Velocity diagram impulse turbine stage

z represents the blade speed , Vr represents the relative velocity, Vwa & Vwb-
represents the tangential component of the absolute steam in and steam out
velocities
The power developed per stage = Tangential force on blade
x blade speed.
Power /stage= (Vw a - Vwb).z/1000 kW per kg/s of steam
Reaction Blading
The reaction blading principle depends on the blade diverting the steam flow
and gaining kinetic energy by the reaction. The Catherine wheel (firework) is
an example of this principle. For this turbine principle the steam pressure drop
is divide between the fixed and moving blades.
Velocity diagram reaction turbine stage
z represents the blade speed , Vr represents the relative velocity, Vwa & Vwb-
represents the tangential component of the absolute steam in and steam out
velocities
The power developed per stage = Tangential force on blade
x blade speed.
Power /stage= (Vw a - Vwb).z/1000 kW per kg/s of steam
The blade speed z is limited by the mechanical design and
material constraints of the blades.
Rankine Cycle
The Rankine cycle is a steam cycle for a steam plant operating under the best
theoretical conditions for most efficient operation. This is an ideal imaginary
cycle against which all other real steam working cycles can be compared.
The theoretic cycle can be considered with reference to the figure below.
There will no losses of energy by radiation, leakage of steam, or frictional
losses in the mechanical components. The condenser cooling will condense
the steam to water with only sensible heat (saturated water). The feed pump
will add no energy to the water. The
chimney gases would be at the same pressure as the
atmosphere.
Within the turbine the work done would be equal to the energy entering the
turbine as steam (h1) minus the energy leaving the turbine as steam after
perfect expansion (h2) this being isentropic (reversible adiabatic) i.e. (h1- h2).
The energy supplied by the steam by heat transfer from the combustion and
flue gases in the furnace to the water and steam in the boiler will be the
difference in the enthalpy of the steam leaving the boiler and the water
entering the boiler = (h1 - h3).
Basic Rankine Cycle
The various energy streams flowing in a simple steam turbine system are as
indicated in the diagram below. It is clear that the working fluid is in a closed
circuit apart from the free surface of the hot well. Every time the working fluid
flows at a uniform rate around the circuit it experiences a series of processes
making up a thermodynamic cycle.
The complete plant is enclosed in an outer boundary and the working fluid
crosses inner boundaries (control surfaces). The inner boundaries defines a
flow process.
The various identifiers represent the various energy flows per unit mass
flowing along the steady-flow streams and crossing the boundaries. This
allows energy equations to be developed for the individual units and the
whole plant.
When the turbine system is operating under steady state conditions the law of
conservation of energy dictates that the energy per unit mass of working
agent ** entering any system boundary must be equal to the rate of energy
leaving the system boundary.
**It is acceptable to consider rates per unit mass or unit time
whichever is most convenient
Steady Flow Energy
Equations
Boiler
The energy streams entering and leaving the boiler unit are
as follows:
F + A + hd = h1 + G + hlb
hence F + A = G + h1 - hd +
hlb
Turbine
The energy streams entering and leaving the
turbine are as follows:
h1 = T + h2 + hlt
hence 0 = T - h1 + h2 + hlt
Condenser Unit
The energy streams entering and leaving the
condenser unit are as follows:
Wi + h2 = Wo + hw + hlc
hence
Wi =Wo +hw -h2 +
hlc
Feed Water System
The energy streams entering and leaving the Feed
Water System are as follows:
hw + de + df= hd + hlf
hence de + df = - hw + hd + hl
The four equations on the right can be arranged to give the energy equation
for the whole turbine system enclosed by the outer boundary.
That is the energy of the fuel (F) per unit mass of the
working agent (water) is equal to the sum of
- the mechanical energy available from the turbine less that
used to drive the pumps (T - (de+ df)
- the energy leaving the exhaust [G - A] using the air
temperature as the datum.
- the energy gained by the water circulating through the
condenser [Wo - Wi]
- the energy gained by the atmosphere surrounding the
plant Σ hl