Translated into Chinese in Dieter T. Hessel, ed.

, Shengtai gongyi: Dui dadi fanpuide xinyangfanxing (Taiwan: Diqiuri Chubanshe, 1997), pp. 233-265. Translated by Text Committee of the Taiwan Ecological Theology Center. ISBN 0-8006-2532-3. Originally in After Nature's Revolt: Eco-justice and Theology, Dieter T. Hessel, ed., (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992), pages 122-143.

~t.

B~I1J~WmBtm ~.i&esJa~ Wildlife and Wildlands A Christian Perspective

Holmes Rolston III ~

#~t: ~

~~~lli~~Wg±~~~ffi~~!~~~m'u~ 9U.§M~~A r ~m=Z~J ~~~'~Jal~~~1fti~ 0 0~;m •• ~~tt~m.±~~~~*.~'ffi.~W~H.~ *~~~~$M.~~~~~1fti°U~~.~."~~& ~W0~~Ifm~ , {S ~~lli{rpPJT%i~~~~Fm±Jt!!~ g 1& ~J{U ' ffi~Tt!1L~±Jt!!~~Jt{t 0 IQ]~ , ~~$3't:~7~ ITI¥J.~ , mte : g1&!fo/JzMh.:yJJEI3~Jt{t~~~gtffi* 0 PJTu.0~~rr~ffi~~'~m=zJt!!~~.~w.~Jt!!~o

~m*A~ •• ~~'mu~~z~.~~Ro~!fo/J ~1fti~r~.~~w~J;mrJt!!.~l:f1m!fo/J*'~~~~' tttf, ~A' !f~ ,~tE~~J (~Ui!t*cl: 11 '24) 0 ~ mlVJ!fo/J~IH~!.?i~lIt~~$' r fjGW{fJ\11'~;m{fJ\11'~~f&fM1L~ , ~W~~mg~-Wm!fo/J,gt~m.,tttf'~~'RtE ~*gte*~m!fo/J1L~oJ (~i!t~9:~W) °mm~~ *1lN*7m ' mOO~~~IQ]~~1fllfi!t (ecumenical) &~

234 ~.~.

~~ (ecological) 0

~ffi'T'~~~~~~~m~~~~~,ft~~~ ~~~$ , IH~iti~J1JGt!tW.'Ii~ (universalist) , ffi~ffl ~~~W±~~~~o.m.Ett.A~~ffi~.ft~~ ~:t:A ' ~&1:rIJ*~AJ~~' (B~~~OO~~~?JIJU) , {B~~:t:~~~~ff~'T'~~B~T'~~mttftE~~ mm-OO~~~~1:r~m~o~~~WXmili~~:t:~tt ~m*'OO~m.R.~~~m.~~~ •• OO;~~t!t w.~~~~.~o~~~(m~~m.wt!tw~)~.g ~~~7~~L~~~~~Z~J '~1:r~~~m±~ft m~$&1:r~~ •• ~'ffi •• OOm.fu~~J1JG.LWm ~Z~ (a divinely given landscape) ~m.§:'; 0 ~mOOft.jJ3{ * ~ , 5:2 fs lli: ~ ff<J f!5C i(iIlHf~~· ¥U ;J.; IJ ff<J ~ ~ ~'EL ~ 'Ii ff<J ' ffi ~ F fj~ ,fF'1i ff<J 0

IffiU~: rfj(;ff<JIJT'JI~mt!twJ (k0~18: 36) 0 Iffi.ft.~m.WIJ.ffl~m~ff<Jrmt!twJ ,~m~. *f!x:JII~ , ftJt1~L~gff<Jt!tW ' P.X&ftl!11'~W~ij(fflW~ ~'.~w~m~~~ff<Jm~oLw~~~rmt!twJ ' Iffi.fuft~~~ff<J.~R'~~~~LW~ftff<J.~°ftl! ~~~ : ~!f1EtE~~1:r~jJ. (organical power) WfrfuFff '§'~~7(~mfig (spiritual power) ~;f§~f.iff<J 0 ~ ~Wg '1iJ'!.1:r* tiL ff<J ~*ff 0

1fI~!fZ!~ (Promised Lands)

~t~~}HI¥J:ffu:a- ' ~1i.tH~~1II¥JwJW ' ijl:\~I¥JZ¥J9: ' t:£ .W~~WI¥J~~m,~m~WM~WI¥J,~.~~tt~ I!$t:£pg~~ (Negev) ¥u~r~W (Mount Hermon) 1¥J3b!! m~:ffu (Canaan) ~fg 0 tB~l?d~A3b!!mJJ!m:z:ffum~t"tt ~W~.~.~~~~.~I¥J~moa~.~~~w •• ~'~0~W.~mtt~M~I¥J±:ffu~omOO~~I¥J$~ ~~~~~.~,ooRm~m~~:ffu~W~m~~~I¥JA ~~I¥J' r:ffu~~~w~~~tBm~*J o®~mOO$~ mWm~~tll¥J,m~~~E~~tBl¥J;~~W~A~~ ~tt'~~l¥JmA~I¥JWffo&~~~I¥JA~m~~~tt I¥JR~o:ffu~m-oo.JJ!m:I¥J£~'m.7 •• I¥J~$OO .f*~1¥J 0

~.m~$I¥J~~~o rmW~W~~~:ffu':ffum~ ill!~ffimMiID~~ , J:.WI¥J.ji1=r~*iIDJ:. 0 J (~Utlt*cl: 1~) o~WI¥J •• ~7~~~.I¥J*:ffu,~r~~li.' mtB~§~1¥J J (~PJ4: 28) 0 ~U~I¥J~fim-~l$jfr$~ 1¥J$~'~~I¥J~~~(WA~-~)~~J:.W~m~. ~*.~.~~'~1i¥i~OO:ffu~o

R~A~m~~~Wl¥Jm~~E,~~.~m~:ffu~ J:.'~m~A~~~I¥J~~z~OO~m~~~zToA~ §~~~~~J:.,~mfr~WZT'~~~~~Z~o~ ~1¥J~~tl.~~.~~~Mmttl¥J~g~m,~-~~ 1N~Mffij R 1N~110tE.~~ ~ l¥J{v:m 0 A~j=!Uij~RSIJJ!~[QJ

~~~'~~~~R~®~m~ttWlo~~~~~~~ ~a~~m'BW~~.~~a~~n~~~~MoA~ ~U~{siiJPJ ' ® Jl tiMf!~IDJ.m~ffg'w'*Jir~$~ , ffgfr, ~~R~mft~~.om.~.~ti$m.~~§~'A ~~~~~Jirffi~~~~~'~~~~I-~®~~~ffg ~~m~$~&~~A~~~~~~~W~~sA'~~ #~~U~~Iil$~tt, ML~~PJ~EEW~*~~~1I~~W 0

~.m~W~~~~~~~B~~~m~ft~~~® ~ , ~~1!!:WB.M~.1E7 ! Bret~F~W ' fu~~Jt:~ Iil$fi'~®B*~~~"~®-OO'~.B~~Wm~m -6i~~1fI (a sacrament of God) 0 B~ ~ ~ML~F~~ W~

~%~~~M'B*~~~"~~.~.M~~om~~ ~m.'fu~~fu~~'fu~~.~*g,~~~~~~ JlllmW! ' ~~Dlf13~®J!i!~¥U~~~*~ 0 m~r~I~ ~¥~~fgl! , ffgPJT!1.l¥Jji~~-~~i!uJ\1E 0 B~.i1kI¥J1j[ ,

~~~~'~~~~~X.g(~~6) °m-~~T'm -~Wmg'~~-1I~~'~~.~~T~B~~~~ ~~' •• ~~~*~Mo~W.~m*,~~ffg~~A ~~~~~Ao r_~~*'_~X*'i1kW*~~~J

(f.tiEt:~l : 4) 0

~PJtgJUA~ , ~.~m{rp~PJm*~~m.lDJ{j'~ ~~'f.t~~~m.~£~~I¥J£~~m*gfu~-~; Wm~'EE~a~~~~.'£.~l¥Jm~mm*~a.

{j! /F - ~ ~ 1l ~ (B ~ ~ 0 = + t!t *c ~ * ~ • fl f~

(privatization) (Bt!t*c ' m~tE~-t!t*c ' ~1J~itT1f~¥U § ?&31:1Jt~2}~(B (a commons) '/Ffi~fBtflA f~ 0 *~-ar ~~OOA(B'~~AmW~~'{B3I:lJtW~2}~(B~~o tE~~,±~.g-ar~ffiR&~.~~*.tEU.~~~ r:p , ~;5-Y'f::&~2}~(B-rn:i (communal aspects) 0 Jij$~ ~T(B § ?&W.~J~\l~(B!iiWfilb ' 2}~~ (the commons) ~1iI$~(BiU~!iif.Lt*(B~~ 0

rn:iW~-t!te,.~~(B-~~,(B~'~*~~A ~ffiJij$~*~PJA~*tL (anthropocentric) -y , :jl:JfAIi ~~(Bt!tw.~~mOO~~(B~$±~(B$ffi!~?&tEmOO t!tem'AIl~B~~t!tW.*~·.~*~m·.~*~ l¥Jg&ft • 2} ~lI(B1j£$fD~itTt!tf1:l.f~fDi6ft.f~(B~~ , ~

~~~*~~m(B~m~~rn:iw-Y!~~~~,~-~~ .~M(B~31m(B~~~~~~.~ •• ~.I¥J~$om ®~*/F~~~~*ffAllw*I¥J~~31m'ffi&~~~ ~§*I¥J§?&w.~§m'~-Y~*AllfD~~~~fD~~ ffl¥Jmw.°~~*~'£ •• ~~fD:jl:~WAllfi~~. 1Jl¥JwfJl)t.Pf-~iUir(B±~.g~PJT~~$fJ~tE~k0 ~¥}-~~fDo

moo~~*m~.(B§?&t!tw.K~m~$o~t!te, ~JjU~=+ttfJc ' A lHltt 7 ~WiU~(B§?&W ' *mfl ~a~~~m 0 fJtfr~m-f~~~-Y PJf& ' *~-arfJ~/FRilff '

~m.Tgm~ •• o~WM •• D;A~~ft •• ·~ ~±~·a~.#·~~ •• ~~~m.o~¥~~w% ~~~--~~~~~~~tt~±~--~B~***~ ~7!~~m~frm~m*~~Bmo*$~~~g~~ ~~m.~~~u~~~~~~'~~~.E~~~~A ~~tto~W'~~~~fuKfr~~:~.~m~B~~ ~oo®~~*~~,.~m~~.~~m~'U&~~M ~mWiJ~7l!~~ff!~ 0

~m*~~%%~m±B~~~~~~·.~·~* ~~ffl~~~ffl 0 m~~2%fJU~5E.m!f (wilderness) ; ~~2%*Mm~m!f~~~,oo~a~.~.#~fr~. ~.~!f~~~~~~.®~~~~~~o~~#~~~ ~mm±~M%'E~.~0#~±~'~~~~~~~ ~!f~~~'~W*$~~±~~~~~~~~~ffl(~ ~1JITfi~it'iffl ! ) ,~llt~· ft~;f§11$mt~~.~1t~r:p 0 .*;f§'i~iii~~~I1* ' tlD.~# (hemlock forest) ~ ~1yt. (tall grass prairie) '~fr7UI~fj-.®~1J{JJ1*.* ~m:l:lr:iJ'rtf~m~-=J-# (chestnut forest) B~.ffft7 0 Mm~t$~~~iij"M!M~51 (Adirondacks) &*~~¥

(Great Smokies ) rlim 0 fr~mj§$ , PJT~J~~~~.ITfi Ci7 -~k0fBla{J(;l,OOO~~~$~ 0 ft~*~m1Wlt!t*G11I! ' ~t~rfH~*±~,~j{~pJTiI~ ~~.~'ttmm@~=~~~~~~RM.~~ofr~

@~*~,m~~-.±~~~~.~~~~~~~~, ~D?k1ij1 , ~1fEJ~~~ , 1I!fltH01l!f4 0 ffij _§_tE~f,§ijM~~iU

m(.~.~*~) '~.M~~~ •• ~*o~~Am mMUmD~®~~~~~$'~~.~~.~~ •• ~' ~~.~~~1I!f~~~o*~~~~~~B~m~'1I!f4 ili~~~~~~~~,.m~B~~.'R~m~~ •• ~.~~tEm~~,a~M~~~~.~-~~~~~~o

a~tE~~~~~~.M.~~!~.a~tE~~m ttE1lGIf'F ' ~P~~x1~J5JT~:lrI¥JAm~~ , ili~~*~Jl ~mt~~I¥J~~ 0 x1~&:\~Ji~:lrtE±~~~ , {BtTJtTJ~PJ m~ffijJU~:m1l!f~ (wildland) W~$Z~. 0 ~.jftH~ *~~mm~.m~W±~W~E~~tEl¥J~.'~~E ~~~tEilima~A.~m~gAffi~oA.tE~~~~ ~'w.~~I¥J~~*~~A.~~mo%~AII¥J~~ ~~~A.M~~~'-OO%~~~AI~~~m~'~ ~jf~~WiUmI¥JWd:~ 0 *~T ~W~iUm~~$~~'W ~W§,.l¥Jo

±iB~Wm!J±iB (Landscapes and Wildlands)

±~'~~WM~T~~~'fuPJ~~UAB~I¥JM ~o~.~~~~m*$~~~H.-.'~~ili~mU AM~ , OOA~lImW~~PJ ~B~. 0 'i'fLAM~IJa~ 1:EX1r.$~~!Wi ' EI¥J1Ifli~!Wi&J!!1:E~~.~&~~E

m~~~~~~~nLo~~~~~ft*'~~ffi~~x 1~{lm: (~lQ.mfif.-1*~x1~) ~&\~~~§~~**1t 0 m~~x~~.$~~~~~~D~L~o~~LW~~ W.~~±~'~~~~MAffi~'~.±~L~~m~ ~~M~.~.~offWM.'~.~~A~.H~~~ ~'fuill~~~~§~~~tt'w-®UAm~~M.fu ~~7mD~~.o~.±~~~.UA~~.ffi~'B §.tt~§~g~~~~~o~m~.*~§~~~CD *W'±~-~~~~~.WBo~~Z~~~-~U~ ~M.'W~~.'~A@tt~M~~~o.§~~$ • • ~~~~~mMA.@tt~-.~.E.M~~.o

±~ , .ii*mt~~~ r 0~~ J ( commons) , $ ~0~~M.o~.m®~~U~M.~MmmM~{lm:

D.W'$.L~&~-~W~~~~~~~m~,*~ mA.@tt~~.OO~.~~.~~o&~ffM.~n~ m~fI'~f;JIb~ , m1o/J ' ~~* ' it:~~'W~~1-t~TTf*1* ' .7@~.~.o.~~~.7~.~m~'~~~.m ~~±~.g~~~m~~,~*.~~-~~W~.~ Z~~ •• ~~$'~~WA~~~~A.~*~~~m ~'~mft~m~~*~'~.~ili-~~m~~~~~ m.go-.~.~~.'~ •• ~.mft~~Wf;J~~ .,~tt'mA'~~~.'R~~'~.~.~T1*' ~~fu~_m~~~Wf;J~Ib~,m~,~~,~~*~

ffi!fl:o

B~=+-tit*c~*~fJ,.lWf~EtJtit*c ' IJ*EtJffi!fl:i& .~.~~-.n.~0fiffi!_gEtJ.mtt~~ofi-® _gEtJ~~~ • .A.'I1:EtJ ' {S~~fi-®j{lj~0~~\.-m ~mEtJoi&~, •• ~ •• ~'tia~B~~mfi~*EtJ ~.n'm~~ft~ffi!~~~~~~~~EtJffl~L'~fi ~*EtJmnoUAEtJ~W~~~m~EtJ'ffi~~W_gti ~ffi!~~~ffi.fi~UA±ffi!~~~~.ttEtJ°ffi~'~ ~F 1!Wmii 0 fi~fJ,. fi ffi! -Jj{-ijg ~ IJ * ' 1'1'[ ~ ffi! liI EtJ i&.1'" ~ ttl ~~,~~~~~~EtJo~~~i&.~'0~(~m~. ~W~~~WA±) '~~~ffi~~~~~~EtJ~A'-

I

m.~UA.~.~~.EtJ.o~.~w~~~~~m,

~~~*~~~.EtJ~~o~.~~~X~m~0*'~ ~W0~_g~M~~~~0~~.o

a lI'n'~-flti 0flffi!jjH~ itffg EtJ _g ---,-----1'!H5 ± ~'~~'*~'~~~~ffi!'~m&W'~~M'~~ ~~'~~~flW**tit~EtJ~itffg_go~._g~ ~§~~~EtJ,~~~~~~~~EtJ~~'~H~~~~ 0~EtJx~W~~ffi~~om~EtJi&.~~~$~'~OO ·~~~fi~*no$~~n~~~.*0~§m~~~~ EtJM~1'"~~fr°~fI§~EtJ~.,~.~~.m®~~ ~.EtJA ili~\jJH~~*~~.EtJWl~~ 1'" 0 ~~F~m_g ijgfBl5~*tl~r&lfJ ' ~j{Ut!!J~:&fift~ffl~EtJ 0 -.fli~fJ,.

242 ~~.

A'~.~±~~~~&~~M~n~o

•• ~.~fi~·m~~.fi~~~~~~~.$ffi ~~.~~fio~~*llim~~~®fim·~OOW~~~ ;tt~~£m~mi5l 0 ~JJ~¥'¥~U~~bi'fdJt~JJr~rJji!*~ ~.a~(.M*~·~rr.~~*~~~~ •• m~M ~~'~~8ft~~~ ••• A~&~.~ •• ~~~. ~) °mmm~~~~~~~&~tt~;~~E~&*~ 1!f~mjjl!{3~M~~mfTwHI!i-Z$ 0 ~~~rm~~ttLtJJA ~~w~m~~~~.'W~-M"~oE~~.~~. i!t:W-D~&frj'~~~ 0

Am~3ftm~~~~~ ~ ~~rm · {S ~3ftm&J_ftili~ f.f·~!3~~$f5t1JoPJ~ilMdiWAm3ftm~ftm*-~o ~rP$~H<. (greenbelt) '~M:lfulil' 1i1P~:fi13<~~ * ' Wxl~~UaU!fHi~~J~e ' *~~~OO~~.~#ill&mJ ~'~~'#i~'m~'~~mJ~~~~~~~~~o

*$~~*.~~.~~~~~~m~mW~ft°~ .~ftili~~~~~~~~'&~~.ili~~~~~A7 ~1~~m~ 0 ~1~&M~~~~i1H~~~lkft 0 3ftm~&J_ft ~~~~m~i1H~r-OO±i1H&~~MB~~A~m~~ :It!r1J • AtEt1~m~tf:HJ!~~~ , jffl~Ff±~ 0 J 0 (~l)

JJ~~m1~Ajffll§ · !f,f~U~ B ~!tf~~WrPff!±tf · j: .ngR~¥Um!f~&!f~~~l¥Jtltf~~tE0;tt~±~m · E~~~B •• m~A~._§~~'*$~~ill¥Jm!f

~.~0~~±~'~~~#~·0~·m~~.·.M· .~·~~.~~Mm·±~ ••• g~~±~·ffl~m ft0~&.#,~~~~mB.m~~~~ft~m~'~ ~Rft.~*m~~ao~~'®~~~.M7~~.~ ~~~~~'E~~W~.~~~Em~~-.~*$~

~Mr~j;fgm 0 •

~~~~~.~~.~ff~~~'&~~~~~~. &\~_w:mifImIMH!f~)(1~Zm ' .:t£tRlltUIiT 0 ~Il~~~~

.'.~*$~B.~~~7'ffi~~~~~~r~*" ti/J\ J mow (maxi-min priciple ) *f'F~~ffm~~~iI& .'mmtt~*.~§OO~~~BIm.Z±~ttm~~m ~tt* 0 §OOffM~m~~~~&\~_W:PJm~JiB(96) : Im.JiB (4)~tt'WIJ~ffT* ' Bm~ r ti*_ti* J ~~U (maximax principle) (NP~mfi*~-a.r~±~Imf1f.¥U 100%) ,

~m~a~~*B.m~~~m*.o

~~.~&m~~ffi~~~~m'~~~~~ffi~~ ~~m-. ' ~~F.~'!j:{B~p~+~m~~ 0 ~~~.m .~~.~~m~Il~~.A~~~~~0~~~m,~ I~·~~·ttffi~.~~~o~ffifr~m~~~~~$' ~~m@~*~~~7.~A •• *ffi.tt~m~JiB'~ ~1JE&\~_W:~MEi3JA!*~~Fm~ . _§_e.Im.~±JiB*~{~ 0 R~~~@~n~~~~~g~~~~'E~ttm~~£ ~~A.~.*oA.m.Ei3~~Mr·~~~.~~~-

*T'~~~~~'~~$M~~~BffftT'~~~~~m ~~o~~~m7~ff~m~~'ffi~~~~~~mm~ ~m®.ett·.~.$·{8W~~.~~$ffi~~~~ M~~om~&~m®~~'±~~~$.mB~~~~o

ti~0~ft0~±~~ffi~¥~~~~~~m,a~ T'~~~~ffi.*~~~~~'ET'~m~m~~~7' ~mftmRffim~~~~~mT'~·~T'.~~~.~~ mo-M~~~·~~~~a~*~~ •• '~M&~W .·.~·~'W~.~ •• o~~" •• ~B~*.~ m~~'$.~~~~B~~~W~~~o~~·wm~ ~~tiA~x~®§T'mm~ •• ®E'~~&~R~* f:t~.i1j 0 B~~~ . *1)1111:: ' &iU3i!!:h~*i1j 0

*~A±~~um~wm~~~W.~M.$~o@ fr~ff~~~mEU~i&!fj~JU;~fJi ' ft~~~ , ~~ft19>~ ~~~~-~,§~~~m~~~~~~o~~~M~§ ~Wn;~~mw~~'B~m~A~~n.WA~~m ~O~$~~~~~'~~~mMttW~m~~~~o~ ~~~~±~r~~J--~~W~~'~*Wffi*'~ JI[W±:tJ . !lfZ;JL~w£i: • 1f§~~[ll~ • ~~7£~WIJJ~ .

*x~1f§~·*~~m·±~~~£n·*~ft·~~~ Irl . ~1I::fJ!~~~m . i~HJ5fjr¥If~~ . ~:9EW~$~E?fJf

-tJiHi!: ft A~Jt* te fJij;) W1~ ffft 7 ' 9IfH'~ B fr~ftlltlli: B ~mA.~~.W~ •• ~!m~~~~lJJnW~.'~

~F* ~ A~l¥Jli)9& ; Je:MlI¥J~l*~jG3::WA~Xa)Pf~-fl I¥J.Eo~~m.M.~.~ •• I¥J~~~~I¥J~mw. ~o

-~Je:MlI¥J~l*~~m~I¥J~~~,~ttW~ff~fi l¥J~m~~o.l*~.Rff~~X~~~,mA.~m7 M~'~~'W.'W~tt~~I¥J~Wo-~.l*z~m ~~§7a~A~~.*~I¥J~~'&~.7tt~I¥J~. ~o~Je:Ml®.l*.(~~~~.&.~~) 'A~m~ R~~.~l¥JmD~.~W.~I¥J~~oa~~~A •• 1¥J:b:fi~~~~1b ' ~lf-fra~W~WI¥J.~-rffl~~/J\ 0

r IJ\Wl*~_t 1i1l¥Jm-OOft1it J ( ~2) , r ~~I¥JW

*~~~B~I¥J~~W,~m~¥~~ml¥J'~~7*~J

(~.104 : 16) 0 ~.l*ffij i=i ' ~~.tt:B¥JJwrtsJ!mm~ _t~n!fff~~ 0 t0~ • ~. (John Muir) .~: r ~~I¥J .l*'~~~A~~W.~,-~~_t1i1~*I¥J.m,~ mB~~~m •• $~WI¥JJ (~3) o~l*~~ft1it,m ~W.l*~~~-fl~~I¥J$o~l*~r~~J~~~~' ~$~~~~.~o*W.~~~~~~ft1itI¥J~~o~ *~~~*If-f~.~~I¥J~~o~l*I¥JW~~~~I¥J;* ~~~m~tt~l¥J~moWft1it~fl'~#M~tt~m~ Al¥Jttw~~~-OO~3::00'~M.l¥JttWo.#&m~ ~m_t@ID.-OO~~@.tt&~~ttl¥J •• '~.Mft .~m~~.I¥J •• ~~~ttl¥J°ft •• ~~~~@~.

*~ff~ffi.®~~o~~.~m~~*~: r~A~* ~m~®~~~~~~~#®m~j Cff4) 0

~R~~~®~~*,~#.~~a~~~~~mw ®~~?JT~----tl*®~~ , tlDfjT"ijij~ • teJf • ~1E . ~*'-~~~-~X*ow~®~~~~'~#OO®~ M'n~#*®~fi'~~®~~'~#®~~W~~6 ~ , ffijJl:~~:Jj®~~ ffi~~pxTm r ~~ ...... £i~

fi~.~®M •• tt.j®~~Cff5) °ft~.~~~$ M~.~~~o~#®m~~"~®~oo,~m.£.~ miT~Je._tWB"JSU~ , ffij~ftl!AJ1U~l].T*~ti®.~!1IG~ ~~*.~~mgo~#®m~m~~ti~*®W~~~ ~~~ •• *m~~~o£.~~~~~~g~AT*ft •• ~~~m~~pxA¥~m,a~mATftl!~~a,~ ~fu~.T~ftl!~m.~~@~®Ao

m~~~~~~~:Jj'~-OO"M'~~ft~ff~o

rm~~~_t~·*%\W-tJ]~~'k.{7J<~·~W.*t· px.ftl!$®ffM·*wW~w·~*®.*·w-tJ]wm .·~~W-Wtt.·mA~ma'~~~~~j CM. ~:~W) ; r~~A.A~.~H.'~~~~ •• ~ m~o.~.~® •• _t'~w~~~.~o •• ~$M .~'~*fu~.Tli~,a-m~~~.~j C •• 6 5 : 11-13) ; r mEAm7.l<7.tm, mEAm.~~ 0 ~m~~1!W A~~'1!WAm~~.~o~m~~~~~~~.~,w

1jt1~PJ~~ 0 J (f-J{B~c38: 25-27) 0 _t W:f{S ~m~~ A'~~:f~~A°_tW~m~~m~~o_tW:f~~m A~,_tWili~mm~z~o~~M~~§~~~'~~ *~~~_tW:fffft~~n'~.:f~o_tW~:f~M~ ~n~*A~a~~,~~_tW&ffi.~&~A~~n!

B~~JS~~~'&~rn~~~~~~~~~~~m ~-I~*~~.m°ft.~Z~m,~~~m~~M~ e~-.e~'~~noo*.,~m~m~ftE.$~~ ~ ••• tim*.m.~~~~~.~oMm.~aM' ~~~~~~iUZ$ 0 ~D!lt~m~~-*ejU ' ~~1~~ mgml&o

-~E.~.W~~~§~W~tt.mM~~A~m ~ 0 A~~~tt1r~ § ~W~1~~~mfm~~ , ~~"ii* .)A~*d~m~~§~@.~o~~'~~.W:f • • ***mm~~m~~~~.~'~:fm~!lttim~~ ~fi.d~~~~o~~'.~W~M~~~~~~~~ ~m* ••• ~z~~.mo~ili~-M~~_t~~~,

~:f~~**M~~ti§~M~~.ft°

ft~m~* •• A~~~m~m.zoo,a~~~* Rmm~ftE.$~:f~~~~:f~~.om&~,m~ ~~u~~~~~ 0 ft~Mfi.lJ3f_t , £fH~mPJ~f5iITf~t*!l ~~~~±~~gM~~' rS-~.M~~~~ff~~ ~~M~%~tt·.~tt~~.~'E~~~~'&Z'

248 ~l!ro.

Em~M.~OJ (~6)m®.~mtt~~~~~~A~ ~ft~~ff~~~tt'.~tt&~~o r±~~ttM'~ ~~~~~£*.*,m~*~~#m±~OO~~~~g f$ J (~7) 0 ~O*~. ' ,*~FflGir'lM~1f~~~~f$$IJ~ ~~$,ft~ •• ~~.m~~z~o r~~~~* •• • ~mM'~~~~'~#'m*.~ZMo~.W.~ ~m~.~'~~~~~~,.~.~~~m§~m~. tJ~M 0 J ($$~211 : 11-12) 0

Ih~OOfi~~ (Animals and Wildlife)

~~~~~~.M~,~~~.~~.~,~.m~ ~M.~~~~o rili*~m.ft~~m'~M~~.ili ~.ft°ft~~M.,~~m~~~o~.tt~w~*m 3t1!f(j~~~~~ 0 J (~.50: 10-11) 0 B~Ih~"le_t .'~~E~&~~.A~mW,~m.ft.~-.~~ ~iii5liJii (f9IJtm52f8iU~~ffrfE1f~ , ftg~~~~*'iJ$M) 0 ~®tf.~Ih~~g~~~~m1l!»A:"IfIL.tmj}~OOfl 0

r~A.mftg.ft~$J (~~u:w) o~W~~.8 ~.#.~(ffi~&~W:ID) o~~~_t~~~~~, ~IlJRttB~1IJr ($ifP~225 : 4) 0 ~lil ' ~~Af;j~MI¥J ~~mm~ffl*~~_t.~~~o r.~.~~~~~, ~&'~3&~z J (fi.23: 1) 0 tlT~~A 1t:fj(;~~~~~

(.m:t:18 : 12) 0

m@tt~$RgR~WM~~~ft.~,m.B~~ *~&~E~~ttm~o~@~~~~w~m~~~~~ :It ' mB~m~lt~~q:t~IDJ{1fUJm~q:t{}fB.7 ' ~~q:t± ~.~m~AWA~OO~IDJ%o{S~'B~*mlliAW~ W~OO~~~'~~fu~*~m~IDJ%~~*N.~~o ti~~~.MW&.fim~~~m •• ~o~~~m~~ =a=.*§~A~R'8{1'~jJII1~' ftI!{I'~W*§~Jm.7 ' ~llt tiB{I'~Mlli1fIL'.~lE.~EE~ 0

~~~~'~~.***ffl&~.~q:t.~ffft~~ ~ , NP~!IT5~tI1.tf~W~q:t 0 ~-@1jt*~&mfl~~* ~.~ft.~.@~,~llt~m*fflH~mff •• ~oB ~~llt'B~~*~llt.~ffW~.~W~~~B~~~ mq&.~~.*AB~.~~~~ff.~~.~;WW •• ~* 0 .*fi~;!t!{f.¥~~*~.@m~ (Kosher) q:t , ~**.~~~~~~~Am'~H~~M~~~~@' .fi.W~$ •• ~-~.~o rRm~~~~~~~ff ~m~*~,m-Wa.~M~~~~~m-.o.~~ m~,m •• ftI!~~$,~m~~~oJ (~~e9:~

4) °m~~$~~A~*.**'W.~.!{f.¥~~~~~ *~ c-

~W~ft~~$%~~7.~*Wrr~,m~w.~ ~.-~m~~&~~~~.o-@~~q:t~A~fu~. ftI!~rr~~~~'OO~Am~: •• r~~~.OOW~OO

~~t¥J1ip J (~Ut!t*c.l0: 9) 0 p)mtm~!fo/)$UP)j1iOOlW ' &*.~.~m.m~Wn~~~~Mo~E.~~~' ~A~ffl~·~·~·~·~m'w~~,wn~~m~ ff~~5~~fB~~omm~~~~,~~n~~~m~ ~ft~~o~n~7~~w~~'~E.~~ffW-~~ ~~.mo~M.~.*$~~.~rr~~,·~.~n~ ~~~T~~~~!fo/)~~m~~m~~ft~o~fi~~lli r~ 1t~ 1f.({;1.;: , ~ fi oz ftl! 11'~ FJT fifi ~ jI, , ffij l3. ti1 00: jI, ~ ;It: ftl! A ozo~ •• ~w,~@m~~~~rr~o

B~*~~.~~&Bfifi~~~!fo/)~~~~,~w~ E.~~P)~JU ' ~~~!fo/):ML~FfkAMiI ' NP~~4-~~ ~mti1~~o~R~~~m,~~~!fo/)~0~M~'~~ ~~0~~&~~~o~m~~~~!fo/)·.m·w.~jI, !m ' ~~~f!'~l±H~~0~~fk~~ , ~~~~1+[~0~$ r~.AR~~3;I~ 0 ~lft ' ~1\1\[~jI, . ~1i~!fo/) . :&.~~ ~!fo/)~3;1~~~~~.~~3;1·~~~~·&m~~~w ~~~ff~o~~~~.~ga~MiI'{B~W~OO;lt:± ~~~~~~!fo/)W~~fflaBm~o~0~~m~~~~ ~1J ' ~~~!fo/):ML~.ffWAFJT~ , ~~F~~~~~~ffif Ff ' ::rm P)~~~~~fiFf~I& 0

.M~~ ••• 'fflamWD~D!fo/)A.~m'~~ ~fltlli~~$~u.~aB _R~fiJ!:-YfljJ~~~FJT~~ § ~ii~ffijB ' ~itJi!:**~~~0XTJ.w~ (public trust) ~

.~o~m~~EmM~~~M~m®~m~m~m~· m.~~~*~~k~*~~e'B~~~~mfu~~m ~~mm~~M~B~,.~~m@a±~k~~~-.o

~~ft~~~~±~~rn~~~~~~~~'~~'~~ tt~.~~~~~~$~~~~ID.7m •• ~~~~o *~~~~- •• 8~o+ROO~~~A~.~M~~* .1m ' ~~~.~¥ti~{~mH~~~1J ' ffijM~~U.te~~ ~~#~o*~~*~~m~.~.~~'.~~~.~ oo~.~om®~~~.K~~~'~~~~~MA.M ~~wm'~~fu~~~~mA.~~~~o

~mtt~~~~~(§DWM.'~¥~~~.~~ ~~W~~)fu~~A.M~~Wm,{S~w~~~~, ~~ili~~~~~±MM~om~.~~~~,~mB~ ~~~~~~~1J'~~fu@~~.~~±o~8~~~ ~~~~ , ~m~{r~~~pA.$:a=~ifM3& ' ffijl1 ffl!'~~~ m~A.M~.~o~~~~~D'ttD~Em~~±ti ~~&~~~.Wg~~~~,~mB~~~~~~tt, ffijl1~.~~±~~if~~o§M*~~-OO~~~'~ ~~~.tfll~~~~~~~ , ~~p~K.~grn ' :;§~ti ~~~~~tII.~ 0 ~J1t ' ~D*&~¥-i73Uftm: ' ~1\IHfl)K A~ll::.MfJR&M~!Df~IJJ~o

~k'rfjmlf!~~@~iUj§~~U~5i- ' m7~~0~fD~ ~~~~'~~~ffl~ilift~~~*A.~~~ •• ~®

mum 0 tiff -.A!.I(j{J~m~1m-ifMIf,R. ' a~ , ~ I~ I~.ti~~~~(j{J~~&~~5(j{Jo~~*& m(j{J.~~~ •• ~M~m(j{J~ •• ~'~I.~~~~ ~.A!.I~~~~~.(j{J£.~*~OO,~m'ffi~~(j{J •• om~~(j{J'm •• ~~~~~~a~~oo~(j{Jo~ W~m7.-~~~'~.7A.o r~ffi.~.~.ffi ftl!~~mBl~i'F::&HIH~ftl!fr'~ J (aU1!t*E3: 21) °

ffi~m~ •• (j{J.~'ffi~~*~.~#m~~(j{J~ oott~m,~~~~~~%~-~~~(j{J£~~~~~~ (j{Jo~~WOO~'~~~~~~ffI~ttmm'OOHfu~ ff~~~~mom~mOO.~~~~Bl.*~m~tt,~ ~~~~~m~~~~'~B~&7~~~~(j{J~~~*o m~~'H~000~~~*~~~tt(j{J~.fu~~ti(j{Jo ~.~~~~*~.~~,~~~~m~'-®*~~~ UA(j{JW~R~~'~®~~&7~~(j{J~*o~~~~ IItB~M~r::(j{J § (j{J~i*W&~W ' OO~F~~~~ ° ~:P OO~.~~~~~W(j{J'~.OO~~~ ••• m~o§. ~~~~~ft~ti~~~~(j{JOO~'£~~~~$~'~ ~WfI ' ~~~~ffffEi EE(j{J e

r~~~.ili*ElEE'~M~~.®.*°ft~.~ ~ftl!®tt~,~.~.ftl!®mffi°ftl!~~~~®~~,~ ~~ttD®~.o~~~ftl!(j{J.~,ftl!~a~~w~Z ~ o· J (R0is~c39: 5-8) 0 ~~~~~ EI EE**~ti~~

1JJ1o/J I¥J fOOJ:! J~ ~ I¥J - ~ JjJ{Ij 0 £fi ~ JJ1n tJ ~ 1JJ1o/J I¥J ~ 1!f .J:!~&~.~Z.,g~~.m~g$~~I¥J~m~~ £fi~mm~*M&l¥Jo.-OO~~'~.E0~~~~tJ4~¥tipJ<YfiJ~7 ' ~-~AIJJ7~{;,m1k'8 ' {!l~0 ~l¥Ja~w~~.'8'J:!ffi~~-®~M§~o0~a~ -~~ttW~EI¥J1JJ1o/J.~~~~offi~~~-nOO'~ m~n&ffia~l¥JtJ~1JJ1o/J.gA ••• ~~.~M.~ ~~~Th**I¥J~.'~~~l¥Jff§~-m1km7~~~ ~ pJ< ~ I¥J ~ f!,l, 0

.E0~1¥J*~~~-m~rU~JI¥J •• ~'mm ~~~$ffil¥J~~.~~'~OOft~~*mOO.~~o0 ~l¥Ja~~*T~ •• ~I¥J~m'ffffi~M~~oOO~nOO'~W~~~ffi~gA.~~M1k~~~fi •• ~1¥J ~M'~~~~~~WB~o~OO~~.*I¥J~~~'. E0~l¥Jn~~.m~§~w**.~I¥J'OOWffil¥J~~ .~W~~*~W ••• *I¥J,~~,m~~B~.A~ 1¥J~.W~*'8~*$~I¥J~~~A~7°

.~£.R.$JJm~.~~ffi~.I¥J~~'~~W IlJPJ~-~~~l¥Jmuw ' NPJJ1ntJ~lJJm ' &'~Jj]'§~~ ~-W,g~~mlJJml¥J~E~~omfu~~W~~~§ ffi**I¥J$ffi~~o.~~~~mtJq'* •• §~IlJ~ tt~ •• '8~ •• ~o§~I¥J~~~,~.&~m~m~ ~~7~WI¥J~~oB~£fi~W1ntJ~lJJm~1!f.gl¥J

.a~N~~~~~'~oo£ •• ~m~~~~~~~. ~~'~~ffLW~~~ff~~~m~~~o r~~¥~! A~ttlffm~~~ 0 J (~.36: 6)

~~0m~A~,~m~~~~'fu~m.L~.*' {Sff&~m~~ffl~~'~~~~~m~~~~~Lo~ ~'.~~$~.m~A~~,gR.MB~~~~~~ ~ , jj~~~'~J1~lI¥tl~fj~Fm~-;tf~-m?5l 0 wa:-arng~ ~ , &;~M{J'fIP~.m:mmt~_§_ItH!l3~ 0 r f'Fff~m5!3 Jt.r:p-@la:/J\~~ L ...... J (~/t25: 40) .*~Mmt~ A~~,m~*.*~~mt~~~o~~~~~~-@l~ ~~~m~.~.~.m'~OO.~Bm~ •• ~~r~ tm:ttf J (agape' mjjj$J.t A~~) fu~~ r wmwr J (eros

,tt~~.) °m~-fj.~*tt~.'~~ff~'fu~ ffLWROO~off~~L' •• ~~~~-#~ff~.' H! •• -ar~~MB~~o~~~~r:p~.~~~~~~~ I.· •• ~ •• ~.~~~r:p~.~ffi~~~ol3~r:p ~.~~ff~.~~~R,B~-W~~~.~,~~W M"1t~.~ 0

A~~~~~~~~mt~~'~ftA~~~~~~' fuff~1t~~ 0 {S~B~~Fffjjj$~~~~N:~~~~~~ ~om~~J.t~~~~~~J.t~~~,~mB~~~A~ ~§~ffimoLW~mt~~~~mt~R~ ••• BmoL Wt)A~.~f3DffA~~:)(1t~r:p , ~~~,*LW~tl

N§~~~~fu-~~~A~-~oA~fu~~~~N~ .A*ti~,~~.g~~.~*tt~ •• o r~~J~ r1i1If3~J illm@]~!lN ' ~~tE§~W.1?c~:1~cp , ~fI'~~~ ~1lffH~~[QJ~ 0

~.~ffitEOOtiB~~m~m~~~,~allim~~ A~~mtl-~ , $'l'_ttJ~~¥k~ftl!~3&~~iAM1~~ rIfj) •• ftft~~J· r_tWMtEftill~J~~~m.~~~' ftl!.m~~~~.*.~~~~R •• ~ft~~~~'ffi .~~*~M~~~fu~~R7.~A~~ •• o~.m ~~r.ft~Jmm7®ffM?~*.~m~~m~~, ~**~~~ft~mm_tw~~.~rRft~JA~ffi~ tE~~!_tWfuR~~~~ffi~tE°_tW.~m~~~~ •• ::st1~-~ , tE~fl_tWfii5tilif!L§.~m~ffi{J\.~~ , ~ ~~~§a~~~~.~oA~~~tE_tW~§ft'l'm~ m~$'T~~~~~~~~,§ft'l'mW±~~~4* fu~~~om~tE~~flOO~~~~moMmw.~.R~ ~~A~~R~'~~z~§~~~~m~§'illm~~ ~.~.~mRll.K~~m~'.~ill@]m~a~M~ R.~~A.g.~mo$'l'_t'ill~~~ •• cp~K~' ~Rill~~~'.~z~MMN~~~m~A~o

r.~mrn'~~~~'-H~m'E~~~~~~ M!*._t.,tE~~mg'R~~~~~~M!~tttE W.,~w.~~~zm.*o~m~.~*~'mM~

~.m·E~.&~~'.~~A~m.'E&~m.o ······5fiMffJ ' !~f~~~ff~~~~1'1 0 ~ffl$m~B9 ' 'UP)@) ~ia: .!!tim ! J (f-J{8~c39: 26 - ~+ : 2) 0

r iltillI~!ffIlI~®f±?JT ' Jt:E~tJ>fI:®.Jit 0 ••• ···11

M±.TIJt~ , l!i1Iht ' ~1ti$.*~¥JJ o ![J)W¥1fi! ! {1]\

?JTB~W~3'.m~mWgB~®'~~.7~®. 'i' 0 J (~.104: 18, 21, 24) 0

~~~~®m!ff~,m-OO~~w~~®~~.,m -~~~ffJ$~'ru~~H§~®r!ff~®J~m¥JJm~ ®tt~(~~~)?JTm~'m-.~m¥JJ.~~E~~~ ®~m~~o~m~~!ff~~¥JJ®ftm~~'~~®S~ ft~~ffJ-M~.'~~~n~~~~~~m~~!ff~~ ¥JJE~I.~.~®.~°!ff~~¥JJ~.~mA~~~® ~¥JJ~~§m®~~'&.m'E~®~m~OO.~~. ®JlOO' ffij H &.~-JN:ji~flJm®ftJJJt ,0 .~Jf~~ffii §'~fffi~m~m1f.i~1*.~~OO~A'&~~m~7 !ff~~~o

~1@;4i. (Endangered Species)

§f:Elffi7C1600iFP)* ' ~~*f-J~500.~¥JJB~~ ~ , Ilt~:93~500. (,§~.~F'§'~*1t~t) ~~~ft&~~ •• o~~E~$'~~W.~~~@W.~MW~~o ~~&~**f-J~~%®.~ ••• ~~,m~~~m%

tm~11IG~Ji&ftl¥Jf~IJft~:tEit~rffl 0 *~14%~m*±l¥Jm ¥JJ ' iJjf5~t~3000fl ' ~~1I1~U@fl8t~3i3lI18I&~U@fll¥J jI*i ' ~~100fl*±f!¥JJB~~~ 0 1£:l:Ji&~2200fl*± f!¥JJ~'~~~%OO~~~'OO~~2~flB.~~~o& ~~m~~~ffi •• ~ •• ~~~.~~~l¥JfI~'m1£ 1£¥~~~iliB~ft~~ ••• M~7!.~ffi·~ffi· .ffi·._~ffi·~~.Mffi·~ •• ffi·W~m.ffiW ~f§*N1\1\[B~~ 7J!lEffll¥Jf!¥JJ !

8t~~OO § , m f51£J!l+~rl'l~~~~20% I¥JtfJf!¥JJ~ m~!ill~~~~~~~~~~1£~'f!¥JJ~'~*~tfJ ¥JJ~mA'~B~*Wo.mm#~¥JJfll¥Jm~,~~tt ffW~nmDm'$ffi~~~rn~~~~*I¥J~~~~~ ~m.'.~ill~.#~ffi.~I¥J~¥JJ •• ~'11IG~~. ~A~~~I¥J.~tt,m~~¥JJm~W.~~~A~*m ml¥J-=ftlo

.~~tf~Jt~~~¥JJfll¥J~~slfL~~1t~¥-f53U~¥U ~~'@~E~l¥Jm~Wmmm~¥JJflm~*~~~o~ WI15tIlff r ~tHH~~~$I¥J¥JJ J (~Ul: 20) , r ~~~~J 1£~m*~~.~.r~¥JJ~.ttJ o~.l¥Jm-mffR .W?a~~U~~~fi-@~~.~.,.~.tfJ¥JJ$ ijo

~tt~~ili~~~.7~~.~¥JJ.I¥J~~-.§n :Ii} ! ~~~9::~ti~*I¥J~a.~:a~. ' @~~W"~P~f§

~~~~oLw~~m~~~L~~$~~~~.o~~ A~~7~*~~'~~~~~~'A~~m~~~~~ m.~~.~m~oB~OOR~m*~.~7'LWm~ {Ar-J~i*1¥m~~M 0 ~m*~1& ' f-l1liTfBiUlL ' f;J~ ~A~&m~.~*®~~m~oLW~: ra.~~~ ~~m~®3.m~mlL~*f-l~~~~®oaffina~ ~~~ , mgtJ:iJf'Fa~~lLf-l®~c.~7! J (~U9: 12-13)

o~m*~.'MA~®$~~~.~r~~.~ •• ~, ~i'r¥i7~ J (~U9: 1) 0 m~A~~.~ , ML~~,~f;J~ ~~*m*1&®3m~~~~~.o&OO'~~OO~~~ -OO.~®~~~~~i*~(~9:0) o~m*A~~ ~ft~~~~ , mp).ti11!W$~afr~m.~rofUm1$~~.11 ' m~~~~~i*~~~OO~.,~~~a~~~~m~ft ~~f§fPJ~~ 0

m@~ •• *~~mm~f;JA~~m~,~~~n* •• ~®~m~~E~mm~~~~o~m*~1&'M~ ~~~~~~'LWti1ft~A~~~~o~~'i*1¥~m ~~.~*-~~~A~~.~~a.ffi.o~.m~ft ~*~'~m~.@L'.~L'~I~L~.mmno E~ti1J:iJ~~fi~~~,ti1~.~L~~mo&~m@m oo*~~.~a~,ti1~~~~~ID.m~,@.~~~, OO.~A~~ao~~~~A~~m~.m~.®~~~ m'~w~~a~wm~-a~.tt&~n*~o

~Att~~~mmffi~"~.~g~'.~~R'W R~~~m~~~.~~~-$ffi,mW.-~~~~~ ~~g~~*m~m.o~~.ft~*ffi*m~W§'~ m~~~~,~mm~.m~~~ •• ~A~fi~*W~ .o.~~R~~~"~~~*.,~~m~~m®~@ ~· •• ·.g·I.~.g.m~~.~~moAtt~ ~~m~.~~.~,ftmOO~~~.~~~ •• ~,m &~~~.~.B~m~'W~~~~~~~&~.h. ~~.~$~.~&.m.~~*~~°ftm~~~~~ A.~.m'W~~~.~~~±~mgftm~m •• ffo ~~.~W§'~~~~W~~ •• ffo

.~1J:Rt~MI:.~7~~~gPJ)i- , ~t!1~ti~R51 A~~~o~~tt~~~OO~~~ •• o~W'-M.m *~~~~W~-H~lli~'~*&~-.~~.~~~ ~~~.~~~~Z~M'm.~~~~Mt!1~*&~. ~~oA.~~.~.~~~~tt~ME~~7.'~E *~~h~m~ftm~~.m~*~~&~~~~.*, ~R~E*~h.~m"~*~.~~~*o

~~~.itm~.~~~.¥tl~JL\: r ~lI.m~'§'

1ff-(1)~~~ fJ3 ~~~~~ ~~&*~~'M'f* 1Ht!~Z ~.~~~T'~~~~~~.·~~~~&~~B~. *@ ; (2)~ftl!~~. ' !f~j}]~&~~~I9:._t**~~:y ' ~MB~~~~.~~~; (3)m®Jl.· ~~~~&~~

w~oom*mA~~~~L·~~L·~WL·e~L· ~JmLmf3j.~LI¥J1Im J (~8) 0 _~.~I¥J~.w§,a~ •• m.m.~I¥J-W' ~K~~ft~m®Z~WmL*~1¥J1Im'm~~~ti~ m0~1¥J1ImWB'W~tiLWI¥J°

m.~~§~~ml¥Jm~~m •• ~I¥J°M~wn~ 1¥J8~~m$~'~mfi~$~~~m: rm.~~~8 ~~ma~fi~I¥J~~m~J ' rm.ti~~.~$I¥J~ ~~*'~~~~Mm"~m~~I¥J.~'MK~rrff~ ~1IJ (~9) °m.~.I¥J~r.MJ1Im~&~.~A ~OO1lm~~~.~,m.~~~~~ •• ~~g~~1I m·~W.MI¥J~~~~~~~~.I¥J(~m.~~lliH*~~$JE~I¥J •• ) 0 m.~:Ii,""f*I¥J~$~tf*'~ -OO.m~K.$.I¥J~ •• *~g~m.I¥J.~,wm OO~ •• tlD*lm~~~ , JlUlIXElfF AUPJIm~l¥JgE13 ' rm . Mili~m~~.R.m®W~Im~I¥J~m8~~~W~~ 1Io~ml¥J~·moo~ •• ~*.m~~rLW~ •• J · moo.ml¥J~~-~~~I¥J~m!LW~~m~M~~1¥J $~ •• ~m·~K.AUI¥J~~~~~~off~A.~ ~~~I¥J~~ff.~~m~.'~ •• LWI¥J~mo r~ ~~m.§~~$J (~me6:W) 0

~moo.~""f'.mI¥JM~OOa,m~ml¥Jfi~~~ ~5& ' ~~~~f1.~ . 1\N~ •• m~ 0 !I!f~IIJ~-tm .

1I ' j!~I¥J@jR-'lffVFijIHlU1E1:PJTR:ff ' ~ffili=fij~m1'1'[ ~~m:ff,®~~~~~~~m**~~1¥J0~~°ft~ m~~'~~~~~U~~~ft~R±~~~mo~1:=f ~R:ff~.·=f~~~~~M~'.~~~~±~~ilim m:ffM~'~~~~~.°ft$~~'±~R:ffm~=f% ~1¥J,®ftili=f~.~~ •• ~.l¥Jm~o~~~~®~, ±~R:ffm~-.~*I¥J.1:f (stewardship) 0

~.~~~I¥J~~~'~~~~OO~~OO~~~$~' ~tttt~~~m§.~~.o~a@j~~~,'~~-@j~ *Wm~W:ff~.I¥J~~m~~ •• ~I¥J'®~~~~. II$£Rffa®~MI¥J~*o

~~~.I¥JB~*~,mm~~~$~mM~m§.

Jl1l1¥J~.B~3(~71j~@j~*1¥J ' ®~Ic..\W~3l ' ttitt ~OOI¥J~ •• Mo~~~B~*~'~~~.7~~*~ ~-$ffi'Aott~~Z~~~-~ffio~~~.I¥JB~ *~'A.B •• ~~~I¥J~~7!~.~=f~~ft~, ft~~m7@jA&~*'~.~~~Wo~mA.I¥J@W '~~lIm ' ®1mJt:'t~.~J1JG~m@jA~~**~~~I¥JWd: 1t ' ~{~~-.~F£1i~~&=f~Ji!I¥JWd:1t~m~~ 0 W ~£1i~'Jt:.~~.I¥J~~~~~.A.~ •• m®Jl ~1¥J,~ft~~~~m'~~.~~~®~~~~~I¥J~ ~iitWo

262 ~U.ro •

•• ~mm~m.~mM~~~mm~'~~ •• w .*.~o~A~~,m.~A~~~~~~~±om~ m~JWb-Yjj~.®wz¥~m~~ , :~J~jj~.®~WJjUAf§~~ , ~M~~am~.~~A;WH'~~~~~-Y~.®W~ ±~~~M~.~~AoA~~~.~~.~~-~~. ~~~,@~~mm~~~~'~~~~*W.*~D~ ¥JJtB~Wo

.~Am~~Z~~,~-~~m~.~fi-ft,~ mijltBmH£f~1:~1Jrru ' {S~~~~lm~W~\~J[~~ft!Jl1 0 ~:m!l!f~W!l!f~~~~ffW§ , ~:k)]Umz--r ' -.®PJ~ M~/J\~~~D--r :

• m~1!\rar@l{l~a5l~

-0 ~f1J ~ ~~.'[1:¥Ufi:kPJijgl[1:

o ~f1J ~ ~~~'[1:¥Ufi:kPJijgl[1:

o .:m~$ , ¥JJfj~5tfl:Nf!'iIlt • ttt1JD~~~~~Y!.tB~1f °m~~.~tB~ft o~rru**-mmf.im o~0~:m!l!f~~.f.ij~m~ o i&llJ M~ fU m ¥U fi:k -aT ijg'[1: · ~~.~~pJH~:~$r~

o ~JlfB~~f.im ' ~m~/J\JL\~f;H~ • ~~JfI~f.im ' ~m~/J\JL\~f;t~

· jfJE m y t¥1 f.i fi ' jfJE fffl ~ I j \ I l,' tili JJ 1'~

· t;m:1:.1fP ' ~RjJfrf£jfJE~pfT1~

· El~~ffr±M (Communtiy ) ~§~ , ;t::t:*T~pjjLflo (Com-

modity) ·$~.fi.R~,m.ttmmm~ft$tt ·~jJ~~Aft~~~.~t¥1f.ifi~~

• ~~fiX {j<j}~ tili~~rf t¥1 JHJa~#

· 1*ff: pfT ~ /f r=;:u 1:.~ R * r:p t¥1m!!fttE

.

·m: •• m.t¥1m!!fttE,~*~m~'.WM~m1:.t¥1~

fi~~§

·m~~~~&fflt¥1n.&.~.~t¥1.1:. ·~~~~~~~~.t¥1!!f1:.~~.~~~.~~tt. · ~jJ~1~ttEt¥1 r ~~)t( J (no net loss)

• ~ 53U ~ tt ~ [5~H¥!~t1Ji~i ~ t¥1 m: ~ ff ,\~J f.i fi ·.fi~~~ttE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~m ·~~ft0~ttEU~~~*~~~.~*~ ·1*ff:~m:.W~mttE~~~*~t¥1m!!f~

· 3tM'pfT~.fi~W~~~ ·~7~.~f.ifi&.~m,~m@1:.m~~~I~~~

c3z~ ~ A fr~})H!t m.IDt~M WJ ·3tM'~~~ttMJJ®~M~tt±ttEt¥11*ff:&m:.~!!f~ pfT 1''F t¥1 ~ jJ

· ~.PfT~!!f1:.~tl~&;t::t:~~o~t¥1~F$X~

• ~~l$ng 13 83131£

· ~{1]\I¥J~~tlo~ 13 a

·1£~~ft •• ~~'~A~m~~&~~~~1¥J7~. rrx1t

·l£~ ••• &*~~,~m"m~.llil3~I¥J~*

•

·m~Fa~~~ •• MI3~~~~~I¥J~.

· flHlf Wfl fjhllfit ~ I¥J ff {-t 1J ~ @JW ' J~'V!g ft*l¥J ±~&

M~

·~~~ft •• ~&*~.M~ft~~I¥J~~~~ ·~~~.~1£~~~ffl~0~~~~0~m~~l¥JgR ·1£"5ft.~~A~~~1¥J"57M·&Wm~~&~

~~~fD~~i*.l¥J~~#m ·~~-~-~I¥J.~~~B(~~I¥J~-OO£M8)

ft~~~W~~~7@ff~?Ag~.$~m~~~ ~W~~~7 @{t~l¥J ' ~~~~{r'~lf-ftQ~m{iQ11"~~7 @ff~o~~m~®fttQ •• l£~W~~~l3al¥J~~; ~W~ •• l£~~~~l¥JM~~~ffoA •• l¥Jm~~E ~.~~~ffi~ •• l¥Jm~~~~~~~~?~~~~7 ~titWX~1ilJ~~o~? ¥Ufm*x~~X~~'t:fm7 ! -

~~~~.~~'OOE~A.~'.~~~~.~$a~, @W~M.~·~.~·m.~·&*B~~~7mm~ ~~~~~~~mW,&e.m~~ft~~~~m~~. ~,~~~m.~~$~~~ft~$hl~ •• o

m-~~ffi!f.if&*~~~Church and Society 80 (March -April 1990) : 16-40

l.<Widerness Act> of 1964, sec. 2(c). Puclic Law 88-577.78 Stat. 891 0 2.William Cullen Bryant, "A Forest Hymn." 0

3.John Muir, <Our National Parks> (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1901), 331 0

4.Linnie Marsh Wolfe .~ <John of the Mountains: The Unpublished Journals of John Muir> (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1938),313 0

5. William Wordsworth, .. Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey." 0

6.Aldo Leopold," The Land Ethic," in <A Sand County Almanac>

(New York: Oxford University Press, 1949, 1968),224-25 0 7.[ilJM. viii-ix 0

8.<Endangered species Act of 1973> ' Sec.2 (a)(3). Public Law 9 9.<TVA v. Hill>, 437 U.S. 153 (1978) at 174, 184 0 3-205.87 Stat.

884 0