Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INTRODUCTION
Nursing is a profession of art and science that involves interaction with the client
equipped with a touch of care. Unlike the other jobs, it opts to give care to those who are
sick with a sense of desire to promote wellness and provide treatment. As promoters of
health, nurses teach, give care, and treat patients who are physically, emotionally, mentally
and socially sick and ill. It is a profession that offers the individual the chance to touch
Nurses are the heart and hands of the team and they are sensitive to the needs of
the client that enables them to have a good nurse-client relationship by being more
emphatic as well as rendering services in a hands-on manner. This would mean constant
contact and exposure with the various nosocomial infections present in the hospital setting.
It is the duty and responsibility of the nurse to strictly comply and adhere to the hospital’s
Furthermore, nurses as health care workers should be aware of the ways to slow or
prevent the transmission of infectious diseases and be knowledgeable of its potential risk
As future nurses, the study aims to identify the ways of preventing nosocomial
infections in Far Eastern University – Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Center as well as the
different kinds of preventive measures that are implemented and foreseen as an effective
This study would serve as a baseline guide for further development and growth of
nursing care and enhance the preventive strategies used to minimize nosocomial infection
from the patient or client, hospital setting, and care giver itself.
staff nurses of Far Eastern University –Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Center. Specifically, it
1.1 Age
1.2 Gender
2.2 Prognosis
3.5 Sterilization
3.6 Surveillance
3.7 Isolation
4. What are the implications of results and findings of the study to the improvement of
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study is to determine the most effective preventive measures
applied and implemented in Far Eastern University-Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Center in
slowing down or preventing the spread of nosocomial infections. Moreover, it also aims to
seek an effective way to prevent and avoid the acquisition of nosocomial infections without
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
In this area of study, the researchers present concepts tackled in the course of
study. These concepts are essential in guiding and directing the researchers toward data
One significant conceptual framework of this study was depicted from an integration
assessing and examining the causes of disease in an individual. The agent, host and
environment interact in a manner that creates risk factors, and understanding these is
environmental factor that must be absent or present for a disease to occur. A host is a
living organism capable of being infected by an agent. Leavell and Clark emphasize health
1. The model is used primarily in preventing illness rather than promoting wellness,
or disease.
2.2. Host. Person(s) who may or may not be at risk of acquiring a disease.
2.3. Environment. All factors external to the host that may predispose the person
to develop disease.
Another significant conceptual framework of this study is one of Leavell and Clark’s
Three Levels of Prevention primarily the Primary Prevention which states that:
1. Primary prevention is the action taken prior to the onset of the disease that
of health that will allow every individual to lead a normal and productive life.
6. The strategy for prevention starts from the identification of the populations
programs.
and thus reduces the likelihood of premature death, disease and disability
of disease.
Input Throughput
1. Demographic profile of Evaluation of the
the respondents preventive measures
1.1 Age implemented in Far
1.2 Gender Eastern University-Dr.
1.3 Educational Nicanor Reyes Medical
Attainment Center in slowing down
1.4 Length of Service or preventing the spread
2. Nature of the of nosocomial infections.
nosocomial infection
2.1 Mode of 1. nosocomial infection
transmission encountered and
2.2 Prognosis acquired
2.3 Prevention and
treatment 2. Preventive measures
3. Preventable Measures
to avoid and minimize
nosocomial infection and
the transmission of other
diseases. Output
3.1 Hand washing Implication to Effective
3.2 Use of protective Preventive Measures
gears and Modes of Control.
3.3 Proper sanitation
3.4 Controlling spread
of infection
3.5 Sterilization
3.6 Surveillance
3.7 Isolation
3.8 Personal hygiene
3.9 Safe injection
practices
3.10 Cleaning of the
hospital environment
3.11 Disinfection of
patient’s equipments
4. Implications to the
improvement of nursing
profession and services
of the institution.
ASSUMPTION
1. Primary causes of nosocomial infection originate from the client having contagious
2. Preventive measures play a vital role in breaking down the chain of infection.
The researcher believed that the study could further help and contribute to the following:
To the nurse. This study is significant in the sense that it could improve the nurses’ health
awareness and early prevention skills and method thus, suppressing the possibility of the
spread and transmission of nosocomial infections. It could also further contribute to the
To the hospital administrators. This study may determine the most effective preventive
measures in slowing down or preventing the spread of nosocomial infections. Thus, can
serve as bases of promoting and implementing standard precautionary measures for the
To the future researchers. The findings in this research can help other studies that are
staff nurses of Far Eastern University-Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Center with a particular
It is limited to the hospital settings in terms of the preventive measures and modes
of control that are implemented, practiced and seen as effective in slowing down and
preventing the transmission of nosocomial infections among the clients, hospital setting,
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Agent- an environmental factor that must be absent or present for a disease to occur.
preventive measures.
Droplet transmission- contact of the mucous membranes of the mouth or nose or the
clinical disease.
Environment- all factors external to the host that may predispose the person to develop
disease.
Epidemiology- branch of science that deals with the transmission and control of diseases.
Fomite- any inanimate object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms and
Mortality- ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 per
year.
stay in the hospital or are produced by viruses and infectious agents acquired during
hospitalization.
Sanitation- making the environment free from germs or state of being clean, neat and
conducive to health.
Acronyms:
CHAPTER 2
This chapter presents the literature, reading, and studies that are related to the
FOREIGN LITERATURE
Katrena Wells (2009) in her article “Best Ways to Prevent Nosocomial Infections”
suggests five ways to help prevent the spread of infections in hospital. These are hand
hygiene, avoiding infecting others if you are sick, using a tissue when you cough or
sneeze, ensuring that you are up-to-date on any necessary vaccines, and supplies should
technique, frequent hand washing especially between patients, careful handling, cleaning,
and disinfection of fomites, air filtration within the hospital, and use of single-use
Hospitals may bring diseases and infections to nurses while attending to all the
patients' needs because they are the primary caregivers of patients and are more in
contact with the patients. Preventive measures are being implemented for the patients and
measures must be implemented in the event of any social conflict within the area like using
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of gloves as a protective gear to prevent transmission of diseases from patients onto the
nurses and proper hand washing. The head nurse must be informed immediately as soon
as the nurse starts to manifest any signs and symptoms of a possible communicable
According to John Bosso (2004), Hand washing by health care workers is crucial in
preventing and controlling the spread of nosocomial infection. Only through staff education
and awareness, ongoing surveillance, and appropriate intervention can this common
problem be alleviated.
Maggie Edgar (1996) in her article “Preventing the Spread of Disease: Tips for
Providers, stated that care providers can stay healthier by following these guidelines: wash
hands properly and frequently, maintain current immunizations, especially tetanus, take
scheduled breaks and vacations, observe good nutrition, exercise regularly, rest sufficiently
each day, and engage in hobbies or other activities that do not involve caring for someone
else. Care providers who are ill should take care of themselves because they cannot
provide the usual quality of care and they can spread germs to others. A healthy care
provider is the key to a healthy, happy client care experience for clients and their families.
FOREIGN STUDY
JC Bridger (1997) conducted a study entitled a study of nurses’ views about the
nosocomial urinary tract infections which was conducted at school of nursing, Middlesex
university, Royal Free Hospital at London, UK. This study sought to discover the
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tract infections (NUTIs), the most commonly occurring nosocomial infection. This
nurses about three key issues: first, what care do nurses give with the aim of preventing
catheter-associated NUTIs? The nurses identified many of the measures that were cited in
the literature as effective for preventing NUTIs; however in reality, they stated that their
practice differed because of a lack of time to give care and to update themselves. Those
identified not only the role of medical staff in influencing NUTIs but also their inconsistent
approach to care.
is a study that explored the effectiveness of teaching strategies and the availability of
(2) Registered nurses and nurse assistants (n = 480) received standardized instruction on
alcohol hand disinfection. To determine the amount of disinfectant used, the volume of the
solution was measured before and after each study period. The clinical implications are
that hand disinfection is a critical step in minimizing nosocomial infections. This study
supports the premise that nurses and nursing assistants improve compliance with hand
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washing when teaching is provided. It also supports the importance of having hand-
washing supplies in adequate supply and readily available at the point of care.
operator faucets - Evidence For Practice. This prospective, controlled study was conducted
management activities on nosocomial infection rates during a 26-month period. The study
focused on surgical departments. Intensive care units (ICUs) were included to capture data
for patients requiring this type of treatment after surgery. The intervention group comprised
four hospitals, and the control group comprised four hospitals. The result was Clinicians
strategies to reduce the risks of infection. In this study, clinicians from the units involved
were instrumental in evaluating infection control measures and relating and implementing
Another study was conducted by Sau-Pin Won et. al (2004) which is the hand
washing program for the prevention of nosocomial infections in neonatal intensive care unit
that was held at a level-III NICU in a teaching hospital. The participants are Nurses,
physicians, and other healthcare workers in the NICU and the objective of this study is
hygiene and the rate of nosocomial infections in a neonatal intensive care unit
(NICU). The result was improved compliance with hand washing was associated with a
particular and that washing hands is a simple, economical and effective method for
Another study was conducted by Torregrossa M.V., Valentino L., Cucchiara P.,
microbiological monitoring of the environment, staff, and patients in the Intensive Care Unit
of the Palermo Bums Centre (Italy). The aim of the survey was to evaluate the presence
of nosocomial infection in immunocompromised hosts. Strains collected from air, tap water,
and medical and nursing staff were compared with strains isolated from burn patients in
order to study the potential transmission route of bacteria. The results showed
environmental strains presenting a profile identical to that of the clinical strains, suggesting
a link between the environment, staff, and the patients. A programme of routine
LOCAL LITERATURE
a result of treatment in a hospital or a health care service unit, but secondary to the
healthcare-associated infections that is responsible for the large number of deaths in the
world. Hand washing and improving hygiene practices in the hospital is the most effective
The House Bill 5905 suggests that all hospitals should maintain and gather records
of data on the hospital-acquired infection cases for a particular surgical procedure and
surveillance in the intensive care units. Under the house bill, the Secretary of Health shall
determine the different types of infections present in the hospital. (Camero, Jazmin, 2009)
House Bill 5905 also known as the "Hospital-Acquired Infections Disclosure Act of
2009" requires all hospitals to submit a yearly report of all the collected data regarding
hospital- acquired infection cases to the Department of Health then, the DOH will submit a
report to the congress summarizing all the data submitted by the hospitals. (Camero,
Jazmin, 2009)
The Department of health shall also appoint members of the advisory committee
organization and health insurers who will help the department formulate and establish
standards, rules and regulations needed to execute this bill. (Camero, Jazmin, 2009)
observation of an individual or group. Its goal, in the hospital is the collection of accurate,
reliable and timely data on infections and notifiable diseases acquired within the hospital.
Surveillance data also includes information on risk factors, etiologic agents and
antimicrobial susceptibility.”
presence of ICC personnel can possibly lead to a stricter adherence on infection control
In the Philippine journal of microbiology and infectious diseases, it was stated that
infections; which is greatly associated with improper delivery of health. This kind of
infection develops during a client’s confinement at the clinical facility, but not also that this
can be manifested even after the client is discharge. Moreover, nosocomial infections are
not limited to patients but also the health care workers can also acquire this situation which
LOCAL STUDY
A study about the incidence of nosocomial infections within a tertiary hospital was
formulated by “Bienvido Alora, M.D., Enrique Carandang, M.D. and Ludovico Jurao, Jr
M.D.” they stated that “the problem of hospital-acquired or nosocomial infections have
baffled physicians for a long time. The awareness of the extent and significance of this
problem became apparent in the past two or three decades as more studies have been
published.” With this the researchers can say that due to the increase of the studies made
for this topic the incidence of nosocomial infection within a hospital is still on hand.
Moreover, according to Rebecca Littaua, M.D. and Thelma Tupasi, M.D, they stated,
major source of morbidity, mortality and expense for the hospitalized patient, a prospective
study was undertaken to determine the incidence and identify the major determinants of
morbidity and mortality to serve as basis for recommending preventive measures against
nosocomial infection.”
Another important contribution is Katz SS. M.D. who made an unpublished study
about treatments and guidelines for nosocomial infections. According to her, “Health care
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workers should be equipped with requisite knowledge, skills and attitudes for good
infection control practices. The infection control team should: assess training needs of the
staff and provide required training through awareness programs, in-service education and
on-the-job training; organize regular training programs for the staff for essential infection
control practices that are appropriate to their job description; provide periodic re-training or
orientation of staff; and review the impact of training.” Hence the researchers further belief
that the study should not only focus on the frequency of the nosocomial infections but also
the preventive strategies that can be used to lessen the incidence rate of the problem.
STUDY
The researcher’s present study relates to the previously gathered and reviewed
literatures which show the relevance on the study about the prevention of nosocomial
The present study conducted by the researchers used a descriptive method such
like other studies and made use of questionnaires that be given to the respondents and to
CHAPTER III
Research Methodology
RESEARCH DESIGN
This study used the descriptive research. It is used to determine if there is certain
SUBJECT
This study about the prevention of nosocomial infections as perceived by the staff
nurses involved a target total of 33 nurses positioned within the service wards of selected
station of Far Eastern University – Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Center as our respondents.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
The researchers used the questionnaire for gathering and researching the
nosocomial infections as perceived by staff nurses of Far Eastern University – Dr. Nicanor
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Reyes Medical Center. The questionnaire was formulated with the use of the researcher’s
The questionnaire contains three parts. The first part was used to gather data about
the personal profile of the respondents, including the name, age, civil status, educational
attainment, nurse’s action and the length of service. The second part contains gathered
data about the most common nosocomial infections present and encountered in the
hospital as perceived by the staff nurses of FEU-NRMF. The third part contains gathered
The descriptive method was used by the researchers of this study. After the retrieval
of the questionnaires, the obtained data are carefully and manually tabulated and tallied by
the researchers. The items with the most frequency were identified in order to arrive at an
accurate interpretation of the results. The percentage of each item is also reflected on the
tabulation to help the researchers have a clearer analysis of the survey’s result.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
The following are statistical tools we used to treat research data for in depth solution
of problems:
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Formula: n = N
(1+Ne^2)
Where:
n= sample size
N= population size
e= margin of error (usually 0.05, since the preferred confidence level in sampling is
95%).
Formula: % = f / n x 100
f = frequency
n = number of respondents
Formula: P = f / n x 100
Where: P = percentage
f = frequency
variables. The largest frequency is ranked 1 and the second is 2 and so and so on
6. Weighted Mean – is the sum of item values times the weight divided by the number
7. Likert Scale – summated rating scale; is the most widely used scale; the sum of all
attribute measured.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Nosocomial Infection in a Tertiary Hospital: a Two Year surveillance at Sto. Tomas Hospital. ,
Nosocomial Infection at Makati Medical Center: A Prospective Study and Analysis of Risk
Preventing the Spread of Disease: tips for Providers, by Margie Edgar; 1996
Handwashing program for the prevention of nosocomial infections in neonatal intensive care
Solon moves to prevent the spread of hospital- acquired infection, by Jazmin Camero;
2009
Bridger JC. A Study of Nurses’ Views about the Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infections 1997
Torregrossa M.V. et. al. Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Infections in the Palermo Center
2000
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Dear respondents,
We are third year nursing students of Far Eastern University-Dr. Nicanor Reyes
Medical Foundation and we would like to ask you to honestly answer our questionnaire for
our thesis regarding the prevention of nosocomial infection as perceived by staff nurses of
The researchers
Legend:
5- Always
4- Often
27
3- Sometimes
2- Seldom
1- Never
2. In your own opinion, how often do you perceive each modes of transmission as being
the common cause of incidence of nosocomial infection in the hospital setting?
5 4 3 2 1
Direct
contact
Indirect
contact
Droplet
transmission
Airborne
transmission
28
Common
vehicle
transmission
Vector borne
transmission
3. In your own opinion, how frequent does the following symptoms of nosocomial infection
being exemplified, shown or referred to by the clients?
5 4 3 2 1
Breathing
difficulties
Fever
Inflammation
Infection
Night sweats
Pain
Swelling
4. How often do you practice the following precautionary measures in the hospital?
5 4 3 2 1
Hand
washing
Use of
protective
gears (e.g.
cap, mask,
gloves)
Proper
Sanitation
Controlling
spread of
infection
Sterilization
Surveillance
29
Isolation
Personal
hygiene
Safe
injection
practices
Cleaning of
the hospital
environment
Disinfection
of patients
equipments
showing any
signs of
having a
communicable
disease, when
the physician
is not
immediately
available and
initiating
patient
isolation
■ participating
in the
outbreak
investigation
■ Informing
quickly the
attending
physician for
any signs or
evidence of
infection in
patients under
the nurse’s
care
■ limiting
client’s
exposure to
infections
from hospital
staff,
visitor, other
patients, or
equipments
used for
treatment and
diagnosis.
■ maintaining
an adequate
and safe
supply of
drugs or
medications,
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ward
equipments,
and patient
care supplies.
■ monitoring
aseptic
techniques,
including use
of isolation
and hand
washing
■ Excellent
nursing
practice on
the ward