B.V.C.

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND

SCIENCE BATLAPALEM

UNIT I
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

Syllabus:
Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
 Differential Amplifier-DC and AC analysis of Dual input Balanced output
configuration,Properties of other differential amplifier configuration(Dual Input
Unbalanced Output,Single Ended Input-Balanced/Unbalanced Output),DC
Coupling and Cascaded Differential Amplifier Stages,Level translator.
Schedule:

PERIODS
S.N NAME OF THE TOPIC REQUIRE
O D
1 Differential Amplifier 1
2 DC analysis of Dual input Balanced output configuration 2
3 AC analysis of Dual input Balanced output configuration 2
4 Properties of Dual Input Unbalanced Output configuration 2
5 Properties of Output Single Ended Input-Balanced Output 2
Differential Amplifier configuration
6 Properties of Output Single Ended Input-Unbalanced 2
Output Differential Amplifier configuration
7 DC Coupling and Cascaded Differential Amplifier Stages 2
8 Level translator 2

 Total no of periods required 15

Objective:
By this Unit students should gain knowledge on
 The basic concepts of Different types of differential Amplifier
configurations.
 Determination of voltage gain and differential input resistance,and the
output resistance for a given differential amplifier configuration and
cascaded differential amplifier configuration.
 The use of a level translator circuit with the cascaded differential
amplifier configuration

Assignment Questions

1. (a) Derive the output voltage of an op - amp based differential

amplifier.
(b) List out electrical characteristics of an op - amp.

2. (a) Discuss about dc analysis of Dual input balanced output amplifier.

(b) Why cascading is necessary for differential amplifier and explain its
operation.
3.(a) Explain the use of constant bias circuit in operation of differential
amplifier.

Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
 (b) Explain how large open circuit voltage gain of an op - amp can be
obtained by using cascading of differential amplifier stages.

4.(a) Explain how large open circuit voltage gain of an op - amp can be
obtained by using cascading of differential amplifier stages.
(b) Explain ac analysis of differential amplifier.

5.(a) Define CMRR? Explain how this can be improved for differential
amplifier with suitable diagram.
(b) What is the voltage at point A and B for the circuit shown in figure
1 if v1 =5v and v2 =5.1v.

6.(a) Explain cascade connection of differential amplifier for active load.

(b) Write the properties of different configurations of differential
amplifier.

7. (a) List out different configurations of differential amplifier. Explain

any one of them in detail.
(b) Determine the emitter current in transistor Q3 of figure 1. If VBE =
0.7V and β = 100

Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
 Figure 1

8.(a) Why is it necessary to use an external offset voltage

compensating network with practical op - amp circuits.
(b) Compare and contrast an ideal op - amp and practical op - amp.

9. (a) Discuss the differences between the differential amplifiers used in

the first two stages of op - amp.
(b) Draw an ideal voltage transfer curve of an op - amp.

10. (a) Draw the pin diagram and schematic symbol of a typical op -
amp IC 741 and explain the function of each pin.
(b) Discuss the three basic types of linear IC packages and briefly
explain the characteristics of each.

Quiz Questions
1 . A typ ic a l h i gh ga i n I C d i ff e re nt i a l a m p l i fi e r
( a) C o n s i s t s of D ar l i n gt o n p a i r
( b ) H a s n o p r ov i s i o n f o r c o n n e c t i n g e x t e r n a l c o m p e n s a ti n g c om p o n e nt s
( c ) H a s t h r e e d i ff e r e nti a l a m p l i fi e r s t a ge s w i t h an op e n l o op ga i n a r ou n d
2 0 , 00 0
( d ) H a s p owe r d i s s i p at i on of a b ou t 10 0 m i c r o wat t s
Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
 2 . D i ff e r e n c e m o d e g ai n A d o f a s y m m e t r i c a l e m i t t e r c o u p l e d di ff e r e nti a l
a m p l i fi e r i s gi ve n by
( a) A d = -h f e R c R s + h i e
( b ) A d = -1 2 h f e R c R s + h i e
(c) Ad = 1 2 h fe R c R s +h ie
(d) Ad = h fe R c R s +h ie

3 . I n a d i ff e r e n c e am p l i fi e r , a l ar ge R e l e a d s t o i n c r e a s e i n
( a) P S R R
( b ) C M R R o f t h e am p l i fi e r
( c ) C o m m on - m o d e g ai n
( d ) D i ff e r e nt i al - m o d e g ai n

4 T h e ga i n o f a d i ff e r e nti a l a m p l i fi e r g e n e r al l y f al l s a t t h e r at e of i nt e gr a l
mu l t i p l e o f
( a) 4 d B p e r o c t ave
( b ) 6 d B p e r d e c ad e
( c ) 4 d B p e r d e c ad e
( d ) 6 d B p e r o c t ave

5 I n a d i ff e r e nt i al a m p l i fi e r , u s e o f a c o n s t ant c u r r e nt C E a m p l i fi e r s ta g e
i n p l ac e o f e m i t t e r c i r c u i t re s i s t or R e c a u s e s C M R R
( a) I n c r e a s e s o r d e c r e a s e s d e p e n d i n g o n t e m p e r a t u re
( b ) R e m ai n s u n al t e r e d
( c ) To i n c re as e
( d ) To d e c r e as e

6 W h i ch o f th e f o l l ow i n g s t a t e m e nts i s n ot f or a c as c ad e l e ve l s h i f t e r
( a) I t c an s t e p u p t h e i n p u t vol t ag e
( b ) I t s vo l t ag e g a i n i s o n e
( c ) I t c an e i t h e r s t e p u p or s t e p d ow n
( d ) I t c an s t e p d ow n t h e i n p u t vo l ta g e t o a ny l e ve l

7. D i ff e r e nt i al t r an s c on d u c t a n c e g m d o f d i ff e r e nti a l a mp l i fi e r e q u a l s
( W h e r e I o i s t h e c c o l l e c t or c u r r e nt o f t h e C E s t a ge i n t h e e m i t te r c i r c u i t
o f t h e d i ff e r e nt i al a m p l i fi e r )
( a) 2 I 0 V T
(b) I02V T
(c) I04V T
( d ) √I 0 4 V T

8. A c as c ad e am p l i fi e r u s e s
( a) D i r e c t c o u p l e d C E - C C c ir c u i t s
( b ) T wo s t a ge s o f C E a m p l i fi e r
( c ) D i r e c t c o u p l e d C E - C B c i r c u i ts
Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
( d ) D i r e c t c o u p l e d C C - C B c i rc u i ts

9 . M o s t o f t h e l i n e ar I C s ar e b as e d o n t h e two t ra n s i s t o r d i ff e r e nt i al
am p l i fi e r b e c a u s e of i t s
( a) H i g h i n p u t r e s i s ta n c e
( b ) I n p u t vo l ta ge d e p e n d e nt l i n e ar tr a n s f e r ch ar ac te ri s ti c s
(c) High CM RR
( d ) H i g h vol t a g e ga i n

10. T h e d i ff e r e nt i al ga i n o f t h e an Op am p s h ou l d b e
( a) S m a l l
( b ) Ve ry l ar g e
( c ) Ve ry s m al l
( d ) U n i ty

11. W h i ch o f th e f o l l ow i n g s p e c i fi c a ti o n s i s n o t s p e c i fi e d f or a d i ff e re n c e
a m p l i fi e r ?
( a) I n p u t - o ff s e t vo l t ag e
( b ) I n p u t b i a s - c u r re nt o ff s e t
( c ) C o m m on - m o d e c u r r e nt r an g e
( d ) O u tp u t - o ff s e t vo l t ag e

12 . T h e l e ve l t r an s l a t or s t ag e i s u s e d f o r
( a) To s h i f t t h e o u t p u t d c l e ve l d ow n t o z e r o
( b ) To s h i f t t h e o u t p u t d c l e ve l d ow n t o V vol t s
( c ) To s h i f t t h e o u t p u t d c l e ve l u p t o z e r o vol t s
( d ) To s h i f t t h e o u t p u t d c l e ve l u p t o V vo l ts

13 . I n a d i ff e r e nti a l a m p l i fi e r t h e d i ff e r e nt i al i np u t re s i s t an c e R i d e q u a l s
( a) h i e / 2
(b) 4hie
(c) hie
(d) 2hie

14 . T h e d i ff e r e nt i al am p l i fi e r g a i n a n d t h e i n p u t r e s i s t an c e o f a d u a l i n p u t
b a l an c e d o u tp u t d i ff e r e nti a l i s g i ve n by
( a) R *C r e , 2 β a c r e
(b) Rc /re , 2βa c re
(c) RC /re , 2βac /re
(d) RC /re ,βac re

15 . W h i ch ch a r ac t e r i s t i c i s n o t b e l on g i n g to D C ch ar a c t e r i s t i c s ?
( a) S l e w r at e
( b ) I n p u t o ff s e t c u r re nt
(c) Thermal drift
( d ) I n p u t b i a s c u r re nt
Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
16 . T h e ab i l i ty o f d i ff e re nt i a l a m p l i fi e r t o re j e c t a c om m o n m o d e s i gn a l i s c a l l e d
( a) D i ff e r e nt i al m o d e r e j e c ti o n r a ti o
( b ) C o m m on m o d e r e j e c ti o n r a ti o
( c ) S u p p l y vol t a ge m o d e r e j e c ti o n r a t i o
d ) Powe r s u p p l y m o d e r e j e c t i on ra t i o

17 . I n a d i ff e r e nti a l am p l i fi e r , u s e o f a con s t a nt c u r r e nt C E am p l i fi e r s t ag e i n
p l ac e of e m i t t e r c i r c u i t r e s i s t or R e r e s u l t s i n ve r y h i g h va l u e of
( a) S l e w r at e
(b) CMRR
(c) PSRR
( d ) U n i ty ga i n c r o s s ove r f r e q u e n c y

18. T h e t ai l o f a d i ff e r e nt i al a m p l i fi e r a c t s l i ke a
( a) B a t t e r y
( b ) Tra n s i s t o r
( c ) C u r r e nt s o u rc e
(d) Diode

1 9. I n a d i ff e r e nti a l a m p l i fi e r C M RR i s n or m a l l y
( a) 0
(b) 1
( c ) Ve ry l ar g e
(d) Small

20 . Top o l o gi c a l l y, a d i ff e r e n c e s am p l i fi e r c or r e s p on d s to a T T L
( a) N A N D g at e
( b ) N O R ga t e
( c ) O R ga t e
( d ) A N D g at e

21. W h i ch o f th e f o l l ow i n g s t a t e m e nts i s n ot t r u e f or b al a n c e c ont r ol i n

d i ff e r e n c e a m pl i fi e r
( a) I t r e d u c e s o ff s e t d u e t o V b e m i s m a t ch i n g o f th e t r an s i s to r
( b ) I t r e d u c e s o ff s e t d u e t o β m i s m a t ch i n g o f th e t r an s i s to r
( c ) I t i m p r ove s C M R R o f t h e a m p l i fi e r
( d ) I t c an on l y b e u s e d i n d i s c re te a mp l i fi e r

BIBILIOGRAPHY

TEXT BOOKS :
1. Linear Integrated Circuits – D. Roy Chowdhury, New Age International (p) Ltd, 2nd
Edition,2003.
2.Linear Integrated Circuit Applications – S.Salivahanan,TMH Edition

Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
REFERENCES :

1. Design with Operational Amplifiers & Analog Integrated Circuits - Sergio Franco,
McGraw Hill, 1988.
2. Operational Amplifiers & Linear Integrated Circuits–R.F.Coughlin & Fredrick
Driscoll, PHI, 6th Edition.
3. Micro Electronics – Millman, McGraw Hill,1988.
4. Operational Amplifiers – C.G. Clayton, Butterworth & Company Publ. Ltd./ Elsevier,
1971.

UNIT II

Syllabus:
Characteristics of OP-Amps,Integrated circuits-Types,Classification, Packages
Types and temperature ranges, Power supplies, Op-amp Block Diagram,Ideal
and practical Op-Amp specifications,DC and AC characteristics,741 op-amp & its
features,FET input Op-Amps,Op-Amp parameters & Measurement, Input &
Output Offset voltages & currents,slew rates,CMRR,PSRR,drift,Frequency
Compensation technique.

Schedule:

PERIODS
S.N NAME OF THE TOPIC REQUIRE
O D
1 Characteristics of OP-Amps 1
2 Integrated circuits-Types 1
3 Integrated circuits Classification 1
4 Integrated circuits Packages Types 1
5 Integrated circuits temperature ranges, Power supplies 2
6 Op-amp Block Diagram 1
7 Ideal and practical Op-Amp specifications 1
8 practical Op-Amp DC characteristics 2
9 practical Op-Amp AC characteristics 2
10 741 op-amp & its features 1
11 FET input Op-Amps 1
12 Op-Amps,Op-Amp parameters & Measurement 2
13 Input & Output Offset voltages & currents 1
14 slew rates,CMRR,PSRR,drift 1
15 Frequency Compensation technique 2

 Total no of periods required 20

Objective:
By this Unit students should gain knowledge on
Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
  The basic concepts of IC,Linear and digital ICs.
 Two types of ICs classified according to their mode of operation and
significance of each.
 ICs classification based no of components integrated on the same
chip,3 basic types of linear IC packages and significance of each.
 3 basic temperature grades for ICs and different circuit arrangements
for obtaining +ve and -ve supply voltages for an OP-Amp from a single
supply.
 Ideal and practical OP-Amp specifications.
 741 op-amp all IC packages,and their pin diagrams
 Different versions and important features of 741 IC.
 Brief explanation of DC Characteristics - I/P bias and offset currents,I/p
& o/P offset voltages,thermal drift.
 Brief explanation of AC Characteristics - Frequency response and slew
rate and their affct on OP-Amp.
 External and Internal frequency compensation techniques necessity for
practical OP - Amp.
 FET i/p OP - Amp,OP - Amp parameters measurement.

Assignment Questions

1. (a) Broadly classify the integrated circuits for a wide range of

applications.
(b) Explain the operation of op - amp using block diagram.
(c) What is a practical op - amp? Draw its equivalent circuit?

2. (a) What is an op-amp? Why it is called so?

(b) Explain the parameters that should be considered for ac and dc
applications of an op-amp.
(c) Draw and explain the three open loop op - amp configurations with
neat circuit diagram.

3. (a) For the 741 IC op - amp, the supply voltage rejection ratio (SVRR)
is 150µV/ V.Calculate the change in this op - amp’s input offset
voltage Vi o if the supply voltages are varied from ±10V to ±12V.
(b) List and explain the characteristics of an ideal op - amp.
(c) Draw the pin diagram of µA741 op - amp.

4. (a) What are the three operating temperature ranges of the IC?
(b) List out the AC characteristics of an op - amp and discuss about
them.
(c) Draw an equivalent circuit of op - amp.
Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
5. (a) For an op-amp, PSRR=70dB(min), CMRR=105 , differential mode
gain, Ad =105 .The output voltage changes by 20v in 4 microseconds.
Calculate
i. numerical value of PSRR
ii. Common mode gain
iii. Slew rate of the op - amp.
(b) What are the three factors that effect the electrical parameters of
an op -amp
(c) Compare and contrast an ideal op - amp and practical op - amp.

6. (a) Compute the maximum possible total output voltages in the

amplifier circuits shown in figure 2. The op - amp is the MC1536
with the following specifica- tions:
Vi o = 7.5mV maximum; Ii o = 50nA maximum; IB = 250 nA
maximum at TA= 250 C.
(b) Explain the difference between the slew rate and the
transie nt response.
(c) Briefly explain the need for compensating networks in op - amps

Figure 2

7. (a) Explain the effect of slew rate on both open loop and closed
loop op - amp circuits.
(b) What is the major difference between the power supply
requirements of linear and digital Ics.
(c) Draw and explain an ideal voltage transfer curve for an OP - Amp.

8. (a) Compare and contrast an ideal operational amplifier and practical

Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
 operational amplifier.
(b) Give the design procedure of a compensating network for an op
- amp that uses ± 10 V supply voltages. Assume necessary data.

9. (a) Explain how the input offset voltage compensated for?

(b) How fast can the output of an op - amp change by 10V, if its
slew rate is 1V/ µs.
(c) Define thermal drift & slew rate.

10. (a) Discuss the Pole - Zero and Dominant pole compensation
techniques for an op - amp.
(b) An op - amp has a slew rate of 1.5V/µs. What is the maximum
frequency of an output sinusoid of peak value 10 V at which the
distortion sets in due to the slew rate limitation?

11. (a) Calculate the effect of variation in power supply voltages on

the output offset voltage for an op - amp circuit.
(b) Why frequency compensation is required for an op - amp and
explain frequency compensation technique using suitable diagrams.

12. (a) Explain the differences between ac and dc amplifiers.

(b) What are the differences between the inverting and non-inverting
terminals? What do you mean by the term “virtual ground”?

13.(a) In the circuit of figure 2b, R1 =100ohms, Rf =4.7kΩ ,

CMRR=90dB. If the amplitude of the induced 60 Hz noise at
the output is 5mv (rms), calculate the amplitude of the common
? mode input voltage Vc m .
(b) With neat block diagram explain the function of various building
blocks of an op - amp.

Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
 Figure 2b
Quiz Questions

1 T h e e r r or vol t a ge o f a n i d e a l O p a m p i s
( a) ∞
( b ) Ve ry l ar g e
(c) 0
( d ) Ve ry s m al l

2 . O n e o f t h e Op am p i s N o r to n o r c u r r e nt d i ff e r e n c i n g O p a m p
( a) µ A 7 4 7
(b) LM318
( c ) L M 3 9 00
(d) µ A741

3 . T h e ou t p u t r e s i s ta n c e of a 7 41 C Op am p i s a b o ut
( a) 2 00 Ω
(b) 75Ω
(c) 10Ω
(d) 40Ω

4. O p e n l o o p b a n d w i d t h o f a n O p a m p i s
( a) 5 K H z
(b) 5MHz
( c) 5GHz
(d) 5Hz

5 . C u r r e nt c a n n ot fl ow t o g ro u n d t h r o u gh
( a) A n AC gr o u n d
( b ) A v i r t u al gr o u n d
( c ) A n o r d i n ar y g r ou n d
( d ) A m e ch an i c a l g r ou n d

6. Ty p i c a l o ut p u t o ff s e t vo l t ag e a n d i n p u t off s e t c u r r e nt of a n O p am p ar e
( a) 1 m V , 1 0 n A
(b) 1mV,10mA
( c ) 1 0 m V , 1 0 mA
(d) 1mV ,10 nA

7. S l e w r at e o f an i d e al Op am p i s
( a) I n fi n i ty
( b ) U n i ty
( c ) I n d e fi n i t e
( d ) Z e ro

Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
8. T h e c o m mo n m o d e i n p u t i s th e va l u e of th e two i n p u ts
( a) R M S
( b ) A ve r ag e
( c ) Fo r m
( d ) Pe a k

9. I n Op am p c om p e n s at i o n t e ch n i q u e s ar e u s e d t o
( a) To ob t a i n w i d e r f re qu e nc y r an g e o f op e r a t i on an d avoi d i n s ta b i l i ty
( b ) A ch i e ve h i g h e r g ai n at DC
( c ) O b ta i n w i d e r f r e q u e n c y r a n ge of o p e r at i o n
( d ) A voi d i n s t ab i l i ty

10 . A n O p e r a t i on a l a m p l i fi e r i s a
( a) H i g h g ai n C E a m p l i fi e r
( b ) H i g h g ai n d ir e c t c o u p l e d a m p l i fi e r
( c ) C a s c a d e d C E a m p l i fi e r
( d ) H i g h g ai n C B a m p l i fi e r

11 . A ty p i c a l m e d i u m g a i n I C Op am p
( a) H a s o p e n l o o p g ai n of a b ou t 25 00
( b ) I s s u i t ab l e f o r u s e on l y a t l ow f r e q u e n c i e s
(c) Has only one input terminal
( d ) H a s o p e n l o o p g ai n of a b ou t 10 0

12 . T h e ou t p u t s t a ge o f a n O p a m p c i r c u i t p r ov i d e s
( a) L ow ou t p u t i m p e d an c e
( b ) H i g h g ai n
( c ) L ow c u r r e nt ga i n
( d ) H i g h o u tp u t i m p e d an c e

13 . I n op e n l o op c on fi g u r at i o n , t h e o p - a m p wo r ks i n
( a) R e ve rs e r e g i on
( b ) S a tu r a t i on r e g i o n
( c ) C u t o ff re g i o n
( d ) L i n e a r r e gi o n

14 . T h e al g e b r ai c d i ff e r e n c e b e twe e n t h e c u r r e nt s i nt o t h e i nve rt i n g a n d
n o n i nve rt i n g t e r m i n al s i s kn ow n a s
( a) I n p u t b i a s c u r re nt
( b ) I n p u t o ff s e t vo l t ag e
( c ) Tot a l o ff s e t vol t a ge
( d ) I n p u t o ff s e t c u r re nt

1 5. P S R R of a g o o d q u a l i ty Op am p i s o f t h e or d e r o f
( a) 6 0 d B
Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
 ( b ) 2 00 d B
(c) 20dB
( d ) 1 00 d B
16. .1 A n O p a m p s l e w r at e l i m i t s i t s ou t p u t s w i n g a t h i g h f r e q u e n c y .
2T he b o d e p l o t f or s t an d a r d O p a m p s h ow s t h e g ai n d e c r e a s i n g a t 2 0 d B
]p e r d e c ad e b e yo n d t h e b r e ak f r e q u e n c y
( a) 1 Fa l s e , 2 Fa l s e
( b ) 1 Tru e , 2 Tr u e
( c ) 1 Tru e , 2 Fa l s e
( d ) 1 Fa l s e , 2 Tr u e

1 7. A n e xa m p l e of i nt e r n a l l y c o m p e n s a t e d O p a m p i s
( a) 7 09
(b) LM120
( c ) 7 41
(d) LM110

18 . T h e l o op g a i n β A
( a) I s u s u a l l y < < 1
(b) Is usually >>1
( c ) M ay n ot e q ua l t o 1
( d ) b e twe e n 0 an d 1

19 . T h e i n p u t b i as c u r r e nt o f 7 41 C Op am p i s a b o u t
( a) 5 0 µ A
( b ) 5 00 n A
(c) 50nA
(d) 5 µA

20. Fo r a n i d e a l o p - a m p t h e b an d w i d th i s
( a) F i n i t e val u e
( b ) I n fi n i ty
( c ) U n i ty
( d ) Z e ro

21. T h e f o l l ow i n g p r op e r ty o f O p a m p p e r mi t s vo l t ag e ga i n d ow n t o z e r o
fr equency
( a) H i g h o p e n l o o p g ai n
( b ) Fe e d b a ck
(c) Directcoupling
( d ) C a p ac i ta n c e c ou p l i n g

BIBILIOGRAPHY

TEXT BOOKS :

Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
1. Linear Integrated Circuits – D. Roy Chowdhury, New Age International (p) Ltd, 2nd
Edition,2003.
2. Op-Amps & Linear ICs - Ramakanth A. Gayakwad, PHI,1987.
3.Linear Integrated Circuit Applications – S.Salivahanan,TMH Edition

REFERENCES :

1. Design with Operational Amplifiers & Analog Integrated Circuits - Sergio Franco,
McGraw Hill, 1988.
2. Operational Amplifiers & Linear Integrated Circuits–R.F.Coughlin & Fredrick
Driscoll, PHI, 6th Edition.
3. Micro Electronics – Millman, McGraw Hill,1988.
4. Operational Amplifiers – C.G. Clayton, Butterworth & Company Publ. Ltd./ Elsevier,
1971.

UNIT III
LINEAR APPLICATIONS OF OP - AMPS

Syllabus:
Inverting and Non - inverting amplifier,Integrator and differentiator,Difference
amplifier,Instrumentation amplifier,AC amplifier,V to I,I to V converters,Buffers.
Schedule:

PERIODS
S.N NAME OF THE TOPIC REQUIRE
O D
1 Inverting and Non - inverting amplifier 2
2 Integrator and differentiator 1
3 Difference amplifier 1
4 Instrumentation amplifier 1
5 AC amplifier 1
6 ,V to I,I to V converters 2
7 Buffers 2

 Total no of periods required 10

Objective:
By this Unit students should gain knowledge on
 Different Non-Linear applications of OP-Amps.
 Analyse or design a Inverting and Non - inverting amplifier and
determination of their gain equations.
 Analyse or design a summing amplifier using the noninverting
configuration,integrator and differentiator and their mathematical
expressions.
Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
  Analyse the operation of AC amplifier.
 Significance of V to I & I to V converters and buffers.

Assignment Questions

1. (a) Find V0 for the circuit shown in figure 1

(b) Find R1 and Rf in the practical integrator (lossy integrator), so
that the peak gain is 20 dB and the gain is 3 dB down from its peak
when ω = 10,000rad/sec.
. Use a capacitance of 0.01µF

figure 1

2. (a) Draw the circuit diagram of a two input non-inverting type summing
amplifier and derive the expression for the output voltage.
(b) Briefly explain why negative feedback is desirable in amplifier
applications.
(c) How does negative feedback affect the performance of an
inverting amplifier?

3. (a) Design a current to voltage converter using OP-AMP and explain

how it can be used to measure the output of photocell.
(b) Discuss the differences between differential amplifiers used in the
first two stages of OP- AMP.

4. (a) In an integrator circuit, Ri = 10Kohms, CF = 1 second, and the

input is a step input Vin = 2V for 0 ≤ t ≤4. Determine the
output voltage and sketch it.
(b) Draw the frequency response curve of a differentiator. How is it
modified when a small resistor is connected in series with the
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Asst Prof, ECE Dept
 capacitor?

5. (a) Explain how an op - amp can be used as summing amplifier?

Draw the diagram of a four input summer and obtain the
expression for the output.
(b) The circuit of a inverting summing amplifier is designed with R1 =
R’ =1Kohm, and R2 = 2R1 , R3 = 2R2 ,?Rn = 2Rn-1 , the input
voltages v1 ,v2 ,?v n can be 0 to 10V.
i. For n = 4, what is the smallest output voltage if at
least one input is nonzero?
ii. For n = 4, what is the maximum output voltage?
6.(a) Find V0 for the circuit shown in figure 3
(b) Find R1 and Rf in the practical integrator (lossy integrator), so
that the peak gain is 20 dB and the gain is 3 dB down from its
peak when ω = 10,000 rad/sec. Use a capacitance of 0.01µF

Figure 3

7.(a) What are the differences between the inverting and non-
inverting terminals? What do you mean by the term “virtual ground”.
(b) Briefly explain about the buffers used in amplifier circuits.

8. (a) Design a differentiator to differentiate an input signal that varies in

frequency from 10 Hz to about 1KHz. If a sine wave of 1V peak
at 1000 Hz is applied to this differentiator draw the output
waveforms.
(b) Why active differentiator circuits are not used in analog
computer to solve differential equations.

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Asst Prof, ECE Dept
 9. (a) What are the advantages of instrumentation amplifier? Derive an
expression for the transfer function of an instrumentation
amplifier.
(b) Explain the use of reference terminal provided in an integrated
circuit instru- mentation amplifier.
10.How the operational amplifier can be used as a differentiator and
integrator.

11. (a) Calculate the exact closed loop gain inverting amplifier
shown in figure3 if AOL = 2,00,000, Ri = 2MΩ and R0 = 75Ω.
(b) Explain about any two linear and nonlinear applications of op - amp.

Figure 3

Quiz Questions
1. I nve r ti n g a m p l i fi e r i s al s o kn ow n a s
( a) C u r r e nt s e r i e s F B am p l i fi e r
( b ) Vo l t ag e s hu nt F B a m p l i fi e r
( c ) Vo l t ag e s e r i e s F B a m p l i fi e r
( d ) C u r r e nt s hu nt F B am p l i fi e r

2 Fo r a s q u a r e wave i n p u t, t h e o u tp u t of a d i ff e r e nt i at o r w i l l b e .
( a) S i nu s o i d al wave
( b ) Po s i t i ve & n e ga t i ve s p i ke s
( c ) S q u ar e wave
( d ) Tri a n g l e wave

3. I n an a l og c om p u t at i o n we u s e
( a) I nt e g ra t or s an d d i ff e r e nt i at o rs i n p a i r
( b ) I nt e g ra t or al o n e b u t n o d i ff e re nt i a t or s
( c ) B o t h i nt e g ra t or s an d d i ff e r e nti a t or s
( d ) D i ff e r e nt i at o rs a l on e b u t n o i nte gr a to r s

4. U n d e r i d e al c on d i t i o n s , f o r N o n i nve rt i n g a m p l i fi e r

Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
( a) R 0 = 1
(b) R0 = ∞
(c) Ri =0
(d) R0 =0

5. I n a n O p a m p i nve r t i n g am p l i fi e r c on fi g u r at i o n w i t h a n i n p u t
r e s i s t a n c e ( R 1 ) a n d a f e e d b a ck r e s i s t a n c e ( R 2 ) , i t i s n o rm a l p r a c t i c e t o
c o n n e c t a re s i s t an c e ( R) e q u a l t o p a ra l l e l c omb i n a ti o n o f (R 1 ) & ( R 2 ) f r o m
t h e no n i nve r t i n g i n p u t t o gr o u n d . T h i s i s d o n e t o
( a) C o m p e n s a t e f o r t h e e ff e c t s of i n p u t o ff s e t c u rr e nt
( b ) I m p r ove u p on C M R R ra t i n g of O p am p
( c ) C o m p e n s a t e f o r t h e e ff e c t s of i n p u t b i a s c u r r e nt s
( d ) C o m p e n s a t e f o r t h e e ff e c t s of i n p u t o ff s e t vo l ta ge

6. T h e i n p u t t o an ac t i ve i nt e g ra t or i s 0 V . D u e to t h e off s e t vol t a ge , t he
o u tp u t of t h e i nt e gr a t or w i l l b e
( a) S q u ar e wave
( b ) R am p vo l t ag e
( c ) I r r e g u l ar
( d ) S i nu s o i d al

7. O n e o f t h e f ol l ow i n g s t a te m e nt s i n r e f e re n c e t o vol t a ge f o l l owe r
c o n fi g u ra t i on u s i n g Op am p i s i n c or r e c t
( a) T h e vo l t ag e g a i n i s u n i ty
( b ) I t s i n p u t i m p e d a n c e i s ve r y h i gh al m o s t a p p r oa ch i n g i ts o p e n
l o o p i n p u t i m p e d an c e m ag n i t u d e
( c ) T h e i n p u t i s a p p l i e d at t h e n on i nve r t i n g i n p u t
( d ) I t h a s e x tr e m e l y h i gh i n p u t i m p e d a n c e , mu ch hi g h e r t h a n e ve n i t s
op e n l o o p i n p u t i m p e d a n c e

8. T h e C M R R i s a p r o b l e m f o r
( a) B o t h i nve r ti n g & n o n i nve rt i n g c o n fi g u ra t i on
( b ) H a s n o t h i n g to d o w i t h th e typ e o f f e e d b a ck
( c ) T h e n on i nve r t i n g am p l i fi e r on l y
( d ) T h e i nve r t i n g am p l i fi e r on l y

9. I n an i nve r t i n g am p l i fi e r , R 1 = 5 K ; R f = 5 0K & V i = 2 V , c al c u l a t e t h e V 0 .
( a) - 25 V
( b ) - 20 V
( c ) - 15 V
( d ) - 10 V

1 0. T h e nu mb e r of o p - a m p s r e q u i r e d t o p e r f o r m a d d i ti o n & s u b tr a c t i on
s i mu l ta n e o u s l y
( a) 3
Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
(b) 4
(c) 1
(d) 2

1 1. W h a t i s t h e b as i c e l e m e nt i n i n s t r u m e nta t i on am p l i fi e r ?
( a) O p - a m p
( b ) Tra n s i s t o r
( c ) Tra n s d u c e r
(d) FET

1 2. I n a n i nve rt i n g O p am p Z i = 22 K Ω , Z f = 68 K Ω an d V i = +0 . 5 V P - P. T h e ou t p u t
vo l t ag e w i l l b e a p p rox i m at e l y
( a) - 1 . 5 V P - P
(b) 0
( c ) + 0. 5 V P - P
( d ) + 15 V P - P

1 3. T h e Op am p d i ff e r e nt i at or
( a) I s i n h e r e nt l y u n s t ab l e an d c a n b e s t ab i l i z e d by c o n n e c t i n g a r e s i s t o r
i n s e ri e s w i t h t h e c a p ac i t o r
( b ) I s i n h e r e nt l y u n s t ab l e
( c ) C a n b e s t a bi l i z e d by c o n n e c t i n g a r e s i s t o r i n s e r i e s w i th th e c a p ac i to r
( d ) I s i n h e r e nt l y s t ab l e

1 4. X i s t h e ga i n b a n d w i d t h p ro d u c t o f t h e i nve r ti n g am p l i fi e r a n d z i s t h e
g ai n b an d w i d th p r o d u c t o f t h e n on i nve rt i n g a m p l i fi e r . T h e n
( a) X Z = R 2 R 1
(b) X = Z
(c) X Z = R1 R2
(d) X = ZR2 R1 +R2

1 5. A n o n i nve rt i n g Op am p h a s Z i = 10 K Ω , f e e d b ack r e s i s to r R f = 12 0 K Ω a n d
V i = +0 . 6 V P - P. T h e ou t p u t vol t ag e
( a) + 7. 8 V P - P
( b ) + 7. 2 V P - P
( c ) + 8. 8 V P - P
(d) -7.8VP-P

1 6. T h e i nte gr at o r w i l l h ave a D C g a i n
( a) E q u a l t o z e r o
(b) - 1 ω RC
( c ) E q u a l t o op e n l o op ga i n
( d ) E q u a l t o i n fi n i ty

1 7. I n c as e o f n o n i nve r ti n g s u m m i n g am p l i fi e r t o g e t V 0 = V 1 + V 2 + V 3 t h e
c on d i t i on i s
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Asst Prof, ECE Dept
( a) A l l a r e d i ff e r e nt
( b ) A l l r e s i s t an c e s mu s t b e h a l f t h e R f
( c ) A l l r e s i s t an c e s a r e s a m e
( d ) I n p u t r e s i s t an c e s a r e s a m e

18. A n i d e a l O p a m p i s u s e d t o m a ke a n i nve r t i n g am p l i fi e r . T h e two i n p u t

te rm i n a l s o f t h e Op a m p a re at t h e s am e p o t e nti a l b e c au s e
( a) T h e op e n l o op ga i n o f th e op - am p i s i n fi n i ty
( b ) T h e i n p u t i m p e d a n c e of th e o p - a m p i s i n fin i ty
( c ) C M R R i s i n fi n i ty, op e n l o op ga i n o f t h e op - am p i s i n fi n i ty
( d ) C M R R i s i n fi n i ty

19. T h e i n p u t s i g n al w i l l b e d i ff e r e nt i at e d p r op e r l y i f t h e t i m e p e r i o d T of t h e
input signal is
( a) T ≥ R F C 1
(b) T ≤ RF C1
(c) T ≥ RF CF
(d) T ≥ RF CF

20. I n c as e o f i nve r t i ng s u m m i n g am p l i fi e r i f R 1 = R 2 = R 3 = 3 R f t h e n V 0 i s
( a) V 0 = -[ V 1 + V 2 + V 3 ] / 4
( b ) V 0 = -[ V 1 + V 2 + V 3 ] / 2
( c ) V 0 = -[ V 1 + V 2 + V 3 ] / 3
( d ) V 0 = -[ V 1 + V 2 + V 3 ]

BIBILIOGRAPHY

TEXT BOOKS :
1. Linear Integrated Circuits – D. Roy Chowdhury, New Age International (p) Ltd, 2nd
Edition,2003.
2. Op-Amps & Linear ICs - Ramakanth A. Gayakwad, PHI,1987.
3.Linear Integrated Circuit Applications – S.Salivahanan,TMH Edition

REFERENCES :

1. Design with Operational Amplifiers & Analog Integrated Circuits - Sergio Franco,
McGraw Hill, 1988.
2. Operational Amplifiers & Linear Integrated Circuits–R.F.Coughlin & Fredrick
Driscoll, PHI, 6th Edition.
3. Micro Electronics – Millman, McGraw Hill,1988.
4. Operational Amplifiers – C.G. Clayton, Butterworth & Company Publ. Ltd./ Elsevier,
1971.

UNIT IV
NON - LINEAR APPLICATIONS OF OP - AMPS
Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
Syllabus:
Non - Linear function generation,Comparator,Multivibrators,Triangular and
Square Wave generators,Log and Anti - log amplifiers,Presicion rectifiers
Schedule:

PERIODS
S.N NAME OF THE TOPIC REQUIRE
O D
1 Non - Linear function generation 1
2 Comparator 1
3 Multivibrators 2
4 Triangular and Square Wave generators 2
5 Log amplifiers 1
6 Anti - log amplifiers 1
7 Presicion rectifiers 2

 Total no of periods required 10

Objective:
By this Unit students should gain knowledge on
 Different Non-Linear applications of OP-Amps.
 Analyse or design a square wave and triangular wave generators.
 Analyse or design a different multivibrators,comparator,Log and anti-
log amplifiers.
 Analyse and discuss the significance of precison rectifiers.

Assignment Questions

1. (a) Distinguish between astable, bistable and monostable

multivibrators.
(b) Determine VTH and VTL (TL: Lower threshold, TH: upper
threshold) and hysteresis of the inverting comparator shown in figure 1

Figure 1
2. (a) Design a logarithmic amplifier for positive input voltages in the
range 5mV to 50V.

Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
 (b) With suitable circuit diagram explain the operation of a triangular
wave gen- erator using a comparator and a integrator

3. (a) Design an RC phase shift oscillator for a frequency of 500Hz.

(b) Explain the operation of an op - amp based monostable multivibrator

4. (a) Design a monostable multivibrator with trigger pulse shape which

will drive an LED, ‘ON’ for 0.5 seconds each time it is pulsed.
(b) Derive the frequency of oscillation of a RC phase shift oscillator
and explain the operation of the circuit.

5. Design and explain a saw tooth waveform generator using operational

amplifier and plot the waveforms for the given specifications frequency =
5kHz, Vsat = ±12Volts.

6. (a) Explain, How to obtain triangular wave using a square wave generator.

(b) With the help of a neat circuit diagram explain the working of a
logarithmic amplifier.

7.(a) List the conditions for oscillation in all the three types of oscillators,
namely, RC phase shift, Wien - bridge and quadrature oscillators

(b) Derive the expression of the output voltage of an antilog amplifier using op
- amp.

8. It is possible to obtain any shaped waveform as output for a basic oscillator.

9. (a) Analyze the behavior of an analog phased detector through necessary

circuit diagram, waveforms, mathematical expressions and characteristic curves.

(b) Design an op - amp based relaxation oscillator and derive the frequency
of oscillation.

Quiz Questions
1 . A s t a b l e mu l t i v i b ra t o r h a s
( a) O n e s t a b l e o n e q u a s i
( b ) A s ta b l e s t at e
( c ) A n o s c i l l a t or
( d ) T wo q u as i s t a te

2. T h e c u r r e nt f ol l owe r
( a) R an g e i s l i m i t e d by t h e b i as c u r re nt as t h e l ow e n d
( b ) I s an i d e a l a m me te r c i r c u i t
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Asst Prof, ECE Dept
 ( c ) I t i s a n i d e a l a m m e t e r , R an g e i s l i m i t e d by t h e b i as c u r re nt an d
ou t p ut c u r r e nt
( d ) R an g e i s l i m i t e d by t h e ou t p u t c u r r e nt c a p ab i l i ty a t h i gh e n d

3. I n a M on o s t a b l e mu l t i vi b r a t or , i f V s a t > > V D a n d R 1 = R 2 c a l c u l at e t h e
t i m e e r i o d ( R= 2 k & C = . 00 2 F )
( a) 2 . 76
( b ) 2 . 67 0
( c ) 0 . 27 6
( d ) 2 2. 6 7

4. S ch m i t t r i g ge r i s b a s i c a l l y
( a) A n o s c i l l a t or
( b ) A n a s t a b l e mu l t i vi b r a t or
( c ) A b i s ta b l e mu l t i v i b r at o r
( d ) A m o n o s t ab l e mu l t i v i b r at o r

6 A p e ak d e t e c t or i s a n e l e c tr o n i c c i r c u i t
( a) T h a t t r ack s t h e i n p u t s i g n al f ai t h f u l l y u nt i l i t d e t e c t s a p e ak
( b ) I t h o l d s th e d e t e c t e d p e a k va l u e u nt i l i t d e te c ts a n p e a k o f l a rg e r val u e
( c ) T h a t t r ack s t h e i n p u t s i g n al f ai t h f u l l y
( d ) I t t r a cks t h e i n p u t s i gn a l f a i t h f u l l y u nt i l i t d e t e c ts a p e a k a n d h o l d s
u nt i l n e x t l a r ge r p e ak va l u e

7 T h e w i d t h o f t h e ou t p u t p u l s e of a m o n os t a b l e mu l t i v i b ra t or is g i ve n by
( a) RC
( b ) 3 RC
( c ) √ 2 RC
( d ) 0 . 69 RC

8. I n a A s t ab l e M u l t i v i b ra t or i f R 1 = R 2 t h e n t h e to t al t i m e p e ri o d T =
( a) 3 C
( b ) 3 RC
( c ) 2 RC
(d) 2R

9 C a l c u l a te t h e H y s t e r i s i s vo l t ag e f or a Sch m i t t Tr i gg e r . R 1 = 2 k, R 2 = 1 k an d
V s a t = 15 v
( a) 1 3
(b) 14
(c) 12
(d) 10

10. I n an ac t i ve p e ak d e te c t or , t h e d i s ch ar g i n g t i m e c o n s t ant i s
( a) = t i m e p e ri o d
(b) << timeperiod
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Asst Prof, ECE Dept
( c ) N o r e l a ti o n
( d ) > > t i m e p e ri o d of t h e i n p u t

1 1. I n c as e o f a s t a b l e c i r c u i t , i f R 1 = 1 . 1 6 R 2 t h e e xp r e s s i on f or ti m e p e r i o d
will be
( a) T = RC
( b ) T = 2RC
( c ) T = 3RC
( d ) T = 4RC

12. I n c as e o f l o g a mp l i fi e r c i r c u i t t h e t e m p e r at u r e c o m p e n s at i o n i s p rov id e d
by u s i n g e l e m e nt .
( a) T h e r m i s t o r
( b ) Tra n s i s t o r
( c ) S e n s i s to r
(d) Diode

13. I n a mu l t i v i b r at o r,
( a) Fe e d b ack b e twe e n two s t ag e s i s 0 %
( b ) W h e n on e t ra n s i s t o r i s o n , t h e ot h e r i s o ff
( c ) O u tp u t is avai l a b l e d i s c o nt i nu ou s l y
( d ) Fe e d b ack e m p l oye d i s n e g at i ve

1 4. C i r c u i t u s e d f o r p r o d u c t i on o f d e l ay i s
( a) S ch m i t t t ri g g e r
( b ) A n a s t a b l e mu l t i vi b r a t or
( c ) A m o n o s t ab l e mu l t i v i b r at o r
( d ) A b i s ta b l e mu l t i v i b r at o r

1 5. S ch m i t t t ri g g e r c i r c u i t e mp l oys f e e d b ack m e t h o d .
( a) N e g at i ve
(b) closedloop
( c ) Po s i t i ve
(d) openloop

16. T h e Pe a k D e te c t or c i rc u i t s t or e s t h e f o l l ow i n g va l ue s
( a) h i g h e r n e w va l u e
( b ) L as t two val u e s
( c ) o n l y fi r s t va l u e
( d ) L as t t h re e val u e s

17. T h e Op am p i n a n ac ti ve h al f wave r e c t i fi e r h as a ga i n o f 2 0 0, 0 00 . T h e
c l o s e d l o o p s i n c e vol t a ge i s
( a) 1 4 µ V
(b) 3.5 µV
(c) 1 µV
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Asst Prof, ECE Dept
(d) 7 µV

1 8. T h e f r e q u e n c y o f o s c i l l a t i on i n c a s e of an as ta b l e mu l t i v i b r at o r
d e p e n d s m ai n l y on
( a) R C va l u e s o f t h e c i r c u i t
( b ) Va l u e of V c c p owe r s u p p l y
( c ) Va l u e of t ra n s i s t o r β
( d ) C o l l e c t o r re s i s t or s

1 9. A c om p a r at o r
( a) C o m p ar e s t h e o n l y D C vo l ta ge l e ve l s of two s i gn a l s
( b ) C o m p ar e s t h e o n l y AC vo l ta g e l e ve l s of two s i gn a l s
( c ) M a ke s u s e o f a n O p a m p w i t h h i g h s le w r a te
( d ) C o m p ar e s t h e vol t a ge l e ve l s of two s i g n a l s

2 0. L og a m p l i fi e r s a r e u s e d i n
( a) A n a l og u e d a t a c om p r e s s i on , c o m p ut a t i on an d tr a n s d u c e r
l i n e ar i z a t i on
( b ) E x p o n e nt i al t r a n s d u c e r l i n e ar i z a ti o n
( c ) A n a l og u e c om p u t at i o n
( d ) A n a l og u e d a t a c om p r e s s i on

21. I n a S ch m i tt Tr i gg e r t h e U p p e r T h r e s h ol d Vo l ta g e i s gi ve n by
( a) [ R 1 / ( R 1 - R 2 ) ] ( + V s a t )
(b) [R1/(R1-R2 )](-Vsat )
(c) [R1/(R1+R2 )](+Vsat )
(d) [R1/(R1+R2 )](-Vsat )

22. A n O p a m p z e ro c ro s s i n g d e te c t or i s b as i c al l y
( a) A s i n e wave t o r a m p wave c o nve r t e r
( b ) A s i n e wave t o s q ua r e wave c o nve r t e r
( c ) A s i n e wave t o t r i a n gu l a r wave c onve r te r
( d ) A s qu a r e wave t o s i n e wave c o nve r t e r
BIBILIOGRAPHY

TEXT BOOKS :
1. Linear Integrated Circuits – D. Roy Chowdhury, New Age International (p) Ltd, 2nd
Edition,2003.
2. Op-Amps & Linear ICs - Ramakanth A. Gayakwad, PHI,1987.
3.Linear Integrated Circuit Applications – S.Salivahanan,TMH Edition

REFERENCES :

1. Design with Operational Amplifiers & Analog Integrated Circuits - Sergio Franco,
McGraw Hill, 1988.

Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
2. Operational Amplifiers & Linear Integrated Circuits–R.F.Coughlin & Fredrick
Driscoll, PHI, 6th Edition.
3. Micro Electronics – Millman, McGraw Hill,1988.
4. Operational Amplifiers – C.G. Clayton, Butterworth & Company Publ. Ltd./ Elsevier,
1971.

UNIT V
OSCILLATORS AND WAVEFORM GENERATORS

Syllabus:
Introduction,Butter worth filters - 1st order,2nd order LPF,HPF filters.Band
pass,Band reject and all pass filters.Applications of VCO(566).
Schedule:

PERIODS
S.N NAME OF THE TOPIC REQUIRE
O D
1 Introduction 1
2 Butter worth filters 1st order LPF 1
3 Butter worth filters 1st order HPF 1
4 Butter worth filters 2nd order LPF 2
5 Butter worth filters 2nd order HPF 1
6 Bandpass,Band reject filters 2
7 all pass filters 1
8 Applications of VCO(566) 1

 Total no of periods required 10

Objective:
By this Unit students should gain knowledge on

 Draw the frequency response of an ideal low-pass,a high-pass,a band-

pass,a band-reject,and an all-pass filter.
 Design a 1st order & 2nd order low-pass and a high-pass Butter worth
active filters to satisfy the given requirements.
 Analyse a band-pass and band-reject filters.
 Significance of all-pass filters.
 VCO and their applications.

Assignment Questions

1. (a) Explain the advantages of active filter. Explain different configurations

of active filter. Discuss their merits and demerits.

Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
 (b) List out the applications of VCO 566

2. (a) Draw a band - pass filter circuit with its frequency response curve.
Explain its working.

(b) Design a first order wide band reject filter with a higher cutoff frequency of
100Hz and a lower cutoff frequency of 1kHz. Calculate the Q of the filter.

3. (a) Explain the term “Frequency Scaling” with a suitable example.

(b) Design a wide band-pass filter with fH =200Hz , fL =1KHz and a pass-
band gain=4. Draw the frequency response and calculate Q factor for the filter.

4. (a) List the conditions for oscillation in all the three types of oscillators,
namely, RC phase shift, Wien - bridge and quadrature oscillators

(b) Design an op - amp based relaxation oscillator and derive the frequency of
oscillation.

5.(a) Define Bessel, Butterworth and Chebysher filters, and compare their
frequency response.

(b) Sketch the circuit diagram of band elimination filter and design a wide band-
reject having fH =200Hz and fL =1KHz. Assume necessary data

6. (a) Design a fourth order Butterworth low pass filter whose bandwidth is 1kHz.
Select all capacitors equal to 1000nF.

(b) Explain the operation of narrow band pass filter and obtain the frequency
response.

7. (a) Derive the expression for the transfer function of 2nd order Low pass filter.

(b) Give the functional block diagram of VCO NE 566 and explain its working
and necessary expression for free running or center frequenc.y

8. (a) Draw the wide band reject filter circuit and also the frequency response of
it.
(b) Draw the schematic diagram of an all pass filter and determine the phase
shift φ between the input and output at f = 2kHz.

9 Derive the expression for the transfer function of 2nd order High pass filter.

Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
10. (a) Derive an expression for the voltage to frequency conversion factor
of 566 VCO.

(b) What is pass band and stop band for a filter? How are filters are classified

11 (a) Draw the schematic diagram of Wein bridge oscillator and derive the
expres- sion for frequency of oscillation.

(b) What are the conditions to be satisfied by a circuit to produce oscillations?

12. (a) Explain the operation of Quadrature oscillator with neat diagram.

(b) Design a notch filter for fo = 8kHz and Q = 10. Choose C= 500pF

Quiz Questions

1. In general, the change is ---- for the nth order filter.

(a) 40n db/decade
(b) 60n db/decade
(c) 20n db/decade
(d) 80n db/decade

2. Gain magnitude value at f=fH in L.P.F

(a) < Af
(b) Af
(c) 0.707Af
(d) 0.077Af

3. The voltage gain magnitude equation of second order LPF |Vo/Vin| is

(a) Af/(1 + (f/fh)4)1/2
(b) Af/(1 + (fh/f)4)1/2
(c) Af/(1 + (f/fh)2)1/2
(d) Af/(1 + (f.fh)4)1/

4. Quality of Q ,in the narrow band Band Elimination filter

(a) Q = 1/(3(3 − AF ))
(b) Q = 1/(2(1 − AF))
(c) Q = 1/(2(2 − AF ))
(d) Q = 1/(2(AF − 1))

5. The phase angle is given in All pas filter

(a) Ø= −2 tan−1(2 π/fRC)
(b) Ø = −2 tan−1(RC/2 π f)

Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
(c) Ø = −2 tan−1(2 π fRC)
(d) Ø = −2 tan−1(2 π f/RC)

6. What is the active filter advantage over the passive filter.

(a) increased size and increased weight.
(b) reduced size and increased weight.
(c) increased size and reduced weight
(d) reduced size and reduced weight.

7. Band pass filter condition for stop band is

(a) 0< fL < f, fH >f
(b) 0<f< fL, f > fH
(c) 0< fL < f, f > fH
(d) 0< f < fH, fH >f

8.Calculate frequency scaling for the example, convert the 1KHz cut off
frequency of the LPF, to a cut off frequency of 1.6KHz.
(a) 160
(b) 0.625
(c) 1.6
(d) 62.5

9. The relation of quality factor

(a) Q = BW/fc
(b) Q = fc.BW
(c) Q = fc/BW
(d) q = f 2c .BW

5. the frequency of VCO (566) , fo =

(a) 2VccRC/(Vcc − Vc)
(b) 2Vcc/CR(Vcc − Vc)
(c) 2(Vcc − Vc)/RcVcc
(d) 2(Vcc − Vc)RC/Vcc

10. Band stop or elimination filter conditions for pass bands

(a) 0< fL < f, fH >f
(b) 0< fL < f, f > fH
(c) 0< f < fL, fH >f
(d) 0< f < fL, f > fH

11. Calculate Rf value in the second order HPF

(a) Rf= 0.44R1
(b) Rf= 1.586R1
(c) Rf= 0.586R1
(d) Rf= 1.44R1
12. VCO available in IC form is NE/SE 566
Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
(a) intel
(b) Motorola
(c) signetic
(d) fair child

13. Following is called as passive filter

(a) RC component LPF
(b) chebyschev LPF
(c) cauver LPF
(d) butter worth LPF

14. High pass filter representation with stop band and pass band is
(a) 0< fL < f, f > fL
(b) 0 < f < fL, f > fL
(c) 0<f< fL, fL >f
(d) 0 < fL < f, f > fL
15. In the second order high pass filter, through which component output is
feedback towards the input (in filter circuit)
(a) Inductor
(b) Rf resistor
(c) Capacitor
(d) R2 resistor

16. In narrow band pass filter---- no. of feedback paths are

(a) 1
(b) 3
(c) 2
(d) 4

17. NE/SE 566 VCO is --- pin IC

(a) 4
(b) 20
(c) 16
(d) 8

18. Chebyshev filter is preferred because

(a) flat pass band, ripple stop band
(b) ripple pass band, flat stop band
(c) ripple pass band, ripple stop band
(d) flat pass band, flat stop band

19. In the second order high pass filter, through which component output is
feedback towards the input (in filter circuit)
(a) Capacitor
(b) Inductor
(c) R2 resistor
Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
(d) Rf resistor

20. Design first order wide band pass filter

(a) HPF O/P connected to I/P of LPF
(b) LPF O/P connected to I/P of HPF
(c) HPF O/P connected to I/P of HPF
(d) LPF O/P connected to I/P of LPF

21. Voltage to frequency conversion factor in vco(566)

(a) kc = Δfo/ΔVc
(b) kc=fo/Δfc
(c) Kc =Δ fc/Δfo
(d) kv =Δ Vc Δ.fo

22. Active filter having one extra filter comparing passive filters is
(a) BPF
(b) All pass filter
(c) LPF
(d) HPF

23. Cauver filter is preferred because

(a) ripple pass band, ripple stop band
(b) flat pass band, ripple stop band
(c) flat pass band, flat stop band
(d) ripple pass band, flat stop band

24. Calculate Q value of the first order band pass filter when f H= 2000Hz and fL =
400Hz
(a) 0.559
(b) 894
(c) 55.9
(d) 5.59

BIBILIOGRAPHY

TEXT BOOKS :
1. Linear Integrated Circuits – D. Roy Chowdhury, New Age International (p) Ltd, 2nd
Edition,2003.
2. Op-Amps & Linear ICs - Ramakanth A. Gayakwad, PHI,1987.
3.Linear Integrated Circuit Applications – S.Salivahanan,TMH Edition

REFERENCES :

1. Design with Operational Amplifiers & Analog Integrated Circuits - Sergio Franco,
McGraw Hill, 1988.

Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
2. Operational Amplifiers & Linear Integrated Circuits–R.F.Coughlin & Fredrick
Driscoll, PHI, 6th Edition.
3. Micro Electronics – Millman, McGraw Hill,1988.
4. Operational Amplifiers – C.G. Clayton, Butterworth & Company Publ. Ltd./ Elsevier,
1971.

UNIT VI
TIMERS & PHASE LOCKED LOOPS

Syllabus:
Introduction to 555 timer,functional diagram,Monostable and Astable operations
and applications,Schmitt Trigger.PLL - introduction,block schematic,principles
and description of individual blocks,565 PLL, Applications of PLL - frequency
multiplication,frequency translation,AM, FM & FSK demodulators.

Schedule:

PERIODS
S.N NAME OF THE TOPIC REQUIRE
O D
1 Introduction to 555 timer,functional diagram 1
2 555 timer Monostable operation and applications 1
3 555 timer Astable operation and applications 1
4 Schmitt Trigger.PLL - introduction 1
5 PLL block schematic principles and description of 2
individual blocks
6 565 PLL 1
7 Applications of PLL - frequency 1
multiplication,frequency translation
8 Applications of PLL - AM, FM & FSK demodulators 2

 Total no of periods required 10

Objective:
By this Unit students should gain knowledge on

 Explain the operation of the 555 timer as a monostable and an astable

multivibrator.
 Astable and monostable multivibrator applications.
 Explain the operating principles of a PLL and operation of 565 PLL.
 Analyse or design a frequency multiplier and frequency translation ckt
using a 5675 PLL.
 Different applications of PLL.
Assignment Questions
Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
1. (a) Explain the significance of each of comparators and operation of 555
timer.
(b) Explain the application of 555 timer as linear ramp generator.

2. (a) Explain the operation of a zero crossing detector.

(b) Briefly mention the disadvantages of using zero crossing detector and how it
is overcome in Schmitt trigger.

3. (a) Explain the operation of Monostable multivibrator using 555 timer.

Derive the expression of time delay of a Monostable multivibrator using 555
timer.

(b) Design monostable multivibrator using 555 timer to produce a pulse width of
100 m sec

4. (a) Explain how phase locked loop is used as a frequency translator and
AM demodulator.

5. (a) Give the functional block diagram of NE 565 PLL (DIP) and for the
given components values. C1 = 390PF, C2 = 680PF and R1 = 10k, Vcc = ±6V
Find
i. The free running frequency
ii. The lock range and capture range
Where C1 is capacitor connected between pin number 9 and -Vcc , C2 is the
ca- pacitor connected between +Vcc and ouput pin 7, and R1 is connected
between pin number 8 and +Vcc .

(b) Give the functional block diagram of VCO NE 565 and explain its working
and necessary expression for free running or center frequency.

6. (a) Draw the block schematic of a PLL describing the function of each
block briefly.

(b) What is the purpose of low pass filter in a phase locked loop? Describe
different types of low pass filters used in PLL.

7. (a) Draw the dc voltage versus phase difference characteristic of balanced

modu- lator phase detector of a PLL indicating all important regions.

(b) Draw the dc output voltage of VCO versus frequency characteristic of a PLL
indicating the capture and lock range clearly.

8. (a) Configure a 555 timer as a Schmitt trigger and explain.

Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
 (b) Explain frequency translation and FSK demodulation using 565 PLL
9.(a) Draw the circuit of PLL as frequency multiplier and explain its working.
(b) Design an op - amp based relaxation oscillator.

10. Describe any two applications of 555 timer in

(a) Astable multivibrator configuration
(b) Monostable multivibrator configuration

11. Draw the functional block diagram of 555 IC timer. Explain the function of
each block so also explain hoe it can be used as monostable multivibrator.
Draw the circuit and explain its operation with neat relevant waveforms and
derive the pulse width.

12 How is an astable multivibrator using 555 timer connected in to a pulse posi-

tion modulator

Quiz Questions
1. In 14 pin 555 Ic , pin 5is
(a) NC
(b) control voltage
(c) threshold
(d) Vcc

2. If the voltage at the trigger input is greater than 2/3 vcc, the output of the timer
is
(a) low
(b) zero
(c) high
(d) unpredectable

3. The time period of the monostable MV using 555 timer can be varied by the
voltage applied to the terminal
(a) control
(b) discharge
(c) ground
(d) threshold

4. The lock range of a PLL

(a) increase with increase in input voltage
(b) decrease with decrease in supply voltage
(c) voltage mirror
(d) increase with increase in supply voltage
Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
5. Voltage control oscillator of LM 565 PLL center frequency
(a) 1000KHz
(b) 500KHz
(c) 200KHz
(d) 100KHz

6. Timing range of 555 timer is

(a) above one hour.
(b) micro seconds to hours
(c) nano to micro seconds
(d) micro to milli seconds

7. The output of the timer is ----- as long as the trigger input is low
(a) unpredictable
(b) high
(c) low
(d) zero

8. Calculate the frequency of astable MV for symmetrical squarewave f = ----

when RA= RB=7.25kiloohms,c=0.1microfarad
(a) 0.5 KHZ
(b) 2KHZ
(c) 1.5KHZ
(d) 1KHZ

9. Calculate free running frequency in PLL R1=10kohms C1=0.01μfarad

(a) 5khz
(b) 6khz
(c) 3khz
(d) 10khz

10. Calculate capture range frequency of the PLL when f2 =3.07khz ,f1= 2.93k hz
(a) fc= 1hz
(b) fc= 0hz
(c) fc= 72.83hz
(d) fc= 6khz

11. In 8 pin 555 Ic,pin 7is

(a) control voltage
(b) Vcc
(c) Threshold
(d) discharge

12. Threshold terminal

(a) monitors the output voltage
Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
(b) monitors the voltage at the discharge terminal
(c) monitors the voltage across c
(d) has no special role to play

13. Estimate dutycycle of astable MV when T= ton+toff

(a) RA*RB*100
(b) RB*100/(RA+2RB)
(c) RA*100/(RB+2RA)
(d) 100/(RA+2RB)

14. Wide supply voltage range ---- of IC 566

(a) 10v to 0v
(b) 10v to 24 v
(c) 5v to 12v
(d) 0 to 5v

15. Vcc supply of LM565 PLL

(a) +/-2V
(b) +/- 3V
(c) +/- 10V
(d) +/- 6V

16. Ic 555 works with the following voltages(dc)

(a) +5v -0-(-5)v
(b) -10v
(c) 25v
(d) +5v to +18v

17. The purpose of the transistor q connected to the discharge terminal is to

(a) maintain threshold level
(b) discharge the external capacitor
(c) maintain trigger level
(d) charge the external capacitor

18. Following is astable MV application

(a) Linear ramp generator
(b) Pulse width modulation
(c) FSK generator
(d) Missing pulse detector

19. Following block is not present in PLL

(a) amplifier
(b) high pass filter
(c) low pass filter
(d) phase detector
Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
20. No of LPF blocks are present in frequency translation using PLL
(a) 1
(b) 3
(c) 2
(d) 4

21. The time during which the output of a monostable multi vibrator(555) remains
high is given by
(a) RC
(b) 1.1RC
(c) R/C
(d) 1.5RC

22. IC ----- PLL

(a) 1496
(b) 565
(c) 1596
(d) 566

23. The ---- means shifting the frequency of an oscillator by a small factor
(a) frequency synthesizer
(b) FM detector
(c) frequency multiplier
(d) Frequency Translation

24. The out put of timer depends on this property of the external trigger pulse:
(a) amplitude.
(b) width
(c) frequency
(d) phase

25. In the monostable multivibrator R=100 kilo ohms, T=100msec. calculate the
value of c.
(a) 0.09 μ farad
(b) 2μfarad
(c) 1.1 μ farad
(d) 0.9μ farad

26. Astable MV (555 timer ) generates a frequency for unsymmetrical

squarewave
(a) 1.45/(RA+RB)C
(b) 1.45/(RA+2RB)C
(c) 1.45/2RBC
(d) 1.45/2RAC

Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
27. The centre frequency of the PLL is determined by the free-running frequency
of the Vco
(a) f0=1.2/3RC
(b) f0=1.2/2RC
(c) f0=1.2/RC
(d) f0=1.2/4RC

28. Calculate capture range frequency of the PLL when f2 =3.07khz ,f1= 2.93k hz
(a) fc= 0hz
(b) fc= 72.83hz
(c) fc= 6khz
(d) fc= 1hz

BIBILIOGRAPHY

TEXT BOOKS :
1. Linear Integrated Circuits – D. Roy Chowdhury, New Age International (p) Ltd, 2nd
Edition,2003.
2. Op-Amps & Linear ICs - Ramakanth A. Gayakwad, PHI,1987.
3.Linear Integrated Circuit Applications – S.Salivahanan,TMH Edition

REFERENCES :

1. Design with Operational Amplifiers & Analog Integrated Circuits - Sergio Franco,
McGraw Hill, 1988.
2. Operational Amplifiers & Linear Integrated Circuits–R.F.Coughlin & Fredrick
Driscoll, PHI, 6th Edition.
3. Micro Electronics – Millman, McGraw Hill,1988.
4. Operational Amplifiers – C.G. Clayton, Butterworth & Company Publ. Ltd./ Elsevier,
1971.

UNIT VII
D to A & A to D CONVERTERS

Syllabus:
Introductio, BASIC DAC techniques, Weighted resistor DAC,R - 2R ladder DAC,
inverted R - 2R DAC, and IC 1408 DAC, Different types of ADCs - parallel
comparator type ADC, counter type ADC, successive approximation ADC and
dual slope ADC,DAC and ADC Specifications, Specifications of AD 574 ( 12 bit
ADC).

Schedule:

PERIODS
S.N NAME OF THE TOPIC REQUIRE

Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
 O D

1 Introduction, BASIC DAC techniques 1

2 Weighted resistor DAC 1
3 R - 2R ladder DAC, inverted R - 2R DAC 2
4 IC 1408 DAC, Different types of ADCs 1
5 parallel comparator type ADC, counter type ADC 2
6 successive approximation ADC and dual slope ADC 2
7 DAC and ADC Specifications 1
8 Specifications of AD 574 ( 12 bit ADC) 1

 Total no of periods required 11

Objective:
By this Unit students should gain knowledge on

 Explain the operation of different types of ADCs and DACs

 Comparision of different typers of DACs
 Comparision of different typers of ADCs
 DAC & ADC specifications and applications of ADC & DACs
 Discussion about DAC IC and ADC IC and their pin diagrams.

Assignment Questions
1. (a) Explain the operation of a Successive Approximation type analog to
digital converter.

(b) Calculate the no. of bits required to represent a full scale voltage of 10V with
a resolution of 5mV approximately.

2. (a) Draw a schematic diagram of a D/A converter. Use resistance values

whose ratios are multiples of 2. Explain the operation of the converter.

(b) Draw the block diagram of a converting 4-bit A/D converter and explain its
operation. Sketch the output waveform.

3. Write shorts on:

(a) Tracking type analog to digital converters.

(b) Comparison of conversion times and hardware complexities of various

analog to digital converters.

4.(a) Define important performance specifications of Digital to Analog

converters listing their typical values.

Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
(b) Describe the operation of an R - 2R ladder type DAC.

5. (a) What are the basic blocks preceding an Analog to Digital converter in a
typical application like digital audio recording?

(b) Draw the circuit of weighted resistor DAC and derive expression for output
analog voltage Vo

6.(a) Sketch and explain the transfer characteristic of a DAC with necessary
equa- tions.

(b) LSB of a 9 - bit DAC is represented by 19.6mv. If an input of 9 zero bits is

represented by 0 volts.
i. Find the output of the DAC for an input 10110 1101 and 01101 1011.
ii. What is the Full scale reading (FSR) of this DAC?

7.(a) Write short notes on A/D converters.

(b) Define the following terms as related to DAC:
i. Linearity
ii. Resolution.
(c) With the help of a neat circuit diagram and waveforms, explain the operation
of a dual slope ADC. What are its special features

8. (a) Explain the difference between Analog to Digital converter and Digital
to Analog converters through underlying equations.
(b) Illustrate one application each of Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog
converters.

Quiz Questions
1. Both ADC and DAC are known as
(a) Flash converters
(b) Message converters
(c) Memory converters
(d) Data converters

2. The least significant-bit voltage is given by VSB= -- in DAC

(a) VR_2n
(b) VR/2
(c) 2VR
(d) VR/2n

3. In a 3 bit ADC, the entire range of voltage should be divided In to ---- intervals
(a) 8
(b) 4
Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
(c) 6
(d) 7

4. Number of comparators preferred in 3 bit ADC is

(a) 3
(b) 7
(c) 6
(d) 8

5. The basic step of a 10 bit DAC is 8.2mV and 0000000000 reads 0V then
0101101111 will read
(a) 2.902V
(b) 3.902V
(c) 3.092V
(d) 2.092V

6. Weighted Resistor DAC makes use of ---- voltage.

(a) -ve reference
(b) +ve reference
(c) Double
(d) 0 reference

7. An 8-bit DAC has resolution of 20mV/LSB. Find VOFS

(a) 4.1V
(b) 3.1V
(c) 6.1V
(d) 5.1V

8. Reference current of Ic 1408

(a) 4mA
(b) 6mA
(c) 2mA
(d) 10mA

9. If the conversion time of 8-bit flash ADC is 10μs, find the maximum frequency
of a sinusoidal voltage than can be digitized
(a) 42.17 Hz
(b) 32.17 Hz
(c) 62.17 Hz
(d) 52.17 Hz

10. The fastest ADC is

(a) ADC1103
(b) ADC141
(c) MOD 1020
(d) CA330D
Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
11. The processing in which a number of analog signals, one at a time, are
connected to common load is called
(a) De-Multiplexing
(b) Analog Multiplexing
(c) Multiplexing
(d) Analog Detection

12. A 4-bit DAC has a hypothetical voltage of 8V. Calculate VLSB= --- per step
(a) 0.5V
(b) 1V
(c) 2V
(d) 0.25V

13. One of the following is odd converter

(a) single slope
(b) successive approximation
(c) R/2R ladder
(d) dual slope

14. Indirect ADC method is

(a) Dual slope ADC
(b) Counter type ADC
(c) Successive approximation ADC
(d) Tracking or Servo type ADC

15. The cheapest ADC is

(a) Successive approximation type
(b) Flash type
(c) Dual type
(d) V/F type

16. In sampling theorem, Nyquist frequency is

(a) FS
(b) FS/2
(c) FS/3
(d) FS/4

17. Resolution in ADC

(a) 2Vifs/(2n−1)
(b) Vifs/(2n−1)2
(c) Vifs/(2n−1)
(d) nVifs/(2n−1)

18. The reference voltage for a dual slope ADC is 100mV. If t1=50ms, find t2 if
the input voltage is 150mV
Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
(a) 150ms
(b) 50ms
(c) 75ms
(d) 60ms

19.12 bit DAC operates between +5V. The reading when the input is
001001011100 is
(a) -1.479V
(b) 3.521V
(c) -3.521V
(d) 1.479V

20. The full-scale range of a DAC is 16V. If the DAC is a 4-bit circuit, calculate
the magnitude of the output voltage represented by LSB
(a) 15V
(b) 8.0V
(c) 12V
(d) 1.0V

21. Let VR=10V, n=4 and resolution=0.5. Calculate R/RF in the R-2R ladder DAC
(a) 1.25
(b) 1.9
(c) 12.5
(d) 125

22. An 8 bit ADC out put all 1‘s whenVi=2.55v Find its resolution ---- mv/LSB
(a) 100
(b) 1
(c) 10
(d) 20

23. If the conversion time of 8-bit flash ADC is 10μs, find the maximum frequency
of a sinusoidal voltage than can be digitized
(a) 42.17 Hz
(b) 52.17 Hz
(c) 62.17 Hz
(d) 32.17 Hz

24. AD 574 is ----- bit ADC

(a) 4
(b) 10
(c) 8
(d) 12

25. Noise can be reduced by transmitting as

(a) Semi-digital signals
Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
(b) Semi-analog signals
(c) Digital signals
(d) Analog signals

26. Number of comparators preferred in 3 bit ADC is

(a) 8
(b) 3
(c) 7
(d) 6

BIBILIOGRAPHY

TEXT BOOKS :
1. Linear Integrated Circuits – D. Roy Chowdhury, New Age International (p) Ltd, 2nd
Edition,2003.
2. Op-Amps & Linear ICs - Ramakanth A. Gayakwad, PHI,1987.
3.Linear Integrated Circuit Applications – S.Salivahanan,TMH Edition

REFERENCES :

1. Design with Operational Amplifiers & Analog Integrated Circuits - Sergio Franco,
McGraw Hill, 1988.
2. Operational Amplifiers & Linear Integrated Circuits–R.F.Coughlin & Fredrick
Driscoll, PHI, 6th Edition.
3. Micro Electronics – Millman, McGraw Hill,1988.
4. Operational Amplifiers – C.G. Clayton, Butterworth & Company Publ. Ltd./ Elsevier,
1971.

UNIT VIII
ANALOG MULTIPLIERS AND MODULATORS

Syllabus:
Four Quadrant multiplier, balanced modulator, IC 1496, Applications of analog
switches and Multiplexers, Sample & Hold amplifiers.
Schedule:

PERIODS
S.N NAME OF THE TOPIC REQUIRE
O D
1 Four Quadrant multiplier 1
2 balanced modulator 2
3 IC 1496 1
4 Applications of analog switches and Multiplexers 2
5 Sample & Hold amplifiers 2

Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
  Total no of periods required 8

Objective:
By this Unit students should gain knowledge on

 Complete theory and idea about four quadrant multiplier

 Explain the operation of balanced modulator and balanced modulator
IC 1496.use in analog communications.
 Brief discussion about S& H amplifiers.
Different applications of analog switches and multipliers.

Assignment Questions
1. (a) What is Gyrator circuit? Explain its operation with a neat circuit diagram.

(b) What is a sample and hold circuit? Why is it needed? With neat circuit
diagram, describe the operation of an op - amp based sample and hold circuit.

2. (a) Explain the use of IC 1496 as AM modulator,.

(b) What do you mean by sampling?

3.(a) Explain the operation of balanced modulator with neat sketch.

(b) Explain the logic diagram and functional table of 4 to 1 line multiplexer.

4. (a) What are the different types of multiplexers?

8. (b) Give the working principle of Analog multiplexer. Give block diagram of a
16 input analog multiplexer using CMOS gated and explain how it works.

5.What are all basic blocks of analog multiplexer? Explain how the data
selections process is performed it.

6. Write short notes on

(a) IC 1496 and its applications
(b) Sample and hold circuit.

7. (a) Describe the operation of four quadrant multiplier with neat diagram.

(b) Explain the operation of IC 1496 as mixer circuit.

8. Draw the circuit diagram IC 1496 balanced modulator circuit and explain its

Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
operations. Sketch the output waveform for the square wave inputs with a
phase difference ‘φ’.

9. (a) Explain different applications of multiplier circuits.

(b) What is analog switch? Explain the different analog switches with suitable
diagrams.

Quiz Questions
1. Four quadrant device accepts ---- signal
(a) Two polar
(b) One polar
(c) Two bipolar
(d) One bipolar

2. IC 1496 worked as also

(a) VCO
(b) PLL
(c) Product detector
(d) FM demodulator

3. Analog multiplier is used as

(a) JFET
(b) diode
(c) Rectifier
(d) Transistor

4. Calculate the change output Vo= ---- When change Vi=5v and FRR=80db
(a) 0.5mv
(b) 5mv
(c) 0.05mv
(d) 50mv

5. Calculate the FRR when change Vi=5v and Vo=0.5mv

(a) 0db
(b) 10db
(c) 80db
(d) 160db

6.----- is specified as the deviation of the actual output from that of the ideal
(a) Linearity
(b) Offset terms
(c) Bandwidth
(d) Accuracy

Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
7. The MC 1496 in a balanced modulator circuit maximum modulating signal
levels, the Recommended i/p signal levels are---- rms, for the carrier --- rms
(a) 300mv, 300mv
(b) 60 mv ,300 mv
(c) 60mv, 60 mv
(d) 300mv , 60mv

8. The switch is closed in JFET when VGS=

(a) Zero
(b) more negative
(c) infinity
(d) Constant

9. Sample and hold circuits ----- the crosstalk in the multiplexer

(a) increase
(b) constant
(c) zero
(d) reduces

10. Because of propagation delays through the driver and switch Vo will keep
tracking Vi some time after the inception of the hold command. This is the
(a) hold mode settling time
(b) aperture uncertainty
(c) acquisition time
(d) aperture time

11. Balanced modulator IC

(a) MC 2000
(b) MC 1429
(c) MC 1428
(d) MC 1496

12. MC 1595L is used as

(a) only divider
(b) sub tractor
(c) Only multiplier
(d) Multiplier and divider

13. In general for monolithic S/H circuits aperture time(tap)and aperture

Uncertainty(Δtap) are of the order of
(a) ns ; ps
(b) ms ;ns
(c) ns; ms
(d) ps; ns

Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
14. MC 1596 device can also be realized as a frequency
(a) mono
(b) scalar
(c) constant
(d) doubler

15. A device is used as a divider

(a) RC 42000
(b) RC 4200
(c) RC 420
(d) RC 650

16 Calculate the change output Vo= When change Vi=5v and FRR=80db
(a) 50mv
(b) 5mv
(c) 0.05mv
(d) 0.5mv

17. Because of propagation delays through the driver and switch Vo will keep
tracking Vi some time after the inception of the hold command. This is the
(a) aperture time
(b) acquisition time
(c) aperture uncertainty
(d) hold mode settling time

18. Due to ---- it is difficult to compensate Aperture time by advance hold

command
(a) hold mode settling time(ts)
(b) aperture time
(c) aperture uncertainty
(d) a acquisition time

19. Sample and hold circuits ---- the crosstalk in the multiplexer
(a) reduces
(b) constant
(c) zero
(d) increase

20. Feed through is usually expressed in terms of the feed through rejection ratio
(FRR)
(a) 20log2 (Δv0/Δvi)
(b) 20log2 (Δvi/Δvo)
(c) 20log10 (Δvi/Δvo)
(d) 20log10 (Δvo/Δvi)

Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept
BIBILIOGRAPHY

TEXT BOOKS :
1. Linear Integrated Circuits – D. Roy Chowdhury, New Age International (p) Ltd, 2nd
Edition,2003.
2. Op-Amps & Linear ICs - Ramakanth A. Gayakwad, PHI,1987.
3.Linear Integrated Circuit Applications – S.Salivahanan,TMH Edition

REFERENCES :

1. Design with Operational Amplifiers & Analog Integrated Circuits - Sergio Franco,
McGraw Hill, 1988.
2. Operational Amplifiers & Linear Integrated Circuits–R.F.Coughlin & Fredrick
Driscoll, PHI, 6th Edition.
3. Micro Electronics – Millman, McGraw Hill,1988.
4. Operational Amplifiers – C.G. Clayton, Butterworth & Company Publ. Ltd./ Elsevier,
1971.

Prepared By K.SRINIVAS
Asst Prof, ECE Dept