yous: beginner’s hindi script goal category reading and writing writing support content + learn to write, step by step + understand the script in different contexts + get a headstart in learning the language be where you want to be with teach yourself teach, yourselfFor UK order enquiries: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4SB. Telephone: +44 (0) 1235 827720, Fax: +44 (0) 1235 400454. Lines are open 9,00-18.00, Monday to Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service. You can also order through our website ‘ww.madaboutbooks.com For USA order enquiries: please contact McGraw-Hill Customer, Services, P.0. Box 545, Blacklick, OH 43004-0545, USA. ‘Telephone: 1-800-722-4796, Fax: 1-614-755-5645. For Canada order enquiries: please contact McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd, 300 Water St, Whitby, Ontario LIN 9B6, Canada, Telephone: 905 430 5000. Fax: 905 430 5020. Long renowned as the authoritative source for self-guided learning — with more than 30 milion copies sold worldwide ~ the Teach Yourself series includes over 300 tile in the fields of languages, crafts, hobbies, business, computing and education. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data a catalogue entry for this tie fs avaliable from The British Library Library of Congress Catalog Card Number. On file First published in UK 2000 by Hodder Headline Ltd, 338 Euston oad, London, NW1 38H, First published in US 2000 by Contemporary Books, a Division of The McGraw Hill Companies, 1 Prudential Plaza, 130 East Randolph Street, Chicago, IL 60601 USA, This edition published 2003, The ‘Teach Yoursel’ name is a registered trade mark of Hodder & Stoughton Ltd Copyright © 2000, 2003 Rupert Soe [mn UK: Al rights reserved. No part of this publication may be eproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Ucensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences (for ‘eprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright {ensing Agen Ute, of 90 Tenn Court Rad, London nT Al {In US. Al rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this book may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored ina database or retrieval system, without the prior writen permission of Contemporary Books. Printed in Great Britain for Hodder & Stoughton Educational, a division of Hodder Headline Ltd, 338 Euston Road, London NWi 3BH by Cox & Wyman Ltd, Reading, Berkshire Impression number 10987654321 Year 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 Acknowledgements I am grateful to Lucy Rosenstein, Christopher Shackle and Emma Back for their comments on an earlier draft of this book. My thanks also to Amrik Kalsi, Aishvarj Kumar, Sanjukta Ghosh, Navnidhi Kaur, Urvi Mukhopadhyay, and Nilanjan Sarkar, for supplying examples of hand- written Devanagari; and to Usha and Renuka Madan for the anecdote appearing in Appendix 1. The Hindi font used here is ‘Jaisalmer’, designed for the Apple Macintosh by Professor K.E. Bryant of the University of British Columbia; the Roman font with Indic diacritical marks is ‘Normyn’, devised by Mr K.R. Norman of the University of Cambridge. Books on Hindi by the same author Teach Yourself Hindi (with Simon Weightman), revised edition, London, Hodder & Stoughton, 2000. Hindi and Urdu since 1800: a Common Reader (with Christopher Shackle), London, School of Oriental and African Studies, 1990; also Delhi, Heritage, 1990. The Hindi Classical Tradition: a Braj Bhasa Reader, London, School of Oriental and African Studies, 1991; also Delhi, Heritage, 1992.CONTENTS Preface: How to use this book. viii Unit 1 | Introducing Devanagari. The Devanagari script: its history and significance __1 Transliteration 2 Languages and scripts in India 2 Hindi and Urdu. 6 How Devanagari works: a ‘garland of syllables’ 9 Conjunct characters 10 Purity of vowels 10 Aspirated and unaspirated consonants 1 Retroflex and dental consonants, 12 ‘What you see and what you get. 13 Unit 2 | The Devanagari syllabary 15 Independent vowel characters 'S ‘Consonants. 1s Dependent vowel signs (combined with % k) 15 Dotted characters 16 Unit 3| Consonants DD Velar consonants 20 Palatal consonants Retroflex consonants 22 Dental consonants. 24 Labial consonants, 25 Semi-vowels etc. 27vi BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT CONTENTS Sibilants 27 Appendix 3: Reading practice, Aspirate 8 Appendix 4: Key to the exercises__-114 Unit 4 | Vowels 30 Appendix 5: The figures explained 117 Vowel characters 30 Vowel signs 3 Appendix 6: Index of terms __121 Nasalised vowels and candrabindu. 4 Glossary Unit 5 | Simple sentences and commands. 47 ‘Some further reading. dG Unit 6 | Conjunct consonants, 51 Special conjunct forms 56 Conjuncts with T ra 58 The conjunct # fia 61 Conjunets of three or more consonants. 62 Using virdm instead of a conjunct. 63 Conjuncts using anusvar 64 When the inherent vowel remains silent 67 Unit 7 | Some more writing convention: 72 Numerals 22 Punctuation, 73 Abbreviations 15 Visarg. —____76 Avagrah 1 The pranav %, om 1 Writing English words in Devanagari 8 Unit 8 | More about Hindi words and spellings 82 Some dog-fights over conjunct forms, 82 Where does Hindi vocabulary come from? 83 Gender in Hindi 86 Appendix 1: Examples of Hindi handwriting _ 90 Appendix 2: Minimal pairs 94| PREFACE How to use this book The Hindi script ~ called Devanagari — is a beautifully logical writing sys- tem. Its phonetic arrangement makes it quite easy to learn, and once you know the basic four dozen (or so) characters you will be well on your way to reading the signs, posters, notices, street names, signposts and adver- tisements that are part of the everyday scene in North India. Beginner's Hindi Script introduces Devanagari in the traditional order. The characters are introduced one by one in phonetic groups, steadily building up your ability to read and write. The book also gives you some information on the cultural orientation of the language, explaining where Hindi belongs in the history of Indian languages, and showing where its words come from. The book is intended for beginners who are starting to learn Hindi from scratch, and who need guidance in pronunciation as well as in reading and writing. But it can also be used by those who already know something of the spoken language — pethaps learned from family or from Hindi films — and who wish to add an ability to read and write. To gain the most benefit from the book, treat it as a course and work through it from beginning to end. But if you are keen to begin learning the characters without delay, you can turn straight to Unit 3 and start copying out the hand-written examples. The basic syllabary of Devanagari is set out in a matrix on page 15, which will give you enough information to help you identify and read many simple words; if you are out and about in India, you might perhaps like to keep a photocopy of this table with you to help you interpret signboards, notices and place names. However you use the book, doing the exercises (and checking your answers against the key at the back of the book) is the best way of learning the script thoroughly. ‘You will find instructions for the exercises on page 23. PREFACE ix The illustrations are mostly taken from ‘public’ uses of Hindi in advertise- ments, shop signs and so on. Most of the vocabulary appearing in these, and in the tabulated examples, is given in the Glossary; and translations of any text appearing in these illustrations are given in Appendix 5. Signboards contain, among other things, a high proportion of English words (in Devanagari script), and this helps you to start learning the script before making inroads into the language itself. But if you would like to begin formulating simple Hindi sentences of your own, you will find some useful pointers in Unit 5. Finally, a note on computers. Although you may feel tempted to practise your Hindi on a computer, you should not do so until you have developed a good clear handwriting of your own: copying out the characters and words by hand is the best way of becoming familiar with their forms. Only when you are confident of your handwriting skills should you experiment with typing on the computer. Many Devanagari fonts are now available for use on both PC and Macintosh, and some can be downloaded free of charge from the Internet; the situation is changing so rapidly that it is not possible for precise guidance to be given here. The Devanagari in this book is set in the Macintosh-based font ‘Jaisalmer’, as noted in the acknowledgements.x BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT MYANMAR] (BURMA) Linguistic map of India. The shaded area indicates states where Hindi predominates; official languages of the other states are shown in italics. Introducing Devanagari Viera. The Devanagari scrip’ significance Hindi is written in the script called ‘Devanagari’, apparently meaning ‘[script] of the city of the gods’ ~ although the original implication of this name is unknown. Devanagari is also used for the ancient languages Sanskrit and Prakrit, the modern languages Marathi and Nepali, and some regional dialects. Its shorter name “Nagari’ is sometimes preferred in the its history and Hindi-speaking world; and whether or not the literal meaning of ndgari as ‘urbane, sophisticated’ (associated with the nagar, ‘city’) is really implied here, its use reflects the admiration this script deserves as a wonderfully complete and logical writing system. Fortunately for the beginner, the phonetic basis of Devanagari makes learning it an easy and enjoyable task. For all its antiquity, the script is described as bal-bodh, ‘comprehensible by children’ — a good omen for the would-be reader! An example of the script will show you how easy its basics are to grasp. The box below lists three common Indian food items: have a look at the transcribed characters, and then see what’s on the menu — reading left to right (see foot of page). T 7 z a a a g d n 1 s ara amt aa [Answer: dai ‘lentils’, sg ‘spinach, greens’, ndn ‘bread")2 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT Transliteration In this book, Devanagari is introduced through a transliteration system that is standard in academic writing on South Asia; see the matrix on page 15. This system differs from the less scientific transliteration used in English-language writing on India: perhaps the most obvious differences are in showing the most common vowel in the language as ‘a’ rather than ‘u’, and in the marking of long vowels with a superscript line, the macron — thus panjabirather than ‘Punjabi’ Languages and scripts in India Sanskrit is an Indo-Aryan language — that is to say, it belongs to the ‘Aryan’ (or “Indian’) part of the Indo-European language family, and shares a common ultimate origin with Greek and Latin. Thus Hindi, which derives from Sanskrit, is a direct, if distant, relative of European languages, as is apparent in many close similarities between words; the Hindi for ‘name’ is nam, a ‘tooth’ is dant (think of ‘dentist’), and ‘mother’ is the comfortably maternal mata. When you learn Hindi through English, you are not as far from home as you may have thought. Devanagari is one of several scripts that have developed from Brahmi, the ancient script whose earliest record is in the Prakrit inscriptions of the emperor ASoka (3rd century BC). The origins of Brahmi are still debated; Indian scholarship often attributes them to the still-undeciphered script of the Indus Valley inscriptions, but a Semitic prototype has also been proposed. The relatively late date of the appearance of writing in the history of ancient India shows how important the spoken word has always been in Indian civilisation: texts were traditionally transmitted orally from generation to generation, and the prodigious feats of memory that this process entailed are still to be found in contemporary India, where the memorising of texts - whether a devotional Hindi epic or a poem by Keats ~ is still commonplace and deeply impressive. The transmission of culture in the subcontinent did not rely primarily on writing until modern times, UNTT 1 3 and it is only during the present century that literacy has become relatively widespread, with a national figure of some 52% being recorded in the 1991 census (the next census will be in 2001). In earlier centuries, the practice of writing was essentially for the keeping of accounts and records, and some scripts have been developed specifically for these purposes; an example is Kaithi, a Devanagari-like script whose name indicates its connection to the Kayasth community of scribes. Although great strides in literacy have been made in all parts of India since Independence in 1947, the Hindi-speaking area still remains low in the literacy tables, and more than half the people who speak Hindi or one of its dialects cannot read or write it. By working through this book, you will increase the number of people literate in Hindi! Fig 1: Indian shop signs are often illustrated with the products on sale, partly because of low literacy levels (see Appendix 5 for translations) Indian scripts have a phonetic perfection and sophistication that sets them apart from most other writing systems in the world. Apart from the Roman and Urdu scripts, all the major Indian scripts derive from Brahmi; but their separate evolution over the centuries has brought about great stylistic diversity, and someone who knows Devanagari cannot automatically read Bengali, Gujarati or Panjabi even although their scripts follow the sameINNER’S HINDI SCRIPT principles. An example of regional specialisation is found in the South Indian scripts, where the early use of palm-leaf as a writing material led to the development of a rounded character-shape, since inscribing straight lines would have split the grain of the leaf. Each Indian script is a potent and cherished symbol of its regional language and culture. Traditionally, scribes would use their regional script to write Sanskrit as well as their regional language: many Sanskrit manuscripts produced in medieval Bengal, for example, are in the Bengali character. In modern times, partly as a result of the standardising effect of the print medium, the pan-Indian script of Devanagari has come to be seen as the Sanskrit script par excellence. For the Hindi-speaker, therefore, Devanagari is not only the script of everyday modern life, but also the timeless record of an ancient and prestigious culture. * LAAT SS DRT » Wadi 7 aw bn Fig 2: New Delhi roadsigns are written in the capital’s four major languages: Hindi, English, Panjabi (Gurmukhi script) and Urdu Devanagari distinguishes each sound occurring in the Sanskrit language; and it has no characters that are phonetically redundant. The language was elaborately analysed and codified by the grammarians of ancient India, probably in a deliberate attempt to protect this vehicle of sacred utterance from the changes which make their mark on every language over time. This codification, which culminated in the grammatical aphorisms of Panini in about the 4th century BC, went beyond mere grammar into the very sounds of the language: it supplied a phonetically systematic UNIT 1 5 syllabary in which each sound was classified according to both the manner and place of its articulation in the mouth. This beautifully scientific legacy, which you can inspect in the matrix on page 15, is still the basis of the script as used for Hindi today. The main consonant series begins with the sounds ka kha ga gha, produced at the back of the throat, and moves gradually forward through such categories as the palatal (‘roof of the mouth’) sounds ca cha ja jha and the dental sounds ta tha da dha, to conclude with ma, produced by the lips. Thus the syllabary does not follow an arbitrary order like the Roman alphabet, but has a logical sequence determined by phonetics. Although the grammar and orthography of Sanskrit were fixed for all time by the grammarians, the natural process of linguistic change continued over the centuries, gradually producing a range of derivative languages and dialects whose generic names portray their perceived relationship to the so-called ‘polished’ or ‘refined’ language of Sanskrit: Prakrit was the ancient ‘common’ or ‘natural’ speech, and its early medieval successor Apabhramsha the ‘corrupt’ speech. These languages themselves gave birth to the regional Indo-Aryan languages of today, such as Hindi, Bengali, Panjabi, Sinhala — in fact, most of the languages of the subcontinent except the Dravidian foursome of Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam, which constitute a language family in their own right. The three historical periods of language development (or rather ‘decline’, to follow the Indian conception of a progressive falling away from the perfection of Sanskrit!) are now labelled Old, Middle and New Indo- Aryan ~ or OIA, MIA, and NIA. NIA languages such as Hindi mostly developed within the last 1000 years, and have substantial literary traditions starting in about the 14th century AD. As is the case with the relationship between modem European languages and their ancient forbears Greek and Latin, the NIA languages are grammatically much simpler than the OIA languages. Modern Hindi is based on the Hindi dialect called Khari Boli, whose homeland is the Delhi area. Hindi could be described as the granddaughter6 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT of Sanskrit (even if the family line has been cross-fertilised from other stock over the years); and that well-loved grandparent is still very much present in the family home, supplying a large number of loanwords and neologisms from her great jewel-box of vocabulary. But despite this close domestic harmony, there is something of a generation gap in matters of writing. Hindi has been influenced by languages and cultures which were unknown to India in the first millennium AD when Devanagari came into being, and so the Devanagari script, tailor-made for the phonology of Sanskrit, sits slightly less perfectly on the phonology of the younger language. As a result, Devanagari has had to be altered a little here and there in order to fit the new requirements. These modifications mostly deal with sounds which came to India as part of the legacy of Perso- Arabic culture that played such an important part in the life of North India from the 1 1th century AD onwards. Hindi and Urdu Itis the use of the Devanagari script that most clearly distinguishes Hindi from its sister-language, Urdu. The two languages share the same grammar and a very large stock of vocabulary and idiom; and at the level of everyday colloquial conversation they are effectively one and the same. Let us look at an example. The sentence ‘Your son does not work very hard’ could be expressed as 4pkd lark bahut mehnat nahi karta (literally, “Your boy much labour not does’). This is perfectly natural everyday Hindi; it is also perfectly natural everyday Urdu. But when written, the two languages look entirely different: Hindi STH ASH TET Agra TAT AAT | Urdu Ute ey ty bt The Hindi version is written in the Devanagari script; the Urdu version is written in the Perso-Arabic script, which runs from right to left. (As used for Urdu, the Perso-Arabic script has some small modifications to allow it UNIT 7 to show Indo-Aryan features like the retroflex r, which do not occur in Persian or Arabic.) Take writing out of the picture, and you have a language which could be called ‘Hindi-Urdu’, and which could claim to be the world’s third largest language in terms of numbers of speakers. But of course writing is actually very much in the picture, and so we have not a single language (and literature), but two complementary ones; and not many people are familiar with both the Devanagari and the Urdu writing systems. The political and cultural history of South Asia has forced an increasing distance between Hindi and Urdu. Hindi finds the roots of its cultural heritage in Sanskrit, and augments the Hindi-Urdu vocabulary stock by borrowing words from Sanskrit or by constructing them on a Sanskrit base; Urdu has a similar relationship with Persian and Arabic. This has meant that Hindi has acquired a Hindu cultural resonance, while Urdu resonates with Islamic culture; and when India was partitioned in 1947, Hindi became the official language of India (alongside English), while Urdu, still widely used in India by Muslims and Hindus alike, became the national language of the newly created nation of Pakistan. Fig 3: A clinic sign in Hindi, English and Urdu. Sadly, use of the Urdu script is declining in India. ‘The example of the ‘lazy boy’ given above does, of course, over-simplify a complex issue; and a few more things need to be said before we leave the bittersweet relationship between Hindi and Urdu. Firstly, the fact that Hindi and Urdu have different cultural orientations means that they have developed quite separately over the last century and a half. The moment ‘one leaves the context of lazy boys and begins to discuss issues that call for a higher register of vocabulary (concepts for which English draws on8 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT Latinate vocabulary, such as education, economics, religion and so on), the divide between Hindi and Urdu becomes very clear indeed, and whether written or spoken, the one language may well cease to be intelligible to a speaker of the other. Despite their common ancestry, it is no longer accurate to describe Hindi and Urdu as ‘one language with two scripts’, for neither language can function fully without the higher vocabularies that they draw from Sanskrit and Perso-Arabic respectively. Secondly, even within our example sentence it is possible to force a divide between Hindi and Urdu styles, Let us see how the sentence is made ‘up. The pronoun dpka ‘your’, the noun larka ‘boy’, the adjective bahut ‘much’ and the negated verb nahi karta ‘not does’ are part of the shared Hindi- Urdu stock — they belong to the dialect of Khari Boli, which is the basis of Hindi-Urdu; and their ancestry can ultimately be traced back to Sanskrit, The noun mehnat, ‘labour’, very common in Hindi-Urdu, is a loanword from Persian (and has an Arabic ancestry). A ‘purist’ who wanted to lend the sentence a more Sanskritic tone might substitute the Sanskrit loanword parisram for mehnat and might also substitute the Sanskrit loanwords putrd and adhik for the Sanskrit-derived (but not actually Sanskrit) lark and bahut respectively. The sentence would then have the characteristics of Suddh or ‘pure’ Hindi, and its resulting formal flavour might be translated as *Your son is not exceedingly industrious’. Some people like this kind of language; they feel that it shows education, sophistication and high culture, and they relish its specifically Sanskritic, and hence Hindu, stamp, others might well feel it to be artificial and contrived. Speakers of ‘pure’ Urdu have a harder task in attaining linguistic ‘purity’, because although they may succeed in giving the sentence a nicely Persian flavour by incorporating Perso-Arabic synonyms for some words, the pronouns and the verb system belong historically to the family of languages descended from Sanskrit; but a similar process of substitution, replacing Hindi-Urdu words with Perso-Arabic ones, can make an Urdu sentence hard for a Hindi-speaker to understand, UNIT) _ 9 The common ground of Hindi and Urdu, as exemplified by our ‘lazy boy’ sentence, is often called ‘Hindustani’, meaning ‘{the speech] of Hindustan, northern India’. Fig 4: In this banner for Girish Karnad’s play LTT, “Tuglak’, the ttle is styled to suggest the Islamic character of its subject, a 14th-century Turkish ruler of India How Devanagari works: a ‘garland of syllables’ This book takes a practical approach to teaching the script, and does not discuss the detail of phonetic analysis; works listed in the bibliography address these matters. (Phonetic terminology used in this book is explained in an appendix.) But it is important to grasp a few basic principles about how the script works, so please don’t skip the following paragraphs! The script runs from left to right. There is no concept of a distinction between upper and lower case; neither is there a particular cursive style - handwriting follows the printed forms more or less closely in most respects, although of course it cuts some comers, and style varies quite a lot from writer to writer. Some examples of Hindi handwriting are given in Appendix 1. The basic unit of Devanagari is the syllable, called aksar or varnd, rather than the individual letter as is the case in the Roman script; so Devanagari is strictly speaking not an ‘alphabet’ but a ‘syllabary’ (the Indian term10 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT. varnd-miilé, ‘garland of syllables’, puts it more poetically). Each basic consonant contains within it a following ‘a’ vowel, pronounced like the ‘a’ in ‘alert’; thus the character ® represents not just the consonant k but the syllable ka, and the character & represents sa — in both cases a consonant with its free bonus, the so-called ‘inherent’ vowel a. The other vowels are marked with signs (called mitra) attached to the consonant. For example: W+T gives FT ka H+, gives F ku F+ gives F ke Similarly, @ is suand@ is se. ‘A vowel that doesn’t follow a consonant, however, is written differently: it has a full, independent character of its own. So while the word ke is written %, the word ek (which begins with the vowel) is written UF — in which e is G. This difference between vowel signs and vowel characters will be explained fully later on, Individual characters are referred to by the suffix -kar (literally ‘-maker’), as in kakar for # (‘the character ka’), sakar for®, akar for 3. Conjunct characters When a consonant is followed by another consonant with no vowel coming between them, a ‘conjunct’ consonant is born, as in #1 ksa, in which # ka and & sa have coalesced into a single syllable, and the ‘a’ vowel normally inherent in ka has been suppressed. This process takes a little getting used to, and we'll be spending quite some time on it later. Purity of vowels In articulating Hindi vowels, particularly e and o, it is essential to maintain a pure pronunciation — one in which the quality of the vowel does not change during the period of its articulation. Such vowels are UNIT] _ u quite different from the diphthongs of English: the vowel in the word ‘say’ (as pronounced in southem England) is actually a sequence in which one sound shades off into another ~ as you will hear if you pronounce the word slowly and deliberately. A similar process applies with the English word ‘go’. By contrast, the Hindi sounds e and o (like the French words “est” and ‘eau’ respectively) have a steady, unchanging quality that can be held in pronunciation indefinitely, or at least until the breath runs out. A similar ‘purity’ must be attempted in the production of other vowels in Hindi. In English, vowels are much affected by their adjacent sounds: the long vowel in the word ‘keel’ becomes a diphthong ‘kee-yul’ because of the following ‘I’ (compare ‘keel’ with ‘keep’, where the vowel is unchanged) and is therefore different from the pure fin the Hindi word kil, meaning ‘nail’. Similarly, in American and some other varieties of English, a vowel is coloured by a following ‘r’ (say ‘world’ in an ‘American accent, comparing “BBC World News’ with ‘CNN World News’), and this too has to be avoided in Hindi Aspirated and unaspirated consonants ‘Two other contrasts in Hindi are very important. The first is a contrast between aspirated and unaspirated consonants. ‘Aspiration’ is the breath which is released from the mouth as a sound is produced; there is always some aspiration - ‘unaspirated consonant’ is an exaggeration if not a misnomer! — but the varying amount determines the sound produced. In English, the amount of aspiration depends largely on context. The consonant ‘p’ usually has a fairly strong aspiration: say the word ‘pin’ loudly with your hand in front of your mouth, and you will feel the puff of air. By contrast, ‘bin’ will produce much less puff; but so, interestingly, will spin’ — showing that the breathiness of ‘p’ is reduced after the sound ‘s’, even if that contrast isn’t recognised in the spelling of the English word. Hindi has distinctive pairs of unaspirated and aspirated consonants, the first of which is usually Jess aspirated than the English equivalent, the second more aspirated. Practise saying pan (the first syllable of the word12 BEGINNER’S HINDI SCRIPT ‘Panjab’; it rhymes with ‘fun’ and ‘bun’, not ‘fan’ and ‘ran’) until you have reduced the aspiration of the ‘p’ to the level encountered in the English word ‘bun’; this will give you the unaspirated consonant. Then, to Produce the aspirated sound pha (as in phal, ‘fruit’), practise increasing the aspiration of ph. Indian scripts have fully independent characters for unaspirated and aspirated consonants respectively — they don’t simply add an ‘h’ as we have to do in Roman transliteration; Hindi-speakers hear them as different sounds, even if English-speakers often don’t. Here are some examples: T pa B pha tba W bha Retroflex and dental consonants The second contrast is that between ‘retroflex’ and ‘dental’ consonants. The English sounds ‘t’, ‘d’, ‘n’ etc. are produced by the tongue touching the ‘alveolar ridge’ — that part of the palate between the upper teeth and the place where the roof of the mouth opens into a large cavern. Indo- Aryan languages, however, have two contrasted sets of such consonants: the retroflex and the dental. Retroflex consonants are produced by curling the tip of the tongue back to strike the roof of the mouth at the rear part of the alveolar ridge. This produces a consonant sound which is ‘harder’ than English consonants. (Retroflex sounds are transliterated with dots under the Roman letter: d, etc.) Most Indian speakers of English use these retroflex sounds for the English ‘t’ and ‘d’, making the sounds characteristically harder than they are in standard English; this is part of the characteristic sound of Indian English. By contrast, the Hindi ‘dental’ consonants are produced with the relaxed tip of the tongue touching the back of the upper teeth, producing a much ‘softer’ sound than in English, UNIT 13 and more akin to consonants such as the ‘t’ in French ‘temps’ or Italian *tempo’. The dentals are transliterated without dots. The following diagrams show the position of the tongue for retroflex consonants (on the left) and dental consonants (on the right): What you see and what you get Generally, the phonetic basis of Devanagari script gives a close connection between writing and speech - it’s very much a user-friendly, *what-you-see-is-what-you-get’ writing system. But there are a few exceptions to this: A. The ‘inherent vowel’ a is usually unpronounced at the end of a word (except in words of one syllable like na ‘not’): thus the name spelt rama is pronounced ‘Rama’ in Sanskrit but usually ‘Ram’ in Hindi. If a word ends in two consonants, however, the inherent vowel often has to be lightly pronounced in order to articulate both consonants clearly: an example is the last syllable in the word mitra ‘friend’, pronounced with a light final , which is transcribed as ‘2’ in this book. hn. Whereas Sanskrit distinguished between the palatal s (pronounced like “sh’ in English ‘ship’) and the cerebral or retroflex s (pronounced with the tongue curled back), Hindi has all but lost the phonetic distinction between the two; most speakers pronounce both as ‘sh’, allowing 4%4, hope’ to rhyme with bhasd, ‘language’ - unless the s appears in the sameBEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT syllable as another retroflex consonant, as in spast, ‘clear, evident’. Thus the distinction between the two exists as a historical spelling only, rathet as is the case with ‘ph’ and ‘f" in English (compare ‘sophisticated’ with ‘sofa’). c. Similarly, 7, which had the status of a vowel in ancient India, is now Pronounced as identical to ri by most speakers (although sometimes as ra or mu, particularly in westem India). Hence the short ‘i? sound in krpé, “kindness’. On page 15 is a matrix showing the basic elements of Devanagari. The matrix is for reference ~ you don’t have to leam it all at once, as its elements will be introduced gradually in the pages that follow. It follows the classical order established for Sanskrit in ancient times, in which the characters were arranged according to how and where they were produced in the mouth. This order — with vowels preceding consonants — is also used as the dictionary order. UNIT 2 2 The Devanagari syllabary Independent vowel characters Ha Wa Ri gi Su i Br Ue ta Wo aa Consonants Rika @Dkha WT ga A gha (SF ny Aca Ocha FT ja =A jha (Lape Cc ta So tha S da S dha WT na IT ta GT tha & da @ dha 7 na T pa H pha Ff ba Wo bha A ma q ya tr Ala Fva TW ga Usa asa Sha Dependent vowel signs (combined with % k ) ka ata «fH ki AKT Fu Ky F ke kai FTko | AW kau *These forms do not occur independently, and can be ignored for now.16 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT Here is the main part of the matrix again, showing the phonetic organisation of the sounds. Notice how this main block of consonants (from % ka to 7 ma) is organised according to two criteria: vertically, showing the nature or quality of the sound; and horizontally, showing the place of articulation in the mouth. UNVOICED. VOICED unasp. | aspirated] unasp. aspirated | nasal velar =| ®ka |@kha | Tea | Agha | Fa palatal | ca |Bcha | Aja wjha | A retroflex |Zta | Stha da Zdha | na dental | ta |%tha | da | adha | Ana labial =| Tpa_|%pha | Fba | Wbha | 7ma Dotted characters Seven of the Devanagari consonants also appear in ‘dotted’ forms (such as ¥ and $7), not shown in the classical matrix; dotted characters are used for sounds that did not exist in Indian languages when Devanagari was first developed. Here are the seven dotted forms. qa Bkha Tea Aza Sra Trha F fa. Whenever Hindi acquired a new sound that didn’t exist in Sanskrit, and which was therefore not catered for in the Devanagari script, it modified whichever character came closest to it; for example a Persian “q’ sounded closest to ‘k’ and was therefore written with a modified form of %. Some such sounds developed earlier, during the Middle Indo-Aryan stage, and others were imported into India in languages such as Persian and English. ‘The ‘flap’ sound ra and its aspirated equivalent rha came into being during the MIA period. To write it, a subscript dot was added to the signs for da and dha respectively: Sra based on da Zrha based on dha UNIT 2 7 Take care not to confuse two similar transliteration characters here: ra stands for ¥, while r (with a small subscript circle rather than a dot) stands for 7. Most books that refer to Indian languages use r for both, and because of the relative rarity of % rin Hindi, this causes no confusion in practice. In the medieval period, Hindi began to absorb vocabulary from the languages of cultures that came to India from outside, Persian and Arabic, and subsequently Portuguese and English, were particularly rich sources of loanwords, and Hindi cannot now function without them (the name ‘Hindi’ is itself a Persian word!). These languages included sounds which again were unknown — and therefore had no script sign — in indigenous Indian languages. The remaining five “dotted” characters were developed to indicate the pronunciation of these new sounds. Again, the character nearest in pronunciation to the new sound was adapted by adding a subscript dot: F qa based on ka kha basedon® kha Tega based on ga Hza based on ja H fa basedon pha ‘These sounds are all included in the description of the sounds of Hindi that follows in Unit 3. It is important to recognise the difference between the dotted and undotted characters, because the dot may distinguish between two otherwise identical words: thus TAT khénd means ‘food’, while HITAT khdnd means ‘compartment’ or ‘place of work’ (as in ST%-@TAT dak-khina ‘post office’). Although it is important to be aware of such differences as you learn the script, many speakers do not regularly distinguish dotted characters from their undotted equivalents, both saying and writing * ka for ¥ ga (e.g. FAT kalam for FAT qalam, ‘pen’), H ja for H za (e.g. TATE raja for18 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT WATE razii,‘quilt’), G pha for F fa (e.g. FA phel for FA fel, “fail’), and so on. While some speakers don’t distinguish dotted characters either in writing or in speech, others will omit the dots when writing, but will pronounce the sound as though it were dotted; in short, the writing conventions are in a state of transition, and there is little consistency. For the learner, it’s “s af best to maintain the difference Fig. 5: Dotted characters are often Pe™We" dotted and _undotted written without their dots, as in this Characters as a matter of course. poster for Sanjay Gupta’s film a5 khauf (‘Fear’) This short unit has shown you the basic character set for Devanagari. It is now time for us to move on and look at the individual characters themselves. Remember that the phonetic basis of Devanagari makes it best to learn each character in conjunction with its pronounced sound; so while you practise writing the characters you should also’ note the instructions about their pronunciation. UNIT 3 Consonants This unit shows you how to write and pronounce the consonant and semi- vowel characters. You should practise copying the handwritten forms, several times each, speaking them aloud as you do so. Here are some important watchpoints: © Write on lined paper. © Use a relatively fine pen; a fountain pen is ideal because it gives the best control. © Copy the handwritten examples, not the printed forms. © Make sure that the characters are well-proportioned, and don’t write them larger than the handwritten examples. © Each character should ‘hang’ from the upper line and occupy about two-thirds of the space between the lines — don’t be tempted to sit the characters on the line below in the manner of the Roman script. Each character is drawn from left to right, starting at the lower left side and concluding with the horizontal top line; follow the sequence shown in the examples. © Ensure that the characteristic shape of the character is clearly and boldly written; characters should not slant or become straggly. Your practice format should look something like this: bP RST aaaa rT 7720 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT As you begin practising Devanagari you will find that it is rather more like writing in Roman block capitals than writing in the cursive style of English handwriting. Remember that there is no concept of distinctive ‘upper and lower cases’ in Indian scripts. When writing a whole word, finish each character by adding its top line before moving on to the next; only when you feel completely at home in the script and need to write faster should you take the short-cut of writing all the top line across a whole word in a single stroke. Some characters have a small break in the top line (&@ dha, % bha); this must be carefully maintained, to prevent the characters becoming confused with similar ones without such a break (W gha, 4 ma). Some English words or phrases are used here to help describe the Hindi sounds. Say them emphatically out loud, pronouncing every consonant of the English words, to get the right effect. Velar consonants Produced by the back of the tongue touching the ‘velum’ (soft palate). FB ¢ d bh FH ka as ‘k’ in ‘skin’; aspiration minimal b ga a‘k’ sound, but further back in the throat; many speakers substitute ® ka a7 @ it @ a a kha aspirated version of ka; as *k...h’ in ‘look here!”, strongly aspirated. (The closed base of the printed character distinguishes 7 kha from @ rava; itis not usually followed in handwriting.) UNIT 3 21 a kha as ‘ch’ in Scottish ‘loch’ or in German ‘Bach’; some speakers substitute @ kha. 77 8 4 Fe ga as ‘g’ in ‘again’ 1 7 ga _aguttural ‘g’ sound found in Perso-Arabic loanwords only; many speakers substitute ™ ga 4 Q@ ¢ 0d gha aspirated version of 7 ga; as ‘g-h’ in ‘dog-house’ or in spoken fast s $$ ' $$ F&F na the nasal like the ‘n’ in ‘uncle’; it does not occur on its own, but only in certain conjuncts (see Unit 6). You won’t need to write it ~ just note its existence and move on. Palatal consonants Produced by the middle of the tongue touching the hard palate. a ca as ‘ch’ in ‘eschew’.22 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT UNIT3 23 a o °- & ab F re) 6 8 cha aspirated version of * ca; as ‘ch...h’ in ‘touch him!”, but with tha strongly aspirated version of ; abit like ‘t-h’ in ‘ant-hill” more aspiration s $s — $s 8 TT » ve 4A Ff da —_as‘d” in ‘date’, but retroflex ja as‘j’ in ‘jade’, or the ‘dj’ in ‘adjacent’ Tot ra__ as da, but pronounced as a fast ‘flap’ — the curled-back tongue za _as‘z’ in‘zoo’; some speakers substitute 7 ja briefly flaps past the palate at the S da po a "8a & A ¢ G 4 6 G jha aspirated version of & ja; as “dge...h” in ‘dodge him!”, but with dha strongly aspirated version of & da much more aspiration [alternate form + } $ @ TT -~ AT tha strongly aspirated version of $ ra fla the nasal like the ‘n’ in ‘unjust’; it does not occur on its own, but only in conjunets (see Unit 6); it does not occur on its own, and you won’t need to write it — just note its existence and move on Retroflex consonants Produced by the tip of the tongue curling back to touch the roof of the mouth; see the diagram on page 13. The sound is ‘harder’ than in English consonants and has no real equivalents. c fa ec ' ¢€ € as ‘t’ in ‘train’, but retroflex na TY yo as‘n’ in ‘end’, but retroflex; some speakers substitute 7 na. [alternate form &T ] Doing the exercises Now that we're more than halfway through the consonants, it’s time to begin some more reading and writing practice, Although these exercises are primarily concerned with the form and sound of the words, each word24 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT is followed by its English translation; and fuller translations are given in the glossary. © When doing any of the exercises, always read the words aloud. © When you are asked to ‘transcribe’, you should read, copy and transcribe all Devanagari words into the Roman script, and vice versa. © You will find a key to the exercises in Appendix 4. Exercise 1 Remembering that the inherent vowel is silent at the end of a word, transcribe the words below. (An asterisk in this first exercise marks the translation of Hindi words that are specialised or uncommon; and words with exclamation marks are commands — see unit 5.) aw wa aT we we bird* eye* world knocking instantly rT TT oF is oT hair* —elephant* stare* Dutch _stride kan than jat thath —_ kat particle clanging Jat crowd* cut! gan Ja dhak ghat thag group judge cover! pitcher bandit Dental consonants Produced by the tip of the tongue touching the edge of the teeth at the point where the teeth emerge from the gum; see the diagram on page 13. The sound is ‘softer’ than in English consonants ~ more like in French or Italian, or in Scots dialect. UNIT3 25 TI o@ ec dda fa touch the top of the tip of your tongue to the back of your upper front teeth (!) and try to say ‘tell’ qt GF a tha Position the tongue as for above and, without letting the tongue protrude through the teeth, say ‘think!” emphatically $ ?°? & F da Position the tongue as above and say ‘then!” a TO F§§ »v Ue dha strongly aspirated version of @ da; as above but breathe out a na as ‘n’ in ‘anthem’ 4 7 Labial consonants Produced by the lips. 17 t 4 y pa —_as‘p’in‘spin’; aspiration minimal mR t& Yh pha strongly spirated version of 7 pa; as ‘p-h’ in ‘top-hat”26 BEGINNER'S HIND! SCRIPT mb fa as ‘f in ‘fin’ 7S od dd @q ba as ‘b’ in ‘bin’ ~ 2-2. uw strongly aspirated version of @ ba; as ‘b-h’ in ‘club-house’, spoken quickly F4 HF § + HF ma ——_as‘m’ in ‘man’ Exercise 2 Transcribe the following words: TT 1m at he a body -yard_-~=—Sswealth_~—atonce _ position a ol wr wa 1 opinion then mind when _ ast, past And into Devanagari: path — math Khat — daph —pab read! monastery letter adrum pub nag bam kap path pat gem bomb —cup path board UNIT3 27 Semi-vowels etc. ‘The first and last are semi-vowels; the middle two are alveolars. 2 7 44 ya _as‘y’ in ‘yes’, but less tightly pronounced. In final position, in words like 4 bhayand 874 samay, it is pronounced to rhyme with ‘may’ (but without the diphthong). vz > LZ ra _as‘r’ in ‘serene’; unlike English ‘r’ in ‘far’, it is always pronounced. It does not colour the preceding vowel as in the ‘American pronunciation of ‘firm’. a Aso ed la as the first ‘I’ in ‘label’, but more dental. It does not colour the preceding vowel as in the English pronunciation of ‘keel’. 4G oO qd F va between a ‘v’ and a ‘w’: has less tooth—lip contact than in ‘vine’, but the lips are less rounded than in ‘wine’. A final -Avis pronounced as -do: thus the name 74 rav is pronounced rio (and spelt ‘Rao’ in English). Sibilants ay 7 g a ag é 3 s Ry UNIT 4 a a 8. fy au Ei SB ?P? 38 23S as ‘oo’ in ‘spoon’ mR > A eh as ‘ri’ in ‘riddle’ (though in some western areas it is pronounced as ‘ru’ in ‘ruin’ or as the ‘ru’ in ‘rut’); the sound was classified as a vowel in Sanskrit, and it occurs in Sanskrit loanwords only ’ ze { ¢ @ similar to the ‘e’ in ‘tent’, but longer, closer to the French ‘€"; not a diphthong — it does not rhyme with ‘may’ z= » 2 ve FF similar to the ‘a’ in ‘bank’ but with the mouth less open; in eastem parts of the Hindi-speaking area it becomes more diphthongised, rhyming with ‘my’ a a a ol at similar to the first part of ‘0’ in ‘hotel’, but closer to the French ‘eau’; nota diphthong — does notrhyme with “go” st a on of st as ‘o’ in ‘office’ (in easter parts of the Hindi-speaking area it becomes more diphthongised, more like ‘ow’ in ‘cow’)32 BEGINNER'S HIND! SCRIPT Let us now look at these vowels within whole words: a 37K amar immortal at svt = am mango z "EX idhar here < rs ikh sugarcane z WR umar age z st ob boredom * a om debt z Tok one z tr aig luxury ar or direction at ae aur and The word 31 aur ‘and’ also has the meaning ‘more, other, different’. In these meanings it is pronounced with a heavy stress (TF HC ek gur ‘one more’), whereas it has very little stress when meaning ‘and’. Exercise 4 Transcribe the following words, each of which begins with a vowel character: t me tt aT ome hey! effect dew debt sigh amt mR ae tT fire if respect. woman wool UNIT 4 33 And into Devanagari: apar umas a ° a up sultriness come! oh today ekar id atal aur alag acre Eid immovable and separate Vowel signs When a vowel immediately follows a consonant, it is not written with the independent characters just introduced, but with a sign, the mitra, attached to the consonant. This sign replaces the inherent vowel. Compare the following: aT in wool a khin blood While S7 din is written with the independent character S (because the vowel comes at the beginning of the syllable), ] khiin is written with the sign, following the consonant %, whose inherent ‘a’ vowel it replaces. Unlike a vowel character, a vowel sign is ‘dependent’ on the consonant: it cannot be used alone. The following section shows the forms and usage of the 10 vowel signs from 3 4 to Sit au. The pronunciation of these vowels has already been explained in the section on vowel characters. Reading the examples will also help you become more familiar with the consonants; you should copy each Hindi word out several times, saying it aloud as you do so. 1, ST @ Written with the sign T after the consonant, as in #T ka: art kim work art dal lentilsae nak BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT name seven nose Here are some words with two long 4 vowels: qqagqqqa Exercise 5 dada hand grandfather market lock king whole, entire food luggage Transcribe the following menu items, which contain a mixture of long and short (a/@) vowels: TAT Aas carrot salad And into Devanagari: masala Sarab spice alcohol aTat rice parathd paratha wat Te chickpea spinach Kabab matar kebab pea UNIT A 35. 2. % i Written with the sign before the consonant that it follows in pronunciation, as in f ki, this vowel sign is quite exceptional — all the others are written after, above or below the consonant. gigqgaass phir ravi pita lipi sikayat kita sikh sitar then Ravi father script ‘complaint book Sikh sitar The word f8aTC sitar is of Persian origin and means ‘three-string’, and derives from a time when the instrument was much less developed than the multi-stringed sitar of classical Indian music. The word 41% taris the everyday word for ‘wire’ in Hindi — and by extension also means “telegram” (just as ‘wire’ used to in English in the days when telegrams were in common use). A ‘wireless’ is usually called {feat rediyo in Hindi; the more colourful synonym, 41% betdr (‘without wire’) is, sadly, seldom heard. 3. © 7 Written with the sign’ after the consonant, asin 4 ki: at Wa wat bhi minar pani also tower water36 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT art cint sugar wat sit Sita ae bis twenty ater nila blue ater siti whistle Exercise 6 Transcribe the following words: Wrexofaat otter feare fer ote metre without brass account heart OK ‘And into Devanagari: nami qimat kahini sari sikh Sikayat. famous price story sari Sikh complaint 4, Ju Written with the sign . beneath the consonant, as in ku: ¥6 kuch some aa kumar Kumar aw sukh happiness Cie tum you agt bahut very; much fea pulis police et kul total UNIT 4 37 Where do these roads lead? (See foot of page.) art aereraTe 5. % @ Written with the sign _ beneath the consonant, as in & ki: = bhakh hunger aq siikha dry te phiil flower Pil dhap sunshine a dadh milk x dar far we jhith lie aft bhiimi earth ‘There’s an exception here: the consonant T carries its u and @ vowels to the right of the character- % ru, © rii— and not below. Notice how the long © rijhas a curl that is absent in short ® ru. at rap form, beauty war rupaya rupee {Answer: Varanasi; Allahabad — spelt i/@habad in Hindi)38 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT UNIT 4 39 Te gun guru aq seva service ae ‘Surit beginning tar rekha line Exe: 7 a seb apple Transcribe the following words: Far kela banana FoR we Ee gt aK Where do these roads lead? (See foot of page.) bridge dust harsh interest distance pigeon And into Devanagari: zat a airaet sikhd ruko | t= ris. tum _—_—smulayam dry stop! you Russia you _ soft 6. % yf Written with the sign . beneath the consonant, as in F ky: a7 Appa kindness at mg Seer 8. & ai Written with the sign” above the consonant, as in® kai: m tm blade of grass far well dirty we bday heart & hai is Note the special way in which 3 combines with & as , in this last word. a hail bag + ‘aor baitha seated, sitting 7. @ e Written with the sign’ above the consonant, as in# ke. ait Saili style Fat mela fair (festival) a curail witch aa des country a0 bhaiyd brother eat keval only fer ida bom, produced aa ai mez table [Answer: Dehra Dun; Rishikesh]BONERS HINDN SCRIP UNIT “ Exercise 8 Transcribe the following words: 10, 34 au Written with the sign t after the consonant, as in #Y kau. . . at nau nine jar at oF at Of only farming money son _table__ well-being at sau hundred And into Devanagari: tut paudhg plant bekar paheli mailé sinema tera —_thekedar . . Sant — kedauran during useless riddle dirty — cinema your contractor alae naukar servant 9. 3iT 0 Written with the sign ¥ after the consonant, as in #T ko. deuet wyeatth ae k mor — ae haule softly ma & ket ” noweraene me maut death qetet parosi neighbour Hindi has many words for ‘death’, including 4Yq maut (from Arabic) att log people and Y@{_mytyu (from Sanskrit) — and, in spoken Hindi, the English loan- a word 34 deth (which takes its feminine gender from the other two). so so sat rediyo radio BTAT-ATAT koka-kol@ Coca-Cola Where do these roads lead? (See foot of page.) aa Adtate [Answer: Jaisalmer; Devikot) Fig 6: A WY Saukar isa ‘shocker’ — a shock-absorber!42 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT UNIT 4 43 Exercise 9 rete gsi agriculture dependent Transcribe the following words: safe ri sage independent wat ate ott TT e pet stomach dependent trick soft tank run! mansion oar ekadh one or two independent And into Devanagari: a er paisé money dependent bolo jau gora maulik — karor wat ainak spectacles independent speak! barley _fair(pale) original crore o Wt so so dependent ae os dew independent It’s very important to understand the difference between the dependent vowels (vowel signs) and independent vowels (vowel characters). Tum au anit mausi aunt dependent back to the explanation on page 33, and then read the paired examples aka aurat woman independent given below: FIRST VOWEL IS: a WM magar but inherent ae agar if independent a wT bhasa language dependent ara aa hope independent i fax sir head dependent aK idhar over here independent i oat dhire slowly dependent oA imin honesty independent uw pul bridge dependent wR udhar over there independent ae lat loot dependent cas an wool independent It’s not only at the beginning of words that the independent forms are used. They are also used within a word, as the second of two vowels in sequence: for example, the ivowel in 4184 bais, ‘twenty-two’, must be written in its independent form (because it follows another vowel, not a consonant). aSaaaany bais teis kai bhai twenty-two twenty-three several brother uncle pig needed44 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT Relationship terms are much more specific in Hindi than they are in English: WY mausi ‘mother’s sister’; WYAT mausd ‘husband of mother’s sister’; TT nani ‘mother’s mother’; @TEt ddI ‘father’s mother’; ATAT cdc ‘father’s younger brother’; ATS; tai ‘father’s elder brother’; {21 bud “father’s younger sister’ and o on. Finally, here are some words consisting of vowel characters only: arg ai (she) came arg ae (they, masc.) came arsit Go come! are aie please come! Exercise 10 Transcribe the following words, remembering that vowels not following a consonant must be written with the vowel character, not the vowel sign: gae gai gai gio jaega went™* went! sang’ sing! will go dhoo dhoie dhoe ni ras wash! wash! washed"* cotton aristocrat nila soi bande bando barhai crying slept made" make! carpenter Nasalised vowels and candrabindu Any Hindi vowel (except the Sanskrit # ;) can be nasalised — the vowel is pronounced with a nasal quality, as if you had a cold in the nose. In writing, nasality is shown by the sign ~ which, logically enough, is called UNIT 4 45 candrabindu, ‘moon [and] dot’; anundsik, ‘nasalisation’, is an alternative name. It sits above the middle of the character, and in our transliteration system it is marked by a tilde (-) above the vowel. Some site: systems use a dotted ‘m’ (m or m) following the vowel: thus att = 4: a. dat hast laughter at Ae yes eer icitep tape-measure wat kud well at kué wells agt bahué daughters-in-law é his am sar fica high When a syllable has a vowel sign above the top line, there’s no room for the ‘moon’, so the dot alone is used. It sits just to the right of the vowel sign. With a long & j, it sits within the little loop above the line, as in the second of the following examples: ferarst sighara water chestnut 1 gai went (f.pl) met nahi no, not # mé in q mai I z hai areery BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT ata gharémé _ inthe houses ae oth lip aire caiitis thirty-four ‘You'll have noticed that the transliteration remains the same whether the moon is visible or eclipsed by a vowel sign. Many writers and typesetters dispense with the moon altogether, and use the dot alone all the time, giving @ etc. Inconsistency rules! Whereas English has prepositions (which precede the noun, as in ‘in the houses’) Hindi has postpositions (which follow the noun, as in t % ghar6 mé ‘in houses’). Before a postposition, a noun changes from the ‘direct’ case to the ‘oblique’ case; in this example, direct plural "X, ghar has changed to oblique plural 4X ghard. Other postpositions are % par ‘on’, @ se ‘from, with’, 7% tak ‘up to, until’, Exercise 11 Transcribe the following words: ata omit deo gat ake village expensive courtyard tail smoke — darkness And into Devanagari: khisi_ —saiph_~—dond—ilaig at mezé cough fennel both _— clove. ~— came" —_tables 5 | Sim Siuste sentences and commands This book cannot take you very far into the grammar of Hindi, but you will find it useful to know how some basic sentences are formed. Requests and commands are formed very simply. But these ‘imperative’ verbs also demonstrate an important characteristic of Hindi — its elaborate ‘honorific’ system which allows you to address someone in either an intimate, familiar or formal style. Each level has its own pronoun for the word ‘you’: INTIMATE (for small children ete.) J ta FAMILIAR (for friends etc.) chs tum FORMAL (for all others) amt ap Each pronoun has its own imperative verb form; but before we come to that, we must look at the infinitive form of the verb. The infinitive consists of two parts — a ‘stem’ (the base for several verb forms), and the ending -na, Here are some common verbs in the infinitive: awat bolna to speak [oar pichné —_toask aareat bulana tocall ‘The imperatives are formed as follows: J __stemalone aa bol WS piich at bul48 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT {tum stem+o aa bolo er picho Frat buldo aT ap stem+-ie afar bolie qfex pichie FAL bulaie These 311% dp imperative endings, and some other similar verb endings, can also be written with a J y between the two vowels: 41f1 boliye, fist pichiye, FATE buldiye. Legend has it that in the days of the Raj the British memsahibs, indifferent to real Hindi, would learn simple Hindi commands by assimilating them to English phrases: ‘There was a banker’ was to be interpreted by servants as representing @€4TS 4q "WC darvazd band kar, “Close the door’, and ‘There was a cold day’ meant @t@TaT ate 2 darvizi Khol de, ‘Open the door’. Thankfully, those days are long gone. Let us now look at some pronouns and the verb ‘to be’. # mai € hi am We yah this, he, she, it z hai is a@ -vah__ that, he, she, it = hai is Ts mm _you (familiar) at ho are amy ap you (formal) & hai are a ye these, they z hai are a ve those, they é hai are UNITS ao 4 yah (often pronounced ‘ye’) is used to refer to a nearby person or thing, like ‘this’ in English; 4€ vah (usually pronounced ‘vo')is used for a remote person or thing, like ‘that’ in English. The plural forms are 7 ye and@ ve respectively (though in speech, vo is as common as ve). The subject of the sentence comes at the beginning, and the verb at the end. You can form many sentences with nouns, pronouns and ‘to be”: Hugg mai rabul hi. Lam Rahul. ae area HSI Yah admi rim hai. This man is Ram. Saar arart G1 devanagari asan hai. Devanagari is easy. war a? tum kaun ho? Who are you? WRT? yah kya hai? What is this? aware? ve kya hai? What are they/those? You will have figured out the meanings of these words: areat admit man arart asin easy at kaun who aT kya whatSONNE R'S HINDI SCRIPT (This last word, 77 kya, combines and 7 in a single character: these ‘conjuncts’ are introduced in the next unit.) Interrogative words (‘question words’) in Hindi mostly begin with % just as they mostly begin with ‘wh’ in English: #4 kab ‘when’, ¥@f Kahl “where’, #11 kaun ‘who’, #2 kya ‘what’, 741 kyo ‘why’ and soon, The word IT kya can also be used to transform a statement into a question: the sentence 4 HATA & yah asdn hai means ‘this is easy’, while 727 UE STATA & ? kyd yah dsdn hai? means ‘is this easy?”. aa ag ATHY TTA ? kya yah admi ram hai? Is this man Ram? aa Baar HVAT S? ~—_sky devandgari asdn hai? Is Devanagari easy? These basic sentence patterns will make it easy for you to practise writing and speaking simple sentences, and to use the words that you are learning to read and write. Some more information about nouns, adjectives and gender is given in Unit 8. UNIT 6 6 Conjunct consonants This unit shows you how to read and write ‘conjunct’ characters. Just when you thought you'd learnt all the consonant characters, here are some new variations! But most conjuncts are quite straightforward. ‘What is a conjunct? When two consonants are pronounced with no vowel between them, the two consonants are usually physically joined together to form a single unit — two characters ‘conjoined’ as one. Let’s take a common English loanword to see how it works. The phonetic basis of the word ‘school’ in Hindi is skal - its pronunciation being very close to the English (although the / is dental, softer-sounding than in English). The Devanagari components needed to form this word are as follows: a oF a sa ka a 1 We have already seen how the ‘i’ vowel replaces the inherent ‘a’ vowel in® ka. This gives us: a F 4 sa kit But we also need to kill off the inherent vowel in @ sa, otherwise the word will read sakil. That inherent vowel can theoretically be removed by adding a litte sign called virdm or halant just below the character: asa becomes qs52 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT But virdm isn’t much used in real writing; it’s mostly restricted to technical contexts such as this explanation of the script that you’re reading now. Instead, the inherent ‘a’ vowel is removed by forming a ‘conjunct” character, in which two characters are physically joined to each other. This is a much more elegant solution. Thus @ is reduced to € and then joined to #, forming &. To complete the skiisyllable we just add 0—®&, giving FEA skal. Does this mean there’s a whole new set of characters that has to be leamed? Well, yes and no — but mostly no. Most conjuncts are formed quite simply by dropping the right-hand component of the first member and attaching it physically to the entire second member. It’s (almost) as simple as that, and all that’s left to do is to familiarise yourself with the individual ways in which the two component characters join each other to form the conjunct. The simple principle of ‘drop the Tight-hand component of the first member’ holds good for most characters built on a vertical line (F, 4, 1, 4, a, 3, & etc.), even if the individual shapes of the characters means that the dropped portion will vary a little from character to character. First of all, let’s stay with 4 as the first member and put it through its paces with varying second members. (In the matter of conjuncts, the semi-vowels 4, <, 4 and 7 are not distinguished from consonants. And among these, < is again a special case that will be dealt with separately later.) T+ 2 = & IT stesan station @+ ts a FAST namaste greeting q+ A = BH BWA sthin place q+ F = HS BT — smti memory G+ F = BQ SMe syahi ink + tsa svar note, tone UNIT6 53 Exercise 12 Transcribe the following words, which contain conjunct characters (Roman letters that make up a Devanagari conjunct are here shown in bold type): feft asa writ fiat wear situation shape permanent pistol _ somehow or other And into Devanagari: svagat basti_ let rist3 —sn’n—ssmaran welcome slum slate toad bathing _ recollection Other characters based on a vertical line will achieve their conjunct form in a very similar way — by simply dropping that vertical line. The list below gives examples of such characters as first members of a conjunct, with a varying set of second members. H+ 5 = B waft khyati fame T+ 7 = MH WARE gyarah eleven 1 + © = % HT ach good H+ Ft = SH MTT jvala blaze [T+ S = TS HVT anda egg T+ % = HM ART atma soul q+ T = Mf wT dhyan attention q+ t= = fet hinds Hindi T+ts a ‘Wag = saptah_ week q+ WH = SH aeit sabzi _vegetable Y+ T= A TT sabhyd civilised H+ 4 = fH ART arambh beginning54 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT q+ T= ] FT kalp acon J+ T= BS AT vast busy T+ F = cr isq passionate love @ + F = KB BA stesan station ‘AE saptthis a Sanskrit loanword meaning ‘week’. A more colloquial synonym is the Persian loanword 3417 hafta. Both words derive from words meaning ‘seven’ — AT sapta in Sanskrit (yielding OTT sat in Hindi) and {597 -haft in Persian. These words for ‘seven’ are in tum related to Latin ‘septem’ etc. Some conjuncts consist of the same member repeated - a doubled consonant. In pronunciation, a doubled consonant is ‘held’ slightly, giving each of the two members its full value. (A similar holding of a doubled consonant occurs with the two ‘t’s in the English phrase ‘fat tissue’, as compared to the single ‘t’ in ‘fat issue’.) J+ Fs FE FAT baccé child H+ X = BH FAT amma mother T+ T= wa feet ail Delhi +a. eae wea ass eighty Not all consonants share the basic shape of @, with its convenient right- hand vertical line. In # and %, part of the character extends to the right beyond the vertical line; and as the first member of conjuncts, these characters lose nothing more than the extreme part of that right-hand extension: thus ® becomes # and F becomes F : B+ RT TT aksar often H+ ts WM fla flu 1] UNIT6 55 Other characters don’t have a vertical line at all. How such characters join the following member will vary according to their respective shapes, and in many cases, it’s the second member which has to do most of the changing. Z+F=¢8 et chutti holiday E+ b= | fragt cit note, chit C+ as sitet dyorhi porch G++ Fk wagiat — Bhagavadgita T+ ase cid buddha Buddha Z+¥s KR Ue udbhav origin B+ Ts@% aI hid rapture These examples show how the second member may appear below or within the first member. In order to fit in such an awkward position, it sometimes has to be modified in form and reduced in size a little: notice the shape that has to assume when it hangs below the belly of in and how @ is miniaturised to fit within the middle of &. (This is a good place to remind you of the special shape of the syllable € — not actually a conjunet, but h followed by .) Many speakers ease the pronunciation of an initial conjunct by prefixing a short ‘epenthetic” vowel, usually i, Thus the Hindi forms of ‘school” and ‘station’ may be pronounced iskiil, istesan. This prefixed vowel is not usually written, though S27 etc. is a possible spelling. Exercise 13 Transcribe the following words (Roman letters that make up a Devanagari conjunct are here shown in bold type): ae aT AT fra map Brahmin stone bracket. ~ why —decision56 BEGINNER'S HIND! SCRIPT UNIT 6 57 And into Devanagari: a+ a a billi hinds nati tumbira adhySpak avasya cat Hindu breakfast your(s) teacher__certainly gta a a pakki = zyid3_—s qismat ~—hatya nagt haldi G+aq c-¢ F firm more fate. += murder ruined turmeric +a a a faikfari aksar —landan atma~—giraftar_—satyd factory often London soul arrest truth a a G+z Ze ee Special conjunct forms There are just a few more points to be made on this rather time-consuming gta a é business of conjuncts. gta a a In most of the examples we've seen so far it's been possible to recognise the individual components of a conjunct, even if they’re considerably q+ a a modified in their conjoined forms. But there are a few conjuncts which are not just the sum of their component parts but, rather, a new form that is z +7 a & quite stylised and/or may look quite unlike its two components. These have to be leamt specially. Conjuncts including t ra are a special case and will be dealt with later. +g + q+ Wl a 4 a a a a4 me a Ht q+ Here are some words illustrating these conjuncts: 4444 9% A449 5% Sakti power Sakti power aksar character, syllable kutta dog bhaddi clumsy padma lotus58 BEGINNER'S HIND! SCRIPT fret frat vidya knowledge far te dvij Brahmin waa wa Svet white aa wa Svet white ASAE ETE onast destroyed were ER ahmad Ahmad arer= ater, ahlad rapture fre Rae cihn sign wa wa sahya bearable The word HAT aksar means ‘a character, syllable’. Its literal meaning ‘imperishable, irreducable’ reflects the fact that itis the syllable (and not the ‘letter’, as in the Roman script) that forms the basic building block of the Devanagari writing system. Fig 7: ‘Be aware’ of special conjuncts like 7 tta also! Conjuncts with < ra ‘As we have already seen when looking at the forms ® ru and © ri, the character © ra is the joker in Devanagari’s pack. In conjuncts it has two different forms, depending on whether it is the first or the second member. UNITS 59 When Z is the first member of a conjunct it is written as a little hook, as in # rma, above the second member. Be very clear about the sequence here — this T is pronounced before the other member of the conjunct: T+ ae Ft oF farz duty T+ a = o Fda kanavyd — duty C+ asd of dharm religion t+ a= Foal parvatt Parvati This flying form of T is called reph. When the second member of the conjunct bears one of the vowel signs T, f, 17°, ¥, T the reph is written at the extreme right of the resulting syllable: t+ a= af oat sama ‘Sharma (surname) t+ fas fi aie anthik financial t+ A= af faeredf vidyarthi student t+ A= af owafH dharmomé inreligions t+ % = Fo wfax dharmetr secular When Z is the second member of a conjunct it is written as a little angled line tucked into the lower part of the first member, as 9 mra, as far to the left as possible. Be clear about the sequence here too: this t is pronounced afterthe other member of the conjunct. T+ C= 7 TH grim gram T+ t= F AR david poor T+Us oT prem love | + T= F MAT brahman — Brahmin Y+ C= FT we bhrast corrupt E+ X= Se BS hrasva short60 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT Tn the meaning ‘gram’ (the unit of weight), the word ITT gtiim is of course a loanword fiom English. But UT is also a Sanskrit word meaning ‘village’, and is the source of the usual Hindi word for ‘village’, ‘atta gv. By a natural process of phonetic erosion, the conjunct 7 has: ‘been reduced over time to7T, and the consonant #7 has been reduced to the: semi-vowel 4, with a memory of the nasal quality of 7 seen in the nasalisation of the long vowel; see page 86 for more on these processes. Several such conjuncts have special forms: H+ tC = w fHRe Mriket cricket B+ Us trak truck Z+ C= ¥ FRAC draivar driver T+t +a far mnitrd friend He T= TF si Mr ‘Are you certain about the all-important difference of sequence explained above? Here are some contrasted pairs: at karm action Cd kram sequence aw Sarm shame a Sram toil me gird guard wa gram village; gram The word TS" Kirydkram ‘programme’ contains two conjuncts — the first conjunct (4) has € as the first component, and the second () has T as the second component. in Sansirit compound of #74 arya‘action, work’, and #7 kram ‘sequence, order’. UNIT6 Fig 8: Shri Cement Limited has a briliant logo that can be readin atleast two ways —as*4¥ Sri in Hindi, as ‘SCL. in English, and perhaps as ‘sri’ in English too! The conjunct 4 jna The conjunct # jiia appears in some Sanskrit loanwords, mostly related to the Sanskrit verb root jii-, ‘to know’; the Sanskrit root is cognate with English ‘know’ and with Greek ‘gnosis’ etc. In Hindi, this conjunct is usually pronounced gy: thus jifan is pronounced gyan. G+ =F wt jfan (pr. ‘gyan’) knowledge Hat —_ajfiey (pr. ‘agyey’) unknowable faaTH — visesajfid (pr. ‘visesagy’’) specialist FIT gtajfié (pr. “krtagy’’) ——_grateful afm — avijaa (pr. ‘avigya’) ignorant STAT aid (pr. “agya’) command62 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT Conjuncts of three or more consonants Occasionally you may come across conjuncts having more than two components; many of these are in Sanskrit words, although English loanwords too often call for quite complex conjunct-clusters. They follow exactly the same principles as already explained, with ‘medial’ members behaving like ‘first’ members: Rt f+ © = HH Wea aiktres actress H+ FT + F = FF PLT kampyiitar computer H+ T+ T+ C= RT CSA ekspres express T++ Ts = SATE jyotsnd moonlight T+ T+ © = HR FF indy tndra Yt F + CT = | VE sisted nation Q+ T+ © = SB SH sti woman Fig 9: T&T purus means ‘man’ and ©4¥ stri means ‘woman’: leam these words at your convenience! UNITS 63 Using virdm instead of a conjunct When conjuncts get too complex, the sign virdm (see p. 51) can come to the rescue. For example, because hanging a u vowel under the already complex conjunct & dbha is a tall order, (giving & as in THT adbhut, ‘wondrous’), the simpler virdm-based form &¥{ (giving 7TH) is often preferred. Similarly, the font used for printing this book cannot ‘stack’ a repeated & one above the other to form a double-decker conjunct as one might in handwriting (£), and must be content with a $&, as in $EST adda “stand (for buses etc.)’. Fig 10: This tailor’s signboard uses viram in the three-member conjunct ‘nts’ in ‘Sea jents, ‘Gents’ Exercise 14 The following words have been written using virdm, as if using a type- writer. Rewrite them using proper conjuncts: holiday Buddha district child eighteen _mattress64 ____ BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT UNIT 6 65 faqe faqaeit qin wet eH Fag ai aig/amg lim mind student —_ island bearable lotus sign aT aijan/amjan lampblack ‘set andi/amda egg Conjuncts using anusvar HT andar/amdar inside This section is about a short cut that simplifies the writing of conjuncts art kambal/kambal blanket involving a nasal consonant, of which there are five. If you look back to the matrix on page 15, you will see that each of the five horizontally arranged consonant categories includes its own nasal consonant. Theoretically, a consonant cannot form a conjunct with any nasal other than the one in its own category: thus dental 7 can only conjoin dental (as in f@F@, *Hindi’), and retroflex 3 can only conjoin retroflex T (as in ‘'AVSTR, ‘store’). The principle behind this restriction is that when the tongue is positioned for one sound, such as a dental, it cannot by definition pronounce any other, such as a retroflex. Here’s the full set of five nasal consonants, with examples; remember that the first two nasal consonants, ¥ n and> di, occur in conjuncts only they never stand alone. ae ang limb a aiijan—_lampblack aus anda egg aR andar inside wat —kambal_ blanket anaags 4 ALA A 9 t++ee et The short cut to achieve the same result is to use a superscript dot called anusvar as an alternative to the nasal consonant in the conjunct. Anusvar automatically assumes the same phonetic value as the consonant that follows it: for example, before a dental consonant it stands for the dental = (half 7), and before a retroflex it stands for the retroflex ¥ (half), and so on. Two different ways of transliterating anusvar are shown below: the first is to maintain the specific nasal consonants used in the examples above, the second is to substitute ‘m’. The former system gives a better quide to pronunciation and has been used throughout this book. These forms with anusvar are simpler to write than the full conjuncts, and so are usually preferred; in fact, you'll hardly ever see words written with ¥ and # these days. The name ‘Hindi’ can be written fgret or fet. The word itself means “the language of Hind’, ‘Hind’ being the Persian name for North India. “Hind? derives from the name of the river fat] ‘Sindhu’. Thus the Persian-derived words ‘Hindi’ and ‘Hindu’ describe the cultures “beyond” the Sindhu’; and this river name is known in English as ‘Indus’, from which the word ‘India’ derives. Anusvar is not normally used in doubled consonants (‘geminates’): thus ann, ammé are written with full conjunct forms, as 1-7 (314), One or two Sanskrit words used in Hindi end in anusvar. The only common example is {4 evam (a formal word for ‘and’), which is sometimes written as U4 and is pronounced evam. Before € ra, 7 Ja and @ sa, anusvar approximates to a dental n (Weft usually pronounced sansky1). Before 7 va, it is pronounced as m (aT samvat). Before & ha, it is pronounced as a velar # (f4€ pronounced sirth, approximating to sing). Here’s a note to shock the purists: although ‘mixed’ conjuncts such:as 7S (combining a dental with a retroflex) are theoretically impossible, they are much beloved by signwriters and the like, and are seen very ‘commonly in the real world.66 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT Fig 11: F404 = syam baind ‘Shyam Band’: the spelling for this wedding band marries a dental 4 to a retroflex —a banned combination! How does anusvar differ from candrabindu/anundsik? Anusvar stands for a real nasal consonant, so that in pronouncing words like feet, #47 one is actually uttering the full value of ‘n’ and ‘m’ respectively. Anunasik, on the other hand, represents a nasalised vowel, so that a word such as @f ends without any ‘n’ or ‘m’ consonant but has a nasal tone in the vowel itself. Actually, the difference between the two often becomes quite minor in practice ~ especially when candrabindu drops its moon and becomes identical in form to anusvar! Exercise 15 Rewrite, replacing anusvar with nasal consonants: fet ode ost at Tor Hindi Mumbai cold limb entertainment Rewrite, replacing nasal consonants with anusvar: fel circle breaking tall hindu wet Wt ArT association OST ca fat wer monkey Lanka colour anxiety _bell Fig 12:34 Tal Ars and HWATA ATT STE — two adjacent shops (bhandar) selling homespun cotton goods (khadi). The first spelling incorrectly conjoins ™ to %; the second uses anusvar, an alternative (o the full conjunct form ¥ (TST), When the inherent vowel remains silent We've already seen that the inherent vowel a is not usually pronounced at the end of a word. But sometimes the inherent vowel also remains silent within a word. It is difficult to make a watertight rule here, but the following three formulae will account for most instances. The inherent vowel usually remains silent in the following circumstances: 1, At the end of a word (except monosyllables such as 7 na ‘not’). As we saw earlier, the main exception is that the inherent vowel is pronounced (lightly, as *3’) after any conjuncts that are difficult to pronounce without a following vowel: f44 mitra, FO krsnd. 2. In the second character of a word whose third character includes a vowel sign. Thus in the word GAT diisrd, ‘second, other’, in which T ra is written with the vowel sign T 4, the inherent vowel of & sais silent.68 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT UNIT6 69 ager Jarki (not ‘laraki’) girl aagt camri (not ‘camari’) skin wears tarkib (not ‘tarakib’) means, plan aa sarkar (not ‘sarakar’) government wert rijdhdini (not ‘rajadhni’) capital Exception— When the second or third character is a conjunct: He ~—aspatal (not ‘asptal’) hospital wre namaste _(not ‘namste’) greeting wre samasya —_ (not ‘samsya’) problem 3. In the second character of a word of four or more characters. WaT == maslan —(not ‘masalan’) for example RAT afar (not ‘afasar’) officer wat janvar~— (not ‘fainavar’) animal TAS Jakhnaii (not ‘lakhanait’) Lucknow aera kalkatta (not ‘kalakatta’) Calcutta In some people’s pronunciation, a few words do retain a medial inherent vowel when one would expect them to drop it; most such exceptions must be learned individually. The inherent vowel is very short (or ‘light’). fasted developed a aT in spite of war jandta people, the public Words including a prefix may be ‘weighed’ as two separate words. Thus ATSATA lajavab, ‘peerless’, is pronounced according to its construction as ‘@T-SAT4, ‘without-answer’, not as ‘ATS-ATa"; and ATTHS ndpasand, “unliked’, is pronounced as 7T-T8, ‘not- liked’, not as “ATT-8a". A small number of words borrowed from beyond the Indo-Aryan family of languages (and hence not having an established Devanagari spelling) may be written with or without a conjunct: gett gat kursi chair ean vat parda curtain, purdah SAT / FT umda good Wet /We4 ~~ gardan neck The word 4 janmé, ‘birth’, is often pronounced janam, despite the conjunet; similarly SH umrd is often pronounced umar (and is sometimes written SAT umar). Why not use a conjunct wherever the inherent vowel is silent? Because, although normally silent, the vowel is still theoretically present; and in contexts such as songs and traditional verse, it may be pronounced. Finally, here’s a list of the hundred most commonly occurring conjuncts. rt 12 aise a 7 a a qa z a q a g # A*RHAA*AA AD aqngaanaya ay a dqqtaasga q7 +7 +7 UNITS nittebh durgapur ambii: + + + + + + + + + BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT 2 22 23 70 ss sé 28 | os gé ae Es 3 Wh RW ty RO NO RO NY ho e3s a 3 5 = i & seaegeaaané € EF bgataé my g ges Re ho oe Ee RE z 2e8 , z | Pas : Ss pew DB EW 5 E ep R8 tw wo} & 2 8 8 ++ tt t+ ee He bl . & eae 4 = g = Reeszsssse2sse2 | RS eas RY Ir we RPP eee PRY oe oO te oe oe we OE Vue Sw hr a Wee ee Ae eee eee ttt te ee ett BARERRESRASSISESSSSSRENRKERR hoe hoe bot toe BBY tee tt tet ee I th tee eee be ARRRRARRRRBRERRBRERAGTIS TL LEE7 son Somer more writing conventions Numerals The Devanagari numerals are fighting a losing battle against their ‘Arabic’ cousins borrowed from English, which have official sanction in Hindi usage; this is ironic considering that the Arabic numerals themselves derive from India. But it is still essential to be able to recognise the Devanagari numerals. The numerals 1, 5, 8 and 9 have alternative forms, shown here in handwriting only: 0 ° ° Wt Sanya 1 8 eq uF ek 2 z a at do 3 Es a tin 4 g v are car 5 6 4 yg wet pic 6 q a CE chah 7 8 v art sit 8 ¢ 8s & ath 9 Ss e& nau 10 to zo wa das UNIT7 73 ‘The numeral 2 can show that a word is to be repeated, e.g. for emphasis: wet aatd = ast agi ata bari bari dkhe great big eyes Many urban addresses in India feature section number followed by house number in the formula ‘1/5’. This formula is more likely to be written in Arabic numerals than in Devanagari numerals nowadays, but you still won't find your destination without knowing the spoken Hindi for this usage, which uses the participle 42 bate from 4EAT batnd ‘to be divided’: Ya(or 1/5)=H Fe IT ek bate pic ‘one over five The usual Devanagari equivalent to the use of ‘a, b, c’ in labelling a sequence of items (such as paragraphs) is, 1, 11, ka, kha, ga. To know the ‘anc’ or basic principles of a subject is to know its ‘, 1, 7’. This indicates that the Devanagari syllabary is often conceived of as beginning with the main consonant sequence (see p. 16) rather than the vowels. Punctuation Most punctuation in modern Hindi has been adopted from Western languages. The only punctuation sign native to Devanagari is the vertical line (1), used as the full stop or period. It is called &8 dandi, ‘staff, or vSt ITE Khari pai, ‘upright line’. In traditional poetry, it is doubled (I ) at a verse ending. These days, the Roman full stop is often used in print in place of the 4ST 918. The colon is used rather sparingly: this may be because of potential confusion with the Devanagari sign called visarg (see p. 76). Inverted commas (either single or double) are used to indicate speech, but as with most aspects of Hindi punctuation, the conventions for their use are much less standardised than they are in English. The convention of writing individual words separately comes from Western languages; in traditional Indian manuscripts, words were written continuously without a break.74 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT Use of the little sequence of dots to indicate a statement or question left ‘in suspension’ shows an interesting dilemma between the differential conventions of Hindi and English writing: it is sometimes written at the level of the top line (following Devanagari logic), but may be followed by a full stop at the base of the characters (following Roman logic): Stat ara & . sitd gayab hai... Sita is missing... The hyphen may be used to help elucidate the noun compounds that are so common in Hindi (e.g. 48-81 bas-seva, ‘bus service’), but practice varies. A hyphen is more likely to be used if it helps to remove any ambiguity: in the compound ¥{-71 bhd-khand, ‘region of the earth’, the hyphen removes the danger of any visual or mental association with WT bhikh, hunger’, whereas in the compound 44 bhikamp, ‘earthquake’, no hyphen is needed (4 bhitk not being a common word). Signwriters are fond of playing with script conventions, often mixing Devanagari and English within phrases and even within words. Examples noticed recently in Uttar Pradesh include: © A truck’s diesel cap labelled ‘D SF’, playing on the sense of 4H as ‘water’, (Remember that 7 often replaces # in both pronunciation and writing.) © A sign reading &4 2h (for 2° 2G “Darpan Tailors’) with the @ reversed as P — literally reflecting the meaning of the word “darpan’, ‘mirror’. © A ZTAT or roadside cafe named after its proprietor as ‘ifSt G’ (ie. fsa St) — ST being an expression of respect suffixed to names . © An autorickshaw slogan reading 421 2 v (RT ACE ATA — to be read, rather unphonetically, as 4 @€T QT, ‘Your [and] my company’ i.e. ‘You and me together’. © A boutique with the mixed name 4€KRITI, perhaps indicating the composite ‘culture’ (fa) of the goods on sale. UNIT7 75 Abbreviations In English, the individual Jetteris the basic script unit, and is therefore the basis of abbreviations. In Hindi, however, the syllable is the basic unit, so the abbreviation of a word constitutes the whole of the first syllable, complete with any vowel and/or nasal sign. The abbreviation is followed by ‘o’, a small circle (or sometimes by a full stop): Slo = Braet daktar Doctor (Dr) Go = ofa pandit Pandit (Pt) %o = WTA rupaya/ye So = catia svargiya Tupee/s (Re, Rs) the late, deceased There are two conventions to choose between when writing personal initials: the system just described, and a phonetic transliteration of the pronounced values of the initials in English. So someone called fA4T74 Ta FHF trilocan nath Sarma, Trilochan Nath Sharma’, might write his initials plus surname in either of the two following ways: fate Ato WAT tri, nd. Sarma Zo ao wat fi. en, Sarma 4 ~ Atengut arent 4 Pete terre ered oh Tabet > ara wa a ae chee ea 8 fe ead stonsh Geer Pree are Peer a ate ar gee ae SH Val B tae HEA Fea ST eT aT “eae cer ge aaa a wer a3 atts Be H atte a we 2 eT Oe! RRA We on Ps ART UA ae Oa SH ERT aH Swe eT eT eS Fase Te! “Sal SATA SR reas BB ace cba VF i a Fig 13: This newspaper article, which is headed 4Ya1&4t {LAT, vidipi suraksa, is concemed with. security CM) for ‘VIPs’; 44341 could alternatively have been writen 40 argo Fe7% BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT With its increasing use of abbreviations for the names of organisations, protocols and the like, India is awash with acronyms these days; and Hindi has taken them up enthusiastically, especially in newspapers. Acronyms are usually written without punctuation, and are pronounced as written: aWeT = Aa ERT wa = aga aartéf —Bahujan Samaj Party amt = weit ora of Bharatiya Janta Party ‘Nav Bharat Times Fig 14: What is the registration number of this bus, manufactured by the industrial giant Tata? The first two characters indicate the state in which the bus is registered. (See foot of page.) Visarg The sign visarg resembles a widely spaced colon and is written without a headstroke, as in {:*¥ duhkh, ‘sorrow’; as the transliteration with a dotted Ashows, it is an aspiration equivalent to that of & h (but unvoiced, and not representing a distinct syllable). In Sanskrit it is pronounced as a lightly breathed echo of the preceding vowel: Ifa: santib, ‘peace’, pronounced as Santihi. It mostly occurs in Sanskrit loanwords and is not very common in Hindi. [Answer: UP 07/F 8278 (3.7. = SX FM Uttar Pradesh. UNIT7 77 prayah generally B: chah six aa: atah therefore Avagrah The sign avagrah has the shape S. It’s essentially a Sanskrit sign, having to do with vowel elisions that don’t happen in Hindi. In Hindi its main function is to show that a vowel is sustained in a cry or a shout: STESSS! arii! In transcribing the words of a song, avagrah shows that the preceding vowel is sustained over successive beats: art wars TAS HET Jane kya-@ tii ne-e kahi Who knows wha-a-a-t you-ou-ou said “aTSSS” Fig 15:4 555 —a child’s call to its mother. Rather more technically, avagrah can mark a long syllable in prosody. Here it is contrasted with the vertical line (danda), which is used to mark short beats. Thus the word ATfe41 cAdini, ‘moonlight’, would be scanned as 5 15, equivalent to ~~~ in Western prosody. The pranav 4, om The sacred syllable ‘om’ (or ‘aum’), called the ‘pranav’ (‘auspicious sound’), has the special symbol 3}. It is often written as an invocation or a sign of auspicious well-being, for example at the beginning of a letter or other document, or on doorways, shrines etc.78 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT Writing English words in Devanagari Hindi uses an ever-growing number of loans from non-Indian languages, mostly English. Many a Hindi-learner, setting off to India with a proudly acquired knowledge of the Hindi script, will find his or her efforts rewarded by encounters with signboards such as the following: uae far earindiya AirIndia adie urs wert sree farfres vhilar end kampani praivet limited Wheeler & CompanyPrivate Limited When transliterating English words into Hindi (for example, when writing your name in Devanagari), you should ignore the English spelling and transcribe the phonetic value of the word as pronounced by a Hindi-speaker. A Hindi-speaker will hear English ‘d’ and ‘t’ as closer to the retroflex than to the dental — hence the spelling feftés, limited, above. And Devanagari vowels will also match the pronounced values of the English — hence the spelling G3, ear, in ‘Air India’. The superscript sign ~, a dotless moon, is sometimes used above a long #T a (a) for the English vowel in a Hindi-speaker’s pronunciation of words such as ‘ball’, ‘law’, and the first syllable of ‘chocolate’. (Do not confuse it with candrabindu: 31T is not the same as Hf.) This is a script Fig 16: What ‘free’ facilities are on offer here, and what is the name of the company? [Answer: Registration, road tax, comprehensive insurance, accessories; Amar Autos) UNIT 7. 79 convention only: in most Hindi-speakers’ pronunciation 4T# ‘ball’ does not have the ‘aw’ sound that it has in English, but sounds like the vowel in the word ‘calm’. The sign has no standard Roman transliteration, but is here transliterated as &: ate bal ball ated madam modern ara sri sorry Fig 17: What kind of shop is this? Many English words are quite awkward to write in Devanagari, particularly because of their frequent consonant clusters and dipththongs: S —instrakfan _ instruction wesc = —akduntent —_ accountant Exercise 17 Transcribe the following into the original English: 2a are ea ays aa, ares Bt ae Or Tre SH, OR @ alt oo Ss be wa, us firs a re ae TTT [Answer: Modern Jewellers.]80 BEGINNER'S HIND! SCRIPT The verse in the exercise above shows some typical features of English in Devanagari: the use of retroflex consonants for the English ‘t’, ‘d’; the different ‘o” sounds of ‘not’ and ‘for’ both being assimilated to a (the optional 3iT 4 form has not been used here); the use of consecutive vowels to represent diphthongs such as that in ‘life’ (@T@ /aif); the use of Fd and th for voiced and unvoiced ‘th’ (in ‘the’ and ‘things’ respectively). Fig 18: 31% 34, on the right, means ‘eye testing’; 4 (on the left ) and TAH (on the right) both mean ‘and’. The rest of the text here is mostly in English. What are the names of the two businesses advertised, and what services do they offer? Among other problems in writing English in Devanagari, there is no adequate way of showing the soft j sound in the word ‘vision’, which has to be written either as F434 vijhan or as FAS vizan. (Many speakers weaken the consonant almost to a ‘y’ sound, saying ‘viyan, leyar’ for “vision, leisure’.) [Answer: (left) Imperial Barber Shop - Ladies and Gents Beauty Parlour, Bridal Make-up and Beautician Course; (right) Mahavar Opticals computerised eye testing and contact lens clinic .] UNIT7 81 While words borrowed from English will have retroflex consonants, loanwords from (or influenced by) Portuguese, with its softer consonants, have dentals: @TAA botal, ‘bottle’, represents Portuguese ‘botelha’. If the Portuguese traders had been less successful in the ventures on the western seaboard of India in the early colonial period, India would probably have an ‘English’ bottle, spelled with a retroflex 2 fa! Portuguese influence is also seen in the month names. A complete list of the twelve months gives good reading practice - but the sequence has been muddled up for you here, just in case things get too easy. feaar me mead art arg aoTet wat tt AK FFTTT TT TTT As with many other English loanwords in Hindi, the gender of the month names depends on their endings: those that end in -i (like 444% janvari) are feminine, the rest are masculine. There’s more information on gender coming up on page 86.8 lone More bout Hindi words and spellings Some dog-fights over conjunct forms The way in which conjunct consonants are printed, typed and written varies a great deal depending on habit and the available technologies, and we have already seen how some conjuncts (such as sva, written 7 or 4%, or nna, written # or 7) have more than one form. The limited keyboard of a conventional typewriter cannot produce the full range of conjunet forms; for example, typewriters that cannot produce 77 (tta) have to make do with % — hardly satisfactory for general use, as it can all too easily be confused with 1. Unfortunately, some attempted ‘standardisation’ of forms occurred in the decades before computers removed all such limitations of keyboard layout; so there is official backing for such awkward forms as our example &, allowing such spellings as GAT and HAHA rather than insisting on the much more elegant FAT and FORT, The standardising authorities have also condemned such clear and elegant conjunct forms as I for dya (preferring {4) and Z for ddha (preferring @); and they even recommend that an i-sign in a syllable such as ddhi should fall between the two components of the conjunct, giving ZfF instead of the well-established fa ! The resulting qfIATAT buddhimdni (‘wisdom’) is a strange and inelegant form of {fs4T*1; but fortunately, Hindi’s wiser public ignores such official recommendations and sticks to the old forms that have served so well for centuries. UNIT8 33 Exercise 18 Identify these geographical names: ane TERT fagrx oraT warerare art wat WRT atet arerratt ferar aRt séret aaa = AAT Fig 20: Where is bus 402 coming from (on the left) and going to (on the right)? Where does Hindi vocabulary come from? The basic stock of Hindi vocabulary comes from various sources. The most important categories are: 1. Tatsama words: loanwords from Sanskrit, complete with the original Sanskrit spellings. (The term ‘tatsama’ means ‘same as that’, where “that” refers to Sanskrit.) Examples are fafa vi (whose -it participle ending, equivalent to the ‘-ed’ of the English participle, is found in many such words), UTA rajdhani, ‘capital city’, and AT kppa, ‘kindness, grace’. Many Sanskrit words have it, developed” changed their meanings and contexts of use in the modem Hindi [Answer: Aukhli Gav (Okhla village); Jama Masjid (Friday Mosque). Many place names are rather unstable in their spellings: is more common than SAT.)BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT UNIT 8 85 setting. For example, the original sense of AT#TSTAT akasvani is ‘voice from heaven, oracle’, but it now names the Indian radio service; as a term for ‘radio’ generally it cannot, however, compete with the loanword ¢fSaT rediyo, which is well-established in Hindi. Tadbhava words: words that have evolved organically from Sanskrit and Prakrit, i.e. medieval and modem derivatives of ancient words. (The term ‘tadbhava’ means ‘of the nature of that’.) Having been subject to erosion over centuries of use, tadbhava are usually reduced versions of their originals: thus Hindi @T@ sat, ‘seven’, derives from Sanskrit 71 sapta, typically compensating for the reduced conjunct with a lengthened vowel. A less obvious example is Hindi TS dhai,‘two and a half’, whose Sanskrit original 3eqa14 ardhatrtiya, ‘half [less than] three’, has been heavily eroded over time. Words that have a simple shape in their tatsama forms hardly change, if at all: ATT nam, ‘name’, is both tatsama and tadbhava — i.e, both Sanskrit and Hindi — because even the heavy use of centuries cannot simplify an already simple word. Tatsama and tadbhava versions of the same word may co-exist in Hindi, sometimes with a difference in meaning: tatsama #4 karma means ‘karma, action whose fruits are enjoyed in later lives’, whereas its tadbhava derivative 14 kam is the everyday word for ‘work’; and tatsama @4 ksetrd means ‘field’ in an abstract sense (‘field of knowledge’ etc.), whereas its tadbhava derivative @a khet is a field you can plough. In these two examples we see again the reduction of the final conjunct. Neologisms: new words formed from Sanskrit roots. Just as European languages developed and modernised by forming new vocabulary from Latin and Greek roots, Hindi has formed many words from the inexhaustible stocks of Sanskrit. But whereas the European languages gradually developed new vocabularies to cope with new technologies and concepts as they came into being over several centuries, Indian languages were thrown in at the deep end when these technologies and concepts were brought to India ready-made by the colonial powers. So Indian languages have first had to translate, and then compete with, English loanwords such as ‘radio’ and ‘train’. Unsurprisingly, the new Indian coinings have had a tough time in taking the place of their well-established English synonyms: we have already seen how ¢f8aT rediyo has become a Hindi word. Similarly the word 24 fren, ‘train’, runs everywhere, whereas the infamous coining Wé-T4-TTfHAT Joh-path-gamini, ‘iron-path-traveller’, never made it out of the station. Many neologisms are calques — literal word-by-word translations, usually from the English; thus {<¢3it dirdarsan, ‘television’, the name of the government TV channel in India, is composed of the two Sanskrit elements &X di, ‘distant’ (for Greek-derived ‘tele’) and &8f1 darsan ‘vision’ (for Latin-derived “vision’) — but most people are happy just to say 1-4 ti-vi‘TV’ ! Loanwords from Persian, and through Persian from Arabic and Turkish. These have formed a vital part of the Hindi language for centuries (although in recent times there has been a move to replace them with Sanskritic words as part of a general ‘Hinduisation’ of Indian culture, forcing a more literal division between the complementary sister-languages of Hindi and Urdu); the natural state of Hindi is that of a mixed language, accommodating words from many different sources, and this mixture gives it strength and subtlety. Common Hindi words from Perso-Arabic sources are @T& bad, ‘afterwards’, FCAT kursi, ‘chair’, FATT makan, ‘house’ and TART tabla, ‘tabla’ (all Arabic in origin); and f% ki, ‘that’ (as a conjunction), ATA4€ janvar, ‘animal’, Aesit sabzi, ‘vegetable’, ATMX bazar, ‘market’, FAA sitdr, ‘sitar’, and AA sarkér, ‘government’ (all Persian).86 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT 5. Loanwords from English and Portuguese. We have seen many of these earlier in the book. English words are flooding, not to say drowning, the Hindi language, with #1€ kar, fA kican and STTEA bathriim in danger of ousting their equivalents W131 gari, BARA rasoighar, TATA gusalkhdnd, These days one frequently hears such sentences as #47 ATES-8le H ged waTSS F 7 kya sdid-strit mé ya-tam elaud hai? ‘Is a U-tum allowed in a side-street?”. By contrast, Portuguese influence is a historical one only — ic. it is no longer contributing new words to Hindi; but it accounts for many everyday items such as FAT kamrd ‘room’, ATARY almari ‘cupboard’, @&TX1 istri ‘an iron’, and faeaet mistri ‘mechanic, skilled worker’. Fig 21: Can you find eight different English loanwords in this shop sign? Gender in Hindi Every Hindi noun has a gender — either masculine or feminine. Some adjectives (and verbs) reflect these genders. The characteristic masculine ending is -a, contrasted with feminine -i, thus S4T AST lamba larka, [Answer: You can book a coffee machine at Shiv Traders, pho[ne] 211134; birthday cakes and all birthday provisions available at reasonable rates.] UNITS 87 ‘tall boy’, H#T ASAT Jambi larki, ‘tall girl’. Adjectives that do not end in -d/-ihave no way of showing agreement: @IMaTX AST hosiyar larka, ‘clever boy’, Srfaax AEH, hosiyar larki, ‘clever girl’. In the example of 7S%T Jarka / AS*T larki, grammatical gender obviously follows sexual gender; but there is no such clearcut principle for inanimate nouns such as 8X ghar, ‘house’, which happens to be masculine, or 41 mez, ‘table’, which happens to be feminine; so when you learn a new noun it’s a good idea to leam its gender also. Sometimes, the gender of a noun can be inferred from its form: the ‘-4/ -7 masculine/feminine pattern of 7ST / AS%T is very common, with examples like #787 kamrd, ‘room’, fS®aT dibba, ‘box’, and WTST kapra, ‘cloth’ all being masculine, and fame bijli, ‘elecricity’, UAT rosni, ‘light’ and WY batti, ‘lamp, light’ all feminine. Place-names follow suit: those ending -a are masculine (HTMIRT agra, FATT kalkatta), those ending -iare feminine (fareit dilli, ATTA varanasi). And all rivers are feminine, like the word TY nadi, ‘river’, itself. Stress in Varanasi: while most Westemers pronounce the place name aTToTaT with a stress on the third syllable (‘Varandsi’), this is actually the one and only short syllable in the entire word, and therefore bears less stress than its neighbours. Stress is generally much more even in Hindi than it is in English; and getting it right is essential to good pronunciation. (The name 4IKW bandras, incidentally, is an old- established derivative of TCR; and a third name for this ancient city is Taft kas, “the luminous’, or, more romantically, ‘City of Light’.) There are many exceptions to this ‘-4/-7 rule or tendency: TT pani, ‘water’ and ST@t admi, ‘man’ both end in -i but are masculine, while ‘SITHIT $4, ‘hope’ and “TST bhisa, ‘language’ both end in -@ but are feminine. These last two belong to a large group of loanwords from Sanskrit, where -& is a feminine ending: many girls’ names, such as 33T ‘Usha’ and 2U[#T ‘Renuka’ end in -d, and these are all Sanskritic. And all languages are feminine, like the word ¥TST bhasd ,‘language’, itself.88 BEGINNER'S HIND! SCRIPT Hindi borrows several Sanskrit abstract nouns ending in -t, which means ‘ness’, ete: THAT gambhirta, ‘seriousness’, HYCAT madhurta, ‘sweet- ness’, START saksarté, ‘literacy’, and {&XaT sundarta, ‘beauty’. Being Sanskrit nouns ending in -, these are all feminine. Hindi verb stems used as abstract nouns are feminine: TY samajh, ‘understanding’, 184 pahiic, ‘reach’, TS daur ‘running, race’ and AT&T Khijh, ‘irritation’ are from the verbs WHEAT samajhnd, ‘to understand, IEAAT pahiicna, ‘to reach’, StSAT daurna ‘to run’ and GSAT khijhnd, ‘to be irritated’ respectively. English ‘-ing’ words are often borrowed in Hindi, and these too are feminine: {fE% Siting, *(film-)shooting’, 4121 miting, ‘meeting’ and TM draing, ‘drawing’ are common examples. Other loanwords from English may take the gender of a Hindi synonym or other associated word: thus TX kar is feminine, like TS} gari; and faa biyar ‘beer’) too is feminine, like 12T@ Sarab ‘alcoholic drink, booze’. One of the reasons why it’s so important to know a noun’s gender is that gender determines the way in which the noun is made plural. Here are the basic principles: SINGULAR PLURAL Most masculine nouns that F7&T room FAL rooms end in -dchange to -¢ FFT boy AF boys Other masculine nouns are} man STAT men don't change FE house RK houses Feminine nouns that ‘areit light afeat tights end in -Fchange to -jya asa girl arsfeat girls Other feminine nouns AW table At tables add-¢ TEAK picture Te pictures UNITS: 89 Notice that ST@¥i1 admi can mean both ‘man’ and ‘men’. The number may become apparent in an -d adjective, which changes to -e in the plural: Wet aTeHT motd admi, ‘fat man’, WE ATEAT mote admi, ‘fat men’. Only masculine -A adjectives change like this, all others stay the same, Look at the following examples and notice which nouns and which adjectives change in the plural: MASCULINE 4ST FART big room ‘aS FAT big rooms FST AFT bighouse FF AHA big houses ATA TIE red stone © ATT TEAK red stones FEMININE Bret ASF little daughter Stet SfEaT tittle daughters wat ate bigeye ATH AF clean table adi ata big eyes ATG AST clean tables Fig 22: Where and when was this newspaper published? And which two countries feature in the headline of this ‘Global Diary’ section? (Answer: New Delhi, 25 January 2000 (71H4TX mangalvar is ‘Tuesday’); the countries referred to are Chechnya and Afghanistan, the latter name being written without the two dots that a full spelling would require — 1H TTfEATA.]AAPPENDIXES APPENDIX 1 Examples of Hindi handwriting Um fer At wet at 4 Gor, WHR, ofera aT Sa S aT sea 71 aif ga alata wa F sat aferaae ger gfere at et Sar oT, at aa wg fer fe are Star f 1 Set aH GAT TATA VOT, Tt fae aT wat wed & far fore arr 1g, «afer a var” ait ae HET Translation: One day my little daughter asked, ‘Mummy, are the police men or women?’. Because at this young age she had mostly seen male police, I said ‘men’. Immediately another question came up, ‘So then why do we say “The police have come [feminine]”, why don’t we say “the police have come [masculine]” ?” [The Hindi word {fT pulis has feminine gender, which it has probably acquired from related Hindi words such as IW fauj and @AT send ‘army’. It is used in the singular.] Example 1 ) Bree arcetaee, wet Ta ae STATA AS are TS ARS wart oat = kajal aptikals — yaha najar ke casme japani masin dvara jac karke baniiye jate hai. “Kajal Opticals — ‘Here eye-glasses are made after [optical] testing with Japanese equipment’. Fig. 4. 3g [&@] ae fardex ts finen ataract (xfir.) at regfer sit fafer [fro] eats farfad ares Gree... freee — arta aT, feats — 26 watt, AAT 5.30 Tis [ATA], SATA - Ua. a. St. atfset ican atactasa [atactrpa] art, det arse, fers. fore ~ 100.50.25. fewe saeed & - Ua. &. ot. arfect cam arse, wry GF 2411107 | indi [indu] art thiyetar end philm sosdyati (raji.) ki prastuti ri giris [giris] karad likhit natak tuglak...nirdegak — pharvari, samay 5.30 sy [sdyam], sthin — kapamiks [kparnikas] marg, mandi haus, dilli. tikat — 10.50.25 tikat uplabdh hai — el. ti. ji, Aditoriyam kauntar, sampark siitré 2411107. ‘Presented by the Indu Art Theatre and Film Society (reg.), the play Tuglak written by Mr Girish Kamad, Director Yasin Khan. Date: 26 February, time 5.30 p.m., venue L.T.G, Auditorium, Copernicus Marg, Mandi House, Delhi. Tickets - [Rs.] 100, 50, 25. Tickets are available at L.T.G. Auditorium counter, contact 2411107.”118 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT Fig. 6. Techno ENGINEERING Works Pifacee ate fefeafei All kind of SHOCKERS WVAR BY Aes FIA / AK 0 ATH o Ta TH Uo As Techno Engineering Works speslist Saukar rifiling All kind of shockers Saukar ki garanted ripeyar / supar - cetak - el em el - moped. ‘Techno Engineering Works specialist shocker refilling. All kinds of shockers / Super, Chetak, LML, moped.’ Fig7. @wit @ @raurt kutté se savdhin. “Beware of dogs". Fig.8. i daz atfas afar Sri siment slid Sakti. “Shri Cement: solid strength.’ Fig. 10, atte tad; At ws Sea Taras TE Aas adie faaré & fare sigar telars /Iedij end jents / Se[khavati] gra[min] baink ke pas navalgarh sarvasresth sildi ke lie. ‘Sigar Tailors — Ladies and Gents — Near the Shekhavati Rural Bank, Navalgarh. For superior tailoring.’ Fig. 13. Tarait qeat / afafafne aafinat at afer acer H ay a atfad ag ate canna aha 1 ate Feta aeifeat F arastfran er & ag etter fear & fee are Aart Tea rae ate fener aT LATA HT Aaa TAT HT TET S AS Rega Fear a tel aT fe He Carel tT ga STEM FT TH AS cortfaw Ge FT sect a ST eT UH TTA Ag aT fe Rea Caterer ear ees Het ara gE STAT aT site 3 Act APPENDIX 5. ng vidipi suraks@ ativisist vyaktiy6 ki vyaktigat suraksa ke bare mé ghosit nai niti svagat yogya hai. anek kendriy grhmantriyé ne sarvajanik rap se yah svikar kiya hai ki hamari viaipi suraks@ vyavastha anek kism ki paresaniy6 ka sabab banta ja rahi hai. yah mahsiis kiya ja raha tha ki kuch svarthi log is vyavastha ko ek bare rajnaitik raiket mé tabdil kar rahe the. iska ek nuksan yah tha ki suraksa ejensiyé ka dhyan apne mil kary6 se hat jata thd aur ve netaé tatha... “VIP Security. The new policy concerning the personal security of VIPs announced [recently] is to be welcomed. [NB: a visist person is a VIP or ‘very important person’; but as this designation has been eroded by over-use, the new category of ativisist or VVIP ‘very very important person’ has come into use.] Many central Home Ministers have accepted publicly that our VVIP security system has been becoming a matter for many kinds of concern. It was felt that some selfish people were changing this system into a major political ‘racket’. One harmful outcome of this was that the attention of security agencies was diverted from their main functions and... Fig. 16 (Lower part of text.). %. 4000/- #1 HETaaa / Heat Hf aot aifira aaa aH Sree, afraa faker / AT aTeTA / 20%, width [wife] are, cat farter Oe, weet, feet. FIA. ru, 4000/- ki mahabacat / jaldi kijie yojnd simit samay tak uplabdh / adhikrt vikretd/amar dtos /603, kanti [kanti] nagar, svam sinema rod, Sahdara, dilli. phon:... “Mega-saving of Rs. 4000...Hurry, scheme available for a limited period. Authorised dealer: Amar Motors, 603 Kanti Nagar, Svarna Cinema Road, Shahdara, Delhi, Phone...” Fig 18, SHitfeaet areata / Afeet a Seca aT TR AT at argsct ag-ay a eafefiras ate ot soqet & 1 impiriyal barbar S&p _ledij va jaints bydti parlar hamare yah braidal mek-ap va byatisiyan kors bhi uplabdh hai. “Imperial Barber Shop. Ladies’ and Gents’ Beauty Parlour. Bridal make-up and beautician course also available here.120 BEGINNER'S HIND! SCRIPT Fig. 21. fara 25€..fY, 211134. 5701 #T atl GH aT oT g, wT ae a ade ar alt arava stare te a fire &. Siv tredars...pho. 211134...kaphi ki masin buk ki jati hai. barthde kek va barthde ka sabhi saman ucit ret par milta hai. “Shiv Traders...phone 211134...Coffee machine is [available to be] booked. Birthday cakes and all birthday materials are available at reasonable rates.” APPENDIX 6 121 APPENDIX 6 Index of terms akgar ~ a character or syllable, especially of the Devanagari script. alveolar — a sound produced by the front of the tongue in contact with the alveolar ridge, that part of the mouth just behind the upper teeth. aspirate — a sound pronounced with audible breath. conjunct — a Devanagari character comprising two consonants with no intervening vowel. dental — a sound made by the tip and rim of the tongue against the teeth. diphthong — a syllable containing two distinct and successive vowels, as in English ‘mice’, ‘go’, ‘house’, and in Hindi gai, gae. flap — an ‘r’ sound produced by rapid light contact between the tongue and the roof of the mouth. fricative — a consonant sound produced by friction when the breath is forced through a restricted opening. geminate — a doubled consonant. halant — a consonant whose inherent vowel has been suppressed (as by the addition of viram). inherent vowel — the vowel a as inherent part of an unmodified consonant, eg. the ain® ma. -kar—a suffix for naming letters, e.g. ma-kar, ‘the character 9”, i-kar, ‘the character &”. labial — a sound produced by the lips. mitra — a vowel sign written after a consonant. neologism — a newly-coined word (in the Hindi context, usually one based ona Sanskrit root). palatal — a sound pronounced by contact between the middle of the tongue and the hard palate. retroflex — a sound produced when the tongue is curled back against the hard palate.122 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT semi-vowel — a consonant which has some of the phonetic quality of a vowel: ‘y’, ‘v’. sibilant — a fricative hissing sound, such as ‘s’, ‘sh’. sonant: see ‘voicing’. virdm — the subscript sign, which suppresses the inherent vowel. velar — a sound produced by the back of the tongue in contact with the soft palate. voicing — the production of a sound with the vibration of the vocal chords; “b’ is voiced, ‘p’ is voiceless. Voiced sounds are also called ‘sonants’, and unvoiced sounds ‘surds’. | GLOSSARY This glossary lists all the Hindi words that have been used in the main sections of the book, together with selected words from the illustrations. Personal names and English words are not generally included. The dictionary order of Devanagari follows the syllabary matrix, which is repeated below for easy reference. Zu Si er124 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT ‘The main points to bear in mind are: © short vowels precede long vowels (e.g. % mu precedes mil) © unaspirated consonants precede aspirated consonants (c.g. ka precedes ™ kha) © syllables with candrabindu or anusvar precede those without (e.g. &t ‘ha precedes &T ha, and TfEq pandit precedes THAT paknd) © non-conjunct forms precede conjunct forms (e.g. 217 fin precedes 2 frak) © dotted forms of consonants are not distinguished from their non- dotted equivalents in terms of sequence Ha a1 ang limb S131 aijjan kobl, lampblack SST" anda egg 3X andar inside SRT= adherd darkness SaTaT= ambila Ambala SAT" aktiabar October HX" aksar syllable, alphabet character SARK aksar often, usually SAR agar if SATE" agast August STATA" agraval Agrawal (a merchant caste and sumame) SET acchi good ‘HW ajfiey (pronounced ‘agyey’) unknowable GLOSSARY 125 HEA atal immoveable, firm SATEA atthais eighteen Ha: atah therefore aif adhik much, many, very, more SATTH" adhyapak teacher a" ann grain, food aA" aprail April SAGMTPRATA= afgdnistan Afghanistan SHAT" afsar officer STAT amar immortal, eternal SAT! amma mother HAT alag separate, different, apart, aloof SAAT almari cupboard, almirah HART avasyd certainly atfat avijad ignorant, unaware HE ast eight, octo- WAX asar effect, influence, impression SETA" aspatl hospital weet assi eighty aa ata’ ath eye att» gan courtyard STATHAT HY! akasvani theaven-voice’, oracle; India’s government radio network126 BEGINNER'S HIND! SCRIPT GLOSSARY 127 aT" ag fire ak indaur Indore SRT" agra Agra ‘& indrd Indra aT a today GUE idhar here, over here; recently ‘STTIT! aiid command; order/permission to leave WATEIaTS" ilahabad Allahabad SET" ata flour "ER" sq romantic love HTS ath eight BRR istri clothes iron SICHT! atma soul aTet= admi man; person ‘ST&X" adar respect, honour, esteem HTAT dna to come STF Jp you (formal); HHT apka your 3" am mango SIP 4m ordinary, common 31M" drambh commencement af arthik financial ATE ardré moist STR" 484 hope STAT asin easy TR! ah sigh Tle" ahlad rapture ti ara" icav pulling, drawing Salet" icitep measuring tape gi $4" ikh sugarcane 4%" id Eid name of two Muslim festivals SAT" imén honesty gu A ujjain Ujjain 3StaT* zis Orissa SAC" uttar north, northern ‘SAR HM" uttar prades Uttar Pradesh ‘SHA* udbhav origin, coming into being BEX udhar there, over there FF un them ‘STAB uplabdh available BART, FAT umda good FR, TH umar, umr§ age ‘SAA umas sultriness128 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT GLOSSARY 129 sa SAT fica high, tall, great 3A" in wool GAT dpar up, above, upstairs FA" Gb boredom, tedium ar I" mm debt fa psi sage FATE" pikes Rishikesh Te ua feat earindiya Air India WH ek onesa WHE! ekar acre UATE ekadh one or two, a couple (of) WBA ekspres express Wa evam and 2 ai U ai hey, oh Qaea" aiktres actress UAH ainak spectacles Uw ais luxury, voluptuous enjoyment ato ait 0 Oh AZ or direction ‘aNa os dew ait au aharrea<= aurangabad Aurangabad aX aur and; more ait" aurat woman = ka, % qa aa kambal blanket FE kai several, many wa" kac (archaic) hair CAT katnd tobe cut =o" kan particle I= kap cup TST" kapra cloth; garment ‘A kab when? waATI" kabab kebab FH kam little, less aa" kamal lotus ATA kamal miracle FCAT kama todo130 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT wrtt! kardei Karachi @aIS" karor crore, 100 lakhs, ten million adet* kartavyd duty ato karma karma, action (especially as determining future births) et kal yesterday; tomorrow TAT" kalkattd Calcutta eT" galam pen eT kalpd acon wet kahd where? wert! kahani story 31, FT, ka, ki, ke possessive postposition (works like the English apostrophe ‘s’— TH #1 @2t ram ki beti Ram’s daughter) TAT" Kajal kohl, lampblack#T4" kan ear TET" kapi copy book, exercise book THT kaff quite, very; enough, sufficient TT" kim work, task, matter in hand WIR! kar car -¥IX -kar suffix making a character name, e.g. F4TE kaka, ‘the character # ka’ aria” karyakram programme TA" kal time, Time arait’ kasi Varanasi, Banaras ki that (conjunction) GLOSSARY 131 faraTA" Kitéb book frETa gismat fate ‘wTHa' gimat price, value wre kil nail ‘Batt= kud well FG kuch some, somewhat FAT kuttd dog AR* kumar bachelor, prince weet" kursi chair et" kul total, whole amount 3%et= kal bank of river, pond AA Agtajad (pronounced ‘Ktagya’) grateful WAT! kppa kindness, grace apf" ksi agriculture FT ksnd Krishna % @RT ke daurin during AAA ke bavajid inspite of fam kelie for ‘AA keral Kerala area" kel banana at keval only YHA" koké-kold Coca-Cola aTeT= kota Kota IST! kothi large house, bungalow, mansion132 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT BIT komal soft, delicate ‘IZ! Kor (archaic) edge, tip IEW" kostak bracket IT kaun who?" kaur mouthful of food FAT kya what; (also converts a following statement into a question — 4& THE yah ram hai This is Ram > FT AE TAB? kya yah rim hai? Is this Ram?) ait kyé why A kram sequence, order fartce kriket cricket @a ksetré region, area, field @ kha, & kha T= khag (archaic) bird "2, EIAC! khat, khat-khat knocking sound YT khard standing, upright; 7ST WT" khari pai the sign ‘I’ (= full stop); St Heit’ Khari boli the dialect on which Hindi and Urdu are based; the modem standard dialect of Hindi a" khat letter AR! Khabar news, information watat’ Khasi cough wave} khad? hand-spun cloth WIHT!" khan food WAT khénd to eat GLOSSARY 133 TAT" Khana place of work (e.g. ST%-GTAT dak-khand post office); ‘square (on chessboard etc.) ISAT khijhnd tobe irritated; STH" khijb irritation AAT Ktulnd to open, be opened a" khet field (agricultural) WaT" kheti farming wfcaa Ahairiyat well-being ‘IAAT khoind to open with khauf fear, terror ‘LAAT khaulna to boil waif’ khyati fame 7 ga, 1 ga WIT" ganga the river Ganga, Ganges TWAT" gangotri Gangotri w&= gand stench, filth ‘WI gandh smell, fragrance, stench WAT gambhir serious; THXAT' gambhirta seriousness a" gaj (archaic) elephant ‘TW gaz yard (measurement); bow of a musical instrument WHA" gazal ghazal, a genre of poetry in Urdu and Hindi w= gan group ‘TT gat last, past, previous Wel" gadda mattress134 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT IRSA gardan neck TH, TH garam, garm warm, hot ata= gav village TAR gajar carrot Wt" gari car; train WTAT’ gatha ballad WAT!" gan: song WAT gana tosing WIT gayab missing, absent are" gird guard FITCH girafar arrested TRI” gujarat Gujarat WS" guru guru, spiritual guide, teacher WAAR" gusalkhdnd bathroom TW gord fair-complexioned; a white person FIRE gyarah eleven WTA grim villageWTP* gram gram, gramme varfeat= gvaliyar Gwalior ay gha We" ghat pitcher, water-pot HEAT ghatnd to lessen, decrease "R= ghar home, house GLOSSARY. 135 ‘le ghat riverbank, bathing steps ‘Ta ghat stratagem YAAT ghusna to enter, sneak in FR’ ghils bribe aca aS11S= candigarh Chandigarh "Wa" cakh (archaic) eye Az‘ cat snapping; snappily "FAT= cand channa, chickpea WAST! camri skin; hide “ACT calna to move “ATAT™ casma spectacles satfeet* cAdini moonlight ‘aTHaAr= céklet chocolate TAT ccd uncle, father’s younger brother “ATE! cat tasty snack AR car four Tat caval rice saTfet cahie needed, wanted FagT* citthi note, chit fart citt mind Faq" cihn sign Vit" cini sugar136 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT "ISA" cudail witch, ghost, hag "FAT cunné to choose "Bat" cunni_ woman's light scarf, wrap AAMT cecnyd Chechnya Aa" cet consciousness, wits “a cait_ name of a month (equivalent to March-April) AIK" cor thief ‘alata caitis thirty-four & cha B: chah six AAT channa tobe sifted, strained AAT chalna deceipt, illusion BE chah six er" chutti holiday BISA chomé to leave, abandon BIL" chor edge, border % ja, H za HT" jag world ‘WE’ jagah place II" jaj judge ‘WE jat Jat (a caste) GLOSSARY 137 3S" jar root, basis, origin ‘STAT! janatd, jantd people, the public watt" janvari January ‘A= jana, janam birth ‘Wa jab when Wa jal water ‘weet jaldi quickly ‘TA jac test, examination, inspection uafa: jati caste IFAT jand to know STAC" janvar animal STAT jana to go; (also forms passive with participle of main verb; active FEREAT likhnd to write > passive FAT ATAT likhd jana to be written)ST jane who knows, heaven knows WITT japani Japanese oft wt jinahi no ‘ot at jrhd yes ‘sitar jivan life Garg! julat July ‘YET jitha despoiled by touch (e.g. food touched by someone else) 3= jin June SA" jain Jain SAMA" jaisalmer Jaisalmer ‘Ht jo the one who138 BEGINNER'S HIND! SCRIPT sit» jau barley ‘T= jan (pronounced ‘gyan’) knowledge FATT zyadi more SAIC" jyotsnd (archaic) moonlight SATA! jvala blaze, flame, buming a jha ‘We jhat instantly ™S™4 jhiith lie, falschood; false ‘GT jhiitha false, lying, insincere z fa ZH tak(archaic) stare, gaze 21a tal postponing, putting off EYaT= tik forehead-mark iF» fin tin, can 21-31" t-vi TV, television Zak" telar tailor FF" trak truck 3° tren train & tha SST thanda cold il thag bandit, ritual murderer GLOSSARY 139 3S, SJ" thath, thatth (archaic) crowd, throng 7" than clanging sound SYA thik all right, OK, good Sia, BHT" thik’, theka contract BFK" thekedar contractor s@ BM" dag step, pace, stride 3 dac Dutch SH" daph atambourine-like drum BX" dar fear, dread STAT" daktar doctor ‘STA! dal branch (of tree) feeaT= dibba box, compartment ‘Sig dizal diesel oil 3a deth death STA" dol rocking, swinging; swing ‘ta daul shape, form, appearance, style SAM" dyorhi porch, threshold STR" draing drawing BIRaL* draivar driver & dha ‘TaAT dhaknd to cover, to be covered140 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT ‘BTS Ghai two andahalf are" dhaké Dhaka TAT" haba eating place, cafe IA‘ dhal incline, slope Tf ‘TF tak until, up to ‘FETA tatsam ‘same as that’ — describing a Sanskrit loanword that has retained its original form TA" tadbhav ‘of the nature of that’ — describing a word deriving from Sanskrit but organically changed over time a= tan body ‘WF tab then WaeT® tabla tabla drum afta arg" tamil nadu Tamil Nadu 7 tay decided, settled ‘ATA tarkib- means, plan, contrivance IRF! taraf direction, side ARE! tarah_way, manner Tea! tasvir picture ‘TS cad uncle (father’s elder brother) aT" taj crown, diadem ‘aTa AEA" taj mahal Taj Mahal ‘TIMT taza fresh TWAT tnd taunt, jibe GLOSSARY, 141 Ta tal musical time, rhythmic cycle of a fixed number of beats ATAT" tala lock ‘Te tali_hand-clapping, beat a7 tin three FH tum you (familiar) YT tumhara (relates to T7 tum) J ti you (intimate) YT tm blade of grass or straw A8a teis twenty-three ANT tera your (relates to J til) q tha AAT thaknd to become tired STAT thand police station ‘aTeit" thali platter, tray Feat= thaila soft bag = da &S= dand staff, stick; punishment; the sign ‘l’ (full stop) aférer=~ daksin south, southem == dam breath, life afer» darpan mirror (especially in metaphorical senses) Hi das ten fez daridra poor, indigent142 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT GLOSSARY. 143 alt» dargan vision, sight; audience or meeting with esteemed person Za" dal party, group, faction TI das ten ata dit tooth Te" dada grandfather (father’s father); gangster, ‘godfather” ‘@Tet" dadi grandmother (father’s mother) aa" dam price IA" dal lentil, split-pea aa" das slave fet din day fea dil heart fees" dilli Delhi feeaX" disambar December Si" din religion ZH? din wretched, poor Datei" divali Diwali, festival of light ahr, feat diya, diya oil lamp "= dubkh sorrow, suffering, unhappiness gafqe durgdpur Durgapur Gaara datavas embassy GU" dadh milk ® dar far, distant REA" diirdarsan television; India’s government TV network ZAT disra second, other a= dev god @aarrt" devndgari the Devanagari script BatHte= devikot Devikot 2a= des country, region 3a FA" debra diin Dehra Dun @ do two 4 daiv divine ‘@tSAT dauma torn ahaa’ daulat wealth, riches / SIRT dvard_by means (of), with figs" dvij twice-bon, Brahmin dite dvip island a dha wet= dhan wealth WRTaTE dhanyavad thank you uf» dharm religion, religious or moral duty aT dharmetar secular ei dhire slowly att» dud smoke AT dhulnd to be washed I! dhip sunshine et dha! dust SYaT= dhokha trick, deceipt144 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT BTAT dhond to wash ‘Tt dhyan attention, concentration 7 na *FaT= nagsa map, plan, chart TT" nag gem TIX" nagar city, town ABR nazar eye; glance at nadi river WH" namak salt wet! namaste ‘Isalute you’ — said for ‘hello’ and ‘goodbye’ (often with hands folded) aT (Sra, ATTA) naya (nai/nayi, nae/naye) new RA naram soft, mild 7a" nal tap, pipe 7a nav new 7aa<" navambar November AE nast destroyed, ruined ARK" nahar canal Fat nahi no; not ATE nai barber ATH! nak nose ATqETeT= nathdvard Nathdwara ATA‘ nan naan, a flat bread cooked in tandiir (clay oven) ATT" nani grandmother (mother’s father) GLOSSARY 145 ATTH ndpasand disliked ATH" nam name; ATH nami famous, renowned ATWaT= ndsta breakfast, light meal FATT" niscay certainty, resolve, decision ATA nila blue ATTe= nepal Nepal at nau nine ataX= naukar servant q pa Garat paiijabi Punjabi Gfsa= pandit pandit, Brahmin, scholar ‘FRAT paknd to ripen, be cooked THAT pakka firm, definite, solid-built, thoroughgoing TE" pat board, flat surface, name-plate att» parosi neighbour ‘TEA parhna to read, study aT™ patd address, whereabouts; information, knowledge THT" pattd leaf Tak patthar stone Ta" path path, way Fz" pad position, job TI padma lotus TaT™ panna page146 BEGINNER’S HIND! SCRIPT GLOSSARY 147 a pab pub {EAT purdnd old GR! par on; at Jey" purus man, male, human being SR? par but Fe pul bridge teat, Taf" pardé curtain, purdah fea" pulis police ‘"RTST* pardtha paratha, flaky layered flat-bread cooked in ghee on {6° piich tail griddle afer” parisram hard work, effort Ta" pal moment ofrtt™4 pascim west, western IAAT pahiicnd to reach, arrive; TEA" pahiic reach "esi" paheli riddle ata pic five Urfaeart pakistén Pakistan We" pat board, flat surface, flat stone 1S" path chapter of book; recitation of text arit= pani water OTR par across qWAR" pilak spinach FEAT pitnd to be beaten fiat» pita father Wear pit Frat pital brass A" putré son {I pura quarter of town @ to beat GAT piichnd to ask QT pir complete, full gins pirvé east, eastem Ye= pet stomach GaT paida born, produced at, 8%" paisé, paise money Ghat= paudha plant ST: prayah generally TA prem love ® pha,% fa Fe phat at once HRA farvari February pat farz duty, obligation "het phal fruit ff phir then; again feRH" film film, movie GE" ft foot148 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT "FE" phat bursting, break I" phil flower He phel fail, failed Gacdl’ faiktari factory SAAT phailnd to spread i Ag flu q ba ‘aTe= bangal Bengal FE band closed au" bandh embankment, bund ‘Wa! bacat saving, savings, economy ATT bacnd to be saved, to escape, survive ‘WeaT= acca child FEAT, TeAT batnd, batnd tobe divided; F2 bate divided by, over EI" batta rebate ‘aST bard big age barhai carpenter ETAT barhand to increase, advance avit' batt light, lamp ART badalnd to change; to be changed SATAT bandnd to make @MTeH bandras Banaras (Benares), Varanasi at" bam bomb GLOSSARY 149 Ra baras year e= bal force, strength WaT bala calamity ‘AFaT= balla beam, pole aA" bas control, power ‘aed basti inhabitation, especially of huts in slum area 3G" bahu daughter-in-law ET bahut much, many, very ata= bas bamboo, bamboo pole area bais twenty-two TSX" bazar market ATS! bar fence, enclosure ‘STG! barh flood TE bad later, afterwards ‘area badal cloud aTe= bal hair ata= bal ball ‘|TW= bas fragrance ATEX bahar out, outside, away fast" bijli electricity; lightning faAT bind without fareett bill cat fareic= bihar Bihar ara bis twenty150 BEGINNER'S HIND! SCRIPT ]E" buddha Buddha ART burs bad JATAT buland to call FH bekar useless; unemployed Bet" beta son, child 421" bet daughter at" bel wood-apple GST baithd seated, sitting ‘at bail bullock ATT botal bottle AT bor bore, bored ATAAT boind to speak Are" boli speech, dialect az" baur mango blossom ATT" brahman Brahmin « bha ‘THT bhaiijan breaking WEIR" bhandar store, shop ‘WWARTAT! Bhagavadgitd (‘song of the Lord’ ~ Sanskrit religious text) WA" bhajan hymn WET bhadda clumsy, awkward Wa" bhay fear, misgivings ‘Ra" bharat Bharat, Rama’s brother (in the Ramayana epic) GLOSSARY 151 ‘T= bhai brother ‘IRA bharat India INT" bhasd language aS" bhir homet ft bhi also; even sits" bhir crowd WAATAT= bhubanesvar Bhubaneshwar HI" bhiikamp earthquake "dS" bhi-khand region of the earth aI" bhikh hunger ‘fF bhami earth, ground Wate bhaiya brother, friend ‘°F bhrast corrupt Wma Wea" mandal circle WS" mai May WaT" makin house WAIK magar but weet" machi fish Het" matar pea WS= math monastery Ha» mat opinion, thought, creed WRT" mathura Mathura152 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT AERA madhurta sweetness WET TAM" madhyd prades Madhya Pradesh = man mind, heart WATS" manoraiijan entertainment wait4" masin machine, equipment HRS maslan for example Wale" masala spice, ingredients, materials HART! masiiri Mussoorie WEI mahaga expensive ga" mahal palace WERT" mahardstrd Maharashtra AelaX" mahavar lac (a red dye used by married women to decorate the soles of their feet) feat’ mahilé lady, woman At! ma mother, mum HTAT! mitra vowel sign HT" man pride, honour, reputation ard= mare March fia" mitra friend fire mil mill FHAAT milnd to meet, be available fiertt» mistri skilled artisan, mechanic, mason We" mit meat WieX" mitar metre WHET" miting meeting GLOSSARY. 153 ‘HIST mitha sweet TATX' minar tower, minaret Ha" mil mile 48" mumbai Mumbai, Bombay WPTT=) mugal Mughal wat, qt= murg, murga fowl, chicken (fem Weel" muhalla district of town, quarter Wie myg deer FRI" mytyu death H mé in a" mez table Hats mela fair (festival) HEAa' mehnat hard work, labour # mai 1 HAT maila dirty WET mofa fat, stout, course AYSAT moma totum WYgT= morhd bamboo stool Aik" mor peacock ata’ maut death Hitfer maulik original WYaT® mausa uncle (husband of mother’s sister) ‘Atdt* mausi aunt (mother’s sister)154 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT a ya AAT! yamund the river Yamuna, Jumna wT yamunoti Yamunotri WE yah this, he, she, it wet yaha here; Tet I yah par here, at this place % ye these, they AAT" yojnd plan, scheme tra G1" rang colour EA" sais aristocrat TATE" raza cotton-filled quilt @aeat" rasoighar kitchen ‘wears rajdhani capital city IMEI" rijasthan Rajasthan Tat raja king WA" ram Ram, Rama UE" rastrd nation RM, TEM" rasta, rasta road 8, SE ri, rai cotton ‘STAT rupaya rupee ‘Bare! rulai crying, weeping Sq" rip form, beauty Raq" rekha line GLOSSARY 155, Zeal rediyo radio GT" rosni light, brightness al aT Jamba tall, high GAH" lakhnai Lucknow ‘TAIA" Jagan love, attachment ‘agaT= lark boy Agel! larki girl ‘AREA-TEEA Jastam-pastam somehow or other, any old how ‘THATS Jajavab without equal ‘aT lal red ‘wrel<= jahaur Lahore ferfa« sipi script, alphabet FE" fat loot, looting, plunder airT=" log people EAT Jota to roll, sprawl ail" Jadg clove ‘SEAT Jautna to return aq va @ va and 4" vat banyan tree af= vama syllable ;7°-ATA! vamd-mala syllabary, alphabet @@_ vah (often pronounced vo) that, he, she, it156 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT ‘areroreit’ varanasi Varanasi, Banaras fasfat vikasit developed famat= vikreta seller, distributor feet’ vidya knowledge, learning fararifs vidyarthi student feast" visesajiid (pronounced ‘visesagya’) specialist Farsi» (ato argo Fo) vis Jeet" vmdaban Vrindaban 2 ve those, they eI vyast busy W Sa WA" gak doubt, suspicion ‘Ufa Sakti power, strength RTA! garab alcoholic drink ate arm shame, shyness, bashfulness ‘Wat Sarma Sharma (a Brahmin sumame) faRTAT! Sikayat complaint YE suddh pure YF" Surd beginning ¥fer* siting shooting (of film) YIa! Sanya zero, void Weil" sail’ style WIR" Sor noise, racket WL" Saukar ‘shocker’, vehicle’s shock-absorber GLOSSARY 157 TH" Sram toil, exertion sft Sc Mr; Lord (e.g. 11 UH Sriram Lord Rama) sit Srinagar Shrinagar Sf eT" Srilanka Sri Lanka a sa Sita sangit music @a= sangh association aac= samvat era; the ‘Vikram samvat’ calendrical era, starting 56/57 years BC (so that e.g. 2000 AD = 2056/57 V.S.) ‘WEFT sanskst Sanskrit ‘Wepfa’ sanskpti culture Was sac true; truth WAT satnd to be stuck, joined ‘gi satta transaction ‘ASH sarak road, street AATAT satdnd to torment AT" satta power, authority aca" satya truth Wa= san hemp, cannabis A sann numbed WATE" saptéh week Wa sab all ‘Wevit= sabzi vegetable WT sabhya civilised158 BEGINNER'S HINDI SCRIPT ‘WARAT samajhnd to understand; WA samajh understanding WHI" samay time AAEM" samasya problem ‘WATT saman equal ‘AAT samman respect ‘AGHAT saraknd to slip, creep ‘FGA sarkar government APIS sarvasresth best of all, superlative Weare salad salad ‘EM sastd cheap, inexpensive WE sahyd bearable ATER saksar literate; AACA! saksarté literacy AMI" sag greens, green vegetables, e.g. spinach ST" sari sari ‘ATT sat seven Bas sath company, with, along with aM saf clean ‘TAT siman goods, luggage, furniture AIT sara whole, entire ‘ATauTT = savdhan cautious, aware farsi sighdrd water chestnut 84" sindhu the river Sindhu, Indus f&E"_ sih (often pronounced ‘sing’) lion feranss sikh Sikh GLOSSARY 159 faiax= sitambar September feat sitar sitar fartat= sinema cinema far sir head fart sil stone, grinding stone, flagstone faerie" silat sewing, stitching ‘a> sikh instruction, teaching, moral advice ‘ANT sikh skewer Er" sitt whistle TAT simit limited, restricted ‘Ta sil dampness ‘WRX sundar beautiful, handsome, fine; {@

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