Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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betonarme
betonarme
Ana kiriş
kiriş
Tali kiriş
kirişler
6 - 22 m
Çelik
çelik
Assembly
Economical:
Reduction of height reduces the total of Functionality:
the building --
-->> saving area of cladding
Fire protection by using principles of reinforced
Longer spans with the same height concrete in which the concrete protects the steel
-->
-- > column free rooms
Additional storeys with the same
total height of building
Quicker time of erection:
Saving costs, earlier completion of the building
Lower financing costs
Ready for use earlier thus increasing
rental income
Assembly:
Service and building flexibility: Working platforms of steel decking
Adaptable structures Permanent shuttering
Modification during the life of the building
Reinforcement of profiled steel sheetings
Modify services without violating the privacy of
Speed and simplicity of construction
other occupants
Quality controlled products ensure greater accuracy
Accommodation of service facilities
in the ceiling
within a false floor
in a coffer box running along the walls
Construction methods Construction methods
13 14
- time
time--consuming shuttering - low fire resistance
Composite slabs
composite beam
composite column floor = beam + slab
Slabs Slabs
Profile steel sheeting
Pre
Pre--stressed concrete slabs
Interlock between steel and concrete
mechanical
frictional
end anchorage
Composite slabs comprise of Profiled decking types
19 20
the slab hp hp
b
b
Beams
Types of shear connectors
Döşemeler : yerinde dökme
betonarme Döşemeler
25 26
Baş
Başlıklı kamaların
kaynaklanması
27 28
Ters Sehim
Metal
trapez
perde
Type of
non-mixed mixed mixed mixed
Columns
construction
Steel grade S 235 S 235 S 355 S 460 Examples of composite columns
Cross-section
Reduction in
- 13 % 44 % 52 %
weight of steel
Construction elements Examples
31 32
shot-fired nails
Examples Examples
33 34
Concrete slab
Concrete core
Examples Examples
35 36
Parking deck “DEZ” (Innsbruck - Austria) Parking deck “DEZ” (Innsbruck - Austria)
200
260
60
Cross section of the slim-
slim-floor beam and slab
-200 mm concrete slab
-60 mm prefabricated concrete elements
Erection of composite columns over 2 storeys -steel beam: web 165/20 mm
Assembly of prefabricated concrete slabs flange 245/40 mm
-headed studs: 22 mm
Structural steel
– As EC3
Concrete
– Steel grades with a characteristic strength greater than
– Normal and lightweight concrete as EC2 460N/mm2 not covered
– Concrete grades less than C20/25 or greater than C60/75
excluded Profiled steel sheeting for composite slabs
– As EC3
Reinforcing steel – Types of steel restricted
– As EC2
– Recommended minimum thickness is 0.7mm
– Reinforcement grades with a characteristic strength greater
than 550N/mm2 not covered Shear connectors
– Reference to ENs for material specification
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
Lateral- Longitudinal Shear Connection
(Yanal Burulması Burkulma )
51 52
Six categories:
– roofs generally
Guidance is given on calculating – roofs frequently carrying personnel other than for maintenance
deflections for composite beams – floors generally
– including allowances for partial interaction – floors and roofs supporting plaster or other brittle finish or non-
flexible partitions
– concrete cracking
– floors supporting columns (unless deflection included in global
Calculated deflections should be analysis for ultimate limit state)
– situations in which the deflection can impair the appearance of
compared with limits in Eurocode 3 or in the building
given standards.
« Shear lag » effects induce non uniform stress beff = be1 + be2
distribution in the slab
with bei = min ( Lo/8; bi )
⇒ concept of “effective width” beff where Lo is the distance measured between consecutive
points of contraflexure in the bending moment diagram
b
eff
b e1 b e2 L0 = 0,25(L 1+ L2 ) 0,25(L 2 + L 3 ) 1,5L4 but < L4+0,5L3 )
(continued)
(continued)
Elastic strains and stresses in the composite section The E’c value is influenced by:
– the concrete grade
– the concrete age,
– the short-term or long-term character of the loading
(continued) (continued)
Analysis for ultimate limit states Design requirements
73 74
(continued)
– Verification of the slab resistance sudden change of section and/or mechanical properties
VI V V
(continued)
II I III III (continued)
splice
VI V V VI
II I III III
splice VII
Composite slabs Advantages of composite slabs
79 80
the slab hp
h
hp
h
• Load distribution of line or
b
b
b
b
point loads
re-entrant trough profile Open trough profile
over decking > 40mm exceed the least of: and steel sheet -
b
total depth h > 90mm concrete and 100mm for steel sheet and adjacent δ
P
P u : partial interaction
50mm bo bo interaction.
P u : no interaction
hc hc P
f
h h First crack load
hp hp
deflection δ
0
b b
b b
δ δ
frictional and mechanical P
u P u : complete interaction P
u P u : complete interaction
micro-slips occur. P
f
exists P
f
First crack load First crack load
0
deflection δ
• Failure can be brittle or 0
deflection δ
ductile
Partial interaction:
From 0 to Pf , the physical-
chemical phenomena Zero interaction:
• Global slip not zero but limited
account for most of the Stiffness depends on the • Shear force transfer partial and
initial interaction between effectiveness of the • Global slip at the steel-
concrete interface is not the ultimate lies between the
the steel and concrete. connection type. ultimate loads of the previous
limited and there is almost
no transfer of shear force. cases.
• Failure can be brittle or ductile.
Failure type I
• Represented by the first part of the P-δ curve
• Stiffness highest for complete interaction applied moment exceeds Mpl.Rd
• Three types of link between steel and concrete:
1. Physical-chemical link: generally the critical mode for moderate to high
always low but exists for all profiles spans with a high degree of interaction
2. Friction link: between the steel and concrete.
develops as soon as micro slips appear
III I
3. Mechanical anchorage link: II
acts after the first slip
depends on the steel-concrete interface shape.
Shear span Ls
Composite slab collapse modes Composite slab collapse modes
91 92
III I III I
II II
• Depends on
characteristics of the steel- Two design conditions should to be
concrete interface. Load P
considered
Ductile behaviour
During construction In service
• Slabs with open trough
steel sheet acts as concrete and steel combine to
profiles experience a more shuttering
Brittle behaviour form a single composite unit
brittle behaviour
deflection δ
• Slabs with re-entrant
trough profiles tend to
Shear connectors
exhibit more ductile between beam and
•behaviour.
Decking producers ameliorate slab influence the
brittle behaviour with various failure mode.
mechanical means – embossments,
indentations, dovetails
• Steel deck must resist weight of wet concrete • Weight of concrete and steel deck
• Construction loads
and the construction loads - weight of the operatives and concreting plant
• Deck may be propped temporarily during • ‘Ponding' effect
- increased depth of concrete due to deflection
construction
• Storage load (if any)
• Preferable if no propping is used
! Minimum values are
• Verification at ULS and SLS should be in (b) (a) (c) (b) (b) (a) (c) (b)
not necessarily
accordance with part 1.3 of Eurocode 3 sufficient for excessive
• Effects of embossments or indentations on 3000 3000 impact or heaping
Moment in mid-span moment over support concrete, or pipeline or
the design resistances should be considered (a) Concentration of construction loads 1,5 kN / m²
pumping loads
(b) Distributed construction load 0,75 kN / m²
(c) Self weight
Deflection Composite slab design checks
97 98
Under self weight + the weight of wet concrete, Loads to be considered are the following :
but excluding construction loads 1. Self-weight of the slab (profiled sheeting and
concrete)
δ < L/180
2. Other permanent self-weight loads (not load
If δ < 1/10 of the slab depth carrying elements)
- ponding effect may be ignored 3. Reactions due to the removal of the possible
propping
Allow for ponding by assuming in design
4. Live loads
- nominal thickness of the concrete is 5. Creeping, shrinkage and settlement
increased over the whole span by 0,7δ. 6. Climatic actions (temperature, wind...).
For typical buildings, temperature variations are
generally not considered.
Summary Summary
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