a new prayer book on his
naval expeditions, which resulted in the army Scottish kingdom, he caused them to rebel against
being landed in the wrong place without enough him under the aegis of the “Solemn League and
food or water. When the hungry and thirsty Covenant” which led to the two “Bishops’ Wars”.
soldiers found a supply of wine, nearly the whole As with his earlier military adventures, both of these
army was reduced to drunkenness. Cecil decided were disasters for Charles. Although there was no
the situation was hopeless. Abandoning the fighting in the first war, in the second a Scottish
expedition, he re-embarked the army, although the army invaded England, defeating Charles’ army at
Spanish captured 1,000 men who were still drunk. the Battle of Newburn and capturing Newcastle, HUNGARIAN-
TRANSYLVANIAN
Despite this disaster, Charles again sent an thus forcing Charles into a humiliating peace. EARLY CAROLINE
expedition overseas in 1627, this time to France. If trouble with his Scottish subjects was not ENGLISH
Charles’s favourite, the Duke of Buckingham, was enough, his Catholic Irish subjects then raised a
in command, and the aim was to aid the French rebellion in 1641, leading to a war that lasted until
Huguenots. This expedition landed on the Île 1652 when the rebellion was finally crushed by
de Ré in an attempt to capture the town of the army of the English Commonwealth.
Saint-Martin. As with Cádiz, the expedition This list covers the pre-Civil War English
was badly supplied and the attempt was a failure. armies of the reign of Charles I, including the
The army had to be re-embarked and withdrawn. overseas expeditions to Spain and France and the
In 1628 two attempts were made to send two Bishops’ Wars of 1639 and 1640. It also
reinforcements to La Rochelle, but both were includes various armies in Ireland from 1634,
dismal failures, with the English forces having no when the army was organised by Viscount
effect at all. La Rochelle was forced to surrender. Wentworth, through its partial disbandment on
Following this embarrassment, Charles realised his impeachment, reinforcement on the outbreak
that England was in no position to effectively of the Irish rebellion in 1641, and fragmentation
intervene on the Continent, and no further following the cessation of 1643 which allowed
expeditions were sent abroad during the period some troops to be sent to fight for the king
Charles ruled without calling a Parliament. Despite in England.
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EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR SWEDISH
however, his chance came as he caught Wallenstein son-in-law, Gustav Horn, and the German prince,
at Lützen when Wallenstein had started to disperse Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar, took command of
his army into winter quarters. The resulting battle the army, having to put down a mutiny caused by
was long, confused and bloody, with the Swedes lack of pay as one of their first acts.
once again attacking the Imperial army in a well Despite the loss of Gustavus, the war continued
chosen position. At the end of the day both to go well for the Swedes and their allies. This was
Gustavus and the inspirational Imperial cavalry helped by the murder of Wallenstein in early 1634.
general, Papenheim, were dead, and the cream of However, much as with Breitenfeld, the whole
the Swedish infantry had been shattered. However, situation was to be turned on its head by a single
Wallenstein had also lost heavily and chose to battle, Nördlingen. Here the armies of Horn and
withdraw under cover of darkness, which allowed Sachsen-Weimar foolishly attacked the combined
the Swedes to claim victory as they held the field. forces of the Emperor and the Spanish Cardinal- EARLY CAROLINE
The death of Gustavus was a serious blow to the Infante who were well entrenched in a good position. ENGLISH
EARLY THIRTY YEARS’
Swedes and they were somewhat paralysed by his Another bloody battle ensued, resulting in the WAR SWEDISH
loss. Politically the chancellor, Oxenstierna, now led almost complete destruction of the infantry of the
Sweden, but who was to lead the army was less clear. Swedish armies in repeated brave, but futile, attacks
In the end the Swedish marshal, and Oxenstierna’s on the veteran Spanish tercios brought from Italy.
Gustavus Adolphus and Swedish cavalry at Lützen, 1632, by Richard Hook © Osprey Publishing Ltd.
Taken from Men-at-Arms 262: The Army of Gustavus Adolphus (2): Cavalry.
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42
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EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR SWEDISH
The Yellow Regiment at Lützen 1632, by Richard Hook © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Men-at-
Arms 235: The Army of Gustavus Adolphus (1): Infantry.
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EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR SWEDISH
Optional Troops
Dragoons and mounted
Dragoons Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 3 or 4 0–6
jägers
German or Livonian Heavily
Horse Superior – Pistol Pistol 16 4 0–4
cuirassiers Armoured
3-pounder
guns Superior 12 0 or 1 per
Only from Regimental Regimental Regimental
attached to – – n/a commanded
1632 Guns Guns Guns
commanded Average 9 shot BG
shot
Mercenary Medium
Only from Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
infantry Foot 6 0–36
1633
regiments Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 2
Allies
Saxon, Hessen – Kassel or other German Protestant allies – Early Thirty Years’ War German Protestant (only in 1631) or
Later Thirty Years’ War German (only from 1632)
French allies (only in 1632) – Early 17th Century French
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3
about Wallenstein within Imperialist ranks, not only
at the court in Vienna, but also within his army.
Lützen N It is difficult to account for Wallenstein’s actions.
ANHALT
BERNARD
0 500 yds
He was ill with gout and depression, and this may
0 500 m
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LATER THIRTY YEARS’ WAR GERMAN
This order was made redundant when he was Germans) could not attack without French
murdered by some of his officers in February 1634. support, but the French Rhine army had been
The command of the Imperial army was now held back near Lorraine, so Bernhard was forced
given to Ferdinand, the son of the Emperor. He was to retreat and the Imperials took Kaiserslautern,
married to the Spanish Infanta, bringing both Heidelberg and besieged Mainz. When Bernard
houses of the Habsburgs closer together. Ferdinand was finally joined by the French in late July 1635,
(the son) also shared a friendship with the brother this allowed him to temporarily lift the siege
of his wife, the Spanish Cardinal-Infante Don of Mainz. With his army sadly diminished
Fernando. Both were able military leaders dedicated afterwards, Bernhard was then compelled to fall
to turning back the tide of Protestantism that swept back to Metz. As a result, Mainz fell to Imperial
through Europe, and their friendship re-vitalized forces in December 1635.
the Austrian-Spanish alliance. 1636 saw a partial reverse in fortunes as
The Imperial and Spanish armies joined forces Bernhard and La Valette made themselves the
in September 1634 near Nördlingen. They were masters of almost all of Upper Alsace, and in
opposed by the Protestant army under Horn and October 1636 an Imperial army was defeated by LATER THIRTY YEARS’
WAR GERMAN
Bernhard, who had planned to break them up and the Swedes at Wittstock, allowing the occupation
defeat each army on its own. Since that plan failed, most of north Germany. Matthias Gallas and
the outcome was a disaster for the Swedes, who his army had to be recalled from the so far
were heavily defeated and Horn was captured. rather successful French campaign to confront
With this one great victory, the power of the the Swedes. The Battle of Torgau saw the defeat
Emperor was suddenly restored. The Heilbronn of the Swedish army and forced them back to
League was in total disarray. The Protestants had Pomerania. Only the financial support of France
no army to speak of any more, while the Catholics allowed them to stay in the war at all.
now had two powerful armies again. It was almost In February 1637, the Emperor Ferdinand died
a reversal of the situation after Breitenfeld. By the and his son succeeded him as Ferdinand III.
Spring of 1635, all Swedish resistance in the south In late 1637 Bernhard fought two bloody
of Germany had been extinguished. A peace battles against Imperial armies. Although he lost
process which had been started in 1634 ended with the first, by winning at the second he was now in
the Peace of Prague in May 1635, which took a position to break Imperial power along the Rhine
most of the Protestant powers in German by taking the key fortress of Breisach. The siege of
out of the war. the fortress began in June 1638, but only after
This alarmed France, who, ever fearful receiving further French reinforcement was he
of a strong and seemingly united Holy strong enough to do so in earnest. Meanwhile
Roman Empire, but lacking the means to two Imperial armies, under the Bavarian
conduct a successful war herself, signed General Götz and the Imperial general
a treaty with Sweden in order to Savello, were sent out together with a
continue the fighting. convoy of reinforcements for Breisach.
Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar, They failed to join forces and
commanding what was left of
the Swedish army (now mainly Kürassiere
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allowed themselves to be defeated in detail by Breitenfeld. In 1645, the Imperial army faced two
Bernhard who had been waiting for them. defeats, at Nördlingen by the French, and Jankau by
By 1638 the Swedes had also realised that they the Swedes. By now it had become clear that the
needed to use more than just German mercenaries Holy Roman Empire was no longer in a position to
to fight their war, and had recruited reinforcements continue the war. On the other hand, its opponents
of over 14,000 men in Sweden. However, plans for were too weak to actually defeat it. Later in the same
a joint Franco–Swedish campaign in 1639 came year, Sweden and Saxony signed a peace agreement,
to naught when Bernhard contracted the plague which meant that by 1646 Ferdinand III could no
and died that summer. After some discussion, longer expect support from Saxony, Brandenburg
his colonels determined to serve their paymasters or Spain.
the French, and entered into an agreement under Finally, in 1647, Maximilian of Bavaria was
which the troops were to continue as a separate forced by the Swedes and French to withdraw
army in the service of France. Meanwhile the his support to Ferdinand. When he broke this
Swedes, having hoped in vain for the appearance agreement in 1648, Swedish and French forces
of a French force, turned towards Saxony and devastated Bavaria, leaving Maximilian no choice
swept through it, defeating the Imperials under but to sign a truce. Bereft of all support, Ferdinand
Ferdinand’s brother, the Archduke Leopold- III finally agreed to the Peace of Westphalia,
Wilhelm, at Chemintz in April 1639. ending the Thirty Years’ War.
With the problems around Bernhard over, the This list covers German armies of the later
French and Swedes renewed their plans for a joint Thirty Years’ War from May 1632 to the end of
campaign. However, despite a powerful force being the war in 1648.
assembled in 1640, the results were less than
impressive. The Imperial forces, now under TROOP NOTES
Piccolomini, wisely refused battle. The Swedish After the Swedish intervention, armies across
commander, Banér, did not press the issue, and Germany adopted formations that were similar to,
drifted aimlessly through central Germany toward if not exactly the same as, the Swedish ones. The
the Weser. In the end, nothing was accomplished. infantry abandoned deep formations very quickly,
A second campaign, involving the armies of in fact many had already done so by the start of
Sweden, France and Brunswick, again accomplished this list, but the cavalry held onto older formations
nothing, with Banér spending all his energies for longer.
quarrelling with the French commander, de In the aftermath of the Battle of Lützen,
Guebriant. Upon his return from the central Wallenstein noted that the “unarmoured” cavalry
German campaign, Banér fell sick and died in May (the Bandellier Reiter of this list) were the ones
1641. His army, whose discipline had always been who had fled, whilst the armoured cavalry had
problematic at best, started to mutiny. stood and fought. He therefore ordered that all
In July 1641, Brandenburg and Sweden signed the cavalry be armoured and took away carbines
a truce. Many other German princes followed from those that had them. However, this was not
Brandenburg’s example to indicate their displeasure completed by the time of his assassination in
with Ferdinand III. In 1642, a Swedish army 1634, and some troops carried on in the old style
defeated an Imperial army at the Second Battle of throughout the war.
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Imperial pikemen, 1640, by Darko Pavlovic © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Men-at-Arms 457:
Imperial Armies of the Thirty Years’ War (1): Infantry and artillery.
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Whilst German armies never adopted the other hand, would have discarded the armour
Swedish brigade system (and in fact the Swedes regardless. Whilst it is somewhat arbitrary, the
themselves abandoned it around 1635 in the aftermath of the Battle of Nördlingen has been
aftermath of the Battle of Nördlingen) regimental taken as a cut off point, as major battles became
guns did become a feature, at least for a while. less frequent after this, with armies just marching
As with most other armies of the period, across Germany much of the time – an occupation
armour was discarded as the campaigns wore on, that would discourage armour wearing.
especially amongst the infantry. However, the Crabaten (Croats), Ungarn & Kossaken
innate conservative nature of the Imperial armies are collective terms for various light eastern
meant that some regiments may have been issued type auxiliary riders of varying quality. They
with armour long after contemporaries had were found in substantial numbers mainly in
abandoned the practice. Veteran infantry, on the Imperial armies.
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Protestant armies cannot use more than one
USING OUR ARMY POINTS battle group of Light Horse.
Choose an army based on the maxima and • Other than Catholic Imperial armies,
minima in the list below. The following special Armoured pike cannot be used from 1635.
instructions apply to this army: Catholic Imperial armies cannot have more
than half of their infantry regiments with
• Commanders should be depicted as Kürassiere. Armoured pike.
• Armies must be, nominally at least, either • No more than one allied contingent can
Catholic or Protestant. be used.
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Determined Armoured 21
Superior – Pistol Pistol 4
Only from Horse Unarmoured 18
0–16
1635 Determined Armoured 15
Average – Pistol Pistol 4
Horse Unarmoured 12
Horse Armoured Average Carbine – Pistol 11 4–6 LATER THIRTY YEARS’
Bandellier Only before Horse Armoured Poor Carbine – Pistol 8 4–6 WAR GERMAN
4–18
Reiter 1635 Horse Unarmoured Average Carbine – Pistol 9 4–6
Horse Unarmoured Poor Carbine – Pistol 7 4–6
Dragoner Dragoons Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 3 or 4 3–8
Medium
Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
Any date Foot 6
Infantry Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 2
12–60
regiments Medium
Only from Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
Foot 6
1635
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2
0–1 per 2
Regimental Regimental Regimental
Falkone – Average – 9 n/a Infantry
Guns Guns Guns
Regiments
Light Light
Light artillery – Average – – 12 2
Artillery Artillery
2–6
Medium Medium 2, 3 or
Field guns – Average – – 20
Artillery Artillery 4
Optional Troops
Bandellier Only from Horse Unarmoured Average Carbine – Pistol 9 4
0–12
Reiter 1635 Horse Unarmoured Poor Carbine – Pistol 7 4
Medium
Only before Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 11 4
Foot 6
Veteran 1635
Heavy Foot Armoured Superior – Pike Pike 9 2
infantry 0–18
Medium
regiments Only from Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 11 4
Foot 6
1635
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Superior – Pike Pike 8 2
0 or 1 per
Regimental Regimental Regimental Veteran
Falkone – Superior – 12 n/a
Guns Guns Guns Infantry
Regiment
Medium
Poor quality infantry Unarmoured Poor Musket – – 6 4
Foot 6 0–24
regiments
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Poor – Pike Pike 3 2
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Medium
Commanded shot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 2 0–6
Foot
Crabaten, Ungarn & Light Horse Unarmoured Average Carbine – – 7
4–6 0–12
Kossaken Light Horse Unarmoured Average Carbine – Pistol 9
Schützenkompanien Light Foot Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 10 4 0–4
Only Heavy Foot
Heavily Superior 10
Tartschier Imperial or Medium – – Swordsmen 4–6 0–6
Armoured Average 7
before 1639 Foot
Heavy Heavy
Heavy artillery – Average – – 25 2 0–2
Artillery Artillery
Field
Schanzen & barrikaden – – – – – 3 – 0–30
Fortifications
Allies
Spanish allies (only Catholics before 1640) – Later Imperial Spanish
Dutch allies (only Protestants) – Later Eighty Years’ War Dutch
French allies (only Protestants or Savoy from 1637) – Early 17th Century French (before 1635) or Thirty Years’ War French
(from 1635)
Swedish allies (only Protestants) – Early Thirty Years’ War Swedish (before 1635) or Later Thirty Years’ War Swedish and
Weimarian (from 1635)
Determined Armoured 21
Superior – Pistol Pistol 4
Only from Horse Unarmoured 18
0–8
1635 Determined Armoured 15
Average – Pistol Pistol 4
Horse Unarmoured 12
Horse Armoured Average Carbine – Pistol 11 4–6
Bandellier Only before Horse Armoured Poor Carbine – Pistol 8 4–6
4–8
Reiter 1635 Horse Unarmoured Average Carbine – Pistol 9 4–6
Horse Unarmoured Poor Carbine – Pistol 7 4–6
2, 3 or
Dragoner Dragoons Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 0–4
4
Medium
Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
Any date Foot 6
Infantry Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 2
6–30
regiments Medium
Only from Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
Foot 6
1635
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2
0–1 per 2
Regimental Regimental Regimental
Falkone – Average – 9 n/a Infantry
Guns Guns Guns
Regiments
Light Light
Light artillery – Average – – 12 2
Artillery Artillery
0–2
Medium Medium
Field guns – Average – – 20 2
Artillery Artillery
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The Imperial retreat, 1632, by Graham Turner © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Campaign 68:
Lützen 1632.
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As France was lacking an experienced army, becoming the most important arm. However, this
and general, Richelieu negotiated a deal with also resulted in the armies becoming smaller as
Bernhard by which he would provide an army for horses need a lot of food and water to keep them in
France in exchange for massive French subsidies, the field. When pitched battles did occur both sides
along the lines of those previously paid to had their successes, but in general the Swedes won
Gustavus. At the same time he was also the more than they lost and towards the end of the
general of the Heilbronn League of minor 1640s their French allies were also becoming more
German princes, which led him to veer between a effective. This led to a series of combined operations,
French inspired policy and a Heilbronn inspired with the French fighting in southern Germany and
one, making him a somewhat erratic person to the Swedes further north, in order to defeat both
deal with. However, as he had an army in being, the Bavarian led Catholic League and the Imperial
and was able to keep it at a meaningful strength armies. Eventually this proved successful, with
most of the time, he could not be discarded. Bavaria being forced out of the war in 1647. Facing
On his death from plague in 1639 his officers total exhaustion and collapse, the Imperials finally
concluded a deal with Richelieu whereby their agreed to peace in 1648, the famous Peace of
army more formally transferred into the service of Westphalia, which allowed a drastic reduction in
France. From then on it was usually led by a armies across the whole of Germany.
French marshal, the most famous of whom was
Turenne, who continued to lead the remaining TROOP NOTES
Bernhardine units after their severe losses in 1643 With the war now consisting of frequent long
forced the French to formally take the army into marches and fewer major engagements, armour
their establishment. became increasingly unpopular amongst the
The Swedes, after consolidating their troops, who now routinely abandoned it as
Pomeranian possessions and receiving reinforce- cumbersome and uncomfortable. At Christmas
ments from home, again started to campaign to the 1635 the Swedish chancellor Oxenstierna wrote
south. For the next decade the war became one of “No horsemen’s or soldier’s harness or pots need be sent
attrition, with neither side able to deliver a knockout here, since they have become little used, but mostly cast
blow to the other. Armies marched vast distances off because of the long marches one is engaged in here.”
to and fro across Germany which led to cavalry However, as Montecuccoli writing about 1640
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LATER THIRTY YEARS’ WAR SWEDISH AND WEIMARIAN
at least implies that Swedish cavalry (like other marching, some regiments appear to have
demi-cuirassiers) wore armour, it would appear discarded their pikes as well as their armour.
that it came back into use, thus Armoured It was not until major Swedish foot levies were
classification is allowed from 1640. sent to Germany in 1638 that the Swedish
The defeat at Nördlingen all but destroyed the element was again significant.
veteran Swedish and German infantry regiments Whilst Commanded Shot were still used, this
of the two main Swedish armies. Their was no longer an automatic choice, as the cavalry
replacements no longer used the Swedish brigade was now at least as good as their enemies’, and
system and the associated salvo shooting, instead commanders often preferred to allow them full
using the same formations and tactics as most manoeuvrability rather than slow them down
other foot of the time. With the emphasis on with attached infantry.
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WARS OF RELIGION
Swedish infantry, 1635, by Richard Hook © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Men-at-Arms 235:
The Army of Gustavus Adolphus (1): Infantry.
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LATER THIRTY YEARS’ WAR SWEDISH AND WEIMARIAN
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THIRTY YEARS’ WAR FRENCH
Cardinal-Infante. This was, however, weathered development of the French army, and probably
with some difficulty. marks the beginning of the ascendancy of France
In this early stage of France’s involvement, its over Spain on the battlefield.
only really effective army was the mercenary By the mid-1640s French armies were starting
German army of Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar to campaign in Germany on a regular basis.
operating within Germany on the Rhine. Firstly that of Turenne, who had taken command
With most of France’s war now taking place on of the Armee d’Allemagne, based around the
its own soil, there were additional financial Bernhardine troops which had transferred to
hardships to be faced by the people. Richelieu had French service on the death of Sachsen-Weimar,
banked on the war being fought outside of France, and then also armies under Condé. These beat the
where the armies could be billeted and obtain Imperialists in the battles of Freiburg in 1644 and
supplies from the local, enemy, populations, as was Allerheim (also known as the second Battle of
the norm in the Thirty Years’ War, and so remove Nördlingen) in 1645, although both were bloody
this burden from the state. As this proved affairs, with the French losing huge numbers of
impossible, in addition to the manpower needed casualties. Condé, especially, was very cavalier with
to keep the armies up to strength, large sums of the lives of his troops, although he always shared
LATER THIRTY YEARS’
money were needed to pay them and Bernhard’s their dangers, leading from the front. Turenne was WAR SWEDISH AND
WEIMARIAN
army, which could only be obtained by additional more sparing with their lives, but often had to
THIRTY YEARS’ WAR
taxation and loans. serve under Condé who, being a Prince of the FRENCH
Despite the heavy financial burden, the French blood, outranked him.
managed to maintain armies on three or more In 1642 Richelieu, the architect of France’s
fronts simultaneously, including opening a policy for the war, died and was followed in 1643,
southern theatre of war by invading Spain itself five days before the battle of Rocroi, by Louis
to draw resources away from the Low Countries. XIII. The new king, his son Louis XIV, was a
In addition, the prolonged fighting toughened minor aged five. His mother, Anne of Austria,
the French armies and brought through a number became regent. Control of policy was effectively
of talented generals, the chief amongst whom in the hands of Richelieu’s successor, the Italian
were Henri de la Tour d’Auvergne, Cardinal Mazarin. Despite the change of regime,
Vicomte de Turenne, and Louis II there was no change in French policy.
Bourbon, Prince de Condé. It was In 1648 the Peace of Westphalia brought the
Condé, then Duc d’ Enghien (he Thirty Years’ War to a close. However, it did not
became Prince de Condé on his include the French war with Spain, which was
father’s death in 1646), who beat to continue for another decade. Also, just as the
the veteran Spanish Army of Peace of Westphalia was being signed, a series
Flanders at Rocroi in 1643. This of civil wars known as the Frondes broke out
victory, whilst over-rated in in France.
French mythology, was a This list covers French armies from the entry of
significant moment in the the French into the mainstream of the Thirty
Years’ War in 1635 until the Peace of Westphalia
French officer and the outbreak of the Frondes in 1648.
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THIRTY YEARS’ WAR FRENCH
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST many Superior battle groups must have them
USING OUR ARMY POINTS as Average battle groups.
Choose an army based on the maxima and • Battle groups without pike are not allowed
minima in the list below. The following special regimental guns.
instructions apply to this army: • Superior quality infantry, Horse or
Determined Horse cannot be used with
• Commanders should be depicted as Catalan War special campaigns options.
Chevaux-légers. • Catalan tercios do not count as tercios as
• If any regimental guns are used at least as defined in the rule book.
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Optional Troops
4-pounder Superior 12 0–1 per
Only
guns Regimental Regimental Regimental Guard, Vieux
before – – n/a
attached to Guns Guns Guns and Petits
1643 Average 9
infantry Vieux BG
Medium Impact
Newly raised French Unarmoured Poor Musket* – 6 4
Foot Foot 6 0–36
infantry and militia
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Poor – Pike Pike 3 2
Medium
Foreign infantry Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
Foot 6 0–24
regiments
Heavy foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2
Dragoons Dragoons Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 2,3 or 4 0–4
Field
Ditches and barricades – – – – – 3 – 0–20
Fortifications
Warships Naval Units – Average Naval – – 30 – 0–1
Allies
German allies – Later Thirty Years’ War Germans (Protestant)
Weimarian allies (only before 1644) – Later Thirty Years’ War Swedish and Weimarian
Swedish allies – Later Thirty Years’ War Swedish and Weimarian
Dutch allies (only before 1640) – Later Eighty Years’ War Dutch
Special Campaigns
Catalan War from 1641 – no allies allowed
Medium Impact
Unarmoured Poor Musket* – 6 4
French militia Foot Foot 6 24–48
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Poor – Pike Pike 3 2
Medium
Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
Foot 6
Catalan tercios and Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2
0–18
militia Medium
Unarmoured Poor Musket – – 6 4
Foot 6
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Poor – Pike Pike 3 2
Miquelets Light Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 7 6 6–18
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THIRTY YEARS’ WAR PENINSULAR SPANISH
Parallel to the Catalan revolt, Portugal also field were somewhat below their paper strength,
rebelled in 1640, claiming its independence. This although up until c.1640 strengths of 1,000 men or
third front (after the Low Countries and the more were still common. By around 1643, however,
Pyrenees) was just too much for Spanish resources this had fallen to closer to 600 men. We classify the
and they were never able to send enough troops to larger formations as Later Tercios.
break Portuguese resistance. After an initial Spanish In respect of their weaponry, the tercios raised
success at Montijo in 1644, the Portuguese defeated in the Iberian peninsular initially still had more
the Spanish army at Elvas in 1659, Estremoz in arquebusiers than musketeers in their shot, but
1663 and finally at Villaviciosa in 1665. Spain their equipment progressively improved until it
recognised Portuguese independence with the matched the standards of other contemporary
Treaty of Lisbon in 1668. armies, being mostly musket armed.
Miquelets were irregular troops armed with
TROOP NOTES matchlock muskets and pistols, capable of either
Some old Tercios and foreign regiments were sniping or delivering heavy fire from ambushes
moved to the Peninsula in order to reinforce before retiring under cover. They emerged to fight
the French border, but newly raised Tercios were against the Spanish army during the Catalan
also needed to sustain this second battlefront. revolt, but after the surrender of the Catalan
The new units were originally called “Temporary” or Government in 1652, a sort of civil war started in
THIRTY YEARS’ WAR
“Auxiliary” tercios and were to be 1,000 men strong Catalonia between those still supporting the FRENCH
and proved to be of variable quality. From French party, and those that preferred to come THIRTY YEARS’ WAR
PENINSULAR
1637 “Provincial tercios” were created, theoretically back to Spanish rule. From that moment SPANISH
1,200 men strong, and were a more selective levy Miquelet parties were also raised by the Spanish
leading to better quality units. in order to fight the regular French army as well as
As with the tercios the Miquelets still fighting for France.
in other Spanish
armies, the actual Officer
strengths in the
Arquebusier
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Foreign regiments not in 6 bases of foreign regiments not in tercio formation: 2 Average, Unarmoured,
1 BG
tercio formation Heavy Foot, Pike; and 4 Average, Unarmoured, Medium Foot - Musket
Miquelets 1 BG 6 bases of miquelets: Average, Unarmoured, Light Foot – Musket
Dragoons 1 BG 3 bases of dragoons: Average, Unarmoured, Dragoons – Musket
Field guns 1 BG 2 bases of field guns: Average Medium Artillery – Medium Artillery
Camp 1 Unfortified camp
Total 11 BGs Camp, 16 mounted bases, 33 foot bases, 3 commanders
Core Troops
Cavaliers Armoured Superior – Pistol Pistol 19 2–4
Guardias viejas Light 0–4
Cavaliers Armoured Superior – Swordsmen 19 2–4
Lancers
Only from Determined 0–8
Armoured Superior – Pistol Pistol 21 4
1640 Horse
0–8
Heavily
Caballos Horse Superior – Pistol Pistol 16 4
Armoured
corazas
Any Heavily
Horse Average – Pistol Pistol 12 4
Armoured 4–12
Horse Armoured Average – Pistol Pistol 10 4
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Armoured 11
Arquebusiers Horse Average Carbine – Pistol 4 4–8
Unarmoured 9
Medium
Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 11 6 9
Foot
(LT)
Only before Heavy Foot Armoured Superior – Pike Pike 9 3
1643 Medium
Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 6 9
Foot
(LT)
Old tercio Heavy foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 3
0–18
foot Medium
Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 11 4
Foot 6
Only from Heavy Foot Armoured Superior – Pike Pike 9 2
1644 Medium
Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
Foot 6
Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 2
Medium
“Temporary” Unarmoured Poor Arquebus – – 5 6
Only before Foot 9
or “Auxiliary” 18–72
1637 (LT)
tercios Heavy Foot Armoured Poor – Pike Pike 3 3
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SCOTS COVENANTER
Infantry of the Solemn League and Covenant, 1644, by Angus McBride © Osprey Publishing Ltd.
Taken from Elite 25: Soldiers of the English Civil War (1): Infantry.
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SCOTS COVENANTER
making the Scots the new chosen people. The first tried to persuade him to sign the Covenant and
Covenant was signed by the nobles, led by James accept the primacy of the Presbyterian church in
Graham, Earl (and later Marquis) of Montrose, all his three kingdoms. This was too much even
and Archibald Campbell, Earl of Argyll. This for Charles, who refused. Frustrated, the Scots
was followed by the production of thousands more handed him over to Parliament in exchange for
copies, which were signed by the common folk, £200,000.This was a bad move, as with the King
frequently in blood. in their hands the Parliamentarians no longer had
Charles at first attempted to reach a peaceful any reason to make concessions to the Scots, nor
solution, but was eventually forced to resort to indeed sign the Covenant.
arms, leading to the Bishops’ Wars. Both were a As a result of this disappointment, the
total failure for Charles, who was forced to make Covenanters split into several factions. One of
a humiliating truce with the Covenanters, and pay these factions, the “Engagers”, supported the King
them substantial expenses for the privilege of the and joined the English Royalists. They were
Scots occupying Northern England. defeated at the battle of Preston by Cromwell,
Other than sending regiments to Ireland to who then marched into Scotland, and with
protect Scots settlers, Scotland remained aloof from Argyll’s help, crushed opposition there.
the growing troubles in England and Ireland, A period of peace seemed likely, but this ended
but was being courted by both Royalists and with the execution of Charles the First by the
Parliamentarians. Eventually the Scots agreed English parliament in 1649. Within five days the
to join the Parliamentarians, not so much for Covenanters declared his son, Charles II, King of
the financial inducements offered, but on the the three Kingdoms. Charles arrived in Scotland
understanding that England would sign the to accept his legacy, but was only to be allowed SCOTS COVENANTER
Covenant and the English church follow Scotland’s ashore if he signed the Covenant and accepted the
practices. The Scots army was sent into England, reduced view of his kingship. Charles accepted,
where it formed the major part of the allied army but would bide his time for revenge, not only
which defeated Rupert at Marston Moor. Other for this humiliation but for the fact that it was
than minor actions and sieges, however, the army the Covenanters who had handed his father over
fought no other major engagement, mainly because to Cromwell in the first place. More immediate
trouble was brewing at home.
Montrose, a signatory of the Covenant, but now Covenanters engage Royalist foot
a born-again Royalist, had been sent into Scotland
by Charles to raise a Royalist army and fight the
Covenanters in their own backyard. His victories
over the next year brought the Covenanters to the
edge of disaster, and led to the recall of many of the
best regiments from England. Finally, the remnants
of Montrose’s army was crushed by a mainly
mounted Covenanting army at Philiphaugh.
In 1646, with the war lost, King Charles
surrendered himself at Newark to the Scots, who
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problems for the Scots lay ahead, as Cromwell coat, with these mostly being given to the cavalry.
descended on Scotland, defeated the Scots at Before 1650 many regiments also struggled to
Dunbar and then pursued them to Worcester for reach the ratio of 2:1 of musket to pike, but the
a final reckoning. army that went into England in 1644 was much
This list covers Scottish armies of the better equipped. The early Covenanting armies
Covenant from the First Bishop’s war in 1639 to of the Bishops’ Wars period were even worse,
Cromwell’s conquest of Scotland in 1652. It also with many troops equipped with an arquebus (or
includes the forces sent to Ireland to intervene on hagbutt or hagbut as it was known in Scotland).
behalf of Protestant Scottish settlers from 1642 These units also had a higher proportion of
until their final withdrawal in 1650. pike. Despite this deficiency, these troops are still
classified as Musket*. The army in Ireland was
TROOP NOTES also habitually short of muskets, with priority
The Covenanting infantry, with a minister being given to the home army.
attached to each regiment for inspiration, were on Allowance for Campbell of Lawers’ regiment
the whole good steady foot, although local levies to be rated superior represents this unit’s sterling
raised in Scotland were often of lower quality. performance at both Auldearn and Dunbar, where
Armour was also in short supply and most in both instances it was virtually annihilated after
infantry could not even claim ownership of a buff holding off superior enemy forces.
Campbell of Lawers’ attack on Auldearn village, 1645, by Gerry Embleton © Osprey Publishing Ltd.
Taken from Campaign 123: Auldearn 1645.
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Scottish cavalry of this time initially favoured (poor) cavalry and after this only occasional
shooting at range with large bore pistols, some dragoon troops are recorded.
cavalrymen having as many as four of these and Unregimented Highlander battle groups are
maybe a carbine as well, but as they were poorly graded as Musket* if they have a high proportion
mounted on native “light but weak nags” cannot of men armed with musket or arquebus, Bow* if
be rated better than Poor. A re-adoption of the these are outnumbered by men armed with bow.
lance made some improvements to performance, The army in Ireland could from time to time,
with at first half then the whole of nearly all units depending on the political situation, call upon
being so armed – however, David Leslie’s own “British” cavalry of the Anglo–Irish garrisons who
regiment appears to have remained wholly firearm were of passable quality. On occasion infantry were
equipped. Despite this change they were still also available in reasonable numbers, but such joint
usually outclassed by most opposing horse, but operations were not well co-ordinated and are best
their performance during the Preston campaign represented by the inclusion of an allied contingent.
in 1648 and the Dunbar campaign of 1650
justifies them being Average quality rather than Frame gun deployed for action
Poor; we assume this would apply earlier as well.
Dragoons were never common in Scottish
armies, although during the Bishops’ Wars there
were “two or three thousand carraidge horses with
swords and hagbutts”. A downside of these
improvised dragoons was that in 1639 the army
was short of baggage animals and thus unable to SCOTS COVENANTER
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SCOTS COVENANTER
Territory Types: Agricultural, Hilly, Woodland
C-in-C Great Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1
Field Commander 50 0–2
Sub-commanders
Troop Commander 35 0–3
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Shooting Impact Melee per base per BG bases
Core Troops
Only before
Horse Unarmoured Poor Pistol – Pistol 7 4 4–24
1642
Average Light 8
Only from Horse Unarmoured – Swordsmen 4
Poor Lancers 6 4–24
Horse 1642 to 1649
Horse Unarmoured Poor Pistol – Pistol 7 4
Horse Unarmoured Average Pistol – Pistol 9 4 0–4
Only from 4–
Average Light 8 4– 24
1650 Horse Unarmoured – Swordsmen 4
Poor Lancers 6 24
Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket* – – 7 4 0–
Only before Heavy Foot 6
Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2 60 24–
1642 or in
Ireland Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket* – – 5 4 18– 168
6
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Poor – Pike Pike 3 2 120
Only from Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4 0–
1642 to 1649 Heavy Foot 6
Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2 36 24–
except in
regiments
England in Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket* – – 5 4 18– 168
6
1644 Heavy Foot Unarmoured Poor – Pike Pike 3 2 120
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Optional Troops
Campbell of Only in Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 11 4
Lawers Scotland 6 0–6
regiment 1645 to 1650 Heavy Foot Unarmoured Superior – Pike Pike 8 2
Average Impact 7
Only in Warriors Unarmoured Bow* Swordsmen 6–8
Unregimented Poor Foot 5
Scotland 0–12
highlanders Average Impact 8
1644 to 1645 Warriors Unarmoured Musket* Swordsmen 6–8
Poor Foot 6
Only before
Dragoons Unarmoured Average Arquebus – – 7 3 or 4 0–9
1642
Only from 2, 3 or
Dragoons Dragoons Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 0–4
1642 to 1644 4
Only from
Dragoons Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 2 0–2
1645
Only from Light
Moss troopers Light Horse Unarmoured Average Pistols Swordsmen 10 4 0–4
1650 Lancers
Allies
Only in Ireland 1642 – 1650
“British” allies – Early Caroline English
Special Campaigns
Only in Ireland 1642 – 1650 (no allies allowed)
“British” cavalry Horse Unarmoured Average Pistols – Pistols 9 4 0–8
Only in England in 1644
Optionally up to half the army’s points can be spent on troops from the English Civil War Parliamentarian army list. If so,
Foot and Horse minima from that list must be adhered to, but otherwise any troops may be selected. All generals count as in
line of command to all troops in the army regardless of nationality. This represents the allied army at the siege of York and the
Battle of Marston Moor.
SCOTS COVENANTER
Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
6 12–72
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2
Foot
Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket* – – 5 4
6 12–24
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Poor – Pike Pike 3 2
Only in Scotland in 1645 – Battle of Philiphaugh
All cavalry minima and maxima are tripled and all are Average quality. All dragoons minima and maxima are tripled. Only
one infantry regiment can be fielded and that must be Average quality. No highlanders can be fielded. No artillery can be
fielded.
Only “Engagers” in England in 1648
English Allied commander
Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 *1
(Sir Marmaduke Langdale)
English Royalist horse Cavaliers Unarmoured Average – Pistol Pistol 11 4 *4
Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4 *6–
6
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2 18 *12
English Royalist infantry
Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket – – 6 4 0– –24
6
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Poor – Pike Pike 3 2 12
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SCOTS ROYALIST
The cavalry battle at Alford, 1645, by Gerry Embleton © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from
Campaign 123: Auldearn 1645.
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SCOTS ROYALIST
back to their homes shortly thereafter. It should be noted that the armies in Scotland
To be fair to Montrose, he was one of those few were invariably small and, therefore, troop scale is
individuals who genuinely seemed to be able to towards the low end, as without this armies could
empathise with highlanders, gain their respect, and not be properly represented on the tabletop.
bring the best out of them. This was demonstrated The army lists that follow do place historical
best at Inverlochy, where highlanders
were on both sides. Montrose fought
dismounted with his highlanders,
while his opponent Argyll
watched the battle from a
galley in the middle
of the loch, and
sailed away when
he perceived that
things were not going well.
Dragoons
restrictions on choice, but equally represent the invincible status that earlier historians seemed
changing balance of forces that served under determined to grant it. The only significant
Montrose and Huntly at different times. On most difference in troop capabilities is to allow the
battlefields the composition of the army of Irish Brigade to be rated as Swordsmen. This
Montrose will differ little from their Covenanting distinction is justified by the fact that Montrose
foes both in fighting style and armament. in several key moments ordered them to set aside
Great care has been taken to rate this army in their pikes and muskets and close with their
relation to the quality of the historical opposition, swords. In the recorded instances this was a highly
rather than endow it with the legendary and successful tactic.
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SCOTS ROYALIST
Territory Types: Hilly, Woodlands
C-in-C Great Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1
Field Commander 50 0–2
Sub-commanders
Troop Commander 35 0–3
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total
Troop Name
Type Armour Quality Shooting Impact Melee per base Per BG Bases
Core Troops
Horse Unarmoured Average Pistol – Pistol 9 4 4–12
Horse Unarmoured Poor Pistol – Pistol 7 4 0–16
Light 4–
Only in 1639 Horse Unarmoured Average – Swordsmen 8 4
Lancers 20
0–4
Light
Horse Unarmoured Poor – Swordsmen 6 4
Lancers
Horse
Horse Unarmoured Average Pistol – Pistol 9 4 4–12
Horse Unarmoured Poor Pistol Pistol 7 4 0–8
Light 4–
Only in 1645 Horse Unarmoured Average – Swordsmen 8 4
Lancers 20
0–4
Light
Horse Unarmoured Poor – Swordsmen 6 4
Lancers
Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
6 0–6
Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 2
Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4 24–
Only in1639 6 6–24
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2 120
Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket* – – 5 4 18–
6
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Poor – Pike Pike 3 2 90
Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
6 0–12
Scottish Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2
Foot Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket – – 6 4 12–
Only in 1644 6 6–36
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Poor – Pike Pike 3 2 90
Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket* – – 5 4
6 6–42 SCOTS ROYALIST
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Poor – Pike Pike 3 2
Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4 12–
6
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2 48 12–
Only in 1645
Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket – – 6 4 84
6 6–36
Heavy foot Unarmoured Poor – Pike Pike 3 2
Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – Swordsmen 9 4
Only in 1644 6 12–24
Irish Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2
Brigade Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – Swordsmen 9 4
Only in 1645 6 6–18
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2
Impact
Unarmoured Average Bow* Swordsmen 7 6–8 0–24
Foot 6–
Unregimented Highlanders Warriors
Impact 48
Unarmoured Average Musket* Swordsmen 8 6–8 0–24
Foot
Optional Troops
Heavily
Cuirassiers Only in 1639 Horse Poor Pistol – Pistol 9 2 0–2
Armoured
Moss Only in 1644 Light
Light Horse Unarmoured Average Pistol Swordsmen 10 4 0–4
Troopers and 1645 Lancers
Only in 1639
Dragoons Dragoons Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 2 or 3 0–3
& 1645
McCollas’ Only in 1644 Impact
Warriors Unarmoured Superior Bow* Swordsmen 10 6 0–6
Bodyguard & 1645 Foot
Strathbogie Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 11 4
Only in 1645 6 0–6
regiment Heavy Foot Unarmoured Superior – Pike Pike 8 2
Frames or similar light Light
Light Artillery – Poor –– 9 2 0–2
artillery Artillery
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The Irish Brigade, 1644–45, by Graham Turner © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Men-at-Arms 331:
Scots Armies of the English Civil Wars.
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EARLY RESTORATION PORTUGUESE
TROOP NOTES
The first Portuguese infantry units raised in 1640
followed the Spanish Tercio model. They first
consisted of 10 Tercios, each with a theoretical
strength of 2,000 men: 700 pike, 400 musketeers,
790 arquebusiers and 110 officers. Later the
proportion of musketeers was increased, while
the total size of each unit was downsized to a
theoretical strength of around 1,500 men:
480 pike, 720 musketeers, 300 arquebusiers plus
officers. However, in the only major pitched battle
of the period (Montijo, 1644), the Portuguese
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CONFEDERATE IRISH
CONFEDERATE IRISH
a number of troops for a combined “marching This list covers Irish armies of the
army”, and additional troops for “home defence” Confederation of Kilkenny from the outbreak of
of each region. Inevitably, the rebellion forced an the rebellion in 1641 until their final defeat by the
English reaction, with a new army being raised in English Commonwealth in 1652. It includes
England for service in Ireland, but it also forced a Ormond’s coalition army of 1648–50, comprised
reaction in Scotland, where a force of 10,000 men of a bizarre alliance of Confederate Irish, Irish and
was despatched by the Covenanter government to English Royalists and Presbyterian Ulster Scots.
Ulster for the protection of the Scots settlers.
The initial stages of the resulting war saw little TROOP NOTES
in the way of pitched battles, and what there were Whilst Irish foot were supposed to be organised
went against the Irish. The majority of the fighting into conventional regiments, modern weapons
was of the “small war” variety, where the traditional were in short supply and many were equipped in
hit and run tactics of the Irish once again proved a more traditional manner and fought as they had
effective and dragged the conflict on and on. for centuries. Those regiments that were equipped
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properly still suffered from a shortage of firearms would be willing to fight them on one occasion.
and so are classified as Musket* – in fact even this However, the cavalry of the coalition army of
may be a touch generous. Ormond appears to have been both more
Irish horse were few in number and relatively numerous and of higher quality, even being able to
ineffective, even being afraid of the fairly weak stand up to the veteran English Commonwealth
Scottish cavalry – asking for armour before they horse for a short time on occasion.
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CONFEDERATE IRISH
Territory Types: Agricultural, Hilly, Woodland
C-in-C Great Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1
Field Commander 50 0–3
Sub-commanders
Troop Commander 35
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Shooting Impact Melee per base per BG bases
Core Troops
Any date Horse Unarmoured Poor Pistols – Swordsmen 7 4 4–8
Irish Horse Only from Determined
Unarmoured Average – Pistols Pistols 12 4 0–12
1648 to 1650 Horse
Medium
Unarmoured Average Musket* – – 7 4 18–
Foot 6
72 18–
Irish Foot Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2
120
Light 0–
Warriors Unarmoured Average – – 4 6–8
Spear 90
Skirmishing shot Light Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 7 4–6 0–8
Optional Troops
Medium
Unarmoured Poor Musket* – – 5 4
Irish militia regiments Foot 6 0–24
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Poor – Pike Pike 3 2
Dragoons Dragoons Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 2 0–2
Impact
“Redshanks” Warriors Unarmoured Average Bow* Swordsmen 7 6–8 0–36
Foot
Kerns with traditional
Light Foot Unarmoured Average Javelins – – 4 6–8 0–48
weapons
Heavy Heavy
Demi-cannon or culverins – Average – – 25 2 0–2
Artillery Artillery
B
EARLY ENGLISH CIVIL
WAR ROYALIST
y 1642 the accumulating troubles of from being available to the King. With the navy
Charles’ reign reached breaking point. A also declaring for Parliament, Charles was
bungled attempt early in the year to arrest four desperately short of equipment and his armies
leading members of parliament marked the final were destined to be less well equipped than their
breakdown of governmental processes. Charles enemies for much of the war.
felt forced to leave London, move north, and start Hostilities could be said to have formally
to raise an army for what was fast becoming an started on 22 August 1642 when the King raised
inevitable civil war. His Catholic French Queen, his standard in Nottingham. Recruits arrived only
Henrietta Maria, left for the continent to raise slowly and, faced by larger Parliamentarian forces
money and buy arms for her husband. under the Earl of Essex advancing from London,
Things started badly for Charles when the the King moved westwards where he could expect
governor of Hull, Sir John Hotham, refused the additional troops from loyal areas such as Wales.
King entry into the city, and thus prevented the The manoeuvres in this area led to the first clash
stock of arms stored there since the Bishops’ Wars of any significance of the war, at Powick Bridge
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just outside Worcester. Here, although surprised, cavalry. This immediately gave the Royalist horse
a force of Royalist cavalry led by the king’s a morale advantage over the Parliamentarians,
nephew, Prince Rupert, dramatically defeated a especially when Prince Rupert was present, that
roughly equal sized force of Parliamentarian they were to retain for most of the war.
Berwick
Carlisle Newburn
Newcastle
Scarborough
Lancaster Marston
Moor
Preston York
Leeds Tadcaster
Bradford Seacroft Moor
Adwalton Hull
Lathom Bolton
Wigan Moor Wakefield
Winwick Manchester
Liverpool Stockport
Bramhall
Warrington
Denbigh Chester Kettleshulme Gainsborough
Rowton Moor Beeston Lincoln
Holt Winceby
Barthomley Newark
Nantwich upon Trent Ancaster
Harlech Wem Hopton Heath
Oswestry Nottingham
Heath Belton
Myddle Morton
Derby Boston
Shrawardine Corbet
Grantham
Montgomery Shrewsbury Stafford
Lichfield
Bridgnorth Leicester King's Lynn
Hopton Birmingham Norwich
Brampton Bryan Coventry Naseby
Worcester
Warwick
Powick Bridge Edgehill Northampton
Hereford Cropredy Cambridge Bury St Edmunds
Haverfordwest Colby Moor Malvern Ripple Bridge
Chipping Campden
Milford Haven Compton Banbury Newport Pagnell
Gloucester Wynyates
Tenby Highnam
Pembroke Raglan Bletchingdon
Little Dean Stow on
Chepstow the Wold Oxford Colchester
St Fagans Cirencester
Cardiff Chalgrove
Bristol Roundway
Lansdown Hill Down Marlborough Reading Brentford London
Chewton Mendip Devizes Newbury Donnington Windsor Turnham Green
Nunney
Bridgwater Basing
Torrington Marshall’s Elm Maidstone
Taunton
Alton
Stratton Langport Winchester
Sourton Cheriton
Down
Launceston Lyme Regis
Exeter Chichester
Bodmin Abbotsbury Portsmouth Arundel
Boconnoc/ Bovey Tracey
Lostwithiel Braddock Down Corfe Nunwell
Truro Fowey Plymouth
0 50 miles
0 100 km
Battles of the English Civil War 1642–51 © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Essential Histories 58:
The English Civil Wars 1642–1651.
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The first full field battle came shortly after importantly, a port. However, despite this significant
Powick Bridge, at Edgehill. Here the Royalist gain, the King was unable to capture Gloucester, a
cavalry again chased off most of their opposing move which would have opened the road from
numbers, however, in what was to become a Bristol to Oxford, and his army failed to defeat
feature of their behaviour throughout the war, the Earl of Essex at the First Battle of Newbury
they then left the field in uncontrolled pursuit of (20 September) despite having placed itself between
the routing Parliamentarians and headed for the the Earl and his London base. Perhaps more
enemy baggage. In the absence of the cavalry, the significantly for the longer term, the army of
infantry of both sides then fought their own battle the Parliamentarian Eastern Association, and their
which, thanks to a handful of Parliamentarian cavalry under Oliver Cromwell in particular, had
cavalry that avoided the rout, went against the won some victories in eastern counties.
Royalists, although by the end of the day they had This list covers English Civil War Royalist
withdrawn in fair order, and the battle ended up as armies from the outbreak of the First Civil War
an indecisive draw. Under the influence of Prince until the effects of the Royalist capture of Bristol,
Rupert, the Royalists then made a rapid advance and its associated arms industry, on 26th July 1643,
on London via Reading. However, faced by were felt. During this period Royalist armies were
the larger Parliamentarian army, bolstered by the often short of firearms and gunpowder compared
London Trained Bands, at Turnham Green, they to their Parliamentarian opponents. However, with
withdrew to Oxford for the winter. For the rest of Bristol producing 300 muskets per week, this was
the war Oxford was to be the King’s capital. redressed, at least for the main Royalist armies.
In the following year, 1643, the war expanded Those forces which benefitted from improved
to cover most of England. Initially things went supplies are covered in the Later English Civil War
well for the King, with victories in the north Royalist list, whilst less well equipped armies are
giving him control of most of Yorkshire, while covered by this list until the
in the south west the Cornish, led by Sir Ralph end of the war.
Hopton, embarked on a remarkable series of EARLY ENGLISH CIVIL
WAR ROYALIST
victories, often against superior numbers. Despite
this, the King’s armies remained short of firearms Prince Rupert of
and, more importantly, short of powder, which led the Rhine
to their being unable to prosecute the war as
strongly they would like and at times being forced
to withdraw from Parliamentarian forces they
might have been able to defeat.
The situation was improved in the summer of
1643 when, following the defeat and elimination
of Sir William Waller’s army at the Battle of
Roundway Down (known to the Royalists as
“Runaway Down”), the King’s western forces were
able to storm Bristol, the second city of the kingdom
and location of a major armaments industry and,
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Royalist infantry, 1642, by Graham Turner © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Campaign 82:
Edgehill 1642.
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Prince Rupert’s charge, 1642, by Graham Turner © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Campaign 82:
Edgehill 1642.
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86
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ENGLISH CIVIL WAR PARLIAMENTARIAN
The Westminster Trained Bands, 1643, by Angus McBride © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from
Elite 25: Soldiers of the English Civil War (1): Infantry.
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Initially, like the King, Parliament organised its Bands, it did not campaign far from the south
forces into a single field army with the expectation of England with any regularity.
that the war would be concluded quickly. As it Following the drawn Battle of Edgehill, the
became clear that this would not be the case, only major engagement of 1642, Parliamentarian
groupings of counties were organised into forces suffered a series of reverses in the north
“Associations”, who were to raise, and maintain, and south-west of England the following year.
additional armies to fight the Royalists in their However, towards the end of 1643 things started
locale. The main Associations were the Northern, to move more in the direction of Parliament.
Western and Eastern, with a Southern Association The campaign of the Earl of Essex, with the
added later after the elimination of the western main Parliamentarian field army, that prevented
army. Undoubtedly the best of the Association the fall of Gloucester and fought its way past
armies was that of the Eastern Association, led by the King at the First Battle of Newbury, raised
the Earl of Manchester, although it is most famous morale and showed that the Parliamentarian
for its cavalry. The main Parliamentarian army, forces could face off the best the Royalists
under the Earl of Essex, was not tied to an could throw at them. Even more encouragingly,
association. However, as it was mainly recruited the Eastern Association cavalry gained victories
from London and the south-east, plus was over the Royalist cavalry at Gainsborough
supported in the field by the London Trained and Winceby.
Haselrigge’s Lobsters at Roundway Down, 1643, by Angus McBride © Osprey Publishing Ltd.
Taken from Elite 27: Soldiers of the English Civil War (2): Cavalry.
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ENGLISH CIVIL WAR PARLIAMENTARIAN
The year of 1644 was the defining year of the Copredy Bridge, where he was outmanoeuvred by
war, although not in the way that it would first the King, and in the aftermath his army started to
appear. With a truce negotiated by the King’s desert him. The troops that did remain suffered
representative in Ireland, a new source of trained poor morale and often refused to march far from
troops was available to the Royalists, posing a their homes. The Earl of Essex, with what was in
threat to Parliament. However, a victory gained theory the main Parliamentarian field army,
by Sir Thomas Fairfax at Nantwich in Cheshire decided to campaign in the west country, where
destroyed the first of the Irish regiments shipped his army was forced to surrender in humiliating
to England, starting the year well for the circumstances at Lostwithiel in Cornwall, despite
Parliamentarian armies. Additionally, in March heavily outnumbering the Royalists. With the
Waller gained a victory at Cheriton over his old King suddenly in better circumstances than he
adversary, Hopton. With the threat of Irish had any right to be, Parliament combined the
manpower, not to mention Irish Catholicism, army of the Eastern Association, Waller and the
remaining, however, Parliament chose to enter remnants of Essex’s army, and faced the King at
into an alliance with the Scots Covenanters the Second Battle of Newbury. Stiff resistance by
with the aim of adding their substantial army the outnumbered Royalists, combined with
to Parliament’s own, and thus bring the war to a dissention in the ranks of the Parliamentarian
successful conclusion. The cost of this alliance, in leadership, resulted in a stalemate which, given the
addition to cash, was to be the imposition of the situation, was tantamount to a victory for the
Presbyterian Church on England. The Scots army King. The lasting result of this string of reverses
crossed the border in January, and despite a set was the realisation that a new army and structure
back when their cavalry was defeated at Corbridge, was needed if the war was to be concluded.
they joined with the armies of Fairfax and the Earl The result was the New Model Army.
of Manchester to besiege the Royalist northern This list covers English Civil War
commander, the Marquis of Newcastle, Parliamentarian armies other than the New Model
in York. This resulted in the King army. Thus it covers the main armies, such as those
sending Prince Rupert north to relieve of the Earl of Essex and Sir William Waller, and ENGLISH CIVIL WAR
York, which he did on 1st July. For the small regional forces that remained after the PARLIAMENTARIAN
reasons which are still controversial, formation of the New Model in 1645. The latter
Rupert then decided to fight the allied also covers the armies in Ireland, loyal
army, and caught them at Marston to the English Parliament, that were
Moor the following day. There, thanks significantly reinforced from 1647
to the exploits of Cromwell’s Eastern onwards, until the victories of the
Association cavalry, he was decisively Commonwealth field army in
defeated, giving Parliament control of 1649/50 made their presence in
the north. the field unnecessary.
Despite these successes the war,
rather unexpectedly, somewhat went London Trained
against Parliament thereafter. At the Band pikemen
end of June Waller lost the battle of
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London Trained Bands, 1643, by Graham Turner © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Campaign 116:
First Newbury 1643.
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uppermost firing as before, always reserving one of Essex. The most famous of these was that of
Pistol ready, charged, spann’d and primed in your Sir Arthur Haselrigge, which became a whole
houlsters … having thus fired the troops are to charge regiment, his famous “Lobsters” – so called for
the Enemy in full career, but in good order with their their complete armour – the only such regiment of
swords fastned with a Riband or the like to their the whole war. They were destroyed at Roundway
wrists … still keeping in close order close locked …”. Down in 1643, and although Haselrigge raised a
new regiment, this was conventionally armoured.
The London Trained Bands regiments which Parliamentarian foot regiments at the start of
took the field at Turnham Green, and also played the war were usually well equipped and many had
an important role at First Newbury, were well sufficient numbers of pikemen’s corselets to justify
equipped and of good morale, and are included Armoured classification. However, as with most
in the Foot Regiments in this list. The London armies of the period, these were soon discarded as
Auxiliary regiments were not always as effective, cumbersome, heavy and uncomfortable.
and can be represented by Poor quality foot The foot regiments of the Northern
battle groups. Association army that fought at Adwalton Moor
At the start of the war, a number of cuirassier in 1643 were comprised of nearly all musketeers
companies were formed, such as that of the Earl rather than the usual pike and shot arrangements.
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Royalist cavalry, 1645, by Angus McBride © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Elite 27: Soldiers of
the English Civil War (2): Cavalry.
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In the south the King was faced by two major inevitable and the last effective Royalist field
Parliamentarian armies under the Earl of Essex army was destroyed.
and Sir William Waller. These failed to act in Despite further actions around the country,
close co-operation, however, and, remarkably, the Naseby to all intents ended the war, and in
King was able to defeat both of them, firstly 1646 Charles surrendered himself to the Scots
Waller at Cropredy Bridge, and then Essex in army at Newark, rather than to the English
Cornwall at Lostwithiel, where the entirety of Parliamentarians.
Essex’s foot were forced to surrender and lay
down their arms. The subsequent Second Battle TROOP NOTES
of Newbury again showed the fighting spirit of With an increased supply of muskets and a need
the Royalist army, as it beat off the combined for rapid movement, the Royalist armies, no doubt
forces of the Eastern Association and under Prince Rupert’s influence, started to make
Parliament’s sundry troops from the south use of large bodies of “commanded out” shot –
of England. that is musketeers operating independently from
Despite 1644 ending remarkably well for their regiment’s pike. An example of the scale of
the King, his strategic position was still weak. this is the start of the campaign that led to the
To add to his difficulties, Parliament had moved Battle of Cropredy Bridge, when the army that
to put its army on a sounder footing with marched from Oxford comprised of 5,000 horse
the creation of the New Model Army. The two and 2,500 musketeers. The remaining infantry
armies met at Naseby in June of that year. (1,500 musketeers and 200 pike) joined the army
Despite the improvements in the quality of the on the march somewhat later. In addition to this,
Parliamentarian cavalry, Prince Rupert’s troopers a number of foot regiments appear to have been
were again victorious, but as usual chased their made up of just musketeers, possibly because they
defeated enemy from the field and headed had been created out of garrison forces who had
towards the baggage train rather than turning on little need of pikes.
the flank of the infantry. The rest of the Royalist Firelocks are traditionally assumed to have
cavalry, facing Cromwell on the opposite wing, been used to guard the artillery train, as they are
also fought well, but superior numbers prevailed safer around gunpowder, lacking the burning
LATER ENGLISH CIVIL
and they were defeated. In the infantry fight the match of the matchlock musket. In the Royalist WAR ROYALIST
Royalists were initially successful, penetrating army, however, they became a form of assault
the first line of the New Model foot, however, troops, some gaining a fearsome reputation. This
they were also stalled by superior numbers and may have been due to the fact that they often
fell back. The superior control Cromwell had contained a significant Irish contingent, who were
over his cavalry now proved decisive as, unlike motivated by the fact that if captured by the
Rupert’s troopers, Cromwell’s did turn into the Parliamentarians they would be hanged forthwith.
flank of the Royalist foot. Despite a desperate Another use for firelock companies was as
last stand by the King’s Lifeguard and Rupert’s bodyguards for senior officers – both Prince
“Blewcoats”, both foot regiments, the result was Rupert and Prince Maurice had such guards.
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Royalist and Parliamentary cavalry, 1643, by Graham Turner © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from
Campaign 116: First Newbury 1643.
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The New Model Army, 1645, by Angus McBride © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Elite 25:
Soldiers of the English Civil War (1): Infantry.
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Cavalry numbers were easily reached, but the in restoring his son to the throne as Charles II.
infantry numbers were very low. Despite a ruthless Following the restoration, most of the army
impressment campaign, they were still below was disbanded.
establishment at the Battle of Naseby – at which, The first Lord-General of the New Model was
nevertheless, the New Model Army was Sir Thomas Fairfax, with Oliver Cromwell as
victorious, finally destroying any chance the King Lieutenant-General of the Cavalry and Philip
had of winning the war. Skippon as Sergeant-Major General of the Foot.
Following the end of the First Civil War, Cromwell later took over as Lord-General in
Parliament chose to retain a standing army, the 1649 when Sir Thomas declined the command of
first significant standing force ever maintained by the army to campaign in Ireland.
England. Following the end of the war, however, This list covers the English army of
the army became radicalised by Protestant non- Parliament from the creation of the “New Model
conformists and started to intervene in politics. Army” in 1645, through the army of the English
This significantly affected the English view of Commonwealth, until most of the standing army
standing armies, and her politicians remained was demobilised following the restoration of
suspicious of such standing forces thereafter. King Charles II in 1660. The army sent to the
Subsequently the army fought in Ireland West Indies in 1654 is covered by a later list in
(1649–1652), in Scotland (1650), England Field of Glory Renaissance Companion 6: Cities
(against invading Scots in 1651 and various of Gold.
Royalist uprisings) and, strangely, in support of
Catholic France (1654) against Spain. English TROOP NOTES
infantry and naval gunfire were important in Despite being partly drawn from existing armies,
Turenne’s victory at the Battle of the Dunes. the quality of the New Model infantry was
An army was also sent to the West Indies in 1654 not high. This appears to be because many of
as part of the war against Spain. the soldiers were in fact impressed Royalists and
Ironically, after playing such a major part in the rounded-up deserters. The cavalry, on the other
defeat and overthrow of Charles I, the army was hand, was a quality force based around the
then instrumental, under General George Monck, formidable Eastern Association troops.
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Cavalry of the New Model Army, 1645, by Angus McBride © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Elite 27:
Soldiers of the English Civil War (2): Cavalry.
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Optional Troops
Impact
Newly raised French Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket* – 6 4
Foot 6 0–36
infantry and militia
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Poor – Pike Pike 3 2
Foreign infantry Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
6 0–24
regiments Heavy foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2
Special Campaigns
Only Royal Army in 1658
English warships Naval Units – Average Naval – – 30 – 0–1
English allies (no mounted BGs) – New Model Army
Catalan War before 1658 (Royal army)
Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
6
Catalan Only before Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2
0–18
militia 1653 Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket – – 6 4
6
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Poor – Pike Pike 3 2
Miquelets Light Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 7 6 6–18
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APPENDIX 1
• Arquebusiers must be organized in battle 3 would not be allowed. The army must have
groups of 4 or 6 bases, but the battle groups between 2 and 4 bases of Field guns.
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INDEX
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INDEX
English Civil War, early: Royalist 81–86 Gábor, Bethlen (Prince of Transylvania) 21, 22, 24,
building a customised list 85–86 32–33, 34
Cornish 83, 84 Gábor, Istvan 33
infantry 84 Gainsborough, Battle of (1643) 88
musketeer 84 Gallas, Matthias 47
troop notes 84 Georg, Johann 22
English Civil War, later: Royalist 93, 95–97 German, later Thirty Years’ War 46–48, 50–52
building a customised list 97 allies 52
cavalry 94, 96 building a customised list 50–52
King’s Lifeguard 95 Kürassiere 47
Rupert’s “Blewcoats” 95 starter army 50
starter army 96 troop notes 48, 50
troop notes 95 German Catholic, early Thirty Years’ War 26–27, 29–32
English Civil War Parliamentarian 87–92 allies 32
building a customised list 91–92 building a customised list 30–31
cavalry 96 Kürassiere 29
Haselrigge’s “Lobsters” 88, 91 starter army 29
London Trained Bands 90, 91 Tartshier 29
pikemen 89 troop notes 29
Northern Association army 92 veteran infantryman 29
starter army 91 German mercenaries 19
troop notes 90–91 cavalry 23
Westminster Trained Bands 87 German Protestant, early Thirty Years’ War 21–22, 24–26
Essex, Earl of 5, 81, 83, 88, 89, 93, 95 allies 26
Estremoz, Battle of (1663) 63 Bandellier Reiter 21, 48
building a customised list 24–25
Fairfax, Sir Thomas 89, 98, 99 starter army 22
Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria 9 troop notes 24
Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria (later Emperor) 21, 46, 47 Goring, Lord George 93
Ferdinand III, Emperor 47, 48 Götz, Gen 47–48
Ferdinand of Hungary 9 Guardias viejas (“Old Guard”) 11
Fernando, Cardinal-Infante Don 9, 10, 47 Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden 18, 22, 27, 40–41, 41,
Finnish cavalry (Kakkapeliita) 42 42, 46
Flanders, Army of 11 György I Rákóczi 32, 33
Freiburg, Battle of (1644) 59
French, early Louis XIV 102–104 Habsburgs 15, 58
allies 104 Hague, Coalition of the 21–22, 27
building a customised list 103–104 Haiduks 34
starter army 102 Haselrigge, Sir Arthur 91
troop notes 102 Haselrigge’s “Lobsters” 38, 88, 91
French, early 17th century 15–18 Heidelberg 47
allies 18 Heilbronn League 46, 47
building a customised list 16–17 Henri of Navarre (Henri IV of France) 6, 15
enfants perdus 15, 16 Henrietta Maria, Queen 81
King’s Musketeers 15 highlanders 73
Musketeers of the Guard 15, 16 Höchst, Battle of (1622) 21
pikemen 15 Holy Roman Empire 21 see also Imperial entries
starter army 16 Homonnay, de 32
troop notes 15–16 Hopton, Sir Ralph 83, 89
French, Thirty Years’ War 58–62 Horn, Count Gustav 41, 46, 47
building a customised list 61–62 Hotham, Sir John 81
officer 59 Huguenots 6, 15
starter army 60 cavalry 6
troop notes 60 Hull 81, 87
French infantry 105 Hungarian hussars (Ungarn) 24, 29
Friedrich II, Emperor 22, 26, 27, 33 Hungarian-Transylvanian 32–36
Friedrich V, Palatine Elector (later King of Bohemia) 21 allies 36
Frondes (civil wars) 59, 102 building a customised list 35–36
109
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WARS OF RELIGION
110
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INDEX
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