Project Report

Project Report

Submitted

On

Transformer

Class – XII

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Miss. Sunita Pankaj Gill
Dept. of Physics Class – XII
 Certificate
This is to certify that Pankaj Gill,
Gill student of Class XII, Mahendra Model Sr. Sec. School
has completed the project titled Transformer during the academic year 2009-2010 towards
partial fulfillment of credit for the Physics practical evaluation of CBSE 2010, and submitted
satisfactory report, as compiled in the following pages, under my supervision.

Miss. Sunita
Department of Physics
Mahendra Model Sr. Sr. School
 Acknowledgements
"There are times when silence speaks so much more loudly than words of praise to only as
good as belittle a person, whose words do not express, but only put a veneer over true
feelings, which are of gratitude at this point of time."

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics mentor Miss. Sunita , for her vital
support, guidance and encouragement, without which this project would not have come
forth. I would also like to express my gratitude to the staff of the Department of Physics at
Mahendra Model Sr. Sec. School for their support during the making of this project.

(Pankaj Gill)
Gill)
 INTRODUCTION

The transformer is a device used for converting a low

alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high

alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage.

 PRINCIPLE

It is based on the principle of mutual induction that is if a

varying current is set-up in a circuit induced e.m.f. is

produced in the neighboring circuit. The varying current in a

circuit produce varying magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in

the neighboring circuit.

 STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

In our project step-down transformer is used:

This transformer converts high voltage at

alternating current into low voltage alternating current. In

step-down transformer the number of turns in primary coil

remains large as compare to secondary coil.

 CONSTRUCTION

The transformer consists of two coils. They are insulated

with each other by insulated material and wound on a

common core. For operation at low frequency, we may have a

soft iron. The soft iron core is insulating by joining thin iron

strips coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce energy

losses by eddy currents.

The input circuit is called primary. And the

output circuit is called secondary.

 THEORY

Suppose, the number of turns in the primary coil is

NP and that in the secondary coil is NS.

The resistance of the coil is assumed to be zero.

Let dq/dt be the rate of change of flux in each turn of the

primary coil. If Ep be the e.m.f. in the primary circuit then.

EP = –NP (1)

We suppose that there is no loss of flux

between the primary and secondary coils. Then, the induced

e.m.f. in the secondary coil will be:

ES = –NS (2)
 From equations (i) and (ii), we find:

Ns/Np = K is called transformer ratio or turn ratio.

For step up transformer K > 1

For step down transformer K < 1

That is for step-up transformer NS > NP, therefore ES>EP.

For the step down transformer NS < NP therefore ES < EP.

Efficiency: The efficiency of the transformer is given by:

If Ip and Is be the currents in the primary and secondary

circuits.
 For ideal transformer = 1 = 100%.

Therefore ESIS = EPIP

Or

Therefore, for step up, transformer current in the

secondary is less than in the primary (IS < IP). And in a step

down transformer we have IS > IP.

Energy Losses in Transformer

In practice, the output energy of a transformer is

always less than the input energy, because energy losses occur

due to a number of reasons as explained below.

1. Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils

is seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by

the primary coil is not linked up with the secondary coil.

2. Iron Loss: In actual iron cores inspite of lamination,

Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy current

may, however be small. And a part of energy is lost as the heat

produced in the iron core.

3. Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer

possess resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due to the

heat produced in the resistance of the coil.

4. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil tapes

the iron core through complete cycle of magnetization. So

Energy is lost due to hysteresis.

5. Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the

Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and sound

may be produced. It is called humming. Thus, a part of energy

may be lost due to humming.