Am Alan at Hip Iran

!
@
!mEt rama{jay nm@
nmfepRmaqf tiRvFkEq twfcmf
tiRpfpa]azfvarf tiRvFkEq cr]mf
epriyvacfca[fpiqfAq tiRvFkEq cr]mf
tiRpfpa]azfvarf `Rqicf ecyft
`ml[atipira[f
(epriyvacfca[fpiqfAq vfyakfya[gfkQkfK 'qiy tmizf viqkfkgfkqf)
nmfepRmaqf, 'mfepRma[arf `Rqalf My[f bv[f
! Èhapil tas[f k. !tr[f

`ml[atipira[f 'qiy tmizf viqkfkgfkqf Page 2 of 47
!@
!mEt rama{jay nm@
tiREv twfcmf
tiRvrgfkE[ twfcmf
twfcmAdnft nmf rama{j[f tiRvFkEq twfcmf
`FEy[f uAr
nmfepRmaqi[f tiRv<qfqmak kdnft jJAl matmf (2007) etadgfkpfpdfd
nmfepRmaqf vijymf '[fb mat ;tzilf, `FEy[f YMlmak !rgfkraj[f,
t[fA[pf pbfbiy mikv<mf uyrfnft pirpnftma[ `ml[atipira[i[f
epriyvacfca[fpiqfAq vfyakfya[gfkQkfK 'qiy tmizf viqkfkgfkqf 'Ztikf
eka]fD vnfta[f.
;nft nmfepRmaqf ;tZd[f `ml[atipira[f vfyakfya[gfkqf mbfBmf 'qiy
tmizf viqkfkgfkqf p>rftftiya[T. `tA[ mdfDmf etaKtfT, t[i W\lak
nmfepRmaqi[f tiRM[fpak `FEy[f cmrfpfpikfkiEb[f. `FEy[i[f ;nft W\Al
`v[f oTkfk MbfpdfdaLmf, !rgfknacfciyarf `vA[ `vfvitmf ecyfy
vidmadfdaqf '[fB nmfp<kiEb[f. ;nft W\lilf sfvami epriyvacfca[fpiqfAq
vfyakfya[ YMlgfkqf kdfdtfti{qf uqfq[.
nmkfK ;[fbqv<mf sfvami epriyvacfca[fpiqfAqyi[f kfrnftgfkqf
kiAdtfTkfeka]fFRkfki[fb[ '[fbalf `tbfK tiRcfcirapfpqfqi p<tfT\rf
`dfvEkdf u.Ev. ! kiRxf]sfvami _ygfkarf `vrfkEq kar]mf '[fpAt
yaraLmf mBkfk ;ylaT. `tbfkak !Avxf]v ulkmf `vRkfK '[fBmf
kdAmpfpdfDqfqT.
;nft W\lilf uqfq k]fkvRmf p<AkpfpdgfkAq `FEy{kfKkf ekaDtfT
utviy `FEy[i[f ~pftRmf, tiRvrgfkmf epriyEkayilf `rfcfckRma[ !manf
Mrqi pdfdrf sfvamikfK, `FEy[f tAlylflalf AkmfmabiElE[.
naray]. naray]. naray].
nmfepRmaqf tiRvFkEq cr]mf
srfvmf kfRxf]arfpfp]mf ... vasHEtvmf srfvmf
Website: www.namperumal.com email: sridharan_book@yahoo.co.in

Groups: groups.yahoo.com/emperumanar blog: namperumal.wordpress.com
t[iy[f
~pat Vdmf `Wp>y hrimf cyanmf
mtfEy kEvrThiT@ Mtitanftratfma
`tfrxfRtamf nynEyarf vixyanftra]amf
Eya nicfcikay mnAv Mnivahnmf tmf
epaRqf - 'nft oR tiRpfpa]azfvarf, kaEvriyi[f nDvilf k]fvqRmf
epriyepRmaAq tiRvF etadgfki tiRMFvAr `{pvitfD, t[T
tiRkfk]fkqf, `nftpf epRmaAqtf tvirftfT EvB 'nft vixygfkAqy<mf
ka]aT '[fB uBtiyakkf Pbi[aEra - `pfpFpfpdfdvRmf, Elaksargfk[f
'[fb M[ivA[tf t[T vak[makkf eka]fdvRmf ~kiy tiRpa]azfvaAr
na[f 'pfEpaT cinftikfkkf kdEv[f.
piqfAqElakmf jIyrf `Rqicf ecyft t[iy[f vfyakfya[mf

`vtariAk
(~patVdmitfyati) ;tilf ekRdvak[{mf nibfk, `wfciAbpfp<dfpakA[ya[f

k]fdT et[f[ rgfktfEt '[fBmf ecalfLkibpFEy epriy epRmaAq EsvitfT
`Wpvitft MnivahnAr mnsfsaEl `WpvikfKmfpF ecalfLkibT.
kRdvahntfvMmf EcxcayitfvMmf !y@ptitfvMmiEb srfvEcxiya[
srfvatikvsfTv<kfK lX]mf, ;pfpF srfvatikvsfTvi{Ady
srfvavyvgfkAqy<mf sgfkfrmmak `{pvitftpF ecalfLkibT.
viqkfkmf - ;nfttf t[iy[ilf ekRd vak[{mf nibfk(tiRmaAl-10),
`wfciAbpf p<dfpakA[ ya[f k]fdT et[f `rgfktfEt(epriy tiRemazi-5-6-
6) '[fB PBki[fbpF, epriyepRmaAq EcvitfT `{pvitftvRmf,
Elakcargfk[f '[fb M[iyi[f Etaqfkqilf epriyepRmaqi[f ~A]kfK "bfp
`mrfnfT, `nft M[iAytf t[T vak[mak uAdyvRmf ~kiy
tiRpfpa]azfvaArtf ta[f(;nfttf t[iy[f `Rqicf ecyft epriy nmfpikqf)
`{pvitftAtkf PBkibarf.

vfyakfya[mf
(~patVdmf) tiRpfpatEkctfAt
(`Wp>y) `ml[atipira[AdEv `{pvitfT
`ml[f ~tipira[f '[fB etadgfKmf paCrmf Mtlf `{pvitfT
(hrimf cyanmf) !manfsHksHpft@prnftp@ '[f{mfpFyayfkf kidkfAk. kidnft

kiAdyiEl udfKAdyCryierlflaM]fdvriEb. hrtItihri@ `WPlrf
mnsfAsy<mf pfrtiPlrf pfra][fkAqy<mf hrikfKmver[fkibT. `WPlAr
tfRxfF citftapharmf p]f}mfpFyaFRkfAk. kidnftEtarf kidkfAk
k]fDemgfg[mf mbnfT vazfEk[f, "rarfkfEkalmf tikzkfkidnftayf k]fEd[f
'[f{mfpF taphrra[vAr. `vrftamf, `rvi[A] miAc Emymay[ara[
Mkilf v]f]riEb. ;pfpF `WPl pfrtiPlrX] ciX]gfkAqpf
p]f}mvra[vAr.
viqkfkmf - ;ramay]mf sHnftr ka]fdmf (38-25) - !manf sHk sHpft@

prnftp@ - viEratikAq vadfDmf ;ram[f Ckmakkf k]fvqrfnfta[f - '[fB
PbiypFEy epriyepRmaqf cy[itfTqfqa[f. nmfmazfvarf tiRvayfemaziyilf (7-2-
3) PbiypF - udfKAdyCrrf uyierlflamf u]fd - ;ram[f Epa[fB
`gfKmigfKmf eclflamlf, cy[itftpFEy À[vAry<mf t[T `zkalf
vIzftfti[a[f. hrtItihri '[fpT naray]A[kf KbitftT. hri '[fb
tiRnammf, t[f mIT `[fp< eka]fdvrfkqf m[Aty<mf, t[fA[y<mf
`FyarfkAqy<mf 'tirfpfpvrfkqf uyiAry<mf vadfDpv[f '[fpAtkf PBmf.
;ramay]mf Èyatfya ka]fdmf(3-29) - tfRxfF citftapharmf - ka]fpvrfkqf
k]fA]y<mf m[Aty<mf ;ram[f `pkritfta[f - '[fbpF ;v[f ;Rnfta[f.
eta]fdrFpfepaFyazfvarf tiRmaAlyilf (23) - kidnftEtarf kidkfAk
k]fDemgfg[mf mbnfT vazfEk[f - '[fBmf, nmfmazfvarf tiRvayfemaziyilf (5-
8-1) - "rarfkfEkalmf tikzkfkidnftayf k]fEd[f - '[fBmf PbiyT Epa[fB,
t[fA[kf k]fdvrfkqi[f tapgfkAq nIkfKpv[f '[fB kRtfT.
;pfpFpfpdfdv[f yarf '[fbalf, `v[f - ~tiEcx[f mIT k]fvqrfnftpF,
viypfpa[ ecylfkAqcf ecyftpF, nIrf eka]fd Emkmf Epa[fb nibmf eka]fdpF
uqfq epriyepRmaqf ~va[f. ;pfpFyak t[f{Ady `zAk mdfDEm eka]fD
`FyarfkAqy<mf, viEratikAqy<mf oREcr vIzftfTpv[f ~va[f.
(kvErThiTrfmtfEy) kvErknfAyya[ kaEvri mtfEy. kgfAkyibf p<[ itmay

kaviri nDv< padfFElyiEb pDkaD kidkfkibT. v]fepa[f[ i
tiRkfAkyalFvRd tiRvaq[i[ itakvayftfTtf tiRkfk]fkqf vqRkibT.
;pfpF (kvErThiTrfmtfEy cyanmf hrimf ~patVdmf) '[fB KdtiAc
MFAy AvtfTkf K]tiAc patmf nIdfF vdtiAc pi[fp<kadfFtf
et[ftiAcyilgfAk Enakfkikf kdlfnibkf kdv<eqnfAt `rvA]tf TyiLma
k]fD `Wpvitftaer[fAk. (Mtitanftratfma) ;pfpF `WpvitfT
hfRxfdmnava[arf, `kmkizpfepbfbarf. uvnftv<qfqtftra[arf. SnfTxfd
citftsmahitra[arf. mkizfnftT cinfAt '[f[ kfkdvtiEb.
viqkfkmf - kvErrf '[f{mf M[iv[i[f ep]f kaEvri ~vaqf. `nftkf

kaEvriyi[f nDvilf, kgfAkAyvidpf p<[ itma[ kaEvriyi[f nDvilf ;v[f
cy[itfTqfqa[f. Kqirfnft kaEvri (v]fepa[f[ i - epRmaqf tiRemazi - 2-3)
t[T Àlkqf '[f{mf tiRkfkrgfkqalf ;v[T tiRvFkAq vRFypF
uqfqaqf (tiRkfAkyalf `F vRd - epRmaqf tiRemazi - 1-1). `nft
vRdlilf t[fA[ mbnfT tiRvrgfk[f ;[fpmakkf k]fkAq YMFypF
cy[itfTqfqa[f. ~k - kvErThiTrfmtfEy cyanmf hrimf ~patVdmf -
'[fpt[f YMlmf, eta]fdrFpfepaFyazfvarf t[T tiRmaAlyilf (19) -
KdtiAc MFAy AvtfTkf K]tiAc patmf nIdfF vdtiAc pi[fp<kadfFtf

et[f tiAcyilgfAk Enakfkikf kdlf nibkf kdv<eqnfAt `rvA]tf

TyiLmak]fD - '[fB `{pvitftT Epa[fB ;vRmf `{pvitftarf. ;vfvitmf
`{pvitfttalf ~[nftmf Vzfnft m[mf epbfbarf, uqfqmf mkizpf epbfbarf.
mikv<mf uyrfnft ukpfp< Àdnftarf. Àmtiya[ cIriy m[mf epbfbarf.
p>ttftazfvarf ;r]fdamf tiRvnftatiyilf (32) - mkizfnftT cinfAt - '[fbT
Epal ;vRmf ;Rnftarf.
;[i `vfvqvilf nilflaEt (`tfrxfRtamfnynEyarf vixyanftra]amf)

'[f{mfpF ka]akf k]fA]y<Adyra[arf. `]iyrgfke[[f[ MtiA[kfk]fd
k]fkqf mbfeba[fbiA[kf ka]aEv '[fbayftfT ;vrf vixytftiEl
`sftmitanfypavrayiRpfpT, "tEtvamfRtmf tfRxfdfvatfRpfynfti@ `rgfkma
Ekayilfeka]fd kRmfpiA[kf k]fD eka]fed[f k]f]iA] kqikfKmaEb,
rammf EmWkta tfRxfF@, ntfvapcfyami yiEb. esqnftrfy sakrtftiEl
mkfnra[arf, ;vrfkfK `zK `jfwantfAt viAqtfttayftfT. `tfRxfdmf
tfRxfdmaAkyaEl tfRxfdmf `tfRxfdmayftfT. `[fbikfEk, cinfAt
mbfeba[fbi[f tibtftlfla, paEva nanfytfr kcfcti '[f{mfpF
prtfvatikqayftfT pEraX vixymakibet[f{tlf, kdfkilI '[f{mf vFAvyiEb
k]f]alf k]fdWpvitftT. ka]atAvy<mf k]fd vsfTvilf u]fFEb. ;pfpF
AmpfpF Em[iAyyWpvitfT mbfb vixygfkAqkf ka]akf
k]f]ayiRkfKmvArcf ecalfLkibT.
viqkfkmf - `tfTd[f mdfDmf nibfkvilfAl. `rgfkA[kf k]fd pi[f[ rf EvB

'tA[y<mf ka]at k]fkAqpf epbfbvra[rf. `]iyrgfke[[f[ MtiA[kf
k]fd k]fkqf mbfeba[fbiA[kf ka]aEv- '[fB ;vEr PBmfpF ~[arf. mbfb
niA[v<kqf À[tfTmf nIgfkpf epbfbarf. canfEtakfy up[ixtf -
'tEtvamfRtmf tfRxfdfvatfRpfynfti@ - prmfepaRqf '[fb `mirfttfAt
k]fkqalf pRKki[fb[rf - '[f{mfpF ;vrf ~[arf. eta]fdrFpfepaFyazfvarf
t[T tiRmaAlyilf (17) - `rgfkma Ekayilfeka]fd kRmfpiA[kf k]fD
eka]fed[f k]f]iA] kqikfKmaEb - '[fb niAlAy Àdnftarf.
;ramay]mf Èyatfya ka]fdmf(42-34) - rammf EmWkta tfRxfF@
ntfvapcfyami - tcrt[f ekqsAlyidmf ;ram[f pi[fpak mdfDEm t[T
k]fparfAv ;RnftT, u[fA[y<mf ka]vilfAl - '[fbT Epa[fB ;vRmf
epriyepRmaqi[f `zK '[fb kdlilf YMzfki[arf. ;nft `zkilf YMzfkiytalf,
mbfb ulk vixygfkqilf ;vRkfK `biyaAmEy u]fda[T. 'qitilf
ka]kfkiAdkfkat epaRAqkf ka] Enridfdtalf, 'qitilf ka]kfPFy
epaRqfkqf ;vRkfKkf ka]amlf Epayfvidfd[. nmfmazfvarf tiRvayfemaziy ilf(7-
10-10) - cinfAtmbfeba[fbi[f tibtftlfla - '[fB PBvT Epa[fBmf, `{m[f
;ramay]mf utftr ka]fdtftilf(40-15) - paEva nanfytfr kcfcti - EvB
't[f mITmf '[T cinftA[ eclflvilfAl - '[fB PBvT Epa[fBmf ;vrf
`rgfk[i[f mIT :Dpdfdarf. ;t[alf k]fkqilf et[fpDmf mbfbAvkQmf
`biyta[T. tiRvayfemazi(7-2-3) - kdfkilI - '[fB PBvT Epa[fB,
;TvAr k]fFrat epriyepRmaAq `lflva k]fdarf. ;vralf ka]pfpdat
À[tfT vixygfkQmf `rgfk[i[f tiREm[iyilf uqfqT `[fEba?
;pfpFyak `zkiy m]vaq[i[f tiREmA[ `zAk `{pvitft
kar]tfti[alf, mbfb vixygfkqf 'tA[y<mf ka]amlf uqfq ;vrf yarf?
(Eya nicfcikay mnAv Mnivahnmf tmf) '[fB yaveraRvrf k]fdk]fkqf

mbfeba[fbiA[kf ka]aEv '[fB `Btiyidfdarf `pfpFpfpdfd `nft
MnivahnAr. (mnAv) mnsfsaEl pfrtiptfti p]f}kiEbe[[fbpF.
`y[lrfkfekaDetaZEttft '[f{mfpF hmfsvahn[a[ cTrfM k[f
phHMkmak `WpvitftapfEpaEl Mnivahnra[ ;vRmf "kMkmak ;r]fD
k]f]aLmf k]fdWpvitftarf.
viqkfkmf - 'nft Orf ~zfvarf - k]fdk]fkqf mbfeba[fbiA[kf ka]aEv -
'[fB tqrat uBtiy<d[f Pbi[aEra, `pfpFpfpdfd M[ivak[ra[
tiRpfpa]azfvaAr m[T niAby<mfpF `{pvikfkiEb[f '[fB

kRtfT(tiRvrgfk[i[f kdfdAqkfK "bfp, Elakcargfk[f '[fb M[ivrf, ;nft

~zfvaArtf t[T Etaqfkqilf "bfB `rgfk[i[f EkayiLkfK vnfttalf,
M[ivak[rf '[pfpdfdarf). epriytiRemazi (4-2-6) - `y[lrfkf
ekaDetaZEttft - PBkibpF, `[f[ tfAt vak[mak uAdy pfrmfm[f
(na[fMk[f) tfrivikfrmA[tf t[T na[fK MktftaLmf `{pvitftT Epa[fB,
M[ivA[tf t[T vak[mak uAdy ;vrf t[T oR MktftaLmf ;r]fD
k]fkqaLmf nmfepRmaAq `{pvitftftarf.
kfrIdEky>rk rtfnK]fdlmf pfrlmfpMkftam]i Ehmp>xitmf vical vXsfsftl

EcapiekqsfTpmf !yac Etvfyatfy<xiEtaRvikfrhmf pfrtpft camIkr
caRvassmf sHEmklaW\p<r Ecapitagfkfrikmf sfpnfTrIjat mfR]aq Ekamqmf
ttanmcfccfcviyjfw sJtfrkmf p<Ejaptanmf pfrsfRtakfyhsftmf niKwfci
Etatftanit paty<kfmmf sHtIrfkfkMrfvmfsMtkfrEvxmf p<jgfktlfpmf p<Rxmf
ttrfc '[fB pfrhfmava[v[f `pimaniyaAkyaEl, MFEy etadgfkiyW
pvitfta[f, ;vrf `FyaraAkyaEl `FEy etadgfki `Wpvitftarf. `v[f
k]fdvnnftrmf vixygfkAqy<mf k]fda[f, ;vrf vixygfkAqkf k]fFlrf,
tiRkfkml patmf vnfet[f k]f]i{qfq[, "k]fd k]fkqf mbfeba[fbiA[kf
ka]aEv" '[fbarf. vIA]y<mf Aky<mayf Esvikfkib ;vrfkfK EcmMAd
nart[aRmf oRvAkkfK opfpakarf.
viqkfkmf - !hsftikiri mhatfmfymf '[fb W\lilf, kIEz uqfqT Epa[fB

pfrmfm[f kawfci vrtA[ `{pvitfta[f.
kfrIdEky>rk rtfn K]fdlmf
pfrlmfp Mkftam]i Ehmp>xitmf
vical vXsfsftl EcapiekqsfTpmf
!yac Etvfyatfy<xiEtaRvikfrhmf
pfrtpftcamIkrcaRvassmf
sHEmklaW\p<r Ecapitagfkfrikmf
sfpnfTrIjat mfR]aq Ekamqmf
ttanmcfccfcvi yjfw sJtfrkmf
p<Ejaptanmf pfrsfRtanfy hsftmf
niKwfciEtatftanit paty<kfmmf
sHtIrfkfkMrfvmf sMtkfrEvxmf
p<jgfktlfpmf p<Rxmf ttrfc
;t[f epaRqf - kfrIdmf, Etaqilf uqfq vAqkqf, rtf[ K]fdlgfkqf
Epa[fbfvbfAbkf eka]fdv[f, MtfTmaAl, rtf[gfkqf, epa[f ~kiyAv
uAdyv[f, `zka[ prnft tiRmarfpfpilf ekqsfTp m]i uAdyv[f,
!Etviyalf 'pfEpaTmf vasmf ecyfypfpdfd `zkiy tiREm[i eka]fdv[f,
uRkfkiy tgfkmf Epa[fb `zka[ pItamfprmf `]inftv[f, EmkAl mbfBmf
cilmfp<kQd[f PFy tiRvFkqf uAdyv[f, tamAryi[f t]fD Epa[fB
nI]fDmf ev]fAmya[Tmf ~kiy yjfEwapvItmf `]inftv[f, oR
tiRkfkrtfAttf tAlyA]yakkf eka]fdv[f, mbfebaR tiRkfkrtfAt
nIdfFypF uqfqv[f, oR pkfkmakcf cy[itfT virinfTqfq tiRvFkAqkf
eka]fdv[f, nI]fd EtaqfkAq uAdyv[f, ~tiEcx[f '[fb pDkfAkAy
uAdy p<RxA[ pfrmfm[f k]fda[f - '[fptaKmf. ~k pfrmfm[f `v[T
upask[ak uqfqtalf tiRMFyiliRnfT tiRvFvArkf k]fda[f, ;vrf
`Fyarak uqfqtalf tiRvFyiliRnfT `{pvitftarf. pfrmfm[f prmfepaRQd[f
ulk vixygfkAqy<mf EcrftfEt k]fda[f. ;vrf epriyepRmaAqtf tvir EvB
'tA[y<mf ka]vilfAl. `t[alfta[f - tiRkfkml patmf vnfet[f
k]f]i{qfq[ '[fBmf, k]fd k]fkqf mbfeba[fbiA[kf ka]aEv '[fBmf -
Pbi[arf. nartrf Pd, vIA]y<mf Aky<mak uqfq ;vRkfK opfpilfAl.

epriyazfvarf `vtartftilf `Wpvmf ;vrfkfK `rfcfcavtftiEl, `vrf

patkfkmlmf '[fbtfAt tiRkfkmlmf '[fbarf, pItkcfcibfbaAdeyaDmf '[fbAt
Àrcfcivnft ~Adyi[fEmlf '[fBmf, `zkiyv<nftiAy `yA[pf
pAdtftEtaerzilf unfti '[fBmf, pznftamfpalarftft utrtfAt tiRvyibfB
utrpnftmf '[fBmf, KRmam]ipfp>]f KlavitftikZmf tiRmarfAv tiRvarmarfv<
'[fBmf, `]fdMmf naDmf `dgfk viZgfkiy k]fdtfAt MbfBmf u]fd k]fdmf
'[fBmf, enyftftAl Enmiy<mf cgfKmf nilaviy AktftltfAt Akyi[arf
Cricgfk[lf ~ziyrf '[fBmf, ecnfeta]fAd vaAy ecyfyvayf '[fBmf, k]fkqf
;Rnftvaer[fbAt `pfepriyvay k]fkqf '[fBmf, uRv<kriy oqi
m]iv]f][f '[fbAt 'zilf nIlEm[i '[fBmf, Kzlfkqf ;Rnftva '[fbAt
TqvviAryarf kmzf nI]fMF '[fBmf `Rqicf ecyftarf. Ekavl[ayf
ev]fA]y<]fd vay[iEb epriyepRmaqf. ~Akyalf `Wpvtftilf ;RvRmf
sEkatfrikqayayftftiRpfpT. ;pfpF m[pfrIti pibkfKmfpF `{pvitft ~zfvaAr
;gfK m[pfrIti pibkfKmfpF (mnAv) '[fB m[sfsaEl EsvikfKmfpF
ecalflibfB.
viqkfkmf - epriyazfvarf k]f][i[f `vtartftiEl mygfkikf kidnftarf, ;vrf

epriyepRmaqi[f `rfcfcavtartftilf mygfki[arf. epriyazfvarf - patkfkmlmf -
'[fB PbiyAt, ;vrf - tiRkfkml patmf - '[fbarf. `vrf -
pItkcfcibfbaAdeyaDmf '[fbAt, ;vrf - Àrcfcivnft ~Adyi[fEmlf '[fBmf
- '[fbarf. `vrf - `zkiyv<nfti '[fbAt, ;vrf - `yA[pf pAdtftEtaerzilf
unfti '[fbarf. `vrf - pznftamfpalarftft utrmf - '[fbAt, ;vrf -
tiRvyibfB utrpnftmf '[fbarf. `vrf - KRmam]ipfp>]f KlavitftikZmf
tiRmarfv< - '[fbAt, ;vrf - tiRvarmarfv< '[fbarf. `vrf - `]fdMmf naDmf
`dgfk viZgfkiy k]fdmf - '[fbAt, ;vrf - MbfBmf u]fd k]fdmf '[fbarf.
`vrf - enyftftAl Enmiy<mf cgfKmf nilaviy Aktftlmf - '[fbAt, ;vrf -
Akyi[ arf Cricgfk[lf ~ziyrf '[fbarf. `vrf - ecnfeta]fAd vayf -
'[fbAt, ;vrf - ecyfyvayf '[fbarf. `vrf - k]fkqf ;Rnftva - '[fbAt,
;vrf - `pfepriyvay k]fkqf '[fbarf. `vrf - uRv<kriy oqi m]iv]f][f -
'[fbAt, ;vrf - 'zilf nIlEm[i '[fbarf. `vrf - Kzlfkqf ;Rnftva
'[fbAt, ;vrf - TqvviAryarf kmzf nI]fMF '[fBmf `Rqicf ecyftarf.
Ekavl[ayf ev]fA]y<]fd vay[akpf epriyepRmaqf uqfqtalf,
tiRpfpa]azfvaRmf k]f][akEv epriyepRmaAq `{pvitftarf '[lamf.
~Akyalf, pkvtf `Wpvtftilf ;RvRmf oEr Epa[fB m[mf eka]fEd
;Rnft[rf. ;pfpFyaktf t[T m[tilf ;[fpmf pibkfKmfpF epriyepRmaAq
`{pvitft ~zfvaAr, ;gfK m[tilf ;[fpmf pibkfKmfpF `{pvitftAtkf
Pbi[arf.
tiRmAl nmfpi `Rqicf ecyft t[iy[f

kadfdEv k]fd patkml nlflaAd unfti
EtdfdRmf utr pnftmf tiRmarfv< k]fdmf ecvfvayf
vadfdmilf k]fkqf Em[i M[i "bitf t[ip<K nfT
padfF[alf k]fD vaZmf pa]rf taqf prviE[aEm
epaRqf - tamAr Epa[fb tiRvFkqf, civnft pItamfpr ~Ad, `zka[

etapfp>zf, mikv<mf `riyta[ Àrna]f, epriypiradfF `mRmf tiRmarfp<,
`zka[ kZtfT, civnft vayf, Ecarfv< ;lflat tiRkfk]fkqf, nI]fd tiREm
~kiyvbfBd[f PFy epriyepRmaAq, Elaksargfk[f '[fb M[ivri[f
Etaqfkqilf `mrfnfT ec[fB tiRpfpa]azfvarf v]gfki ~[nftmf Àdnftarf.
`nft ~[nfttfAt, t[T paCrgfkqf YMlmaktf etrivitfT mkiZmf
tiRpfpa]azfvari[f tiRvFkAqtf TtipfEpamak.

`vtariAk
epriyepRmaAqpf pattiEkcanftmayf `{pvikfkpf epbfb pa]fepRmaAq

sfEtatfrmf p]f]i hrfxikfKmfpF ecalfLkibT.
viqkfkmf - epriyepRmaAq, tiRvF etadgfki tiRMFvAr ni[fB

`{pvitft tiRpfpa]azfvaArtf TtitfT, m[mf ~[nftmf Àdy<mfpF ;nfttf
t[iy[f PBkibT.
vfyakfya[mf
(kadfdEv k]fd patmf) `rgfktftmfma[f tiRkfkmlpatmf vnfet[f

k]f]i{qfq[ evakfki[fbEv '[fB !rgfEkcypatpgfkjy<kmf '[fb
!rgfkraj cr]amfp<jgfkAqcf ecalfLkibT. (nlflaAd) `rgfktftmfma[f
ÀrcfcivnftvaAd '[fB rgfkTrnftr{Ady pItamfprtfAtcf ecalfLkibT.
(unfti) `rgfktftrvi[A]y[f `yA[pf pAdtftEtaerziLnfti '[fB
viticivnitama[ napIptfmtfAtcf ecalfLkibT.
viqkfkmf - (kadfdEv k]fd patmf) - `rgfktftmfma[f tiRkfkmlpatmf vnfT

'[f k]f]i{qfq[ okfki[fbEv '[fBmf, !rgfkrajsftvtftilf (1-125)
!rgfEkcypatpgfkjy<kmf - `zkiyta[ epriyepRmaqi[f tamAr Epa[fb
tiRvFkqf - '[fBmf PbpfpDmf !rgfkraj[i[f tiRvFkqf PbpfpdfdT.
(nlflaAd) - `rgfktftmfma[f Àrcfcivnft ~Ad '[fB tiRvrgfktfAt
niymitftpF uqfqv[i[f pItamfprmf PbpfpdfdT. (unfti) - `rgfktf
trvi[A]y[f `yA[pf pAdtftT Orf 'zilf unfti '[fB pfrhfm{kfKmf
Rtfr{kfKmf kar]mak uqfq etapfp>zf PbpfpdfdT.
(EtdfdRMtpnftmf) EtdfdRmf tiblf Et[a[ et[f[ rgfk{Ady Etdbfkriy

utrpnftmf. `rgfktftmfma[f tiRvyibfBtrpnftmf '[fB pdfdmfkiElatrpnftnmf
'[fbAtcf ecalfLkibT. (tiRmarfv<) `rgfktftmfma[f tiRvarmarfp< '[fB
lXfmIlqit kfRhma[ vXsftltfAtcf ecalfLkibT. (k]fdmf) `rgfknkrf
Emyvpfp[f MbfBM]fd k]fdmf '[fB !rgfkEntavi[f k]fdtfAtcf
ecalfLkibT. (ecvfvayf) `]iyrgfk[arf ecyfyvayf '[fB, `trmTramfEpajmf
'[fB `R]atr plflvtfAtcf ecalfLkibT. (vadfdmilfk]fkqf)
XE]ajfjfvlmayf `zla[iAyy<Ady tamArpf p>vilf vfyavfRtft mayf,
sAtkYRpmayf, `rgfktftml[f MktfTkf kriyvakipfp<Ad prnfT miqirfnfT
ecvfvriEyaF nI]fdvpf epriyvay k]fkqf '[fB vical sfpItaytfRcircicirtamfr
tvqma[ !rgfk pfr]yi nynapfjgfkAqcf ecalfLkibT. (Em[i) "vmfvitma[
tivfymgfkq vikfrhtfAt.
viqkfkmf - (EtdfdRmf utr pnftmf) - epRmaqf tiRemazi(2-1) EtdfdRmf

tiblf Et[a[ et[f[ rgfk[f '[fB `Rqicf ecyftpF, yaraLmf 'qitilf
(tgfkqf Mybfciyalf) EtF Àdy ;ylat epa[f[ ala[ Àrwa]f kyiB.
;tA[ ;nft ~zfvarf - `rgfktftmfma[f tiRvyibfBtrpnftmf - '[fB
`{pvitftarf. ;tA[Ey pracrpdfdrf rgfkraj sftvtftilf(1-115) -
pdfdmfkiElatrpnftnmf - epriyepRmaqi[f utrpnft[mf '[fpT `v{kfK
uqfq prtfv K]mf mbfBmf esqlpfy K]mf ~kiy ;r]fFbfKmf kdfdpfpdfd
pdfdmf - '[fbarf. (tiRmarfv<) - ~zfvarf `rgfktftmfma[f tiRvarmarfp< '[fB
PbiyAt pdfdrf rgfkraj sftvtftilf(1-111) lXfmIlqit kfRhMpaEs -
mhalXfmi viAqyaDmf '[fB Pbi[ arf. (k]fdmf) - `rgfknkrf Emyvpfp[f
MbfBM]fd k]fdmf '[fB ~zfvarf `{pvitft !rgfknat[i[f tiRkfkZtfT
PbpfpdfdT. (ecvfvayf) - `]iyrgfk[arf ecyfyvayf '[fB ~zfvarf

`{pvitftAt, pdfdrf rgfkraj sftvtftilf(1-103) - `trmTramfEpajmf -

tiRpfpvqmf Epa[fb `zka[ tamAr mlrf '[fbarf. (vadfdmilf k]fkqf) -
cibiTmf kAqpfpbfbtayf, oRvitma[ VD uAdy tamAr mlAr vid
EvBpdfdtak, 'pfEpaTmf oEr Epa[fB uqfqtak, `rgfktftml[f MktfTkf
kriyvakipfp<Ad prnfT miqirfnfT ecvfvriEyaF nI]fdvpf epriyvay k]fkqf
'[fB PBvtbfK "bfbpF prnfTmf virinfTmf nI]fDmf `zka[takv<mf civpfp<mf
evQpfp<mf klnfT uqfq !rgfknat[i[f k]fkqf Pbpfpdfd[. (Em[i)
;pfpFpfpdfd tivfyma[ vikfrhtfAt
(M[iEybi) - Mnivahnrayf. (t[ip<KnfT) - ;nft mhaEpaktftiEl tamf

"krayf uqfp<KnfT. (padfF[alf) `{pvtfTkfKpf paCrmidfDpf Epci[
`ml[atipira[f '[fkib pfrpnfttfti[f padfDkfkqaEl `]fdrfEka[
]iyrgfkA[kf k]fD vaZmvrayftfT ;vrf. pi[fp< ;vfv{pvtfTkfK pdfdrf
Etcikra[arf. (k]fDvaZmf) kadfciEy vazfcfciyak vaZkib. (pa]rftaqf)
vI]apa]iyayfpf epriyepRmaqf tiRvFkfkIEz nirnftr EsAv p]f]ikfeka]fD
nibfkib tiRpfpa]azfvarf tiRvFkAq. (prviE[amf) sfEtatfrmf p]f]iE[amf.
`lpfylapma[T lpikfkv<mf epbfEbamf, ;[ieyaR KAbkQmilfAley[fkibT.
viqkfkmf - (M[iEybi) - Elaksargfk M[ivArtf t[T vak[makkf

eka]fD. (t[ip<KnfT) - epriyepRmaQAdy `{pvmf '[f{mf uyrfnft
Epakmf epbtf t[iyakcf ec[fB. (padfF[alf) - t[T `{pvtfAt
paCrgfkqakkf Pbiy `ml[atipira[f '[f{mf pfrpnfttfti[f paCrgfkqaEl,
`rgfkA[kf k]fD, `v[idEm vazfkibarf. ;nft `{pvtftibfK pracrpdfdrf
vzikadfFyaktf t[T rgfkraj sftvtftilf viqkfki[arf. (k]fD vaZmf) -
`rgfkA[kf ka]fpT mdfDEm t[T vazfkfAk '[f{mfpF uqfq ~zfvarf.
(pa]rftaqf) - ;vfvitmak vIA]y<mf Aky<mak epriyepRmaqi[f tiRvFkqi[f
kIzf, 'pfEpaTmf Akgfkrfymf ecyftpF uqfq tiRpfpa]azfvari[f tiRvFkAq.
(prviE[amf) - TtitftpF ni[fEbamf. ;t[alf 'qitilf epb ;ylat epRmfEpB
epbfEbamf. ;[i 'nftkf KAby<mf ;lfAl.
piqfA qElakmf jIyrf `Rqicfecyft
`ml[atipira[f t[iy[f vf yakf ya[mf Mbf bibf B.

epriyvacfca[fpiqfAq `Rqicfecyft
`ml[atipira[f vfyakfya[mf
`vtariAk
pfrv]mf EpaEl `tisgfKcitmayiRtftlf, EvtMmf EvEtappfRmfh]ma[

mhapartMmf EpaEl prnfT TBpfp<kf PdayiRtftlf ecyfyaEt ptfTpfpadfdayf
sHkfrhmayf srfvatikarMmayiRkfKmf. EvEtappfRmfh]arftftay tavkfrahyt
pfrp<@ '[fBmf, Evtantfyapyamas mhapartpwfcman '[fBmf ecalfLkibpFEy
EvEtappfRmfh]ma[ mhapart ramay]gfkQmf, naray]ktamimamf
;tfyatikAqcf ecalfli AvtfT pkvtfkAt `lflatvbfAby<mf ecalfli
AvtftT.
viqkfkmf - `ml[atipira[f '[fb ptfTpf paCrgfkqf eka]fd ;nfttf

tivfypfpfrpnftmf - pfr]v mnftfrmf Epa[fB mikv<mf CRkfkma[T `lfl, Evtmf
Epa[fBmf, Evtgfkqi[f udfepaRAq viqkfkvlfl mhapartmf Epa[fBmf
mikv<mf viriva[Tmf `lfl, À[vRmf p<rinfT ekaqfq ;ylatpF
kF[ma[Tmf `lfl, ;tA[kf kbfptbfKtf tKtiAy (`tikari) 'tirffparfpfpTmf
`lfl. ;ramay]mf - EvEtappfRmfh]arftftay tavkfrahyt pfrp<@ -
EvttfAt `vrfkqi[f critmf YMlmak vivripfptak valfmIki MFv< ecyftarf -
'[fbT. mhapartmf - Evtantfyapyamas mhapartpwfcman - Evtvfyasrf
_nftavT Evtma[ mhaparttfAt - '[fbT. ;pfpFyak uqfq
;ramay]Mmf, mhapartMmf, naray]ktamimamf - naray][i[f kAtkAqkf
Pbiypi[f, mbfb kAtkAqy<mf Pbi[. (;T Epa[fb KAb "Tmf
`ml[atipira{kfK ;lfAl, kar]mf ;nftpf pfrpnftmf naray]A[pf pbfbi
mdfDEm PBkibT '[fB kRtfT).

tiRvayfemaziy<mf `mrfCAvyayirmf, paEladMt[f[ vayirmf, uArekaqi[femazi

'[fB "tmilayirmayiRnftEtyakiLmf `nfyapEtc sfvapEtcem[f[ ,
samanatikr]fy nirf]aykem[f[ , tfriYMrftftisamfy tTtftIrf] ttfv
niExtem[f[ ;Av etadkfkma[ `RAmkAqy<AdtftayiRkfKmf,
tiRenDnfta]fdkMmf prpfpbfB MpfpT padfdayiRnfEtyakiLmf `TkfKmf
`vfvRAmkQ]fD, tiRmaAlkfK `vfvRAmkqilfAlEyyakiLmf tmfMAdy
lapalapYRpma[ pfriya pfriygfkAq pfrtipatiya nibfKmf, tiRpfplfla]fDkfK
;kfKbfbgfkqilfAlEyyakiLmf `TkfKemaR KbfbM]fD, tfrivitati
karikQAdy K]aK]gfkAq pfrtipatikfAkyaEl, pfr]vmf EpaEl `lfl.
`tisgfKcitmayf TrfjfEwymayiraAmyaEl ytihasfti ttnfytfr ynfEn
hasfti n ttfkfvcitf '[fkibpFEy ~yirtftiela[fBmf kdlilf KqpfpFy<mf
EpaEl p<bmfpilflatAveylflamf ;tiEly<]fdayf ;tililflat eta[fBmf
p<bmfpi[fbiEyyiRkfKmf.
viqkfkmf - tiRvayfemaziya[T, (1-3-11) - `mrfCAvyayirmf, (8-6-11) -
paEladMt[f[vayirmf, (6-5-3) - uArekaqi[femazi '[fbpF 'nftvitma[
EtaxgfkQmf `bfbtakEv uqfqT. ~[aLmf tiRvayfemaziyilf - prmatfma,
jIvatfma, YM[fB YMrftftikAqy<mf vid uyrfnft pfrhfmmf u]fD '[fpAttf
tqfQmf kRtfTkqf - Epa[fb pl cikfkla[ vixygfkqf u]fD, ~kEv
p<rinfT ekaqfQmf cikfklf u]fD. tiRenDnfta]fdkmf '[fpT tiRvayfemazi
Epa[fB virivak ;lflamlf uqfqEpatiLmf, MpfpEt padfDkqf uqfqtak
;RnftEpatiLmf, tiRvayfemazikfKkf Pbpfpdfd kF[tft[fAmkqf ;tbfKmf
uqfq[. tiRmaAlkfK EmEl Pbiy Etaxgfkqf ;lflatEpatiLmf, `tilf
~zfvarf t[kfK u]fda[ py[f KbitfT (`rgfkA[ `{pvit py[f '[lamf)
mkizfvTmf, ta[f M[fp< `{pvitft T[fpgfkqf KbitfT p<lmfp<vTmf
EtaxgfkqakEv uqfq[. tiRpfplfla]fFlf ;TEpa[fB 'nftvitma[
EtaxgfkQmf ;lfAl '[fbaLmf, `tbfKmf oR Etaxmf u]fD. `T
'[f[ev[fbalf - YM[fB vitma[ `tikarikqi[f (_cfvrfymf mdfDEm
viRmfp<pv[f, Akvlfymf viRmfp<pv[f, pkvtfcr]akti viRmfp<pv[f) K]gfkqf
pbfbikf PBvEt ~Kmf. EmLmf tiRpfplfla]fD pfr]vmf Epa[fB mikv<mf
cibitakv<mf ;lfAl.(`ml[atipira[i[f cibpfp< '[f[ '[fB PBkibarf)
mhapartmf - ytihasfti ttnfytfr ynfEnhasfti n ttfkfvcitf - ;nft
W\lilf PbpfpdfdAv mdfDEm mbfb W\lfkqilf uqfq[, ;tilf ;lflatT
mbfbtilf ;lfAl - '[fpT Epa[fB, ~yirmf '[fptilf o[fB `dkfkmf
'[fptakv<mf, kdlf nIrilf À[tfT Kqgfkqi[f nIRmf uqfqT Epa[fBmf, mbfb
pfrpnftgfkqilf ;lflatTmf ;tilf uqfqtakv<mf, ;tilf ;lflatT mbfbvbfbilf
;lfAl '[fptakv<mf ÀmnfTqfqT.
prvfy>hvipvgfkAq pfrtipatikfAky[fbikfEk `rfcfcavtarYREp] vnftv
tritfT tiRvrgfkpf epRnkRqf et]f]Irfpf epa[f[ i tiArkfAkyalF vRdpf
pqfqi ekaqfQmf kRm]iAykf EkamqtfAtkf k]fD eka]fD, m]tfT\E]
pbfbi ni[fB vayar vazftfTkib pfrpnftmaAkyaEl 'lflapf pfrpnftgfkqiLmf
;pfpfrpnfttfTkfK AvlX]fyM]fD. mbfAbyazfvarfkqibf kadfFLmf ;vrfkfK
enDvaciy<]fD. plfla]fD, Epabfbi '[fB pavikfk Ev]fFbfB `vrfkQkfK.
`T Ev]fdaEt j[fmsitftmayftfT ;vrfkfK. Klgfkqay vIrir]fFela[fbiLmf
pibnftiEl[f '[fkibpFEy ;vrf tmfAm naL vrf]tftiLmf p<bmfpak
niA[tftiRpfprf. epriyepRmaQmf `pfpFEy niA[tftiRpfprf. nitfyVrikqf
naLvrf]tftiLMqfqarlflEr. ~zfvarfkqf ;RkAryrf '[f{mfpFyiEb
!eta]fdrFpfepaFyazfvarf _kanftfymf. `vriLmf ;vrf pErapEtcMmf
;trnirs[Mmf `{pvviErati '[fB evBmf epriyepRmaAqEy `FtftAl
ecvfvitakv{pvikfkibarf.
viqkfkmf - namf ka] ;ylat pr, vfy>h niAlkAq mbfb W\lfkqf
PBki[fb[. `vbfAbpf Epa[fB `lflamlf namf k]fkqalf k]fD kqikfKmfpF
`rfcfAcyak epriyepRmaqf `vtritfta[f. ;pfpFpfpdfd `rgfkA[, epRmaqf
tiRemaziyilf KlEckrazfvarf - tiRvrgfkpf epRnkRqf et]f]Irfpf epa[f[ i
tiArkfAkyalF vRdpf pqfqi ekaqfQmf kRm]iAykf EkamqtfAtkf k]fD
eka]fD, m]tfT\E] pbfbi ni[fB vayar vazftfti[arf. ;nftpf epRmaqf

tiRemazi Epa[fB, `rgfkA[pf pbfbipf paDvtalf, mbfb pfrpnftgfkAqkf

kadfFLmf `ml[atipira{kfK miKnft cibpfp< u]fD . `t[alf mbfb
~zfvarfkfkAqkf kadfFLmf ;vrfkfKcf Em[fAm u]fD. `vrfkqf uyrfnft
Kltftilf `vtritfttalf plfla]fD '[fBmf, Epabfbi '[fBmf tgfkAqtf
tazftftikfeka]fD padEv]fFytak ;RnftT. ~[alf ;vrf pibpfpiElEy
tazfnft Kltftilf vnfttalf, t[fA[tf taE[ EmLmf tazftftipf padEv]fFy
`vciymf ;lflamlf EpayibfB. tiRcfcnftviRtfttftilf tiRmziAcyazfvarf -
Klgfkqay vIrir]fFela[fbiLmf pibnftiEl[f - '[fB PBvT Epa[fB, ;vrf
tmfAm na[fK vrf]gfkqiLmf EcratvrakEv ']f]iyiRnftarf.
epriyepRmaQmf ;vAr `pfpFEy niA[tftiRnfta[f. nitfyVrikqf 'vfvitmf
na[fK vrf]tftibfK udfpdfdvrfkqf `lflEra `T Epa[fB ;vRmf '[
epriyepRmaqf kRti[ a[f. mbfb ~zfvarfkqf - ;gfK oR kalf, `gfK oR
kalf - '[fbpF, pl `rfcfcavtargfkAqpf paF[arfkqf. ~[alf
eta]fdrFpfepaFyazfvarf nmfepRmaAq mdfDEm paF[arf. `vrT
(eta]fdrFpfepaFyazfvarf) paCrgfkqilf - mbfbvrfkfK upEtcmf ecyftlf, mbfb
mtgfkAqkf k]fFtftlf - Epa[fb vixygfkqf ;Rnft[. Àv
epriyepRmaAq MZvTmak `{pvikfktf tAdyak uqfqAv ~Kmf.
'[Ev ;vrf `T Epa[fB ecyfyamlf, epriyepRmaAq tiRvF etadgfki,
tiRMFvAr `{pvipfpTd[f niBtfTkibarf.
sfEnEhaEmprm@, '[fb[qv[fbalf ya{Adyv[fp<, rajmfsfvyi ;Tta{mf
'[f[ alf vnftt[fB, `Tv<mv[ti[f[ REq. nitfymf pfrtixfFt@ ;[fb[fbakilf
mbfebaREpaT ekaDEpakiEbaem[f[ , `gfg[f ecyfy<mt[fB. trfmiAypf pbfbi
vRkibtaAkyaEl ni[f[ laliEl[fka]f '[f{maEpaEl. pkfticfc niyta
sfEnhmavet[f? pkftiyavet[fe[[f[ ilf epRmaAqeyaziycf eclflaAm
pibnfT vfytiErktftilf MFnft ckfrvrftftiniAl sfEnhmf. pkftiyavT nilf
'[f[ KRxfv '[f{mfpFyayf MAbybinfT pbfbi[ ;AqyepRmaqf niAl.
viqkfkmf - (`rgfk[idmf t[kfKqfq `[fApkf PBkibarf) `{m[f ;ram[idmf
- sfEnEhaEmprm@ - '[kfK umfmidmf uqfq `[fp< mikv<mf cibpfpa[T -
'[fba[f, p>ttftazfvarf ;r]fdamf tiRvnftatiyilf(100) - '[fb[qv[fbalf
ya{Adyv[fp< - '[fbarf, `{m[f - rajmfsfvyi - `rcE[. u[f[ idmf '[kfK
uqfq `[fp< '[fBmf uqfqT - '[fba[f. ;TEpa[fB '[kfKmf u[f mIT
uqfqT(tiRpfpa]azfvaRkfK `rgfk[f mIT). ;gfK oR Ekqfvi 'zlamf -
;nft `[fp< tamakEv ~zfvaRkfK u]fda[ta? tiRvayfemaziyilf(8-8-3) -
`Tv<mf `v[T ;[f[ REq - '[fpT Epa[fB, ;nft niAl u[f[ aEl
vnftT, '[f[ alf "bfpdvilfAl - '[fbarf. ;nft `[fp< - nitfymf pfrtixfFt@ -
'pfEpaTmf niAlyak uqfqT - '[fbarf. ;gfK epriyepRmaqf ~zfvaridmf -
;[fB `lflamlf EvB oR naqilf umfAm prmptmf ÀztfTcf eclfEvamf -
'[fB Pbi[a[f. `tbfK ~zfvarf - `vfvitmf ec[fbaLmf u[fA[ viDtfT
'[f cinfAtya[T `gfK :DpdaT - '[fbarf. nmfmazfvarf (2-3-7) - ni[f[lalf
;El[f ka]f - umfAm vidfD na[f ;lfAl - '[fpT Epalf ;vrf niAly<mf
uqfqT. `{m[f ;ram[idmf - pkfticfc niyta - pkftiy<mf '[fBmf uqfqT
'[fba[f. ;gfK oR Ekqfvi - `[fp<mf pkftiy<mf EvBEvba? pkfti '[fpT
`vA[ vidfD `klamlf uqfq niAlEy ~Kmf. ;ramA[pf pirinft tcrt[f
uyirfvidfdT `[fp< kar]maKmf. ;ram[i ;lkfKv[idmf - nI ÈyatftiyiElEy
;Rpfpayak - '[fB Pbiy<mf, ;lkfKv[f - KRxfv - Akgfkrfymf
ecyfpv[ak ;RpfEp[f - '[fB pi[f etadrfnftT pkfti ~Kmf.
vIr t[fA[tf Etabfpitft TAb. umfMAdy vIrgfeka]fD p<bmfEp ev[fbIer[fB
;gfK evlflMFyT. ta{mf vIr[aAkyaEl Etabfpitft TAbAypf piFtfTpf
EpCkiba[f. paEva nanfytfr kcfcti - '[fA[ mIdfGrakiLmf '[f{Ady
enwfAc mIdfkpfEpakaT. `nfytfr - '[fkibT. mbfbara{M]fed[fparf
'[f{maEpaEl ekaDEpak niA[tft Etctfti[f EpRgfPdtf t[kfK
`shfymayiRkfkibpF. ;pfpF ramavtarmlfltbiyat tiRvFAypf
EpaElyayftfT ;vRmf, ;vrf Etvarma[ epriyepRmaAqylflaT
prvfy>hvipvgfkAq `biyatpF.

viqkfkmf - `{m[f - vIr - vIrE[ - '[fB PBvt[f YMlmf ta[f ;ram[i[f

vIrma[ K]tftibfKtf EtabfbAt u]rftfTkiba[f. `v[f ;ram[idmf -
umfMAdy vIrtftalf viEratikAq nIrf vIzftftlamf, ~[alf umT pkft[a[
'[fA[ vizftft ;ylaT - '[fba[f. ta{mf oR cibnft vIr[aAkyaEl
;vfvitmf EpCkiba[f. paEva nanfytfr kcfcti - '[f m[mf EvB epaRqfkqilf
eclflaT - '[fptalf '[fA[ nIvirf ev[fbaLmf, '[T m[At evlfl
;ylaT - '[fba[f. prmptnat[i[f tiRnamtfAtkf Pd ucfcrikfk viRpfpmf
;lflat tiRmgfAkyazfvarf(cibiy tiRmdlf) - mbfbara{mf u]fed[fparf -
'[fB PbiyT Epa[fB, `{m{mf - `nfytfr - EvB ;dmf - '[fba[f. ~k
;ramA[ viDtfT EvB 'tA[y<mf viRmfpat `{m[f Epa[fB `rgfk[f
`lflaT EvB 'tA[y<mf viRmfpamLmf `biyamLmf ;vrT niAl ;RnftT.
epriyepRmaAq `lflamlf mbfb pr-vfy>h-vipvgfkAq ;vrf `biy
viRmfpvilfAl.
!AvK]fdmf tiRpfpabfkdlf tiRvvtarsftlmf uknftRqi[ tiRpfptikqf
;Aveylflamf epriyepRmaEqya[apfEpaEl `vfEvavidgfkqiL]fda[
esqnftrfy K]EcxfFtatikeqlflamf epriyepRmaqf pkfklilf ka]lamf.
epriyepRmaqzKmf _cfvrfyMemlflamf prmpttftiEl MKqitmayiRkfKmf,
`vtartftilf :riAlEpaRmf, ;gfEk vnft pi[fp< tAztftT. 'gfgE[ey[f[ ilf
- epagfEkatcf Vzfnft p<v[iy<mf vi]f}lKmgfkaTmf EcaraEmyaqfki[fb
'mfepRma[f ecgfEkaLAdy tiRvrgfkcf eclfv[araAkyaEl
`vfEvavidgfkqf sgfKcitmayiRnfttiEb.
viqkfkmf - ;vfvazfvaRkfK !AvK]fdmf, tiRpfpabfkdlf, mTra Epa[fb
`vtar ;dgfkqf, mbfb `rfcfcavtar tivfy Etcgfkqf ~kiy À[tfTmf
epriyepRmaqakEv Eta[fBki[fb[. ;T Epa[fB `nftnft ;dgfkqilf
ka]pfpDmf `zK Mtla[ plfEvB K]gfkAqpf epriyepRmaqidmf ka]lamf.
epriyepRmaqi[f `zKmf, _cfvrfyMmf prmpttftilf emadfdak mdfDEm
;RkfKmf. `vtargfkqilf o[fB-;r]fD ;Alkqf TqirftftT Epa[fB mdfDEm
;RkfKmf. ~[alf tiRvrgfktftilf mdfDEm tAztfT, mlrfnfT ka]pfpDmf.
'pfpF '[fbalf - nacfciyarf tiRemazi(11-3) - epagfEkatmf Vzfnft p<v[iy<mf
vi]f}lKmf `gfkaTmf EcaraEm ~qfki[fb 'mfepRma[f ecgfEkalf uAdy
tiRvrgfkcf eclfv[arf - '[fB PBvT Epa[fB epRAm ;gfK uqfqtalf,
mbfb ;dgfkqilf Àv cibitqEv ka]pfpDmf.
t[fA[y<knftaAr `{pvikfAky[fbiEy ta[f '[fbalf viMkrayiRpfpaRmf
k]fd{pvikfklamfpF ;RkfAkyaEl nIrfAmyi[alf vnft "bfbmigfEky<]fD.
K]atikfytftaElyiEb vsfTv<kfK utfkrfxmf. K]mf viAlepBvT
;gfEkyiEb. K]tftilkpfpdfdarf ;vfvixymf Epakfki `biyarfkqiEb.
viqkfkmf - t[fA[ mikv<mf viRmfp<pvrfkqf mdfDEm `{pvikfKmf ;dgfkqak
cil uqfq[(prmptmf Epa[fbAv). `pfpF `lflamlf, t[f[ idmf mikv<mf :DpaD
;lflatvrfkQkfKmf :DpaD u]fdakfKmfpF t[f{Ady 'qiAmyalf vnfT
cy[itft "bfbmf tiRvrgfktftibfK u]fD. oR epaRqi[f uyrfv< '[fpT
`nftpf epaRqidmf uqfq K]gfkqalf `lflEva? ~[alf K]gfkqf uyrfv<
epBvT epriyepRmaqf YMlmak `[fEba? `v[T K]tftilf mygfkiyvrfkqf,
epriyepRmaAq `lflamlf EvB 'tA[y<mf `biyatvrfkqf `lflEva?
yEta vaEca nivrftftnfEt '[fB EvtgfkQkfekdfdat srfEvcfvrA[, ~bfbilf
t]f]IErapati ~bfBkfKqfEq k]fd{pvikfklamfpF ;RkfkibvidmiEb.
mAzkfk[fBvArME[nfTmf Amnft[fmTrvaba[ `vfvaB ;vfvabayftfTkf
ka}mf. ;vrf tmkfK pfrapfyRmf pfrapkRmf RcijnkRmf viErati
nivrftftkMemlflamf epriyepRmaEq '[fbiRkfkibarf.
viqkfkmf - AttftirIy up[ixtf - yEta vaEca nivrftftnfEt - vakfKmf
m[Mmf pfrhfmtfAt `qvid ;ylamlf tiRmfpi[ - '[fB PbiyT. ;pfpFpfpdfd
`nft srfEvcfvrA[, ;r]fD kaEvri ~bfbi[f nDvilf, `nfttf t]f]Irf
Epa[fB 'qitakkf k]fD `{pvikfKmfpFya[ ;dmf tiRvrgfkmf `lflEva?
tiRmaAlyilf(36) - mAzkfK `[fB vAr ME[nfTmf AmnftE[ mTr ~Eb

- '[fB PbpfpDmf ;[iy ~B(kfRxf][f) `lflEva ;gfK epriyepRmaqak

uqfqT. ;pfpFpfpdfd epriyepRmaAqtf tiRpfpa]azfvarf t[f[ alf
ÀdykfPFy pfrapfymay<mf, pfrapkmay<mf, ;vfvitmf ÀdvtbfK "bfb
RciAy(viRpfpmf '[lamf) viAqvipfptakv<mf eka]fdarf.
plEpakftfRtfvmf tmfmtayiRkfk 'lflamvEr '[fkibpF 'gfgE[ey[f[ ilf

pfrtmsHkfRtMmf ta[ayf EpbfBkfK Ev]fDv[ nirfvhitfTpfEpanft
esqharftftMmf `tftAlyiEl kidkfAkyaEl, EpbfBkfK ;tftAlyiLqfqT
ecalflpfpatftmf EparatiEb uqfqT]fdakilf `{kfrhtfTkfK
EhTvamitftA[. ;tr vixygfkqilf `Rciy<mf pkvtf vixytftilf
`pfrtiExtMmf viAqnft ;mfmatfrtftiEl epriyepRmaqf tmfMAdy sfvYRp
YRp K]vip>tikAqkf kadfdkf k]fd{pvitfT pfrItrakibarf. ~nAynmf
hricfErxfd '[fB mharajAryidfD !vipIx]azfvaA[ `Rqf paFdfdapfEpaEl,
tazfcfci mbfebgfKmf tvirfnfT kAdtftAlyiRnfT vaZmf EcamfprayiRkfkib
Elaksargfk mhaM[ikAq `Rqf paFdfD, nmf paDEvaA[ ÀztfTkf
eka]fD vaRmf '[f[ , `vRmf `RqfpadRqfpaD '[fB ecalfl, ;vRmf
`FEy[f `Fpfpa][Fpfpa][f '[fB ;bayfkfk, `vRmf vidaEt Etaqf EmEl
'ZnftRqpf p]f}vitfTkf eka]fDEpak, vziyiEl o[fpT padfDpfpaFtf
tiRpfpirmfp<kfKqfEq ni[fB ptftamf padfDpf paFtf tAlkfkdfDkibarf.
viqkfkmf - epriyepRmaAq ;vrf `{pvitftpF uqfqEpaT, À[tfTmf
epriyepRmaEq '[fB PBvT 'pfpF? epriyepRmaqf, t[f[ idmf oRv[f vnfT
EcrfvtbfK uBpfpa[ Mtlf p<]f]iytfAt, `vE[ "bfpDtfti Avkfkiba[f.
EmLmf `vfvpfEpaT t[f[ idmf Ect[{kfK uqfq uBti tqramlf niAl
niBtfTmfpFyak ~zma[ ndfApkf eka]fdpF uqfq t[fAm epriyepRmaqidmf
uqfqT. ~k epriyepRmaAq Àdy Ect[[idmf "Tmf ;lfAl '[fEb
Pbividlamf. `pfpF uqfqEpaT epriyepRmaqi[f `RQkfK oRv[f patftirmf
~vtbfK '[f[ kar]mf? ulk vixygfkqilf pbfB ;lflaAmy<mf,
epriyepRmaqf ;vA[tf t[f pkfkmf ;Zkfk MA[y<mfEpaT, ;v[f
tDkfkamlf ;RnftaLEm EpaTma[T. ;nft ;r]fAd mdfDEm mikv<mf
uyrfnftT '[fB epriyepRmaqf t[f{Ady sfvYRpmf, YRpmf, klfya]
K]gfkqf ~kiyvbfAb evqipfpDtftiviDkiba[f. ;tA[kf k]fD ~zfvarf
mikv<mf mkizfnfT Epakibarf. ~nAynmf hricfErxfd - va[rrfkqilf cibnft
CkfrIvE[, `vA[ ÀztfT va - '[fB CkfrIv[f YMlmak vipIx]A[
;ram[f Àztfta[f, `TEpa[fB tiRvayfemazi(3-2-4) PBvT Epa[fB -
tazfcfci mbfebgfKmf tvirfnfT - mbfb vixygfkqilf :Dpdamlf uqfqvRmf,
tiRmaAlyilf(38) PBvT Epa[fB - kAdtftAlyiRnfT vaZmf Ecamfprf -
Ekayilf eta]fFlf mdfDEm :DpdfdpF uqfqvRmf ~kiy Elaksargfk
mhaM[ivA[ `rgfk[f Àztfta[f, `vridmf - nmfAmpf paDpv[a[
tiRpfpa]A[ ÀztfTkf eka]fD vaRmf - '[fba[f. `vrf ~zfvaridmf
ec[fB - `RqpfpaD - '[fB epriyepRmaqi[f utftrAvkf Pbi[arf.
;tA[kf Ekdfd ~zfvarf - `FEy[f `Fpfpa][f `Fpfpa][f - '[fB t[T
tKtiAykf kadfF mBtftarf. ~yi{mf M[ivrf vidamlf, t[T Etaqfkqilf
~zfvaAr 'ZnftRqpf p]f]icf ec[fbarf. eclfLmf vziyilf ~zfvarf o[fpT
paCrgfkqf `Rqicf ecyftarf. epriyepRmaqf tiRM[fpak ni[fB ptftavT
paCrtfAtkf Pbi ;nftpf pirpnfttfAt niAbv< ecyftarf.
1. `ml[f ~ti pira[f `FyarfkfK '[fA[ ~qfpDtft
viml[f vi]f]vrfEka[f viAryarf epazilf Evgfkdv[f
niml[f ni[fml[f nIti va[v[f nIqfmtiqf `rgfktfT `mfma[f tiRkf
kml patmf vnfT '[f k]f]ilf uqfq[ okfki[fb[Ev
epaRqf - mikv<mf T\yfAmya[v[f, ;nft ulki[f kar]ma[v[f, '[kfK
À[tfTmf ecyfpv[f, mikv<mf tazfnft '[fA[ `v[T `FyarfkQkfKtf
eta]fd[ak mabfbiytalf u]fda[ mkizfcfci '[f{mf oqiy<Adyv[f,
nitfyVrikqi[f tAlv[f, nBm]mf vICmf EcaAlkqf niAbnft tiRmAlyilf
vacmf ecyfpv[f, '[f[ idmf "Tmf 'tirfparamlf utv<mf epRAm uqfqv[f,
'[kfK utv<vAttf t[T EpB '[fb ']f]iypF uqfqv[f, 'jma[-`FAm

ubv<MAb mabamlf ;RkfKmf prmpttfti[f nayk[f - ;pfpFpfpdfdv[f yarf

'[fbalf - uyrfnft tiRmtiqfkqf Vzfnft tiRvrgfktfti[f epriyEkayililf
k]fvqRmf `zkiym]vaq[f ~va[f. `v[T tiRvFtftamArkqf '[T
k]fkqilf ta[akEv vnfT p<Knft[.
nmfepRmaqf uAby>rilf kmlvlfli nacfciyaRd[f EsAv catikfkibpF
vfyakfya[mf
(`ml[f) - nitfysmfsariyayftf t]f]iyrayiRkfkib tamf kidfDAk
`tftAlkfK `vtfyem[fbiRnftarf. vnfT kidfF[ pi[fp< epriyepRmaQkfKpf
pibnft AvlX]fytfAtkf k]fD `ml[f '[fB eka]fdaDkibarf. `ml[f
'[fbT Ehy pfrtfynIke[[fbpF. `phtpapfmtfvatiK]gfkqf
~tfmav<kfK]fdayiRkfkcfecyfEty<mf Ehysmfpnftavhmayf, pkvtf
pfrsattftaEl u]fdak Ev]fFyiRkfKmf. ;v[f `gfg[[fbikfEkyiRkfAk.
viqkfkmf - 'pfEpaTmf smfsartftilf Cz[fbpFy<mf, tazfnft Kltftilf
uqfqvrakv<mf ;RnftpFyalf, ta[f epriyepRmaqidmf eclfvT `v{kfKtf
tazfAv "bfpDtftiviDmf '[fb ']f]i, `vA[cf ec[fbAdyamlf ;Rnftarf.
~[alf (epriyepRmaqi[f utftrvi[f Eprilf) epriyepRmaqidmf ta[f
ec[fbTmf, `v[T tiRMktftilf u]fda[ mkizfAvy<mf mlrfcfciAyy<mf k]fD,
`v[f Kbfbmbfbv[f '[fB p<kzfnftarf. `ml[f '[fb ptmf tazfv<kfK
'tirftdfdak uqfqv[f '[fb epaRqf `qipfptaKmf. prmatfmaAvpf Epa[fEb
jIvatfmav<kfKmf pavmf `bfbv[f Mtla[ t[fAmkqf u]fD, ~[alf jIv[f
eka]fDqfq udlf etadrfp< kar]mak `nfttf t[fAmkqf pkva[i[f `Rqalf
mdfDEm evqipfpDmf. ~[alf prmfepaREqa ;vfvitmf `nfttf t[fAmkqf
evqipfpd Ev]fFy `vciymf ;lflamlf, `vbfAb 'pfEpaTmf
evqipfpDtftiypFEy uqfqa[f.

(`ml[f) Ctfte[[fbpF. ;v[f Ctft[aAkyavT ta[f oRtft[f

Ctft[aAky[fB, t[fE[aD smfptftitftaAry<mf Ctftrakfkvlfl `Fy<AdAm.
TyrB CdrFyiEb. pavnsf srfvElakanamf tfvmf "v rKnnftn '[f{maEpaEl.
(`ml[f) '[fkibT - j[fmvfRtftanftikqalf KAby ni[fb tmfAm
vixyIkritft pi[fp< t[fpkfklf Etaxmf tdfdaEt `ncfnnfnnfEya `picakcIti
'[fkibpFEy viqgfKkibpF. '[fk]f pacmf Avtft prwfCdrfcf EcatikfEk.
viqkfkmf - mikv<mf T\yfAmya[v[f. T\yfAm '[fpT, ta[f mdfDmf
'nftvitma[ KbfbMmf ;lflamlf ;RpfpEtaD `lflamlf, t[fA[
carfnftvrfkAqy<mf `vfvitEm mabfbvlfl tib[f eka]fdv[f '[fptaKmf.
;tA[ tiRvayfemaziyilf(1-1-1) - TyrB CdrF - '[fbarf. ;ramay]mf(utftr
ka]fdmf@82-9) - pavnsf srfvElakanamf tfvmf "v rKnnftn - rama. ;nft
ulkgfkqf À[tfAty<mf T\yfAmpfpDtft vlflv[f nIEy - '[fbT. EmLmf,
pibviyalf, oZkfktftalf mikv<mf tazfnft '[fA[, `v[f "bfBkf eka]fd
pi[f[ Rmf, ta[f 'nftvittftiLmf tazfnfTvidamlf uqfqa[f. M]fdk
up[ixtf(3-1-1) - `ncfnnfnnfEya `picakcIti - k[iAy u]f]amlf
pfrkacmakEv uqfqT - '[fB PBvT Epa[fB uqfqa[f. ;T "[f '[fbalf,
nmfmazfvarf(3-3-4) - '[fk]f pacmf Avtft prwfCdrfcf EcatikfEk - '[fbarf.
(~ti) ~tIyt ;ti ~ti@ - sfpfRh]Iye[[fbpF. tmfAm vixyIkrikfAkkfK
`Fya[ae[[fB ~ti '[f[ v<mamf. jktfkar]tfvatikAqcf ecalflv<mamf.
~k ;r]fD pttftaLmf EhypfrtfynIktfvMmf klfya]K]EyakMmf
ecalfLkibT.
viqkfkmf - ~tIyt ;ti ~ti@ - À[vraLmf "bfkpfpDpv[f ~ti - '[fB
PbpfpdfdT. À[vraLmf viRmfppfpDpv[f ~va[f. t[fA[(~zfvaAr)
:DpDtftikfeka]fdtbfKkf kar]mak uqfqtalf ~ti '[fbarf. ;nft ulki[f
kar]mak uqfqtalf ~ti '[pfpdfda[f. ~kEv `ml[f mbfBmf ~ti ~kiy
;r]fD ecabfkqaLmf epriyepRmaqf tazfv<kqalf tI]fdpfpdamlf uqfqa[f
'[fBmf, tiRkfklfya] K]gfkqi[f ;Rpfpidmak uqfqa[f '[fBmf
u]rftftpfpdfdT.
(pira[f) - ;vfEvaniAlkAq '[kfkbivitft upkark[f. (pira[f) upkartfAtcf
ecalfli, ecalflpfpbfbaEm 'tftibmf '[fkibarf.
viqkfkmf - `vA[pf pbfbi ;vfvitmak '[kfKtf (~zfvarf)
etriypfpDtftiyv[f, ;pfpFpfpdfd utvi ecyftv[f. EmLmf pl utvikQmf
ecyfytf tyarak uqfqv[f.
(`FyarfkfK) - rtfnharI c prftftiv@ '[fkibpFEy ;vfvsfTvi[f cIrfAmyaEl

;T nmfmqvildgfkaT, nmfmFyarfkfkamitftA[ey[fB `vrfkQkfkakfki
[ae[[fkibarf. (`Fyarf) - t[f pkfkliEl niXipftprrayiRkfKmvrfkqf.
viqkfkmf - ;ramay]tftilf - rtfnharI c prftftiv - ;rtfti[kfkbfkAq
uriAmy<d[f `rc[f 'DtfTkf ekaqfqlamf - '[fB PBvT Epa[fB '[fA[
uriAmy<d[f Akkfeka]fda[f. '[f[ idmf '[f[ epRAm k]fda[f '[fB
'[kfKpf p<riyvilfAl, '[fA[tf t[kfK mdfDmf `lflamlf t[f{Ady
`FyarfkQkfKmf `FAmyakfki[a[f.
('[fA[yaqfpDtft viml[f) - t[f[ iAdyadfdMmbiyatev[fA[tf
t[f[FyarfkfK Ecxp>t[akfki[ Ctfte[[fkibarf. ('[fA[) pfrkfRtikfkFAm
ecyfT Epanftev[fA[. tnft t[tfti[f cIrfAm `biyat '[fA[. ('[fA[) -
Ethatfmapimanikqf tI]fdatev[fA[. n[fAmkfKtf t[kfkvfvR
kilflatapfEpaEl tIAmkfK '[kfkvfvRkilflat '[fA[. (~qfpDtft) -
`vrfkEqaEd opfp>}]f] Avtftil[f. `vrfkQkfK Ecxmakfki[a[f. pkvcf
EcxtfvtftqviEl ni[fbalf mIqcgfAky<]fD, pakvt Ecxtfvtftqv<mf
ec[fbalf mIqpfEpakaEt. ukpfpaEl vRmtaAkyaEl. oR EXtfrmf ptfetdfD

kfrymf ec[fbalf mIq virkilfAl. !vipIx]azfva{kfK MtlikQAdy

vixyIkarmf epRmaQAdy vixyIkartfTkfK MbfpdfdapfEpaEl ;vrfkfKtf ttIy
vixyIkarmf MbfpdfdpF. ttfRV@, ~nAynmf hri cfErxfd `gfK. ;gfK
ElaksargfkmhaM[ikAqpf Epayf ~zfvaAr ÀztfTkf eka]fD
vaRem[fba[f.
viqkfkmf - ('[fA[yaqfpDtft viml[f) - `v[T vixymf KbitfT "Tmf
`biyamlf uqfq '[fA[ `v[T `Fyarfkqi[f eta]fd[akfkiy T\yv[f
'[fbarf. ('[fA[) - ;nft ulk vixygfkQkfK mdfDEm `FAmyak ;Rnft
'[fA[. `v[f '[kfK `qitfTqfq eclfvtfti[f epRAm `biyat '[fA[.
('[fA[) - ;nft udAlEy ~tfma '[fB niA[kfKmf tazfnftvrfkqf Pd
oTkfKmf `qvibfKtf tazfnftv[a[ '[fA[. (~qfpDtft) - pkva[idmf
`FAmyak ;RnftalfPd nZv vayfpfp<]fD, ~[alf `v[f `FyarfkQkfK
`FAmya[alf nZv vayfpfpilfAl - kar]mf, ;nft niAl `v[f mIT
eka]fd ukpfpalf vRvtaKmf. vipIx]{kfK ;ram[i[f `biMkmf
kidfDvtbfK M[fpak, ;ram[i[f `Fyara[ CkfrIv[i[f `biMkmf kidfFyT.
;EtEpa[fB ~zfvaRmf epriyepRmaqidmf eclfvtbfK M[fpak `Fyari[f
`biMkmf kidfdpfepbfbarf. CkfrIv[idmf vipIx]A[ ÀztfT vRmfpF
'mfepRma[f ;ramay]tftilf Pbi[a[f. ;gfK ElaksargfkmhaM[ikqidmf
~zfvaAr ÀztfT vRmfpFpf p]itfta[f.
(`Fyarfkfek[fA[ ~dfpDtft) - ta[f Ecxitfvtfti{Ady 'lfAlyiEl
ni[fbapfEpaEl Ecxtfvtftie[lfAlyiEl '[fA[ Avtfta[f. (viml[f) - '[f
ciBAm paraEt ttIyrfkfK EcxmakfKAkyalf vnft oqjfvlfymf. 'tirikAq
trmfparaEt cIriyrf tnftamqviElyiEb ekaDpfpT.
viqkfkmf - (`Fyarfkfek[fA[ ~dfpDtft) - 'jma[tft[tfti[f 'lfAlyak
`v[f uqfqT Epa[fB '[fA[kf Akgfkrfytft[tfti[f 'lfAlyilf Avtfta[f.
(viml[f) - '[f{Ady tazfAm "Tmf paramlf `v[T `FyarfkQkfKkf
Akgfkrfymf ecyfy<mfpF AvtftT `v[T oqjfvlfy K]mf. vnftvrfkqf
viEratikqayi{mf n[fAm ecyfvT nlflvrf K]mf `[fEba?
(vi]f]vrfEka[f) - ~qilflatv[f kiGrf ;pfpF vixyIkritfta[f. nitfyVrikqf

'DtfTkf AknIdfDmfpF ;Rkfkibv[f kiGrf ktirf epaBkfki jIvipfpaArpfEpaEl
nitfysmfsariyayiRkfkibev[fA[ nitfyMkftEraedakfk vixyIkritfta[f.
;vfevqtarfymf kbfbTmf `vrfkEqaEd kiGer[fBmamf. `sfmapisfTlfEyapvT
'[fbarfkqiEb. (vi]f]vrfEka[f) - ;gfKtfAtkf KzatfAteyaziy
`gfKtfAtkf KzatfAty<mf kadfFtftnfta[f. ud[f PDvet[fB ekaEla
'[fB ;vrf ~AcpfpdEv]fDvtilfAl. (Eka[f) - `vrfkqaLmf 'lfAl
ka]eva]f]aT. (viAryarf epazilf Evgfkdv[f) - primqmf niAbnftiRnfTqfq
EcaAlAyy<Ady tiREvgfkd mAlAyy<Adv[f. epriyepRmaAqpf
padanibfktf tiRmAlyiEl Epavae[[fe[[f[ ilf - oRvA[kf kvipaDmfEpaT
`v{Ady vrtfTcfecalfliyiEb kvipaDvT. prmpttftilf ni[fBmf
!mTAryiEl tgfkitf tiRvayfpfpaFkfK vnftapfEpaEl, !AvK]fdtfti[i[fBmf
tiRmAlyiEl tgfkikfka}mf EkayiLkfK vnftT '[fB pdfdrRqicfecyfy<mfpF.
`[fbiEy, Ekayilf EpakfyAt tmkfK nilmlflaAmyaEl tiRmAlyiElEpayf
trikfkpfparfkfkibaer[fBmamf. (viAryarf) - nitfysJrikAqy<Ady[avTkfK
EmEl Orf _cfvrfymf.
viqkfkmf - (vi]f]vrfEka[f) - ;vfvitmf tazfnftv[a[ '[fA[ `v[f pkfkmf
EcrftftT EvB yaRmf kidfdaAmyala? `lfl. nitfyVrikqf plRmf Vz
uqfqv[f `v[f. `[fbadmf jIv[tfTkfkak enlf EckritftpF uqfqv[f
Epa[fB, '[fBmf smfsartftilf cikfkiypF uqfq '[fA[, nitfyMkftrfkQd[f
Ecrftfta[f. ;ramay]mf y<tftka]fdtftilf - `sfmapisfTlfEyapvT - CkfrIv[f
;ram[idmf vipIx][f nmT n]fp[ak ;RkfkdfDmf - '[fB Pbi[a[f.
'mfepRma[f, '[fA[ nitfyVrikQd[f EcrftfT AvkfKmf oqtarfy K]tfAt
CkfrIv[idmiRnfT kbfba[f EpaLmf. ;gfKqfq `FyarfKzamf mdfDmf `lflamlf,
prmpttftilf uqfq `FyarfKzatfAty<mf kadfF[a[f. nmfmazfvarf

tiRvayfemaziyilf (2-3-10) - ud[f PDvT '[fB ekaEla - '[fB "gfkiyT

Epa[fB tiRpfpa]azfvarf ~AcpfpdkfPd Enrmf ;lflatpF EcrftfT Avtfta[f.
(Eka[f) - `nft nitfyVrikqaLmf ;v[T K]gfkAqpf pbfbiy 'lfAlkqf
ka] ;ylatpF uqfqv[f. (viAryarf epazilf Evgfkdv[f) - primqmf kmZmf
EcaAlkqf 'gfKmf Vzfnft ;dmakiy tiREvgfkdmAlAytf t[T
;Rpfpidmak uqfqv[f. ;gfK Orf _ymf "bfpdlamf - epriyepRmaAqpf pbfbipf
paFkfeka]fDqfqEpaT, tiGer[ tiRmAlAypf pbfbikf PBvT "[f -
;vfvitmf pdfdridmf oR cilrf Ekdfd[rf. `tbfKpf pdfdrf - oRvA[pf pbfbikf
PBmfEpaT `v[f 'gfkiRnfT vnftv[f '[fB p<kzfnfT PBvT vzkfkmf.
prmpttftiliRnfT p<bpfpdfD mTra nkrilf tgfki, pi[f[ rf tiR~yfpfpaFkfK
vnfta[f. `T Epa[fB, !AvK]fdtftiliRnfT p<bpfpdfD, tiRmAlkfK vnfT,
tiRvrgfktfTkfK vnfta[f - '[fbarf. `lflT tiRvrgfkpf epriyEkayilf
t[f[ alf 'qitakcf ec[fB `{pvikfk ;ylamlf uqfqtalf, tiRmAlkfKcf
ec[fB uyirf trikfkpf parfkfkibarf. (viAryarf) - nitfyVrikqf '[fb epRmf
_cfvrfymf uqfqv[f, `vrfkAq vid ;vAr uyrfnft _cfvrfymf '[fB
ekaqfpv[f.
(vi]f]vrfEka[f viAryarfpfepazilf Evgfkdv[f) - ~bfbiEl `ZnfTvarf

~zgfkaliEl ;Aqpfpabtf EtDmaEpaEl `vrfkQmf vnfT `FAm
ecyfy<midmf. (Evgfkdv[f) - `rfcfcavtartfTkfKpf epabfkalf epaliyvidfdvidmf.
(niml[f) - ;tftAlyilf `rftftitfvMmf Pdvi[fbikfEkyiRkfk, ;pfpF
upkrikfAkyalf vnft oqjfvlfymf. ;v{mf OrFyidpfparftftiraetaziAk.
`citfvyavfRtftiyaEl OrFyidfdaR]fdakilf ptfpfyampik macfAcv
sfEnhsnftrfcEnnc. (ni[fml[f) - ;tftAlkfK upkritfta[a
yiRkfAky[fbiEk t[f EpbayiRkfAk. `ml[f '[fB t[kfkakfki[pF, viml[f
'[fB t[f[ Fyarfkfkakfki[pF, niml[f '[fB na[f pcfAcyidatiRkfk
'[fkarfymf ecyftae[[fkibarf. (ni[fml[f) - ;T t[f Epbakcf
ecyftae[[fkibarf. kfRtfkfRtfysfttaram@ '[fkibpFEy.
(nItiva[v[f) - EcxEcxitfvgfkqf MAbmabat nitfyvip>tiyiEly<qfqv[f.
:cfvErahmf '[fB 'tiridfFRkfKmidmiEb ;vfvidmf, `gfK klkfKvaRmilfAl,
klgfKvaRmilfAl, ;gfK klkfKvaRM]fD, klgfKvaRM]fD.
(nIqfmtiqrgfktftmfma[f) - nItiva[v[f '[f[ a, nI]f mtiqrgfktftmfma
e[[fkibarf, `qpfpriyvarMAt `rgfkEmyvnft]A[ '[f{maEpaEl
(nI]fmtiqf) - rXktfvtfTkfKpf EpaRmfpFya[ mtiAqy<Ady epriyEkayiliEl
k]fvqrfnftRQkib prmEcxi. (`mfma[f) - :rrC tvirftftaliEb Ecxitfvmf
p>rf]mavT. tiRmAlyilf EpakfyAt nilmlflaAmyaEl mIqv<mf EkayiliEl
p<Kkibarf. evqfqtfAtkf kqfqmAdyaEl pqfqtfEt viDmaEpaEl,
tiREvgfkdMAdya[f vdkfKtf tiRvaclaEl vnfT p<Knfta[tftA[
'[fBmamf. (tiRkfkmlpatmf) - ecvfviy<mf Kqirftftiy<mf vikasMmf primqMmf
etadkfkma[Av.
viqkfkmf - (nItiva[v[f) - 'jma[[f-`FAm '[fb MAb mabamlf uqfq
prmpttftilf uqfqv[f. ;nftpf p>miyilf mdfDEm - :cfvErahmf - naE[ :cfvr[f
- '[fB vatmf ecyfy<mf t[fAm uqfqT. prmpttftilf ;T Epa[fb tvba[
kRtfTkfkqf eka]fD yaRmf mykfKvTmf ;lfAl, `vfvitmf mygfKpvrfkQmf
;lfAl. ~[alf ;nftpf p>miyilf ;T Epa[fb tvba[ vatgfkqf eka]fD
nmfAm mygfkcf ecyfpvrfkQmf u]fD, ;nft vattfti[alf mygfKpvrfkQmf
u]fD. (nI]fmtiqf `rgfktfT `mfma[f) - nItiva[v[f '[fpTd[f nilflamlf
nI]fmtiqf `rgfktfT `mfma[f '[fbarf. (nI]fmtiqf) - kapfptbfKpf p>r]ma[
mtiqfkAqkf eka]fd tiRvrgfkmf epriyEkayililf k]fvqrfkfki[fbv{mf,
À[vRkfKmf 'jma[{mf. (`mfma[f) - ;R `rcrfkqf ~dfci ecyftalf,
oRv[f mdfDEm MZAmya[ 'jma[[f '[fB 'vfvitmf Pb ;yLmf?
`TEpa[fB ;gfK tiRmAly<mf, tiRvrgfkMmf PbpfpDmfEpaT,
epriyepRmaEq 'jma[[f '[fB 'vfvitmf Pb ;yLmf? tiRmAlyilf ;[iAm
niAbvak ;lflat kar]tftalf, mI]fDmf epriyEkayiLkfEk vnfT viDkibarf.
(tiRkfkmlpatmf) - `zK, Kqirfcfci, nBm]mf ~kiy À[tfTmf pibkfKmf
;dmak uqfq tiRvFkqf.

~titfyA[kf k]fdaliEb tamArylRvT, ;tftamArkfK ~titfy[f ;vrf.

piradfF tiRMAltftdgfkqiLmf tiRkfk]fkqiLmf obfbikfekaqfQmf tiRvFkqf.
;vRAdy tqirfp<Ary<mf tiRvFkqiRkfkibpF. (`mfma[f tiRkfkmlpatmf) -
etadrfnfT vRAkkfK pfrapfti. (vnfT) - tfvIpanftrtftilf crkfKcf
EcrEv]fF[alf patipfpati vziyakiLmf vRtlf, oRtAlpfpbfBtlf
ecyfyEv}miEb, `gfg[[fbiEy, vnfT[tFEy[f m[mf p<Knftayf '[fkibpFEy
vzivnfta{mf taE[, pbfbi[a{mftaE[ '[fkibT. (nItiva[v[f-kmlpatmf-'[f
k]f]i{qfq[) - statrfcnmf p]f}kibvrfkqf k]f}kfkilkfka[TkiGrf '[f
k]f}kfkilkfkakibT. vlfltA[ naQmf viEratmf p]f]iE[[f,
EpakfkbfbvaEb '[f k]fA]cf ecmfpqitfEt[f, etadrfnfT vnfT ecmfpqitft
k]fA]y<BtfT uqfEq p<KnfT nibfAkyaEl '[f k]f]i{qfq[ '[fkibarf.
`[fbiEy tmf k]f]aEl parfkfAk `vtfyem[fB k]fA]cf ecmfpqitftarf,
k]f]i{qfEq pfrkacikfktf etadgfkibfB.
viqkfkmf - VriyA[kf k]fdalf tamAr mlrfvT ;ylfp< `lflva?
tamAryakiy 'mfepRma[i[f tiRvFkqf mlrfvtbfka[ Vriy[ak ~zfvarf
uqfqarf. ;nfttf tiRvFkqf epriypiradfF t[T sft[gfkqiLmf,
tiRkfk]fkqiLmf obfbikf ekaqfQmf tiRvFkqf ~Kmf. (vnfT) - oR tIvilf
uqfqvrfkqf tgfkQkfK "bfb epaRqf Ev]fDmf '[fbalf, nadfFlf
uqfqvrfkAqkf kdlilf pati T\rmf vrcfecalfli, tagfkqf patiT\rmf vnft,
epaRqfkAqpf epBvrf. ;gfK `pfpF ;lfAl. epriy tiRemazi (3-5-1) -
vnfT[tFEy[f m[mf p<Knftayf - '[fB PBvT Epa[fB, ta[akEv vliy
vnfT, ;vArpf pbfbv<mf ecyfta[f. 'pfEpaTmf tricitftpF uqfq nitfyVrikqi[f
k]fkQkfK ;lkfkak uqfqv[f ;[fB '[f k]fkQkfK ;lkfka[a[f.
~yi{mf `tA[kf ka]amlf ovfevaR naQmf tkat ecylfkAqEy
ecyfEt[f. `T mdfDm[fbi '[T k]fkAq YMFkf ekaqfqv<mf ecyfEt[f.
~[alf `v[f YMFy '[T k]fkAq vliytf tibnfT uqfEq p<KnfT ni[fba[f.
`lflT EvB epaRQmf Pblamf. `vA[pf parfkfktf t[kfKtf tKti ;lfAl
'[fB k]fkAq YMFkfeka]fdarf, ~yi{mf `v[f YMFy k]fkqi[f uqfEq
pfrkacitfta[f.
(okfki[fb) - pfrEyajnmf ;r]fD tAlkfKmf otftira ni[fbT. `gfKtfAtkfK
cIlsitfti, ;gfKtfAtkfK sfvYRpsitfti. (okfki[fb) - pfrtfyX smanakar
mayiRnftet[f{tlf. '[f k]f}kfkilkfka[ vidtftiLmf pAzy niAl
KAlyatiRnftet[f{tlf. smfcarikAqpf parftfT ugfkQkfKmf okfKEma
ev[fkibaratlf. ;nft lapmf `tftAlkfKmf okfKEmaev[fkibaratlf.
viqkfkmf - (okfki[fb) - ;vrf 'mfepRmaA[ Àdnftt[f YMlmf
;RvRkfKEm py[f u]fda[T. ;vrf `vA[ Àdnftt[f YMlmf, `v[T
cIl K]tfAt ulkibfK evqipfpDtfTmf vayfpfp< `v{kfK u]fda[T.
;vRkfK t[f{Ady sfvYRptfAt `binfT ekaqfqkfPFy vayfpfp<
u]fda[T. ;vrf t[f{Ady m[tarkf k]fdAtEy, t[T k]fkqilf `v[f
ni[fba[f '[fB PBkibarf. tazfva[f t[T k]fkqilf p<Knft pi[f[ Rmf, t[T
pAzy epaliv< mabamlf uqfqa[f. smfsarikqidmf - ugfkQkfK ugfkqf ulk
vixytftilf "bfpDmf niAlya[T, ;nft u[f[ t niAlAy 'dfDma - '[fbarf.
(`ml[f) - uyrfvb uyrf nlmf uAdyv[f. (~ti) - yv[f. (pira[f) - myrfvb
mtinlmf `Rqi[a[f. (`FyarfkfK) - pyiLmf Cderaqi. (vi]f]vrfEka[f) -
`yrfvBmf `mrrfkqf `tipti. (vnfT) - `vrf etaZetZ '[fbarf, ;vrfkfK
Àv taE[ vnfT ni[fb[.
viqkfkmf - (`ml[f) - t[fA[ vid uyrfnftT '[fB "Tmf ;lflatv[f.
(vnfT) - nmfmazfvarf À[vridMmf, `v[T tiRvFkAqcf ec[fB
etazEv]fDmf '[fbarf. ;vRkfEka `nfttf tiRvFkqf tamakEv vnfT 'tiEr
ni[fb[.

2. uvnft uqfqtft[ayf ulkmf `qnfT `]fdMb

nivrfnft nI]fMFy[f `[fB Enrfnft nicacrArkf
kvrfnft evmf kA]kf kaKtft[f kFyarf epazilf `rgfktftamfma[f
civnft ~Adyi[f Emlf ec[fbtamf '[f cinftA[Ey.
epaRqf - '[fA[tf t[T `Fyarakkf eka]fdtalf mikv<mf mkizfv<d[f

uqfqa[f. YM[fB ulkgfkAqy<mf t[T tiRvFyalf `qnfT 'Dtfta[f. `nft
Enrtftilf, `]fdtfti[f 'lfAlAy 'dfDmfpFyak uyrftftiy<Ady tiRMFAykf
eka]fda[f. M[fp< oR kaltftilf, ;ram[ak ni[fB, t[fA[ 'tirftfT vnft
`rkfkrfkqi[f uyiArtf t[f{Ady ekaFy `mfp<kqalf kvrfnfta[f.
;pfpFpfpdfdv[f ;[fB `zka[ EcaAlkqf Vzfnft tiRvrgfktftilf
k]fvqrfkiba[f. `v[T `zka[ ;Dpfpilf kdfdpfpdfd pItamfprtfti[f mIT
'[f{Ady niA[va[T niAl ni[fbT.
~zfvarf PBvT Epa[fB civnft pdfdaAd cabfbikfeka]fD cinfAt kvRmf

nmfepRmaqf

`vtariAk
MtbfpadfFlf `v[f etadrfnfT vnftpF eca[f[ arf. ;pfpadfFlf tamf Emlf

viZnftpF ecalfLkibarf. tiRvFkqiEl etadrfnft tiRv<qfqmf
tiRpfpriyvdfdtfti[f Emlf EcrfnftpF 'gfgE[ey[f[ ilf, ta[binfT Ecrilf
vixytfti[f EpakfyAtkfKkf Kbfbmamf. ~AkyaEl EpakfyAt
`qv<pdfdTmlfl, ~Ac tAlmFnftTmlfl, kdElatmf kiqrftAl kpfp<kfkalf
uqfEq kidnftetaR TRmfp< kdAl `qvidfdllflEv kArEyBvT. oR
tiAr oR tiAryiEl "b vICmtftA[yiEb.
viqkfkmf - kdnft paCrtftilf, `v[f ;vArpf pi[f etadrfnfT vnftAtkf
Pbi[arf. ;nftpf paCrtftilf, ta[f `v[f pkfkmf ec[fB viZnftAtkf
PBkibarf. tiRvFkAqkf PbiypF ;Rnft ;vrf, tiGer[ ;Dpfpilf uqfq
~AdAypf pbfbikf Pb vnftT "[f? ta[akEv ovfevaR pKtiyakpf
epriyepRmaAq `{pvitftiRnftalf, `vbfbi[f ;[iAmkfKkf KAb
"bfpdlamf. ~Akyalf tiRvFkqi[f mIT ;vRkfK ;[iAm KAbnfttalf,
`DtfTqfq ~Adyi[f mIT ;vrf k]fkqf ec[fbT '[fpT `lfl. kdlilf
Àlkqf vICmfEpaT, `t{qfEq uqfq cibiy epaRqa[T, Orf
ÀlyiliRnfT mbfEbarf ÀlkfKtf tqfqpDmf `lflEva? kdlf MZvTmak
`binfT eka]fd pi[f[ Er `nftpf epaRqf kArEyBmf '[fptlfl. `TEpa[fB
;vRmf epriyepRmaqi[f '[fb kdlilf cikfki, `v[T `zka[ uBpfp<kqf
'[fb pl Àlkqalf `gfKmigfKmf tqfqpfpDkibarf '[fB kRtfT.
vfyakfya[mf
(uvnftv<qfqtft[ayf) - ~zfvaAr `kpfpDtfTAkyalf vnft pfrIti,
srfEvcfvr[ayf !y@ptiyayf `vapftsmsft kam[ayiRkfkibv[f `rftftiyayf
vnfT, t[f tiRvFkAqtf tAlyiEl Avya ni[fbalf mtIy Ymrftftanm
lgfkrixfyti '[fB ukkfk Ev]fFyiRkfk, Àvybiyaetaziy pfrAj palf
KFkfkkfk]fD ukkfKmf mataAvpfEpaEl uknft tiRv<qfqtfAt
uAdyv[ayf. ;vbfAbpf pirinftalf vfysnMmf t[f[ EtyiEb vfysEnxH
m{xfya]amf pfRcmf pvti '[fkibpFEy.
viqkfkmf - (uvnftv<qfqtft[ayf) ~zfvaArtf t[kfK vcpfpDtftiy
kar]tftalf u]fda[ mkizfcfciyilf uqfqv[f. srfEvcfvr{mf, epriypiradfFyi[f
nayk{mf, t[T viRpfpgfkqf À[tfTmf niAbEvbpf epbfbv[ak
uqfqv{mf ~kiy epriyepRmaqf, yackmf epBpv[ak vnfT t[T
tiRvFkAq À[vrf tAlyiLmf Avtfta[f. `vfvitmf AvtftEpaT,
~qvnftarf sfEtatfr rtf[ tftilf (31) - mtIyYMrftfna mlgfkrixfyti - u[T
tiRvFtftamArkqf 'pfEpaT '[T tAlAy `lgfkrikfkpf Epaki[fb[ -
'[fB "gfkiy niAl nmkfKkf AkPFyT `lflEva? ~k namf `lflEva
mkiz Ev]fDmf? mabak ;v[f mkizkf kar]mf - '[fA[ ;vrfkqf tgfkqf
`biyamlf evBkfkamlf ;Rnft[Er - '[fB ']f]i, t[f[ idmf palf KFkfKmf
KznfAtAykf k]fD tayf mkizfvT Epa[fB, ;v[f mkizfnfta[f. namf `vA[
vidfDpf pirinftalf, t[f{Ady uAdAmkAq ;znfEtamf '[fB `v[f
`lflEva T[fpmf ekaqfkiba[f? ;ramay]mf (Èyatfya ka]fdmf 2-40) -
vfysEnxH m{xfya]amf pfRcmf pvti - m[itrfkqi[f T[fpmf k]fD,
T[fppfpDmf m[itrfkAq vid `tikmak ;ram[f Tyrmf ekaqfkiba[f - '[fbT
ka]fk.
(ulkmqnfT) - vKtft tiRvFkqf tAlyiEl vnftiRnftaLmf ukkfkvbiyat
ElaktfAtkf kiGrf ta{mf vidaEt `qnftT. ukkfkvbiyaAmkfK
v[fmaAvymiEb. K]aK] niYRp]mf p]f]aEt 'lfElarf tAlyiLmf okfktf
tiRvFkAq AvtftpFyaEl, pkftima[fkQmf patkikQmf okfk vazfnfT
EpayftfT.

viqkfkmf - (ulkmqnfT) - tgfkqT 'jma[[f tiRvFkqf tgfkqf tAlyilf

vnfT ni[fbEpaT `tA[kf k]fD ;nft ulkilf uqfqvrfkqf ukpfp<
Àdyamlf ;Rnft[rf. ;vfvitmf ;vrfkqf uqfqEpatiLmf - na[f
AkvidmadfEd[f - '[fB uBti eka]fD `lflva `qnfta[f? "[f ukpfp<
Àdyamlf ;Rnft[rf? tiRvayfemazi (3-2-2) - v[fma - PBvT Epa[fB
;nft ulktfti[rf mikv<mf vliAmya[ m[mf eka]fdvrfkqak uqfq[rf.
`vfvitmf t[T tiRvFkAq AvtftEpaT - nlflv[a, tazfnftv[a -
'[fB ~rayamlf À[vri[f tAlyiLmf oEr Epa[fB t[T tiRvFkAq
Avtfta[f. ;t[alf `v[f mIT pkfti eka]fdvrfkqf, pavmf ecyftvrfkqf '[fb
Eptmf ;lflamlf, À[vRmf cibpfpa[ vazfv< epbfb[rf.
(`]fdMb nivrfnft nI]fMFy[f) - `]fdkdahtftiEl ec[fB Ecrfnft

tiRvpiExktfAt uAdyv[f. `]fdkdahmf evFtfT Àdkdfd
Ev]fDmfpFyiEb ÈpXitmf epbfB vqrfnftpF. (`]fdMb) - `]fdmf
EmaAzeyz.
viqkfkmf - (`]fdMb nivrfnft nI]fMFy[f) - pfrmfma]fdtfti[f 'lfAlvAr
ec[fB vidfd tiRMFAy uAdyv[f. ulktfAt `qnfT mI]fDmf 'DtfTkf
ekaqfqEv]fDmf '[fb t[T viRpfpmf niAbEvbiy kar]tftalf tiRvayfemazi
(7-4-1) - `]fdmf EmaAzeyz - '[fB PBvT Epa[fB, `]fdmf evFtfT
vidaT tDkfkEv]fDmfpF `lflva ;v[f uyrfnfta[f.
(nivrfnft) - nimirfnft p>vlrfnftapfEpaEl. (nI]fMFy[f) - upyvip>tikfKmf

nirfvahe[[fB EtabfBmfpFyiRkfkib tiRvpiExktfAty<Adyv[f.
rXfyvrfkfktfAt Enakfki[aliEb rXk[f MFtripfpT. (`[fbitfyati) - k]fd
kadfciyiEl jitmf '[f[ Ev]fDmfpFyiRkfKmv[iEb. 'tiridfd ApylfkAq
MFkfAkkfK evvfviy crtfAty<Ady ckfrvrftftitf tiRmk[f.
viqkfkmf - (nivrfnft) - `zka[ mlrf mlrfnftT Epa[fB nimirfnft. (nI]fMFy[f)
- nitfyvip>ti, lIlavip>ti ~kiy ;r]fF[f ckfrvrftfti ;vE[ '[fB
`bivikfKmf vitmak nI]fd kfrIdmf uAdyv[f. t[f[ alf kapfpabfbpfpd Ev]fFy
mkfkAqkf kapfpabfbi[alf `lflEva Orf `rc[i[f tAlyilf `v[f m]iMF
tgfkiyiRkfKmf? (`[fB ;tfyati) - ;vA[kf k]fdv<dE[Ey ;v[T evbfbi
nicfcymf '[fpTmf, tgfkqf Etalfvi nicfcymf '[fpTmf viEratikqf u]RmfpF
uqfqv[f. 'tiEr ni[fb `rkfkrfkqf `ziy<mfpF evmfAmya[ `mfp<kAq 'yft
ckfrvrftftitf tiRmk[f.
(`[fB) - rXk[a[v[f rXfytfAt Enakfkkfkdvtak vnfT ni[fbv[fB.
(Enrfnft nicacrAr) - 'tiridfd nicacrAr. Enrfnft nicacrAr '[fkibT
tiRpfplfla]fD padEv]fDmf `zAkkf k]fDmf 'tirmfp< EkapfpEt '[fB.
nicacrrf - evqiyilf Mkgfk]fdbiyat Apylfkqf. (kvrfnft) - p<bpfpDmfEpaT
vinytfEtaD p<bpfpdfD, EvdfAd nayfkqf OF Emlf viZmaEpaEl viZAk.
(evgfkA]) - viDmfEpaT `mfpayf, pDmfEpaT kalakfniEpaElyiRkfAk. tIpft
pavk sgfkaAc@ ciAt@ kawfc[p>xA]@ '[fkibpFEy epRmaqf k]f
parfkfkiLmf MFtftlflT nilflat evmfAm.
viqkfkmf - (`[fB) - t[f[ alf kakfkpfpdEv]fFy mkfkQkfkak,
kakfkEv]fFy epaBpfp< uAdy 'mfepRma[f ;ram[aktf `vtritft `[fB.
(Enrfnft nicacrAr) - t[kfK 'tiEr ni[fb `rkfkrfkAq. Enrfnft nicacrAr
'[fpt[f epaRqf '[f[? ;ramA[kf k]fdv<d[f `v[T `zkilf mygfki
`v{kfKtf tiRpfplfla]fD pad Ev]fFyT ;Rkfk, `v[f M[fpak ni[fB
`mfp<kAq viDki[fb[rf '[fB kRtfT. nicacrrf '[fbalf evqicfcmf niAbnft
;dgfkqilf nibfk ;ylamlf ;Rqilf mdfDEm uqfq `rkfkrfkqf '[fptaKmf.
(kvrfnft) - ;ram[i[f vilfliliRnfT evqipfpDmf `mfp<kqf, p<bpfpDmfEpaT
mikv<mf `dkfkmapf p<bpfpDki[fb[, ~[alf Àv `Crrfkqf mIT
EvdfAdnayfkqf Epa[fB payfki[fb[. (evgfkA]) - ;ram[i[f vilfliliRnfT
kiqmfp<mfEpaT `mfp<kqak uqfqAv, `Crrfkqf mIT viZmfEpaT
pfrqykaltfti[f enRpfp< Epa[fB viZki[fb[. ;ramay]mf - tIpft pavk

sgfkaAc@ ciAt@ kawfc[p>xA]@ - enRpfp< Epa[fbAvy<mf,

PrfAmya[Avy<mf, tgfktftalf ecyfypfpdfdAvy<mf - '[f{mfpF `mfp<kqf
'vfvqv< `zkak ;RnftaLmf, ;ram[f ;rkfkmf eka]fD ni[fbaLmf, `nft
`mfp<kqf 'tirikAq `zipfptilf kRA] kadfdat evpfpmf uAdyAv.
(kaKtft[f) - KFpfpibpfpaEl trmf paraEt vixyIkritftpFy<mf vIrvatiy<mf.
viqkfkmf - (kaKtft[f) - kKtft[f '[fb ckfrvrftftiyi[f Kltftilf
`vtritfttalf uyrfnftvrfkqf-tazfnftvrfkqf '[fB Eptmf ka]amlf,
À[vRkfKmf `Rqf p<rinft t[fAm.
(kFyarfepazilf) - tiRv<lkqnftRqi[vidEm piFtfT `Feyabfbi, rav]vtmf

p]f]itf etbfKtf tiRvaclaEl p<KnfT cayfnftRqi[ a[f. ;[f[ Mmf
EvrfpfpdgfkibfbilfAl, tiRcfEcaAlyilf primqmf vidayfkfK ciciErapcarma[pF.
(`rgfktftmfma[f) - `vtartfTkfKpf pibfpadrfkfKmf ;zv< tIrkf EkayiliEl
vnfT k]fvqrfnftRQkibpF. (`mfma[f) - ;gfEk vnft pi[fp< :cfvrtfvmf
niAlnibfAk.
viqkfkmf - (kFyarfpfepazilf) - tiRv<lkmf `qnfT '[fB Pbi vidfD,
`tA[tf etadrfnfT kaKtft[f '[fB ;ramA[kf Pbi[ arf. ;t[f YMlmf,
ulkmf `qnft kAqpfp< nIgfKvtbfkakv<mf, ;rav]A[ vtmf ecyft kAqpfp<
nIgfKvtbfkakv<mf, ;ram[f etbfK vaclf YMlmakpf epriyEkayiLkfK vnfT,
nBm]mf vICmfpFya[ tiRvrgfktftilf cy[itfTqfqa[f '[fB kRtfT.
;v{kfK ;[f[Mmf kAqpfpalf vnft viyrfAv `dgfkvilfAl.
tiRvrgfktfAtcf VzfnfTqfq EcaAlkqf ;v{kfK KqiYRdfF, kAqpfp< nIgfKmf
vitmak uqfq[. (`rgfktftmfma[f) - t[T `vtar kaltftilf ;lflamlf,
pi[f[ rf pibnftvrfkQkfK 'nftkf KAby<mf Enramlf ;Rkfk, tiRvrgfktftilf
cy[itfta[f '[fB kRtfT. (`mfma[f) - tiRvrgfktftibfK vnft pi[f[ Er
`vE[ :cfvr[f '[fb tKti niAlya[T.
(ÀrcfcivnftvaAd) - uAdyarfnftvaAd, eckfkrfmaMkilf, tiREm[ikfKpf
pfrpakma[ tiRpfpItamfprmf. (civnftvaAdyi[f Emlf ec[fbtamf) -
Ecabfbi[fEmEl '[kfK m[mf ec[fbT '[f{maEpaEl ~cfcrfypfpDkibarf.
('[cinftA[) ~RAdy PAby<AdAykf k]fD ukkfkkf kdv enwfC
;tiElykpfpdfdT. ('[cinftA[) - tiRvFkqi[f Cvdbinft pi[fp< p<bmfp<
Epakmadfdat enwfC. tIrftftmada nibfktf TAbyiEl piqfAqAypf ekDtfTtf
tiREvalkfktftiEl ka]fpaArpfEpaEl tiRvFkqilf ni[fBmf tiRpf
pItamfprtftiEl tiRv<qfqtfAtkf k]fdpF.
viqkfkmf - (ÀrcfcivnftvaAd) - nmfmazfvarf tiRvayfemaziyilf (3-7-4) -
uAdyarfnftvaAd - '[fBmf, tiRvaciriytftilf - eckfkrfmaMkilf - '[fBmf
`RqicfecyftpF, `v{Ady kBtft tiREm[ikfK "bfb nibmf eka]fdtak
uqfq tiRpfpItamfprmf '[fbarf. (civnftvaAdyi[f Emlf ec[fbtamf) - miKnft
pciy<qfq oRv{kfK u]vi[fmIT mdfDEm k]fkqf eclfvT Epa[fB, '[T
m[mf `v[T ~Adyi[fmIT ec[fbT '[ viypfpAdkibarf. ('[cinftA[) -
ep]fkqi[f ~AdkAqkf k]fD mdfDEm ;[fpmf ÀdnftpF ;Rnft '[T
m[mf, ;pfEpaT ;v[T ~Adyilf cikfK]fdT. ('[cinftA[) - kdnft
paCrtftilf `v[f tiRvFkAqkf k]fd '[T m[mf Eveba[fbiLmf eclflaT
'[fEbamf, ;pfEpaT `v[f ~AdAykf k]fD klgfkiyT '[fbarf. ntiyilf
nIraFy pi[f[ rf t[f{d[f vnft KznfAtAykf ka]amlf, `kfKznfAt
mbfebaR Pdfdtftilf ;RpfpAtkf ka}vT Epa[fB - t[T m[mf `zkiy
m]vaq[i[f tiRvFkqilf ka]amlf Epayfvid, ;pfEpaT `tA[ ~Adyilf
k]fedDkfkibarf.

3. mnfti payf vdEvgfkd mamAl va[vrfkqf

cnfti ecyfy ni[fba[f `rgfktfT `rvi[f À]ya[f
`nfti Epalf nibtfT ~Ady<mf `t[fEmlf `yA[pf pAdtftT Orf 'zilf
unfti EmlT `[fEba `FEy[f uqfqtfT ;[f uyiEr.
epaRqf - KrgfKkqf oR kiAqyiliRnfT mbfebaR kiAqkfKtf taviypF

uqfq tiREvgfkdmAlyilf nitfyVrikqf mlrfkqf T\vi v]gfk nibfkiba[f.
;pfpFpfpdfd `v[f, tiRvrgfktftilf ~tiEcx[f '[fb pDkfAkyilf
epriyepRmaqakkf k]fvqrfkiba[f. `v[T tiRpfpItamfpr ~Adya[T
`nftipfepaZtilf Eta[fBmf civnft va[mf Epa[fB uqfqT. `nft ~Adyi[f
mIT pfrmfmA[pf pAdtft `zka[ tamArmlrf Epa[fb napikfkmlmf uqfqT.
;vbfbi[f mIT '[T nlfm[mf niAlepbfB ni[fbT.
`nftiEnrtfT vi]fEpa[fB nibmf eka]fd ~Ad cabfbiypF nmfepRmaqf
`vtariAk
tiRpfpItamfprtfti[f `zK tiRnapI kmltftiEl vIcibfB.
viqkfkmf - `rgfk[i[f pItamfprtfti[f `zka[T ;vrT m[At `v[T

napiyi[fmIT `FtfTtf tqfqiyT.

vfyakfya[mf
(mnftipayf) - tiRmAlyilf plakfkqf EvEr piFtfTtf tAlyqv<mf pZtfTkf

kidkfAkyaEl `gfKtfAtkf KrgfKkqf jatfy<cit capltftaEl oR pztfAt
p<jikfkpf p<k mbfAb Emlilf pztftiEl k]fA]EyadfF ;tfAt vidfD `tiEl
payfnfT tava nibfKmf `tftA[yayftfT. epriyepRmaQAdy
tivfyavyvgfkqiEl tamf ~zgfkalf pDkibapf EpaElyayftfT ÀvkQmf.
ka[Mmf va[rMmf EvDMAd EvgfkdmiEb. (mnftipayf) - o[fAbeya[fB pbfbi
maAlyak nalanibfKmf. tiRcfci[f[ kfKrlf EkdfdvaEb payfnfEtada
nibfKem[fBmamf. prmptMmf tiRmAly<mf EkayiLmf tiRvEyatfAyy<mf
tiRcfEcaAly<mf oR EpakiyayiRkfkibpF. 'gfKmf mabimabitf tgfKAk.
(mnftipayf) - plakfkqf EvEraD pA]EyaD vaciybpf pZtfTkf kidkfAkyaEl
o[fbiEl vayf Avkfkpf epbaEtta[f Ev]fF[pFEy tiriy<mfpFyayftfT.
viqkfkmf - tiRmAlyilf uqfq pla mrgfkqilf Evrf etadgfki ucfci vAr,
mrmf MZvTmf plapfpzgfkqf uqfq[. `gfKqfq KrgfKkqf `vbfAb
u]fptbfkak oR mrtftibfKtf tav<mf. `pfEpaT mbfebaR mrtftilf uqfq
plapfpzmf k]f]ilfpd, ;tA[ vidfD `tbfKtf tav<mf. ;tA[ ;gfK
PBkibarf. ;vrT m[ma[T epriyepRmaqi[f tivfyma[ uBpfp<kfkqilf
:DpDvT ;T Epa[fEb ~[T '[fB kRtfT - oR uBpfp< vidfD mbfebaR
uBpfp<kfK m[mf tav<kibT. ;tA[Ey tiRmziAc ~zfvarf na[fMk[f
tiRvnftatiyilf (47) - ka[Mmf va[rMmf EvDmf uAd Evgfkdmf - '[fbarf.
(mnftipayf) - epriyEkayili[f mtiqfkqilf KrgfKkqf o[fAb o[fB pbfbiypF,
ka]fptbfK maAl Epa[fB etagfKmf. nmfepRmaqi[f tiRcfci[f[ oli
Ekdfdv<d[f payfnfT OdanibfKmf. ~zfvaRkfK prmptmf, tiRvrgfkmf, tiRmAl,
Èyatfya, tiRmaliRwfEcaAl ~kiy À[tfTmf oEr Epa[fB uqfqT.
;vrT m[ma[T KrgfK Epa[fB ;nft EXtfrgfkqilf mabimabicf eclfkibT
'[fB kRtfT. (mnftipayf) - tiRmAlyilf uqfq pla mrgfkqilf Evrf etadgfki
ucfci vAr, mrmf MZvTmf plapfpzgfkqf uqfq[. `gfKqfq KrgfKkqf
`vbfAb u]fptbfkak oR mrtftibfKtf tav<mf. `pfEpaT mbfebaR mrtft ilf
uqfq plapfpzmf k]f]ilfpd, ;tA[ vidfD `tbfKtf tav<mf.
(vdEvgfkdmf) - tmizfEtctfTkfK 'lfAl nilmf. EpakfyAt `qvbfbiRkfAk.
upyvip>tiy<mf oR YMAlyiEl `dgfKem[fBmamf.
viqkfkmf - (vdEvgfkdmf) - tmizfnadfF[f 'lfAlyak uqfq ;dmf. 'lfAlyak
uqfqtalf `qvbfb ;[iAmy<d[f uqfq t[fAm. ;nft mAlyi[f oR cibiy
pKtiyiElEy nitfyvip>tiy<mf, lIlavip>tiy<mf `dgfkiviDmf.
(va[vrfkqf cnfti ecyfy ni[fba[f) - 'tftA[Ey{mf t]f]iyarfkfKmf
MkgfekaDtfT nibfkib ;nfnIrfAmAy `{snftitfT, nitfysJrikqf vnfT
pDkaD kidpfpT ;gfEkyayftfT. Em[fAmAy `{pvikfKmtftA[yiEb `gfK.
cIla{pvmf p]f]lavT ;gfEkyiEb. nitfysJrikqf tiRmAlyiEl nibfkib
cIlvtfAtyiEl :DpdfD vnfT ~cfryikfk, KRdrfkfK Avtft `bcfcaAlyiEl
vizik]f]rf p<KrlaEmaev[fB, ta[f ~A[kfKpfpaDvaArpf EpaEl mnftikqf
pkfkliEl tiRv<qfqtfAt Avtfta[f '[fBmamf.
viqkfkmf - mikv<mf tazfnftvrfkQmf t[T `zka[ tiRMktfAt mikv<mf
'qitakkf ka}mfpF tiRmAlyilf vnfT ni[fba[f. ;nft 'qiAmAy ']f]i
viynftpF nitfysJrikqf `[fbadmf tiRmAlkfK vnfT :DpdfdpF nibfparfkqf.
prmpttftilf ;v[T Em[fAm mdfDEm evqipfpD. ~[alf tiRmAlyilf
`lflva ;v[T cIlmf evqipfpDkibT? ;vfvitmf ;v[T cIltfAtkf k]fD
nitfysJrikqf vnfT ni[fb[rf. ;tA[kf k]fd tiREvgfkdv[f -
KRdrfkQkfkak uqfq ;dtftilf, k]f parfAv uqfqvrfkqf vnfT
`{pvipfpT criya - '[fB ']f]i[a[f. ~kEv ;vrfkqf pkfkmf tiRmfpamlf,
KrgfKkqi[f pkfkmf t[T m[At Avtfta[f.

(`rgfktftrvi[A]ya[f) - `gfK ni[fBmf ;gfEk cayfnftpF.

prmpttfti[ i[fBmf `Feyabfbi[a[f, tiRmAlyqv<mf py]M]fdayiRnftT.
`gfK ni[fBmf vdkfKtf tiRvaclaEl EkayiliEl cayfnfta[f. ramavtartfEt
piFtfT `Feyabfbi[a[f. rav]vtmf p]f]itf etbfKtf tiRvaclaEl vnfT
cayfnftvitftA[yayiRnftet[fBmamf. (`rvi[ A]ya[f) - tirikibv[f
cayfnftRqi[alf uqfqvzK. (`rv<) - nabfbmf, Kqirftfti, em[fAmy<mf.
viqkfkmf - (`rgfktftrvi[A]ya[f) - tiRmAlyilf ni[fBmf, tiRvrgfktftilf
cy[itfTmf uqfqa[f. prmpttftiliRnfT p<bpfpdfda[f. tiRmAlkfK vnfT
Ecrfnfta[f. `gfkiRnfT p<bpfpdfD, vdkfK vaclaEl tiRvrgfkpf
epriyEkayililf p<KnfT, ;gfK cy[itfta[f. ;ramavtar kaltftiElEy ;gfK
vnfta[f. ;rav]A[ vtmf ecyft pi[f[ rf, etbfK vaclaEl epriyEkayililf
p<KnfT, cy[itfta[f. (`rvi[A]ya[f) - 'gfKmf cwfcarmf ecyftpF uqfqv[f
t[T kAqpfp< nIgfk ;gfK vnfT cy[itfttalf vnft `zK. (`rv<) - ;[iy
m]mf, Kqirfcfci, em[fAm Mtla[ t[fAmkqf uAdy ~tiEcx[f.
(`rgfktftrvi[A]ya[f) - EcxfEy p<rsftacfcalayamf !prtazfvaA[
vAqpfp<kf kidkfk vidfDpfEpanfT kdbfkAryiEl vAqpfp<kf kidnftabfEpaEl
smfsarikAqpf epbfballflT EpaEke[[fB vAqpfp<kf kidkfkiba[f.
ckfrvrftftitf tiRmkA[pf EpaEl Mtlilf cr]mfp<kfK MkgfkadfdavidfdvaEb -
capmany - '[fB cIBmvrlflrf. ~bfbaAmAykf kadfFcf cr]mf p<kfKkf
kidkfKmvriEb ;vrf. (`nftiEpalf nibtftaAdy<mf) - snftfyarakmf
EpaElyiRnfTqfq tiRpfpItamfprMmf, ÀrcfcivnftvaAd '[fbT
pi[f[ adfDkibpF.
viqkfkmf - ;ramay]mf Èyatfyaka]fdmf (114-14) - EcxfEy
p<rsftacfcalayamf - ;ramA[ ÈyatftikfK ÀztfTcf eclflamlf
prf]caAlAy vidfD `klmadfEd[f '[fB prt[f ;Rnfta[f. ~[alf
;ramE[a kdAlkf kdpfpT '[fB MFv< ecyfT kdbfkArAy vidfD
`klvilfAl. ;EtEpa[fB smfsarikqf t[fA[ Àdyamlf ta[f ;gfkiRnfT
kiqmfp<vtilfAl '[fB epriyepRmaqf cy[itfTqfqa[f. ~[alf ;ram[f
Àztft pi[f[ Rmf sMtfrraj[f vramlf ;RkfkEv, ;ram[f Ekapmf eka]fD
- capmany - ;nftkf kdAl vbfbcf ecyfT viDkiEb[f - '[fba[f.
epriyepRmaEqa t[f[ idmf smfsarikqf vramlf ;RnftaLmf, ;ram[f Epa[fB
Ekapmf ekaqfqamlf uqfqa[f. (`nftiEpalf nibtftaAdy<mf) - maAl EnrtfT
va[mf Epa[fB civnft tiRpfpItmfprmf. kdnft paCrtftilf k]fd - Àrcfcivnft
~Ad - ;[f[ Mmf t[T m[At vidfD nIgfkatpF uqfqtalf ;gfK mI]fDmf
Pbi[arf.
(`t[fEmlf) - ;vfvzki[ i[fBmf kalfvagfk madfFkibilrf. (`y[itfyati) -
cTrftftcp<vn sfrxfdava[ pfrhfmav<kfK utfptfti sftanma[ tiRnapI
kmltfti[f Emlt[fEba. cTrfMksfRxfF p>rfvkaltftiElyakiLmf ;pfEpaT
pfrhfmav<kfK utfptfti sftanem[fB Ekaqfecalflitftara ni[fbT,
tiRnapIkmlmf ('ziLnfti) - ;qkipfpFkfAk pfrsvanftwfc eyqvnmf
'[fkibpFy[fbikfEkyiRkfAk.
viqkfkmf - (`t[fEmlf) - ~Adyi[f `zkiliRnfT ;vralf mIq ;ylamlf
uqfqtalf, `tA[Ey mI]fDmf PBkibarf. (`yA[pf pAdtftT Orf) -
pti[ a[fK ulkgfkAqy<mf pAdtftv[f pfrmfm[f. `v{kfKmf ubfptfti ;dmak
uqfqT epriyepRmaqi[f tiRnapI. `t[f `zkilf m[mf ni[fbT `lflEva.
;nft unftiya[T sfRxfF kaltftilfta[f pfrmfmA[pf pAdtftT, ~yi{mf
;pfEpaT ka}mfEpaT, ;TEv pfrmfmA[pf pAdtft unfti '[fb cinftA[
EmElagfKmfpF uqfqT. ('ziLnfti) - pfrsvanftwfc eyqvnmf - KznfAt
pibnftv<d[f eyqvnmf mAby<mf - '[fb viti epriyepRmaqf vixytftilf
epaRnftamlf, pfrmfmA[pf pAdtft pi[f[Rmf `zK KAbyamlf uqfqT '[fB
kRtfT.

(`FEy[f) - ptimf vicfvsfy, ysfyasfmi '[fkib pfrma]tftaEl `FEy[f

'[fkibarlflrf, `zKkfKtf EtabfB `FEy[f '[fkibarf.
(`FEy{qfqtfti[f{yiEr) - '[f{Ady nbfcIv[a[T tiRnapI
kmltftt[fEbaev[fkibarf. vidaAmkfKpf pbfbak, mRFEyLmf viEdlf k]fdayf
'[f{maEpaEl. ;pfpadfFlf epriyepRmaqf pkfkliEl tiREvgfkdMAdya[f
t[fAmy<M]fed[fkibT.
viqkfkmf - (`FEy[f) - ptimf vicfvsfy - ulki[f nat[ak uqfqv[f,
ysfyasfmi - yaRkfK na[f tasE[a - Mtla[ pfrma]gfkAq m[tilf
eka]fD ;gfK ;vrf - `FEy[f - '[fB PbvilfAl. epriyepRmaqi[f
`zkilf t[fA[ ;znft kar]tfti[alf ;vfvitmf PBkibarf. (`FEy[f
uqfqtfT ;[f uyiEr) - '[f{Ady cibnft ~tfmsfvYRpmf, ;v[T `zka[
tiRnapIkf klmtftilf :DpdfdT '[fbarf. nmfmazfvarf tiRvayfemaziyilf (2-7-10)
- mRFEyLmf viEdlf k]fdayf - m[Em, 'mfepRmaA[ 'pfEpaTmf vidkfPdaT
- '[fB PBvT Epa[fbtaKmf. ;gfK epriyepRmaQkfKtf
tiREvgfkdMAdya[i[f t[fAmkQmf u]fD '[fbarf.
4. cTrmf ma mtiqf Vzf ;lgfAkkfK ;Abv[f tAl ptfT

utir OdfF Orf evmfkA] uyftftv[f Otv]f][f
mTrma v]fD pad mamyilf ~d `rgfktftmfma[f tiRvyiB
utrpnftmf '[f uqfqtfTqf ni[fB ulaki[fbEt.
epaRqf - na[fK tiAckqiLmf uyrftftikf kdfdpfpdfd mtiqfkqalf Vzpfpdfd
;lgfAkyi[f `rc[a[ ;rav][i[f ptfTtf tAlkAqy<mf oEr `sftfrmf
eka]fD, tAryilf uR]fD ODmfpFcf ecyfta[f. `v[f, miKnft OAc eka]fd
kdlf Epa[fb nibmf uAdyv[f ~va[f. `v[f, v]fDkqf ;[iAmyakpf
paFypFy<mf `nftpf padlfkAqkf EkdfD `zkak myilfkqf ~FypFy<mf uqfq
tiRvrgfktftilf 'ZnftRqiy<qfqa[f. ;pfpFpfpdfd epriyepRmaqf, t[T
`zka[ vyibfbilf `]infTqfq utrpnftmf '[fb ~pr]ma[T, '[T
enwfctftilf p<KnfT eka]fD, `gfEkEy niAltfT ni[fbT.

`vtariAk
tiRnapI kmltfEtaEd Ecrfnft tiRv<trpnfttfAt `{pvikfkibarf.
viqkfkmf - kdnft paCrtftilf `{pvitfT ni[fb tiRnapI kmltfTd[f Ecrfnft
utrpnft[mf '[f{mf tiRvapr]tfAt ;pfEpaT `{pvikfkibarf.
vfyakfya[mf
(cTrmamtiqf) - kdfdAqpfpdfFRkfAk. (mamtiqf) - Trfkfktfrymf. :cfvr[f
'[fbbiycfecyfEt 'tirfkfkpfp]f]i[ mtiqf. (;lgfAkkfkiAbv[f) - MzwfciEl
simfhgfkidnftet[f{maEpaEl. lgfkamf rav] palitamf.
(;lgfAkkfkiAbv[f) - srfEvcfvr[f !AvK]fdtfAtkf klviRkfAkyakkf
eka]fD vIbfbiRnftapfEpaEl ka}mf ;v{mf ;lgfAkkfK
:cfvre[[fbiRnftpF. vIrkft[a[ tiRvFy<gfPd mtitft _cfvrfymiEb.
ytfytrfEma n plvanf sfyatymf raXEscfvr@ sfyatymf sHrElaksfy
ckfrsfyapi c rXita '[fba[iEb. yave[aRv{kfkak ;vA[ `ziycfecyfy
niA[kfkibarf, `v[fb[fA[Ey ;vfvr}kfKkf kavlak AvpfprfkiGrf
`lfpmf{Plitfta[akilf.
viqkfkmf - (cTr ma mtiqf) - cibnft kavLd[f ÀmkfkpfpdfDqfq ;lgfAk
nkrmf. (ma mtiqf) - srfEvcfvrE[ ;ram[ak ni[fBqfqa[f '[fpAt
`binftiRnfTmf, t[f{Ady mtiqfkAq nmfpi `vA[ ;rav][f 'tirftfta[f.
(;lgfAkkfK ;Abv[f) - KAkyilf cigfkmf uqfqT Epa[fB ;rav][f
;lgfAkyilf `rca]fda[f. `{m[f ;ramay]mf Cnftrka]fdtftilf (1-34) -
lgfkamf rav] palitamf - ;rav][alf kapfpabfbpfpDmf ;lgfAk - '[fba[f
`lflEva? (;lgfAkkfK ;Abv[f) - srfEvcfvr[f t[T ;r]fD
vip>tikAqy<mf ~qfvtbfkak 'vfvitmf !AvK]fdtfAt mkizfv<d[f "bfB
`mrfnfTqfqaE[a, `T Epa[fB ;rav][f taE[ ;lgfAkyi[f ;Abv[f
'[fbpF ;Rnfta[f. mikv<mf vIr[a[ `{m[aLmf mtikfkpfpdfd eclfvmf
;rav][T _cfvrfymf `lflEva? `{m[f valfmIki ;ramay]mf Cnftr
ka]fdtftilf (49-17) - ytfytrfEma n plvanf sfyatymf raXEscfvr@
sfyatymf sHrElaksfy ckfrsfyapi c rXita - ;v[f `Crrfkqi[f
tAlv[akv<mf ;Rkfklamf, ;nftfr{d[f PFy<qfq EtvElaktfti[f
tAlv[akv<mf ;RkfkkfPDmf - '[fB ']f]i[a[f `lflEva? ;rav][f
mdfDmf ;ram[f vixytftilf cibiT :DpdfFRnftalf, `zikfk niA[tft
`vA[Ey ;ram[f ;lgfAkyi[f tAlv[ak niymitftiRpfpa[f.
(tAlptfTtir) - p[gfKAl utirfnftapfEpaEly<tir. `BkfkvBkfk MAqtft
cdgfK. (OdfF) - `{PlikfKmakilf `ziycfecyfy Ev]fdaviEbey[fB p>cliEl
;AqpfpitfT vidfdpF. kcfca{janami '[fkibpFEy.
viqkfkmf - (tAl ptfT utir) - p[gfkayfkAq `BtfTtf tqfQvtalf
Àv niltftilf utirfvT Epa[fB ;ram pa]gfkqalf ;rav][i[f tAlkqf
tAryilf utirfnft[. tAlkqf evdfdpfpd evdfdpfpd mI]fDmf MAqkfKmf '[fb
vrmf epbfbtalf mI]fDmf mI]fDmf Mqtft[. (OdfF) - ;v[T tAlkAq
`BpfpAttf t[T viAqyadfdakkf eka]fD, ;rav][f tiRnftividfdalf
`vA[ `zikfk Ev]fdamf '[fb ']f]tfTd[f, ;nft viAqyadfFlf nI]fd
Enrmf :Dpdfda[f. `v[idmf - kcfca{janami - nI kAqtfT vidfdayf,
;pfEpaT eclfl na[f `{mtikfkiEb[f - '[fba[f.
(OrfevgfkA]y<yftftv[f) - pibfAbnaAqpf p>cliEl jyapjygfkqf
`vfyvsftitm[fEbaev[fB pfrhfmatikqf kRti[vaEb, `tftAlkQkfK
Evrfpfpbfba[ enwfciEl `tfvitIyma[ pfrhfmasftfrtfAt vidfdv[f. `v[f
pfratiPlfytftilf niAl ni[fbae[[fB `binftpi[fp< pfrhfmasftfrtfAt vidfdpF.
viqkfkmf - (OrfevgfkA]y<yftftv[f) `pfEpaT pfrmfm[f MtlaE[abf
;ram[idmf - ;vfvitmf kaltamtmf ecyftalf evbfbi-Etalfvi pbfbi "Tmf

`biy ;ylamlf EpayfviDmf - '[fB Pbi[rf. ;tA[kf Ekdfd ;ram[f `nfttf

tAlkQkfK uyirak ;Rnft ;rav][i[f enwfctftilf pfrhfmasftfrmf
etaDtfta[f. `v[f ;BtivArtf t[T viEratiyakEv uqfqa[f '[fpAt
MFv< ecyft pi[f[ Er pfrhfmasftfrmf etaDtfta[f '[fB kRtfT.
(Otv]f][f) - rav]vtmf p]f]i !vipIx]azfva{kfK MF ekaDtfT
kfRtkfRtfy[ayf pfrhfmatikqf p<xfpvfRxfFy<mf sfEtatfrMmf p]f] vIr!Etabfb
cfrmhrma[ vFEvaEd ni[fb niAl.
viqkfkmf - (Otv]f][f) - ;rav]A[ `zitfT, vipIx]A[ ;lgfAkyi[f

`rc[akfki `v{kfK m]iMF VF, t[T `vtar Enakfkmf MFnftv[ak,
pfrmfm[f Mtla[ Etvrfkqf mlrfkAqtf T\vitf TtitftpF nibfk, vIrmf '[fb
eclfvmf evqipfpd, ka]fpvrfkqi[f kAqpfAppf EpakfKmf vitmak cy[itft
tiREm[i eka]fdv[f.
(mTrmav]fDpad) - viA[ybfbvaEb ~dlf padLkfK ;dgfekaDtftpF. cilrf
paF[alf ~DvaRmf Ev}Em, myilfkqf ~dpfp<kfk[. (mamyilf) - oR myilf
EtaAk viritftalf `tftiRcfEcaAlkfK `}kfk[idfdapfEpaliRkfAk. Rxikqf
eka]fAdkfEkalf eka]fdaDAk tvirfnfT myilfkqf ~dpfp<kfk[. KrgfKkqf
Ptftadfdatlf, ;vbfbi[f Ptftadfdatlf '[fBmf tirfykfEyanikQkfK nilmaAk.
(v]fDpad mamyilad) - !AvK]fdnat[f epriyepRmaqa[vaEb,
nitfysJrikQmf v]fDkqf mamyilfkQma[pF. srfAv@ privfREta EtAvrf
vanrtfvmf upakAt@ '[f[ kfkdvtiEb. raja evqfAqcfcdfAdyidfdalf `Fyarf
kBpfp<cfcdfAdyiDmitftA[yiEb.
viqkfkmf - (mTr mav]fD pad) - Eparilf evbfbi epbfbv<d[f `r]fmA[yilf
~dlf padLkfK `rc[f ;dmf `qipfpT Epa[fB, `rgfk{mf `{mtitfta[f.
~k v]fDkqf EcaAlyilf paFypF ;Rnft[. paDmfEpaT oR cilrf ~d
Ev]fdama? '[Ev `gfkiRnft myilfkqf ~dtfetadgfki[. (mamyilf) - oR
myilf t[T EtaAkAy MZvTmak viritfT ni[fbalf, `gfKqfq EcaAl
MZvtbfKmf KAd piFtftabfEpa[fB uqfq niAl. M[ivrfkqf
eka]fAdkfEkalf eka]fD ~dfDvikfk myilfkqf ~F[. KrgfKkqi[f ~dfdmf,
myilfkqi[f ~dfdmf '[ vilgfKkQmf mkiZmfpF uqfqT `rgfk[f Ekayilf.
(v]fDpad mamyilad) - prmpttftilf uqfqv[f epriyepRmaqak
tiRvrgfktftilf cy[ikfk, nitfyVrikqf À[vRmf v]fDkqakv<mf
myilfkqakv<mf vnft[rf '[fB kRtfT. ;ramay]mf y<tftka]fdtftilf (114-17)
- srfAv@ privfREta EtAvrf vanrtfvmf upakAt@ - va[r uRvmf eka]fd
Etvrfkqf Vz ;ram[f - '[fbT Epal ~Kmf. `rc[f oRv[f evqfAq ~Ad
`]inftalf, `v{d[f uqfqvrfkqf `v{Ady nibcfEcrftftikfkakkf kBpfp<
~Ad `]ivarfkqf `lflva?
(`rgfktftmfma[f) - epriyEkayiliEl k]fvqrfkib prmEcxiyiAdy.
(tiRvyibfBtr pnftmf) - ~pr]tfTkfkapr]mf. epbfb vyibfBkfKpf
pdfdgfkdfF[pF. ('[f{qfqtfTqf ni[fBlaki[fbEt) - '[fe[wfci{qfEq `zK
ec]fEdba ni[fbEt. enwfcmf naFEb. `kl ni[fbaLmf pAcyilfAl.
;pfpadfFlf tcrtatfmj[fpFy<mf ;gfEk u]fed[fkibarf.
viqkfkmf - (`rgfktftmfma[f) - epriyEkayilf k]fvqrfpv{mf, `[AvRkfKmf
sfvamiyak uqfqv{mf ~kiy epriyepRmaqf. (tiR vyibfB utr pnftmf) -
;vE[ ;nft ulkibfK Orf ~pr]mak uqfqv[f. ;pfpFpfpdfd ~pr]tftibfK
Orf ~pr]mf `]ivitftT Epa[fBqfq utrpnftmf '[f{mf ~pr]mf. ;nft
ulkmf MZvAty<mf epbfebDtft vyiB ;TEv '[fB `bivikfKmfpF,
`v[T vyibfbilf kdfdpfpdfd pdfdymf Epa[fB. ('[f{qfqtfTqf ni[fB
ulaki[fbEt) - '[T uqfqtftilf t[T `zKd[f ulviypF uqfqT.
tiRvayfemaziyilf (8-6-4) - enwfcmf naD - '[fbarf `lflEva? `k[fB
eclfl My[fbaLmf odfFkfekaqfQmf `zK. ;nftpf paCrtfti[f YMlmf tcrt[i[f
Kmar[akiy ;ram[i[f t[fAmkqf À[tfTmf epriyepRmaqidmf u]fD
'[fbarf.

5. parmay pzviA[ pbfB `BtfT '[fA[tft[f

varmf ~kfki Avtfta[f AvtftT `[fbi '[f{qf p<Knfta[f
Ekar ma tvmf ecyft[[f ekalf `biEy[f `rgfktftmfma[f tiR
~rmf marfp< `T `[fEba `FEyA[ ~dfeka]fdEt.
epaRqf - '[T pzviA[ kar]mak u]fda[ pavgfkqf '[kfKpf epRmf
CAmyak ni[fb[. `nftpf pavgfkqi[f etadrfAp nmfepRmaqf MbfbiLmak
`Btfta[f. `t[f pi[f[ rf '[fA[ `v[idmf mikv<mf `[fp<d[f ;RkfKmfpFcf
ecyfta[f. ;vfvitmf ecyftTd[f nibfkvilfAl. '[T enwfctftilf MZAmyak
WAznfT `gfEkEy niAl eka]fDvidfda[f. ;vfvitmf `v[f '[kfKcf ecyft
n[fAmkQkfkak na[f '[f[ tvmf ecyfEt[f '[fB `biyvilfAl.
!rgfknacfciyarf '[f{mf ~pr]tfAty<mf eka]fd `v[T `zka[ tiRmarfp<
`lflEva '[fA[ `v[idmf `FAmpfpDtftiyT?
~zfvaAr ~dfeka]fd nmfepRmaqi[f tiRmarfp<
`vtariAk
'[kfKpf pbfbaca[ epriypiradfFyariRkfkib tiRmarfp<kiGrf '[fA[
sfvYRpa{YRpma[ Akgfkrfygfeka]fdet[fkibarf.
viqkfkmf - na[f ~trvakpf pbfbkfPFy !rgfknacfciyarf 'pfEpaTmf
`mrfnfTqfq `v[T tiRmarfp< `lflEva '[fA[, '[T sfvYRptftibfK
"bfbpF, `v{kfKkf Akgfkrfymf ecyfy<mfpF vititftT - '[fbarf.

vfyakfya[mf
(parmay) - srfvckftiya[ srfEvcfvrE[ tqfQmidtftiLmf oR niAl ni[fB

tqfqEv]fDmfpF ;RkfAk. smfhripfpTmf nrktftiElyayf sfRxfFpfpTmf
nrktftiElyayiRkfAk.
viqkfkmf - (parmay) - À[tfT vliAmy<mf eka]fd srfEvcfvrE[ mikv<mf
My[fB tqfq MbfpdfdaLmf, cbfEb mAltfT nibfKmfpF '[T viA[pfpy[fkqf
uqfq[. nrktftiElEy oR pibvi MFnftaLmf, mI]fDmf `gfEkEy mbfebaR
pibvi 'DkfKmfpF '[T viA[kqf uqfq[.
(pzviA[) - kalmnati. ~tfmaEva nitfy[f. `citfsmfsrfkfkMm[fEby<]fFEb.
;kfkalemlflagfPdkf PDp>ritfttayiRkfKmiEb. srfvpaEppfEya EmaXyixfyami
'[fbv[fbaE[ tqfq Ev]fDmfpFyiRkfAk.
viqkfkmf - (pzviA[) - kalmf 'lfAlybfbtak uqfqT, ~tfma '[fBmf
uqfqtak ;RkfkibT, `citf epaRqa[ udLd[f etadrfp< 'pfEpaTmf
uqfqT. ;pfpFyak viA[kqf 'lfAlybfb kalmak uqfqT '[fbarf. !mtf
pkvtf kIAtyilf (18-66) - srfvpaEppfEya EmaXyixfyami - À[tfTpf
pavgfkqiliRnfTmf viDvitfTkf kArEybfBkiEb[f - '[fb uBtiyakkf Pbiy
`vE[ ;[fB mikv<mf My[fB tqfQmfpF niAlAm uqfqT.
(pbfbBtfT) - `FyBtfT enDwfCvrf tqfQmaEpaEl svasnmakpf Epakfki,
nitfysJrikQkfKpf papcgfAk u]fdakiLmf ;vrfkfkilflatpF p]f]i.
viqkfkmf - (pbfbBtfT) - CvArtf tqfq Mybfci ecyfpvrfkqf, Mtlilf Cvri[f
`Fyilf epriytak pqfq Eta]fDvarfkqf. ;T Epa[fB, Mtlilf pavmf
ecyfytfT\]fDmf cinftA[Ay `zikfkiba[f. nitfysJrikQkfKpf pavmf '[fpT
u]fda '[fB yaravT Ekdfparfkqa? `TEpalf, ;nft ~zfvaRkfKpf pavmf
;Rnftta '[fb cnfEtkmf "bfpdatpFcf ecyfta[f.
('[fA[) - paptfTkfKpf EpakfkFybiyat '[fA[. papmf pDmf ~karma[
'[fA[ey[fBmamf. `kmEhatti@. (t[f varmakfki Avtfta[f) - ta[f
'[fbalf pXptikfKmfpF p]f]i[a[f. '[f karfymf t[kfKkfPbak '[fEpriEl
t[kfK ;Rpfep[fB t[fEpriEl '[kfkiRpfpakfki[pF. `[fbiEy,
vixyanftrgfkAq vidfDtf t[fA[Ey Pbakpf pbfBmfpF p]f]i[a[f.
(Avtfta[f) - ;cfcnftancfcapmf Avtfta[f. (Avtftt[fbi) - ;nft
n[fAmkQkfK EmEl. ('[f{qf p<Knfta[f) - pi[fA[y<mf t[f[ abfbaAmyaEl,
vidayftftv[f tdaktfAt nIkfki uqfEq MZKmaEpaEl, '[f{qfQmf p<Knfta[f.
vali p<kfkvidtfEt mAlyidfdAdtfT, mharajriRnfT KBmfp<
ecLtfti[apfEpaElyak o]f]aet[fB '[f sfvYRp `jfwanmf KAlyatpF
'[fe[wfciEl vnfT p<Knfta[f. `ncfnnfnnfy@ '[fkibpFEy ;tfEta
edadfdbfbiRkfKmv{kfKmf ;tftallflT eclfLkibtilfAl '[fkibT.
viqkfkmf - ('[fA[) - '[T pavgfkAq 'vfvitmf nIkfKvT '[fB p<riyamlf

ni[fb '[fA[. À[tfTpf pavgfkqi[f ;Rpfpidmak ;Rnft '[fA[.
`kmEhatti - pavmf '[f{mf epRmfkdlf naE[ '[f{mfpFya[ '[fA[.
(t[f varmakfki Avtfta[f) - epriyepRmaqf '[fbv<dE[Ey '[kfK :DpaD
`tikrikfKmfpFcf ecyfta[f. '[T pavgfkqf À[tfAty<mf nIkfKvAttf
t[f{Ady epaBpfp< '[kfeka]fd a[f. '[T CAmkqf À[tfAty<mf t[T
'[fB eka]fda[f. '[fA[tf t[kfK uriyv[akfkikf eka]fda[f, `v{kfK
`dgfkiyiRkfKmfpFcf ecyfta[f. ulk vixygfkAq na[f AkvidfD `vA[Ey
pbfBmfpFcf ecyfta[f. (Avtfta[f) - '[fA[ t[f{Ady cnfttiyak
mabfbi[a[f. (AvtftT `[fbi) - ;tftA[ upkargfkqf ecyfT, `tfTd[f
nibfkamlf. ('[f{qf p<Knfta[f) - `tfTd[f `v[alf ;Rkfk MFyvilfAl.
paAlv[ uxf]tftilf tvikfKmf oRv[f, oR KqtfAtkf k]fdalf `tilf

udE[ p<KvT Epa[fB, '[fA[pf pirinfT ;Rkfk ;ylamlf, '[f{qf p<KnfT

vidfda[f. TnfTpi '[f{mf `rkfkA[ `zikfk vali oR KAkkfKqf
p<KnfTvid, `nft `rkfk[f evqivratpF KAkyi[f vayiAl YMFvidfD
CkfrIv[f ~]fda[f `lflEva? `T Epa[fB '[f{Ady sfvYRptftibfK "bfb
wa[tfAt na[f mI]fDmf ;zkfkkfPdaT '[fB kRti, '[f ;tytftilf
ni[fba[f. M]fdk upnixtf PBvT Epa[fB, krfm etadrfp< ;lflamlf
uqfqv[f ~yi{mf, '[fA[ vid ;ylatpF '[f{qf ni[fba[f.
(Ekarmatvmitfyati) - ;pfEpbfBkfkF '[fe[[fB parftftarf. ;nftfriygfkAq

eyaBtfT mhatpsfAspf p]f]iE[E[a `bikiEl[f. na[biyeva[fBmilfAl.
;pfpF cgfkipfpae[[fe[[f[ ilf, epbfb EpB `pfpFpfpdfdarfkfKkf kiAdkfK
mtaAkyaEl. `v[fbaE[ ntItIrtftiEl kidnfT tpsfsHp]f]i[aE[a
`bikibiEl[f. Ekarma[ tpsfsakibT - `tftAlyaktf tmfAmyziy mabi[
epriyv<AdyaArpf EpaEl ;RkfAk. 'nfn[fbi ecyfEtE[a '[fe[wfcilf
tikzfvTEv '[f{maEpaEl.
viqkfkmf - (Ekarmatvmf) - ;tftA[ epriy n[fAm t[kfKkf kidfDvtbfK kf
kar]mf '[f[ '[fB ~rayfnftarf. '[T ;nftfriygfkAq `dkfki na[f epBmf
tvmf ecyftv[f '[kf Pb ;ylaT, `tA[ na[f `biyv<mf ;lfAl.
;vfvitmf ;vrf cnfEtkmf ekaqfqkf kar]mf '[f[ ? kar]mf - ;vrf epbfBqfq
Epba[T, mikv<mf epriy tvmf ;ybfbivrfkQkfK mdfDEm kidfdkfPFytaKmf .
`lflT, '[fA[pf epBvtbfkakkf kaEvriyi[f kAryilf `v[f tvmf
p<rinftaE[a? Ekarmatvmf '[fpT - ;ram{kfkaktf t[T uyiArEy `qitft
jday<vi[f tfyakmf Epa[fbtaKmf. nmfmazfvarf tiRvayfemaziyilf (10-6-8) -
'nfn[fbi ecyfEtE[a '[f enwfcilf tikzfvTEv - '[fpT Epalf, ;vRmf
PBkibarf.
(`rgfktftmfma[f) - ;pfEpbfBkfK ~bfbgfkArAypf pbfbikfkidnfT tpsfsH

p]f]i[aLmf `v[ayiRnftT. ;cfcIriy EpbfBkfK EvB
upayM]fdakmadfdaEt.
viqkfkmf - (`rgfktftmfma[f) - ;pfpF oR EpB epBvtbfkakkf kaEvri
~bfbi[f kAryilf `v[f tvmf p<rinfta[f '[fEb PbEv]fDmf. kar]mf,
;tftA[ epriy EpB kidfDmf `qvibfK '[f[ idmf upaygfkqf "Tmf
;lfAlEy.
(tiRvarmarfpt[fEba) - epriy piradfFyaAry<mf hartfAty<MAdtfta[

marfv[fEba. tmkfKpf pbfbaktf tayf nizliEl oTgfKkibarf. ;vA[kf KbitfT
Etn AmtfrI pvT '[fBmf, `vA[kf KbitfT n kcfcitf n `pratfyti '[fBmf
ciAbyiliRnfEt Ecrvidpfparfkfkibvqf, marfpiEl ;Rnftalf Ecrvidcf
ecalflEv}Ema? `zkiy marfvilarmf. ~rtfTkfK `zK ekaDkfk
vbfbayiRkfAk. ~rmf `zAk mAbkfAkkfKdlamitftA[yiEb. Srfv
p>x]p>xarfha@ '[f{maEpaEl.
viqkfkmf - (tiRvarmarfvt[fEba) - !rgfknacfciyaAry<mf, hartfAty<mf t[T
tiRmarfpilf eka]fdv[f `lflva? ta[f ec[fB EcrfvtbfK "bfb p<klidmak
t[T tayara[ !rgfknacfciyaridmf oTgfKkibarf. `vqf ;rav][idmf - Etn
AmtfrI pvT - nI uyirf piAzkfk viRmfpi[alf ;ram{d[f ndfp< ekaqfvayak -
'[fB Pbi[aqf, ;ram[idmf - n kcfcitf n `pratfyti - ;nft ulkilf
yarfta[f tvB ecyfyamlf uqfq[rf - '[fB cmata[mf ecyftaqf. ;pfpFyak
;rav][i[f ciAbyilf ;RnftEpaT cipariCkqf ecyftvqf (p<Rxkarmf),
t[kfK ;[iAmya[ ;dmak uqfq ;v[T tiRmarfpilf uqfqEpaT
;cfecyAlcf ecyfvaqf '[fB Pbv<mf Ev]fDEma? `zka[ tiRmarfpilf uqfq
~rmf '[lamf. `nft ~rma[T epriyepRmaqi[f tiRmarfp<kfK `zK
Ecrfpfptak uqfqT. ~[alf cbfB cinftitftalf, `T `zKkfkak `lfl,
;v[T tiRmarfApkf k]fD ka]fpvrfkqi[f tfRxfF pdfDvidkfPdaT '[fB

mAbtfTkf ekaqfvtbfkak '[fEb Eta[fBkibT. ;ramay]tftilf -

srfvp>x]p>xarfha@ - ;ram[i[f nI]fd Akkqf "[f `lgfkargfkqalf
mAbkfkpfpdvilfAl - '[pfpdfdT ka]fk.
(`FEyA[) - M[feplflamf PlicfEcvkArpfEpaEl `zKkfKtf Etabfb

`FAm, ;T pibnfTAdyvFAm. MnfTb T\Eta ramsfy '[fbv[f, piradfF
kdaXmf epbfbvaEb taEsahmf EkasElnftfrsfy '[fba[iEb. (~qfeka]fdT)
- ;znft EcxtfvtfAttf tnftT.
viqkfkmf - (`FEy[f) - M[fp<, Plikfkak EvAl ecyfpvrfkqf Epa[fB,
`v[T `zAkkf Pliyakpf epbfB `v{kfK `FAmtf etazilf ecyfvtak
;Rnftarf. ;pfEpaT, t[T sfvYRpmf `binftv<d[f, ta[f ;ylfpakEv, pibpfpi[f
YMlmakEv `v{kfK `FAm '[ u]rfnftarf. `{m[f cIAtyi[f parfAv
kidfdpf epBvtbfK M[fpakEv - T\Eta ramsfy - ram[i[f T\t[f - '[fB
Pbi[a[f. `vqT kdaXmf kidfFypi[f - taEsahmf EkasElnftrsfy -
EkasAl nadfF[f tAlv[a[ ;ram[i[f tas[f na[f - '[fba[f.
(~qfeka]fdT) - epriyepRmaqi[f tiRmarfpa[T, ;tftA[ kalmak,
'lfAlybfb pibvikqak na[f ;znftiRnft `FAmtft[tfAt mI]fDmf
"bfpDtftiyT.
(`FEyA[yadfeka]fdEt) - rajfymiznft rajp<tfrA[yAztfT
MFVdfDmaEpaEl, `zkiEl `Znfti[ '[fA[ `v[f K]gfkiGrf
piAzpfpitftet[fkibarf. `zkiEl `Znfti[aAr K]tfAtkf kadfFpf
piAzpfpikfklamf, K]tftiEl `Znfti[arfkfK K]Em Ev}mf. nIriEl
`Znfti[arfkfK nIAryidfDpf piAzpfpikfk viDmitftA[y[fEba uqfqT.
viqkfkmf - (`FEyA[yadfeka]fdEt) - evKnadfkqaktf t[T nadfAd
;znfT Cbfbikf eka]fFRnft `rcKmarA[ ÀztfT MFVdfDvT Epa[fB,
Akgfkrfymf '[fb ptvi ;znfT Cbfbiy '[fA[ `v{Ady tiRmarfp< mI]fDmf
`tilf :DpDtftiyT. `v[T `zkilf mygfki, `v{kfKkf Akgfkrfymf
ecyfyv<mf mbnfT ni[fb '[fA[, t[T klfya] K]gfkAqkf kadfF mI]fDmf
`tilf :DpDtftiyT `v[T tiRmarfEp ~Kmf. `zkilf mygfki ni[fbalf
K]tfAtkf kadfF mIdfklamf, K]tftilf mygfki ni[fbvrfkAq K]mf
eka]fEd mIdfk Ev]fDmf. nIrilf YMzfki mykfkmf ÀdnftvrfkAq, nIrf
etqitfEt 'Zpfp<vT Epa[fbaKmf.
;pfpadfdalf `nftrfyami pfrahfm]tftilf ecalfLkibpFEy srfv
vfyapktfckftiy<mf ;gfEk u]fed[fkibarf.
viqkfkmf - ;nftpf paCrmf M
Y lmf, `nftrfyami pfrahfm]tftilf PBmf kRtfta[
- À[tftiLmf vfyapitfT nibfpv[f ;vE[ - '[fpAt evqipfpDtfTkibarf.
6. T]fd ev]fpiAby[f Tyrf tIrftftv[f `mf ciAby

v]fD vazf epazilfVzf `rgfknkrf Emy `pfp[f
`]fdrf `]fd pkir]fdtf etaRmanilmf 'Zmalf vAr MbfBmf
u]fd k]fdmf k]fGrf `FEyA[ uyfykfeka]fdEt.
epaRqf - oR cibiy T]fdak uqfqTmf, ev]fAmyak uqfqTmf ~kiy

piAbcfcnftfrA[tf t[T tAlyilf eka]fd civ{Ady capmf '[f{mf pavmf
nIgfKmfpFcf ecyftv[f, `zka[ cibKkAq uAdy v]fDkqf epaRnfti
vaZmfpFyak uqfq EcaAlkqalf Vzpfpdfd tiRvrgfktftilf 'pfEpaTmf vasmf
ecyfpv[f, ;nft `]fdmf, `]fdtftilf uqfq Ectnrfkqf, mbfb `]fdgfkqf,
prnft p>mi, "Z mamAlkqf, '[f{mf Pbpfpdat plvbfAby<mf pfrqy kaltftilf
`MT ecyftv[f - ;pfpFpfpdfd epriyepRmaqi[f tiRkfkZtfT '[fA[
uyfy<mfpFcf ecyftT.

~zfvaAr uyfy<mfpFcf ecyft nmfepRmaqi[f tiRkfkZtfT
`vtariAk
srfvElaktfAty<mf `MT ecyftRqi[ k]fdtfti[zK '[fA[y<]fdakfkibf
eb[fkibarf. tiRmarfpi[zK tiRkfkZtftiEl "bidfdet[f[ v<mamf.
epaRqf - À[tfT ulkgfkAqy<mf pfrqytfti[fEpaT u]fD, t[T
tiRvyibfbilf AvtfTkf kapfpabfbiy epriyepRmaQAdy tiRkfkZtfti[f `zK
t[fA[ u]fdakfkiyT '[fbarf. kdnft paCrtftilf ;vrf `{pvitft
tiRmarfpi[f `zka[T, ;vArtf tqfqikfeka]fDEpayf, tiRkfkZtftilf
niBtftiyT '[lamf.
vfyakf ya[mf
(T]fdmitfyati) - klamatfrmayf evQtftiRnfTqfq piAbAy jAdyiEl
y<Ady[a[ Rtfr[f t[kfKpf pitav<mayf ElakKRv<mayiRnfTqfq
pfrhfmavi{Ady tAlAyyBkfAkyalf vnft paptfAtpf Epakfki[v[f.
CAmyrayiRpfparf CmfmadfDkfKqfEq taAzmdAlcf ecaRKmaEpaEl,
satk[ayiRkfkcfecyfEt sHkpfrtan[ak `pima[itftiRkfKmayftfT. ~[aLmf
~ptfT vnftalf `v[lflT p<klilfAlEy. cnftfr{Ady XytfAtpf
Epakfki[ae[[fBmamf. `v{Ady TrittfAtpf Epakfki[apfEpaEl tmfMAdy
TrittfAty<mf EpakfKem[fB kRtfT.
viqkfkmf - (T]fdmf) - MZAmyak ;lflamlf oR T]fdak mdfDEm
uqfqTmf, evQtftiRpfpTmf ~kiy cnftfrA[tf t[T tAlyilf uqfq
cAdMFyilf eka]fdv[f civepRma[f ~va[f. `v[f, t[T tnfAty<mf,
;nft ulkmf À[tfAty<mf pAdtftv{mf ~kiy pfrmfm[i[f tAlAy
`Btfttalf pfrhfmhtfti Etaxmf Àdnfta[f. ;v[T ;nftpf paptfAt
nIkfkiyv[f epriyepRmaqf ~va[f. tAlyilf epRmf CAmAycf CmnfT
eclfpvrfkqf, `zKkfkak `nftcf CAmyi[f `FyiLmf tazmfp>Avcf ecaRki

AvtftiRpfparfkqf. ;TEpa[fB civepRma[f, ta[f 'mfepRmaA[kf KbitfT

'pfEpaTmf tvmf ecyfpv[f '[fB kadfFkfeka]fdaLmf, ;[fptftilf viRpfpmf
uqfqv[f '[fb niAl evqipfpDmfvitmaktf tAlyilf cnftfrA[cf
VdfFy<qfqa[f '[fB kRtfT. ;pfpF ;RnftaLmf `v{kfK Orf ~ptfT
vnftEpaT, epriyepRmaAq `lflamlf p<klidmf EvB "Tmf
`kpfpdvilfAlEy. cnftfr{kfK u]fda[ paptfAty<mf epriyepRmaqf
nIkfki[a[f. ~k ;vrfkQAdy pavgfkAq nIkfkiyT Epa[fB, t[T
pavgfkAqy<mf nIkfKva[f '[fB kRtfT.
(`wfciAby v]fD vazfepazilfVzf `rgfknkrf Emyvpfp[f) - Elaktftilf
pfrtanra[vrfkqf pfrhfmhtfAyAypf p]f]i ÀlnfT ekaDkidkfkpfp<kfkvaEb
ta[f kdkfk nibfkeva]f]aet[fB ;vrfkQAdy rX]arftftmakkf
kidfdvnfT k]fvqrfnftRQkib upkark[f. `zkiy cibAk uAdtfta[
v]fDkqf vaza ni[fb EcaAl Vzfnft epriyEkayiliEl k]fvqrfnftRQkib
pitava[v[f.
viqkfkmf - (`wfciAby v]fD vazfepazilfVzf `rgfknkrf Emyvpfp[f) - ;nft
ulkilf mikv<mf Mkfkiysftrfkqilf civepRma[f Epa[fB pfrhfmhtfti Etaxmf
eka]fD ÀlvAtkf k]fda[f. `vrfkAqkf kakfk, `vrfkqf vr ;ylat
prmpttftilf ta[f ;RkfkkfPdaT, `vfvitmf namf ;Rnftalf `vrfkqi[f papmf
nIgfkaT '[fB cinftitfta[f. ~kEv ;vrfkAqpf Epa[fbvrfkAqkf kapfpabfBmf
epaRdfD, tiRvrgfktftilf vnfT cy[itfta[f. `zka[ cibKkqf eka]fd
v]fDkqf Pdfdmak `mrfnfTqfq EcaAlkqf, ;nftcf EcaAlkqalf Vzpfpdfd
tiRvrgfkmf, ;tftAky epriyEkayililf k]fvqrfpv{mf, À[vRkfKmf
tnfAty<mf ~[v[f.
(v]fDvazfepazilf) - v]fDkqf `v[f pkfklf eclflaT, tiRcfEcaAlyi[f
EyakfyAtyiEl ;qm]lf payfnfT kalfvagfkmadfdaEt nibfKmf.
`vfv]fDkAqpfEpaEl tmfAmy{pvipfpitfT vidayf ekDtftae[[fkibarf.
viqkfkmf - (v]fDvazfepazilf) - v]fDkqf epriyepRmaqf uqfq ;dmfvAr
eclflamlf, EcaAlkqi[f `zkilf mygfki, ~bfbi[f p<Atm]lilf kalfkqf
cikfK]fdvrfkqf nkr ;ylamlf ;RpfpT Epa[fB, `gfEkEy ;Rnft[. `nft
v]fDkqf Epa[fB t[fA[ `v[f pkfkmf niAlniBtfti, `v[f mIT :DpaD
ekaqfQmfpFcf ecyfta[f. ;t[f YMlmf t[T viRpfptfAt
niAbEvbfbikfeka]fda[f '[fbarf.
(`]fdr]fdmitfyati) - `]fdanftrfvrftftikQAdy `]fdmf. pkir]fdmf -
p<bv]fdmf. `tfvitIyma[ mhapfRtivi. p>mikfK ~]iyFtftapf EpaElyiRkfkib
"ZvAkpfpdfd Klkirikqf. o[febaziyaEm ~Fkfkabfbilf p>AqEpaEl pbnfT
tiRvyibfbiEl p<KmfpFy<]fd kZtfTkfkiGrf. ;vbfAbtf t[itft[iEy
ecalfLvae[[fe[[f[ ilf - t[iEy ecalfLAk EpakfymayiRkfAkyaEl.
epriyepRmaqf tiRkfkZtfAtkf k]fdalf pfrqyaptftiEl jktfAt 'DtfTtf
tiRvyibfbiEl AvtftAm Etabfba ni[fbtayftfT. viDkaT EtaFdfD
vqrfnftet[fB etriy<maEpaEl.
viqkfkmf - (`]fdr]fd) - `]fdtfti[f uqfEq ;Rpfpvrfkqf vazfki[fb
pfrmfma]fdmf. pkir]fdmf '[fbalf `]fdtftibfK evqiyilf uqfq prnft ;dmf.
p>miya[T pbnfT vidamlf ;RpfptbfK `FtfT Avtft ~]ikqf Epa[fb "Z
mAlkqf. ;Av À[tfTmf, ~Fkfkabfbilf `FtfTcf eclflpfpDmf
pwfCkfKviylf Epa[fB, pfrqy kaltftilf ;v[T tiRvyibfbi{qf p<KmfpFyak
;v[T `zka[ kZtfT `lflEva `vbfAb u]fdT? ;vbfAb "[f
t[itft[iyakkf Pbi[arf? `pfEpaTta[f mikv<mf ;[iAmyak ;RkfKmf
'[fptalf ~Kmf. epriyepRmaqi[f `zka[ kZtfAtkf ka}mfEpaT, pfrqy
kaltftilf À[tfT ulkgfkAqy<mf u]fD, t[T tiRvyibfbilf AvtfTkf
kapfpabfbiy nikzfv< ;vRkfK niA[vilf vRkibT. TAqy<d[f uqfq kaAtkf
ka}mfEpaT, EtaD `]infttalf vqrfnftEta '[fB Eta[fBkibT.

(`FEyA[ uyfykfeka]fdEt) - M[fp< epbfb AkgfkrfytfTkfK vicfEctmf

pibvatpF EnakfkibfB. '[fA[ smfsartftilf oR naQmf `kpfpdatpF
p]f]ibfB.
viqkfkmf - (`FEyA[ uyfykfeka]fdEt) - M[fp< ;vrf epbfb Akgfkrfymf
tAd ;[fbi etadr ;v[f kapfpabfbi[a[f. ;nft ulk vazfkAf kyilf na[f
:DpdfD, cikfK]fD vidatpF kapfpabfbi[a[f.
;pfpadfdalf ~ptfsk[a[ srfEvcfvr[fpFy<mf ;gfEk u]fed[fkibarf.
viqkfkmf - ;nftpf paCrmf YMlmf, ulkmf À[tfAty<mf kapfpabfbiy
:cfvrtft[fAm epriyepRmaqidmf u]fD '[fbarf.
7. Akyi[f ~rf Cri cgfK `[lf ~ziyrf nIqfvArEpalf
emyfy[arf Tqp viAryarf kmzf nI]fMF 'mf
_y[arf `]i `rgfk[arf `rvi[f À]miAc Emy may[arf
ecyfyvayf _Eya '[fA[cf cinfAt kvrfnftTEv.
epaRqf - `zka[ tiRkfkrgfkqilf epaRnftiy<qfq tiRcfcgfK mbfBmf `[lf
vICmf ckfkrmf ~kiyvbfAbkf eka]fdv{mf, mikv<mf epriy mAl Epa[fb
tiREm[i uAdyv{mf, tiRtfTzayf 'pfEpaTmf VzfnfTqfqtalf, `t[f
nBm]mf vIciypF uqfq tiRMF eka]fdv{mf, '[f{Ady sfvamiyak
uqfqv{mf, ;nft ulki[f ~pr]mak uqfq tiRvrgfktftilf k]fvqrfpv{mf,
~tiEcx[f mIT ;[iAmyak epaRnftiy<qfqv{mf, viypfpa[ ecylfkqf
ecyfpv{mf ~kiy epriyepRmaqi[f civnft tiRpfpvqmf '[T cinfAtAykf
kvrfnfT eka]fdT.
~zfvari[f cinfAt kvrfnft nmfepRmaqi[f tiRpfpvqcf ecvfvayf

`vtariAk
tiRvtrtftiEl `kpfpdfdpF ecalfLkibarf. nIwfcpfp<kfKtf etpfptfAtyiznfEt
e[[f{maEpaEl.
viqkfkmf - epriyepRmaqi[f tiRvayf `zkiEl ta[f cikfK]fD ni[fbAtkf
PBkibarf. ~bfAbkf kdkfk MA[y<mf oRv[f, pati ~bfbilf ta[f vnft
pdAk ;znfT nibfpT Epal - `vA[ `{pvikfkpf p<Knft ;vrf, pativAr
`{pvitfTvidfD, ;pfEpaT t[f{Ady m[Atpf pbi ekaDtfT ni[fEb[f
'[fbarf.
vfyakfya[mf
(Akyi[ aritfyati) - evBmfp<btftiEl pdvFkfkvlfl AkyiEl `zK niAbnft

CriAyy<Adtfta[ !pawfcjnfymf, pfrtipXtfti[f EmEl `[Aly<miza
ni[fBqfq tiRvazi, ;vbfAby<AdyrayiRkfAk. !pawfcjnfytfTkfKcf Cri
sfvpavma[apfEpaEl tiRvaziyazfva{kfKmf pfrtipXtfti[fEmEl `[LmizfAk
sfvpavmf. tiRkfEkadfFy>riEl `[nftazfva[f pdfdAr - !AvK]fdnat[f
tfvip<jE[a, cTrfpfp<jE[a - '[f[ , ;RpFkQmDkfKem[f[ ,
;r]fFLmzkiEtet[f[ , tfvip<j[akilf epriyepRmaAqpf EpaEl ;RkfkibT,
cTrfpfp<j[akilf nmfepRmaAqpf EpaEl ;RkfkibT - '[fbarf.
viqkfkmf - (Akyi[arf) - epriyepRmaqi[f tiRkfkrtfAt evBmE[
k]fdaEl, `t[f `zkilf mygfki viZvarfkqf. ;pfpFpfpdfd tiRkfkrtftilf
mikv<mf `zKmf, `zka[ ErAkkQmf uAdyta[ pawfcj[fymf '[f{mf
cgfAk AvtfTqfqa[f. `Fyarfkqi[f viEratikqf mIT enRpfApkf kkfKmf
ckfkrtfAty<mf AvtfTqfqa[f. cgfkibfK ErAkkqf ;ylfpak uqfqT Epa[fB,
ckfkrtftibfK enRpfp< kkfKtlf ;ylfpak uqfqT. tiRkfEkadfFy>rilf
`[nftazfva[f '[fpvrf pracrpdfdridmf - !AvK]fdnat[f ;r]fD
tiRkrgfkQd[f uqfqa[a `lflT na[fK tiRkfkrgfkQd[f uqfqa[a -
'[fB Ekdfdarf. `tbfki pdfdrf - ;r]fD vitmakv<mf uqfqT `v{kfK
"bfbEt, ;r]fFLmf `zkakEv uqfqa[f, ;r]fD tiRkrgfkQd[f uqfqEpaT
epriyepRmaqf Epa[fB ;Rpfpa[f, na[fK tiRkrgfkQd[f uqfqEpaT
nmfepRmaAqpf Epa[fB ;Rpfpa[f - '[fbarf.
(nIqfvAr) - mAlAykf kdAl opfpakcf ecalfLmitfAtA[yiEb.
nIdfciEpakfytapfrkrfxmf. pcfAcmamAlEpalf Em[i, `TkfK EmEl
opfpA[yzK.
viqkfkmf - (nIqfvAr) - epriyepRmaqi[f tiREm[ikfK kdlf `lflT
mAlAy mdfDEm uvAmyakkf Pb ;yLmf. nIqf '[f{mf ecalfla[T
;[iAmyak uqfqT '[fB u]rftfTkibT. eta]fdrFpfepaFyazfvarf,
tiRmaAlyilf - pcfAcmamAl Epalf Em[i - '[fbarf `lflva? ;v{Ady
tiREm[iEy `zK, `nft `zKkfK `zK EcrfpfpT Epa[fB ~pr]gfkqf
uqfq[.
(TqpviAryarf kmzfnI]fMF) - primqmf mikfkiRnfTqfq tiRtfTzayf

maAlyaEl `lgfkfRtmayf ~tirajfy sJckma[ tiRvpiExktfAt
uAdyRmayf. ('mfAmy[arf) - ubv< EtabfBAk, '[kfK j[kra[vrf.
viqkfkmf (TqpviAryarf) - miKnft nBm]tfTd[f PFy Tqciyalf

epriyepRmaqi[f tiREm[i `lgfkrikfkpfpdfDqfqT. `tftAky kfrIdmf
;vA[, À[tfT EtvAtkQkfKmf Emla[v[f '[fpAt u]rftftiypF
uqfqT. ('mf _y[arf) - ;vA[kf ka}mfEpaEt, ;vE[ '[f tnfAt '[f{mf
ubv<MAb k]fM[fE[ nibfkibT.

(`]iyrgfk[arf) - pfrapft vixymayiRkfkkf kdkfkviraEt smfsartfTkfK

~pr]ma[ EkayiliEl vnfT `]f]iyRmayiRkfkibpF.
viqkfkmf - (`]iyrgfk[arf) - smfsar kdlak uqfq p>mikfK ~pr]mak
uqfq tiRvrgfktftilf vnfT nmT `RkaAmyilf, nmfAm vidfD `klamlf
cy[ipfpv[f.
(`rvi[A]miAc) - rtf[ gfkAqeylflamf tgfktftiEl p<AttfTkf
kadfDmaEpaEl t[f[zK etriytf tiRv[nftazfva[f EmEl cayfnfT
kadfDkibpF. (Emymay[arf) - mi[fmi[ i pbkfkibpF. s mya Epatit@ !manf -
'lflarfkfKmf o[fbiEl cayfnftvaEb epalflagfKkqf etriy<mf, ;gfK
pAzyvzKkQmf nibmf epBmf.
viqkfkmf - (`rvi[f À] miAc) - ;rtfti[ kfkbfkqf pl tgfktftilf
ptikfkpfpdfdalf `t[f `zK PDvT Epa[fB, t[T tiREm[iyi[f `zK
À[vRkfKmf p<lpfpDmfpF ~tiEcx[f mIT cy[itfTqfqv[f. (Emymay[arf) -
;v[T tiREm[iAykf k]fdalf, k]fkqilf mi[fmi[i pbpfpT Epa[fB uqfqT.
;ramay]tftilf - s mya Epatit@ - '[f[ alf k]fvqrfnftv[f - '[fB
PBvT Epalf, ubgfKmfEpaT ;v[f `zkak uqfqa[f. oRvRkfK `vrT
vikarmf À[tfTmf, `vrf ubgfKmfEpaT mdfDEm evqipfpDmf. ;v{kfK,
cy[ikfKmfEpaT PDtlak `zK evqipfpDkibT.
(ecyfyvayf) - sftfrIkQAdy epayfcfciripfpiEl TvkfK]fdarfkfK ;cfciripfp<kf

k]fdalf epaBkfkeva]f}Ema.
viqkfkmf - (ecyfyvayf) - ep]fkqi[f epayfya[ ciripfApkf k]fD mygfkiyv[f
na[f. ;pfpFpfpdfd '[fA[ ;v[T emyfya[ p<[f[ Ak :rftfTkfeka]fdAt
viypfpakkf Pbv<mf Ev]fDma?
(_Eya) - tiRvtrMmf civpfp<mf `{pvikfk `ritayf _Eya '[fkibarf. ('[fA[)
- p]fEd enwfC pbiekaDtft '[fA[ `nfyaymf ecyfvEt '[fB PpfpiDkibarf.
('[fA[) - klfAl nIrakfki, nIAry<mf taE[ eka]fdT.
viqkfkmf - (_Eya) - tiRvayi[f `zki, `t[f civpfp< ~kiyvbfAb
`{pvitfT MFkfk ;ylaAmyalf _Eya '[fbarf. ('[fA[) - '[T m[At
M[f[ Er 'DtfTkfeka]fdayf, ;vfvitmf u[T tiREm[iAykf kadfF '[fA[
EmLmf vAtpfpta '[fbarf. ('[fA[) - klf Epa[fb '[fA[ nIrakfki[ayf,
`nft nIAry<mf vidfDAvkfkamlf pRkividfdayf.
;pfpadfFlf !AvK]fdnat[fpFy<mf ;gfEk ka]laem[fkibarf.
viqkfkmf - ;nftpf paCrmf YMlmf !AvK]fdnat[i[f t[fAmkAq
epriyepRmaqidmf ka]lamf '[fbarf.
8. priy[aki vnft `v<][f udlf kI]fd `mrrfkfK

`riy ~ti pira[f `rgfktfT `ml[f MktfT
kriyvakipf p<Ad prnfT miqirfnfT ecvfvri OF nI]fd `pf
epriyvay k]fkqf '[fA[pf EpAtAm ecyft[Ev.
epaRqf - miKnft pRm[a[ udlf eka]fD vnfT, pfrhflatA[ vRtftiy
`Cr[a[ ;r]iy[i[f udAlkf kizitftf 'binftv[f, pfrmfm[f Mtla[
EtvrfkqaLmf `pfEpaT 'qitilf `}k ;ylatpF ;Rnftv[f, ;nft
ulkibfKkf kar]mak uqfqv[f - ;pfpFpfpdfdv[f tiRvrgfkmf epriyEkayililf
cy[itfTqfq epriyepRmaqf ~va[f. `v{Ady tiRMktftilf kBtft nibmf
eka]fD, vicalmak, ecvfvrikqf niAbnfttak, kaTkqf vAr nI]fD

uqfqtak, epRAm epbfbtak ;RkfKmf `v[T tiRkfk]fkqf, '[fA[

`v[f mIT pitfTpf piFtftv[f Epa[fB ecyft[.
~zfvari[f `biAvkf ekDtft epriyepRmaqi[f tiRkfk]fkqf
`vtariAk
tiRkfk]fkqf '[fA[ `biv<ekDtftet[fkibarf.
viqkfkmf - `v[T tiRkfk]fkqf t[f{Ady `biAvkf klkfkiyT '[fbarf.
vfyakfya[mf
(priy[aki vnft) - pkvtf K]gfkAq `{snftitfT AnnftiraEm,
EcxtfvtfAtybinfT emlinftiraEm, srfEvcfvrA[ ~AcpfpdfDtf
tqrfnftv<dmfpaeyacinftiraEm. (priy) - nrsimfhtfTkfKmf pibfkalikfk
Ev]fDmfpF ;RkfAk. UdfFyidfD vqrftft p[fbi EpaEl udmfAp
vqrftfta[itftA[. (vnft) - ;pfEpaT tamf vyiB piFkfkibarf.
viqkfkmf - (priy[aki vnft) - epriyepRmaqi[f tiRkfklfya] K]gfkAq
']f]i ']f]i udLmf uqfqMmf kAryamlf ;Rnftv[f, ta[f `v{kfK
`FAmpfpdfdv[f '[fpAt `binfT udlf emliyamlf uqfqv[f, t[T
'jma[[akiy `vA[kf kidfdEv]fDmf '[fb ~Ac u]fdaki, `t[alf udlf
;Aqkfkamlf uqfqv[f - ;Av À[tfTmf ;r]iyA[kf KbipfptaKmf.
(priy) - ;vA[ `zikfk vnft nrsimfh[f Pd ;v[T udlf pRm[f k]fD
cbfB pi[fvagfKmfpF ;Rnftv[f. n[fbak u]v< ekaDtfT vqrfkfkpfpdfd p[fbi
Epal t[T udAl vqrftfta[f.
(`v<]{dlfkI]fd) - nrsimfhtfti{Ady emabanft MkMmf, namFkf eka]fd
utDmf, ecBtfT Enakfki[ EnakfKmf, KtftMBkfki[ Aky<mf k]fdEpaEt
epaCkfki[ p[fbi EpaEl mgfKnaArkf kizikfKmaEpaEl kizitftpF.
viqkfkmf - nrsimfh[i[f EkaptfTd[f PFy Mkmf, nakfAk uqfEq mFtfTkf
eka]fFRnft tiRvayf, tIAykf kkfKmfpFya[ parfAv, oEr `Fyilf uyiAr
'DkfKmfpFyak mFtft tiRkfkrmf - ;Av À[tfAty<mf k]fdv<dE[Ey
;r]iy[f tIyilf CdfD 'Dtft p[fbi Epal ~kividfda[f. `pfpF ni[fb `vA[,
nIrilf nA[nfT mkfkiy naArkf kizipfpT Epa[fB kizitfta[f.

(`mrrfkfK `riy ~tipfpira[f) - EtvrfkQkfK utfpatk[a[ matfrEm,

Akyaq[ayf nibfpT ~!trfkfK. ciBkfk{kfK utvi nibfkib niAl t[f[ iEl
pfrhfmatikQkfKpf pricfEctikfkeva]f]atpF nibfkib pfrtan[f. kfvahmf rj@
pfrkfRtirIc tEmatiEk `sfminf jatsfsHErtrKEl kfv tva{kmfpa n
pfrhfmE]a n c pvsfy n Av rmya Eya Emrfpit@ cirsi ptfmkrpfrsat@.
viqkfkmf - (`mrrfkfK `riy ~tipfpira[f) - EtvrfkAqpf epaBtftvAryilf
;v[f `vrfkAqpf pAdtftTd[f vidfda[f. ~[alf t[T `FyarfkQkfK
mdfDEm "vlaqf Epa[fB uqfqa[f. mikv<mf cibiy vTAdy pfrhflat{kfK
OFvnfT utviy `v[f, pfrmfm[f Mtla[ Etvrfkqalf 'qitilf Àdy
;ylatv[akEv uqfqa[f. !mtf pakvtmf - kfvahmf rj@ pfrkfRtirIc
tEmatiEk `sfminf jatsfsHErtrKEl kfv tva{kmfpa n pfrhfmE]a n c
pvsfy n Av rmya Eya Emrfpit@ cirsi ptfmkrpfrsat@ - mikv<mf
tazfva[Tmf, tEma K]tftilf nibfpTmf ~kiy ;nft `Cr Kltftilf, rEja
K]mf EmElagfki nibfKmfpF pibnft na[f 'vfvidmf? kRA]Ey vFva[ nI
'vfvidmf? '[T tAlyi[f mIT Avkfkpfpdfd tamAr Epa[fb Akkqf
pfrmfm{AdyEta, civ{AdyEta, lXfmiy<AdyEta `[fB. `vrfkAqkf
kadfFLmf Emla[ u[f{Adyt[fEba - '[fB PbiyT.
(~tipfpira[f) - ta[f MbfEkali upkrikfKmv[f. (pira[f) - pfrhflat{kfK
'qiy[a[ niAly<mf pfrhfmatikQkfK `riy[a[ niAly<mf ;r]fDmf tmkfK
upkarmayiRkfkibT.
viqkfkmf - (~tipfpira[f) - Tyrmf u]fdavtbfK M[fpaktf ta[f OF vnfT
utv<pv[f. (pira[f) - pfrhflat{kfK mikv<mf 'qiyv[ak ;Rnfta[f, pfrmfm[f
uqfqidfd EtvrfkQkfK `riyv[ak ;Rnfta[f. ;nft ;r]fD niAlkQEm
t[kfK utviyak uqfqT '[fbarf.
(`rgfktftmfma[f) - 'lflarfkfKMtv<mfpF EkayiliEl vnfT k]f
vqrfnftRQAkyaEl vnft Ctfti oRkalf EtabfbipfEpatlf, `vtarmf EpaEl
tIrftftmf pfrsatitfTpfEpatlf ecyfyaAmyaEl vnft Ctftiyakv<mamf.
viqkfkmf - (`rgfktftmfma[f) - À[vRkfKmf utv<mf vitmak, tiRvrgfkpf
epriyEkayililf vnfT k]fvqrfnfta[f. mbfb `vtarmf Epa[fB vnfT mAbvT
Epa[fB `lflamlf, niAlyak ;Rtftlf.
(MktfT) - `v{Ady MktfT. (kriyvaki) - vidayftftarf MktftiEl
nIrfevqfqtfAt evdfFvidfdapf EpaElyiRkfAk.
viqkfkmf - (MktfT) - `v{Ady tiRMktftilf. (kriyvaki) - miKnft
takmf 'Dtftv[f mIT nIrf evqfqtfAtpf payfcfciyT Epa[fB.
(p<AdprnfT) - kdAltf tdakmakfki[apfEpaEl ;dMAdtftayiRkfAk.
(miqirfnfT) - tiArvIcikf kAryaLmf vziEpakeva]f]atiRkfAk.
(ecvfvriEyaF) - !y@ptitfvtftaLmf vatfslfytftaLmf civnftiRkfAk. (nI]fd)
- ecviyqv<mf ÀleybiAk.
viqkfkmf - (p<Ad prnfT) - ;v[T tiRkfk]fkqi[f `qva[T, kdLmf oR
cibiy KqEma '[fB Eta[fBmfpF epriy `qv<d[f ;Rnft[. (miqirfnfT) -
kAr mIT eclfpvrfkQmf ndkfk ;ylatpF Àl vICvT Epa[fB, ;vA[
EmEladfdmakpf parftfTcf ec[fBvidlamf '[fB vRpvrfkQmf tpfpikfk
;ylatpF. (ecvfvriEyaF) - !rgfknacfciyari[f _cfvrfytftaLmf, nmf mIT uqfq
vatfslfymf kar]makv<mf civnfTqfqT. (nI]fd) - tiRkfkaTkqf vAr Àl
vICvT Epa[fBqfqT.

(`pfepriyvayk]fkqf) - pi[fA[y<mf Epakftavi[qv[fbikfEk ;RkfAkyaEl

`pfepriyvayk]fkqf '[fkibarf. ;T '[f[ eva]f]aEt pEraX nirfEtcmf
p]f]Ev]fDmfpFyiRkfAk. ('[fA[) - epriym[icfcgfkiGrf na[f.
'[fAvtkftfytfAtpf pbitfTpf epakdfD emqkftfytfAttftnft[. oRv[f
'yfttfAt mbfbv{mf 'yfy<maEpaEl.
viqkfkmf - (`pfepriyvayk]fkqf) - ;vfvitmf plvaB viqkfki[aLmf
MZAmyak `{pvitfTkf Pb ;ylat epaRqak uqfqtalf
`pfepriyvayk]fkqf '[fbarf. 'qitilf `{pvikfkkf PFy epaRqak ;Rnftalf
;T '[fB Pbividlamf. ('[fA[) - 'tbfKmf mciyat epriym[it[f '[fb
niA[vilf ;Rnft '[fA[ o[fBmilflatv[akfki. oRv[f `mfp< ecLtfti
vIzftftiy epaRqi[f mIT mbfebaRv[f `mfp< 'yfvT Epa[fB, ;v[T
tiRvayalf (kdnft paCrmf ka]fk) vIzftftpfpdfd '[fA[, ;pfEpaT t[T
tiRkfk]fkqalf vizftfTkiba[f.
(EpAtAm ecyft[Ev) - ramrcmfEpaEl MFnfT piAzkfkevadfDkib[vilfAl.
;tftalf nrsimfhavtartfti[fpFy<mf ;gfEky<]fed[fkibarf.
viqkfkmf - (EpAtAm) - ;ram{Ady pa]tftalf `Fpdfdv[f, cibiT
TFtftaLmf, mr]tfti[f YMlmf `v[f T[fpmf nIgfkiviDmf. ~[alf ;kfk]fkqf
'[T uyiArpf Epakfkamlf vRtfti 'Dkfki[fb[. ;nftpf paCrmf YMlmf
epriyepRmaqidmf nrsimfh `vtartfAty<mf ka]lamf '[fbarf.
9. ~lma mrtfti[f ;Al Emlf oR palk[ayf
walmf "Zmf u]fda[f `rgfktfT `rv< ;[f À]ya[f
Ekalmf ma m]i ~rMmf MtfTtf tamMmf MFvilflT Orf 'zilf
nIlEm[i _Eya niAb eka]fdT '[f enwfciA[Ey.
epaRqf - mikv<mf epriy ~lmrtfti[f oR cibiy ;Alyi[f mIT,
KznfAtyakkf kidnfta[f. "Z ulkgfkAqy<mf u]fD, t[T vyibfbilf
AvtfTkfeka]fda[f. ;pfpFpfpdfdv[f yarf '[fbalf - tiRvrgfktftilf
~tiEcx[f '[fb pDkfAkAy mikv<mf ;[iAmyakkf eka]fD k]fvqRmf
epriyepRmaqf ~va[f. `v{Ady harma[T mikv<mf cibnft ;rtfti[kf
kbfkqf eka]fD ;AzkfkpfpdfDqfqT, `v[T Mtftalf ~kiy vdmf
'lfAlybfb `zKd[f PFytak uqfqT. kRenyftlf mlrf Epa[fb `v[T
tiREm[iya[T '[f{Ady enwfctfAt ekaqfAq eka]fD, t[f{d[f
'DtfTcf ec[fB vidfdT. _Eya. ;[i ecyfvet[f[ ?

nIlEm[i mdfDmf `lfl, ;v[f nIl ~Ady<mf nmfAm ekaqfAq ekaqfQmf
`vtariAk
Urzip>clfEpaEl tiREm[iyi[f nibma[T 'lflavbfAby<gfPdkf eka]fD vnfT
'[fe[wfAckf ekaqfAq eka]fdet[fkibarf.
viqkfkmf - pfrqy kaltftilf `v[f À[tfAty<mf t[f{qf 'DtfTkf
eka]fdT Epa[fB, epriyepRmaqi[f tiREm[i nibma[T `v{Ady pl
~pr]gfkAqy<mf `vyvgfkAqy<mf t[kfKtf TA]yak ÀztfTvnfT,
'[T m[Atpf pbitfTcf ec[fBvidfdT '[fbarf.
vfyakfya[mf
(~lmamrtfti[ itfyati) - epriy ~lmrtfti{Ady cibfbiAlyiEl yEcataqf
tnnftyMmf epriyet[f{mfpF `tfvitIy[a[ pal[ayf. (oR palk[ayf) -
yEcataqf tnnfty[a[ kfRxf]{mf Mr]itftiRkfKmfpF ;v{Ady palfymf
ecmfpalf paya nibfKmf.

viqkfkmf - (~lmamrtfti[f ;AlEmlf) - mikv<mf epriyta[ ~lmrtfti[f

cibiy ;Alyilf. yEcaAtyi[f KznfAtya[ kfRxf][f Pd ;vA[ vidpf
epriyv[ak ;Rpfpa[f Epalf uqfqEt '[fB ka]fpvrf PBmf vitmak,
;vA[pf Epa[fB EvB yaRmf ;lflat KznfAtyak. (oR palk[ayf) -
yEcaAtyi[f p<tftir[a[ k]f][f ;vA[ vidpf epriyv[f '[fB u]rftfTmf
vitmak, ;v{Ady ;nfttf Etabfbma[T tayfpfpalf pRKmf AkkfKznfAt
Epa[fbtak uqfqT.
(walmitfyati) - ciB pfrAjkqf p<Eravrftfti ptarftftgfkAq 'DtfT
vayiliDmaEpaEl p>mipfprpfp<Ady vayiEl Avtfta[ayftfT piqfAqtft[mf.
pfrqytftilf t[f[ kFt kdntfEtaedakfKmf '[fA[ `kpfpDtfti[pFy<mf.
viqkfkmf - (walmf "Zmf) - cibiy KznfAtkqf tgfkQkfK M[fpak 'nftpf

epaRqf kidnftaLmf `tA[ 'DtfT t[T vayi AvtfTkf ekaqfQmf. `T
Epa[fB ;v[f, t[kfK M[fpak ;Rnft À[tfT ulkgfkAqy<mf t[T
tiRvayilf AvtfTkf eka]fda[f. ciB KznfAtyak uqfqEpaEt t[T
camrftftiymf kar]mak À[tfT ulkgfkAqy<mf viZgfkiyT Epa[fB,
'[fA[tf t[kfK `FAmpfpDtfti[a[f (ulkmf viZgfKvAt vid ;T
kF[mf '[fbarf).
(`rgfktftrvi[A]ya[f) - smfsar pfrqytfti[ i[fBmf 'Dkfkkf kidkfkibpF.
`nft ~li[ iAlyilf ni[fBmf ;gfEk vrcfcRkfki[vitftA[ ka}mf.
;pfpfrmattfEtaEd PF[ ecyAlcf ecyftae[[fB pypfpDmvrfkqf `cfcmf
ekDmfpF kidkfkibvidmf.
viqkfkmf - (`rgfktfT `rv< ;[f À]ya[f) - smfsarmf '[fb
evqfqtftiliRnfT ;nft ulAkkf kapfpabfbi 'Dpfptbfkak tiRvrgfktftilf
uqfqa[f. `nft ~liAlyiliRnfT cBkfki ~tiEcx[f mIT vnftT Epa[fB,
;gfEk kidkfkiba[f. ;pfpF oR `ti `bfp<tma[ ecyAlcf ecyftv[f ;v[f,
;v[idmf namf eclfl ;yLma '[fB cilrf `v[Rkilf eclfl pypfpdkfPDmf.
`nft `cfcmf nIkfKmfvitmak ;gfK cy[itfTqfqa[f.
(`rvi[A]ya[f) - pfrqytftilf t[f vyibfbiEl p<kaviFlf jktfT
jIviyatapfEpaEl, smfsarikqf t[fMktfEt viziyaviFlf t[kfKcf
eclflat[pF.
viqkfkmf - (`rv< ;[f À]ya[f) - pfrqytfti[f EpaT ulkgfkqf
À[tfTmf ;v[f vyibfbilf eclflvilfAl '[fbalf ;pfEpaT ;RnftiRkfk
MFyaT. `TEpa[fB, t[fA[ smfsarikqf ka]amlf ;Rnftalf, `t[alf
ta[f vRtftpfpdfD kidpfpv[f.
(Ekalmam]iyarMmf) - `zkiytayfpf epRviAly[ayiRnfTqfq rtfngfkqaEl

ecyfypfpdfd ~rMmf. (MtfTtftamMmf) - MtfTmaAly<mf. (Ekalmf) - ;T
epRmaAqcf ecalfLkibT.
viqkfkmf - (Ekalmam]iyarMmf) - miKnft viAl uAdyT, mikv<mf
`zka[T, ;rtfti[kf kbfkqf ptikfkpfpdfdT, ;pfpFpfpdfd harmf.
(MtfTtftammf) - MtfT maAl. (Ekalmf) - nmfepRmaQd[f uqfq `zK.
(MFvilflEtaerzilf nIlEm[i) - `vti ka]eva]f]at `zAky<Ady
enyftft tiREm[i. (_Eya) - pcfAccfcdfAd uDtfTtf
t[kfKqfqtfAtyAdykfkadfF '[kfKqfqtfAtyAdykf eka]fda[f. (niAb
eka]fdet[fe[wfciA[Ey) - '[kfK `kvayilf kamfpIrfytfAtpf
EpakvFtftT.
viqkfkmf - (MFvilflT Orf 'zilf) - 'lfAl ka] ;ylatpF `zAky<mf
oqiAyy<mf eka]fd tiREm[i. (_Eya) - t[f{Ady tiREm[iyi[f nibtfAtkf

mdfDEm kadfF, '[f{AdyT '[fB na[f niA[tft '[f m[Atkf ekaqfAq

`FtfTvidfdaE[. (niAb eka]fdT) - '[T m[tilf uqfq À[tfAty<mf
'DtfTkf eka]fda[f.
;pfpadfdalf vdtqcynMmf epriyepRmaqf pkfkliEl u]fed[fkibT.
viqkfkmf - ;t[f YMlmf ~liAl mIT cy[itft k]f][i[f t[fAmkqf
epriyepRmaqidmf ka]lamf '[fbarf.
10. eka]fdlf v]f]A[kf Ekavl[ayf ev]fe]yf
u]fd vay[f '[f uqfqmf kvrfnftaA[
`]fdrf Eka[f `]i `rgfk[f '[f `MtiA[kf
k]fd k]fkqf mbfB o[fbiA[kf ka]aEv
epaRqf - mAzkfkal Emkmf Epa[fB uqfqv{mf, ~yrfKltftilf pibnfT
ev]fe]yf u]fdv{mf, '[T m[tfAtkf ekaqfAq eka]fdv{mf,
nitfyVrikqi[f tAlv{mf, ;nft ulkibfEk ~pr]maktf tikZmf
tiRvrgfktftilf cy[itfTqfqv{mf ~kiy epriyepRmaAq na[f k]fEd[f.
'[kfK `mirftmf Epa[fB `v[f uqfqa[f. ;pfpFpfpdfd epriyepRmaAqkf
k]fd pi[f[ rf, ;nftkf k]fkqf prmptnatA[kf Pdkf ka]tf tyarak
;lfAl.
u]fEda ;nft vsfTv<kfK opfpa[Etarf :D?
`vtariAk
nikmtftilf, ;vfvqv<mf jfw ansaXatfkarmf, Emlf Elaksargfk mhaM[ikqf
Etaqilf vnfT p<KnfT vi]f]pfpwfecyfkibarf. epriyepRmaqzAkkf k]fd
k]fkqf mbfeba[fbiA[kf ka]aev[fkibarf.

viqkfkmf - EmEl Pbiy o[fpT paCrgfkqa[Av, tiR pfpa]azfvarf

Elaksargfk M[ivri[f mIT `mrfnfT vRmfEpaT, t[f{Ady wa[kfk]f]alf
k]fdvbfAb vrf]ipfpAv ~Kmf. ;nftpf paCrtfAtpf epriyepRmaqf
tiRM[fpak ni[fB `Rqicf ecyfkibarf. ;v{Ady `zAkkf k]fd t[T
k]fkqf, EvB 'tA[y<mf ;[ikf ka]aT '[fB PBkibarf.
vfyakfya[mf
(eka]fdlfv]f]A[) - taptfrytftaEl vidayftft tmf vidayf tIRmfpFyayf
`tferq cyaQriv cItqkaqEmk@ '[fkibpFEy vrfxHkma[ kaqEmkmf
EpaElyiRkfkib tiRnibtfAty<AdyvA[. p[f[IrfkfKpfpi EpaEl
uqfQqfqAveylflamf p<bmfEp nizlidfdpF.
viqkfkmf - (eka]fdlfv]f]A[) - ;nft ulkilf uqfqtalf u]fdaKmf
YM[fB vitma[ T[fpgfkQmf t[kfKtf tIRmfpF uqfqv[f. 'pfpF?
!rgfkrajsftvtftilf (1-82) - `tferq cyaQriv cItq kaqEmk@ - Kqirfnft
nIrf eka]fd mAzkfkal Emkmf Epa[fbv[f - '[fB pdfdrf PbiypFy<qfq
tiREm[i nibmf eka]fdv[f. p[f[Irf ecamfp< Epa[fB, t[f{qf uqfq
À[tfTmf evqiyilf etriy<mfpF uqfqv[f.
(Ekavl[ayf ev]fe]y<]fdvay[f) - ;Ady[ayf ev]fe]yf u]fd
tiRpfpvqtfAt uAdyvA[. ckfrvrftftitf tiRmk[akilf ev]fe]y<]f]
evadfdarfkeq[fB kRtfT. (Ekavl[f) - ~pijatfymf, epRmaQkfKkf
kdfD]fpT `Fy<]fptakkf kiAdkfKEma?
viqkfkmf - (Ekavl[ayf ev]fe]yf u]fd vay[f) - ;Ady[ak `vtritfT
ev]fe]Ay u]fd pvzmf Epa[fB `zkakcf civnft tiRvayf uAdyv[f.
ckfrvrftftitf tiRmk[f '[fbalf ev]fe]yf u]f] `r]fmA[yilf uqfqvrfkqf
vidmadfd[rf '[fptalf k]f][akkf Pbi[arf. (Ekavl[f) - ;ram[ak
;Rnftalf ;v{kfK tayi[f Akkqalf kdfdpfpDvT, `FpDvT Mtla[
EpB kidfdaT `lflEva?
(ev]fe]y<]fdvay[f) - kqv< k]fD oqitfT vnfT kidkfkibv[f,

epriyepRmaqf ekaBdfAd EmanfT parftftalf ;pfEpaT ev]fe]yf
nabanibfKmf.
viqkfkmf - (ev]fe]yf u]fd vay[f) - ev]fe]Aytf tiRF u]fDvidfD,
yEcaAtkfKpf pynfT, tiRvrgfktftilf vnfT oqinfTqfqa[f. ;[fBmf
epriyepRmaqi[f k[f[gfkAq MkrfnfT parftftalf ev]fe]yf vacmf vICvAt
u]rlamf.
('[f{qfqgfkvrfnftaA[) - '[fe[wfAc `phritftvA[. Ekavl[ayf
ev]fe]y<]fdapfEpaEl eka]fdlfv]f][ayf '[f{qfqgfkvrfnftvA[.
yEcaAtpf piradfFy<Ady ev]fe]yiEl p]f]i[ cfrtfAtAy '[fe[wfciEl
p]f]i p<jitftvA[. Avtft KbiyziyatiRkfk ev]fe]yf KFEpa[apf
EpaElyayftfT ;vRdmfpiRkfk `kvayf KFEpa[pF.
viqkfkmf - ('[f uqfqmf kvrfnftaA[) - '[T m[At `pkritfTcf
ec[fbvA[. k]f][ak vnfT ev]fe]yf u]fdTEpa[fB, mAzkfkal
Emkmf Epa[fb tiREm[i nibmf eka]fD '[T uqfqtfAtkf kvrfnftvA[,
yEcaAtyi[f ev]fe]yilf 'tftA[ :DpaD AvtftiRnftaE[a, Èt `qv<
:DpadfAd '[T m[ti[f mITmf eka]fDqfqvA[, yEcaAtyi[f vIdfFlf `vqf
AvtfTqfq ev]fe]yf ubiyiliRnfT 'DtftT etriyamlf 'Dtftv[f, ;[fB
;vrT udli[f uqfEq ;RkfKmf enwfctfAt 'DtftT etriyamlf
`pkritfta[f.

(`]fdrfEka[f) - tiRvayfpfpaFyiliAdkfKltfTkfK nirfvahke[[f{tlf,

`]fdanftrfvrftftikqa[ ~tfmvrfkfktfTkfK nirfvahke[[f{tlf.
(`]iyrgfke[[f[MtiA[) - EtvrfkqiAdy upfp<cfcaB Epal[fB ;vRAdy
`mfRtmf.
viqkfkmf - (`]fdrfEka[f) - tiRvayfpfpaFyilf uqfq ;Adyrfkqi[f

KltfTkfKtf tAlv[f, `]fdgfkqi[f uqfq ;RkfKmf ;nft ~tfmakfkqf
À[tftibfKmf tAlv[f. (`]i `rgfk[f '[f `MtiA[) - EtvrfkQkfKkf
kdAlkf kAdnftEpaT u]fda[ upfp<cfcaB `mirftmak ;RnftT. `nft
`mirfttfAtkf kadfFLmf ;vRkfK epriyepRmaqf ;[iy `mirftmak
;Rnfta[f.
('[f[ MtiA[) - pfrhfmatikQkfK MtliyayiRkfKmf, '[kfKcf cakamlf
kakfKmf `mfRtmayiRkfKmf. (k]fdk]fkqf) - CAvybinft k]fkqf,
cfrvE]nftfriy matfrm[fbiEy vidayf tIrkfk]fd k]fkqf.
viqkfkmf - ('[f `MtiA[) - pfrmfm[f Mtla[ EtvrfkQkfK `nft `mirftmf,
`vrfkqf udAl cakamlf kapfpabfBmf. ;nft `rgfk[f '[fb `Mtmf '[T
~tfmaAvkf kapfpabfBmf `mirftmaKmf. (k]fd k]fkqf) - `rgfkA[kf k]fD,
`nft `mirfttfti[f CAv 'pfpFpfpdfdT '[fB `binft k]fkqf. `vA[pf
pbfbikf katalf EkdfpT mdfDEm `lflamlf, '[T kAqpfp< À[tfTmf
nIgfKmfpF k]fd k]fkqf.
(mbfeba[fbiA[kf ka]aEv) - paEva nanfytfr kcfcti EpaEl k]fkQkfKpf
pcfAcyidfdaLmf EvebaR `rfcfcavtarmf `vtar viEcxmf ;vbfAb ;pfpF
viRmfpi Epakfyem[fB kRtaT. kadfcieyaziy EvebaR plmf ecalflavidfdT
plMmf kadfciEyyaAkyaEl. Mkftpfrapfyem[fB oR EtcvixtftiEl Epa[aLmf
stapcfynftiyiEb.
viqkfkmf - (mbfeba[fbiA[kf ka]aEv) - `{m[f ;ramay]tftilf - paEva
nanfytfr kcfcti - ;ramA[ vidfD '[T niA[va[T AvK]fdnat[idmf
Pdcf eclfvtilfAl - '[fba[f. ;T Epa[fB ;vRmf uqfqarf. mbfebaR
`rfcfcavtartfAtEya `lflT vipv `vtartfAtEya ;[i ;kfk]fkqf
viRmfpi "bfkaT. ;t[f YMlmf k]fkqf Àdy<mf pl[f '[f[ '[fpAtkf
Pbamlf, mbfb 'tA[y<mf ;nftkf k]fkqf ka]aT '[fbarf. ~k, mbfb
'tA[y<mf ka]amlf ;RpfpEt ;kfk]fkqf epbfb py[f '[fB kRtfT.
Mkftrfkqalf ÀdypfpDmf py[a[ epriyepRmaAq ;vrf `{pvitfttalf,
EvB 'tA[y<mf PbvilfAl.
tmfAmcf ecalfLtlf, padfDkfK sgfkfAy ecalfLtlf ecyfyilf kArEmEl
ni[fb `lflat ~zfvarfkEqapatiyavrf. `sftamitanfy pavmamfpF `zkiEl
:DpdfDtf tmfAm mbnftarf. Enapjmf sfmrnfnitmf crIrmf '[fkibpFEy
Mkftpfrapfyma[ p<RxarftfttfAt `{pvitftaer[fAkyaEl 'lflamf `v[f
ecalfElyayfvidfdT.
viqkfkmf - mbfb ~zfvarfkAqpf Epa[fB ;vrf tmfMAdy epyArkf PBvT,

paCrtfti[f ']f]ikfAkAykf PBvT Epa[fb ecylfkAq ;vrf
ecyfyvilfAl. ~kEv mbfb ~zfvarfkqf Epa[fB `rgfk[f '[fb ntiyi[f
kAryiEl ni[fB ;vrf nIradvilfAl. `nft `mirft evqfqtfti[f uqfEq MZki,
`tilf :DpdfD, `zkiym]vaq[i[f `zkilf t[fA[Ey mbnftarf. canfEtakfy
up[ixtf - Enapjmf sfmrnfnitmf crIrmf - Mkfti epbfb ~tfma, t[T
ubvi[ rfkqi[f nDvilf uqfq t[T pAzy udAl niA[pfpT ;lfAl -
'[fbT. ;Et Epa[fB, ;vRmf t[fA[ mbnfT, Mkfti epbfb ~tfma `vA[
`{pvipfpT Epa[fB ni[fbarf. ~kEv ;vrf PbiyAv À[tfTmf `vA[pf
pbfbi mdfDEm ÀmnfTvidfdT.

;pfpadfFlf kfRxf]{AdypFy<mf ;gfEk u]fed[fkibarf.

viqkfkmf - ;nftpf paCrmf YMlmf epriyepRmaqidmf k]f][i[f t[fAmkAqy<mf
ka]lamf '[fbarf.
tiRpfpa]azfvarf `Rqicfecyft `ml[atipira[f Cpmf

epriyvacfca[fpiqfAq `Rqicfecyft `ml[atipira[f
vfyakfya[mf Cpmf
tiRpfpa]azfvarf tiRvFkEq cr]mf

epriyvacfca[fpiqfAq tiRvFkEq cr]mf


Am Alan at Hip Iran

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Am Alan at Hip Iran

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

!

tiRpfpa]azfvarf `Rqicf ecyft

nmfepRmaqf, 'mfepRma[arf `Rqalf My[f bv[f

! `Ehapil tas[f k. !tr[f

nmfepRmaqf tiRvFkEq cr]mf

srfvmf kfRxf]arfpfp]mf ... vasHEtvmf srfvmf

Website: www.namperumal.com email: sridharan_book@yahoo.co.in

piqfAqElakmf jIyrf `Rqicf ecyft t[iy[f vfyakfya[mf

(~patVdmitfyati) ;tilf ekRdvak[{mf nibfk, `wfciAbpfp<dfpakA[ya[f

Website: www.namperumal.com email: sridharan_book@yahoo.co.in

(hrimf cyanmf) !manfsHksHpft@prnftp@ '[f{mfpFyayfkf kidkfAk. kidnft

viqkfkmf - ;ramay]mf sHnftr ka]fdmf (38-25) - !manf sHk sHpft@

(kvErThiTrfmtfEy) kvErknfAyya[ kaEvri mtfEy. kgfAkyibf p<[ itmay

viqkfkmf - kvErrf '[f{mf M[iv[i[f ep]f kaEvri ~vaqf. `nftkf

Website: www.namperumal.com email: sridharan_book@yahoo.co.in

et[f tiAcyilgfAk Enakfkikf kdlf nibkf kdv<eqnfAt `rvA]tf

;[i `vfvqvilf nilflaEt (`tfrxfRtamfnynEyarf vixyanftra]amf)

viqkfkmf - `tfTd[f mdfDmf nibfkvilfAl. `rgfkA[kf k]fd pi[f[ rf EvB

(Eya nicfcikay mnAv Mnivahnmf tmf) '[fB yaveraRvrf k]fdk]fkqf

Website: www.namperumal.com email: sridharan_book@yahoo.co.in

kRtfT(tiRvrgfk[i[f kdfdAqkfK "bfp, Elakcargfk[f '[fb M[ivrf, ;nft

kfrIdEky>rk rtfnK]fdlmf pfrlmfpMkftam]i Ehmp>xitmf vical vXsfsftl

viqkfkmf - !hsftikiri mhatfmfymf '[fb W\lilf, kIEz uqfqT Epa[fB

Website: www.namperumal.com email: sridharan_book@yahoo.co.in

epriyazfvarf `vtartftilf `Wpvmf ;vrfkfK `rfcfcavtftiEl, `vrf

viqkfkmf - epriyazfvarf k]f][i[f `vtartftiEl mygfkikf kidnftarf, ;vrf

tiRmAl nmfpi `Rqicf ecyft t[iy[f

epaRqf - tamAr Epa[fb tiRvFkqf, civnft pItamfpr ~Ad, `zka[

Website: www.namperumal.com email: sridharan_book@yahoo.co.in

epriyepRmaAqpf pattiEkcanftmayf `{pvikfkpf epbfb pa]fepRmaAq

viqkfkmf - epriyepRmaAq, tiRvF etadgfki tiRMFvAr ni[fB

(kadfdEv k]fd patmf) `rgfktftmfma[f tiRkfkmlpatmf vnfet[f

viqkfkmf - (kadfdEv k]fd patmf) - `rgfktftmfma[f tiRkfkmlpatmf vnfT

(EtdfdRMtpnftmf) EtdfdRmf tiblf Et[a[ et[f[ rgfk{Ady Etdbfkriy

viqkfkmf - (EtdfdRmf utr pnftmf) - epRmaqf tiRemazi(2-1) EtdfdRmf

Website: www.namperumal.com email: sridharan_book@yahoo.co.in

`{pvitftAt, pdfdrf rgfkraj sftvtftilf(1-103) - `trmTramfEpajmf -

(M[iEybi) - Mnivahnrayf. (t[ip<KnfT) - ;nft mhaEpaktftiEl tamf

viqkfkmf - (M[iEybi) - Elaksargfk M[ivArtf t[T vak[makkf

Website: www.namperumal.com email: sridharan_book@yahoo.co.in

pfrv]mf EpaEl `tisgfKcitmayiRtftlf, EvtMmf EvEtappfRmfh]ma[

viqkfkmf - `ml[atipira[f '[fb ptfTpf paCrgfkqf eka]fd ;nfttf

Website: www.namperumal.com email: sridharan_book@yahoo.co.in

tiRvayfemaziy<mf `mrfCAvyayirmf, paEladMt[f[ vayirmf, uArekaqi[femazi

Website: www.namperumal.com email: sridharan_book@yahoo.co.in

tiRemazi Epa[fB, `rgfkA[pf pbfbipf paDvtalf, mbfb pfrpnftgfkAqkf

Website: www.namperumal.com email: sridharan_book@yahoo.co.in

viqkfkmf - `{m[f - vIr - vIrE[ - '[fB PBvt[f YMlmf ta[f ;ram[i[f

Website: www.namperumal.com email: sridharan_book@yahoo.co.in

- '[fB PbpfpDmf ;[iy ~B(kfRxf][f) `lflEva ;gfK epriyepRmaqak

plEpakftfRtfvmf tmfmtayiRkfk 'lflamvEr '[fkibpF 'gfgE[ey[f[ ilf

Website: www.namperumal.com email: sridharan_book@yahoo.co.in

ubv<MAb mabamlf ;RkfKmf prmpttfti[f nayk[f - ;pfpFpfpdfdv[f yarf

nmfepRmaqf uAby>rilf kmlvlfli nacfciyaRd[f EsAv catikfkibpF

Website: www.namperumal.com email: sridharan_book@yahoo.co.in

(`ml[f) Ctfte[[fbpF. ;v[f Ctft[aAkyavT ta[f oRtft[f

(`FyarfkfK) - rtfnharI c prftftiv@ '[fkibpFEy ;vfvsfTvi[f cIrfAmyaEl

Website: www.namperumal.com email: sridharan_book@yahoo.co.in

kfrymf ec[fbalf mIq virkilfAl. !vipIx]azfva{kfK MtlikQAdy

(vi]f]vrfEka[f) - ~qilflatv[f kiGrf ;pfpF vixyIkritfta[f. nitfyVrikqf

Website: www.namperumal.com email: sridharan_book@yahoo.co.in

tiRvayfemaziyilf (2-3-10) - ud[f PDvT '[fB ekaEla - '[fB "gfkiyT

(vi]f]vrfEka[f viAryarfpfepazilf Evgfkdv[f) - ~bfbiEl `ZnfTvarf

Website: www.namperumal.com email: sridharan_book@yahoo.co.in