You are on page 1of 48

62SWLFDO1HWZRUNV








7$%/(2)),*85(6  ,,

/,672)7$%/(6,,,

/,672)$%%5(9,$7,216$1'*/266$5< ,9

 ,1752'8&7,21  
 3'+3/(6,2&521286',*,7$/+,(5$5&+< ........................................................................................... 13
 +,6725<2)6'+ .................................................................................................................................... 14
 7+(%$6,&,7875(&200(1'$7,216)256'+ ...................................................................................... 15
 7+(%(1(),762)6'+............................................................................................................................. 16
 6<1&+521286',*,7$/+,(5$5&+< 
 670)5$0(6758&785( ....................................................................................................................... 17
 +,*+(5/(9(/670)5$0(6 ..................................................................................................................... 18
 &216758&7,212)$1670)5$0( ....................................................................................................... 19
 75,%87$5<81,76 .................................................................................................................................... 21
 29(5+($'6,1670)5$0( .................................................................................................................. 23
 3DWKRYHUKHDG32+ .................................................................................................................. 23
 0XOWLSOH[HU6HFWLRQ2YHUKHDG................................................................................................... 24
 5HJHQHUDWRU6HFWLRQ2YHUKHDG562+.................................................................................... 24
 1(7:25.(/(0(176,16'+ ................................................................................................................... 25
 7HUPLQDOPXOWLSOH[HU .................................................................................................................. 25
 5HJHQHUDWRU ................................................................................................................................ 26
 $GGDQG'URSPXOWLSOH[HU ......................................................................................................... 26
 'LJLWDOFURVVFRQQHFW.................................................................................................................. 26
 6'+1(7:25.63$1................................................................................................................................ 27
 32,17,1*7+(3$</2$')520670$1'7+(32,17(523(5$7,216 ...................................................... 29
 $8SRLQWHU................................................................................................................................ 29
 78SRLQWHU................................................................................................................................ 31
 78DQG78SRLQWHUV ............................................................................................................ 31
 &RQFDWHQDWLRQRI78V............................................................................................................. 32
 6'+1(7:25.7232/2*,(6$1'6758&785(6 ......................................................................................... 33
 3RLQWWRSRLQWFRQQHFWLRQ.......................................................................................................... 33
 &KDLQQHWZRUN............................................................................................................................. 34
 5LQJQHWZRUN............................................................................................................................... 35
 0HVKQHWZRUN ............................................................................................................................. 35
 (55256:+(175$160,77,1*'$7$,16'+1(7:25. ........................................................................ 36
 29(59,(:2)'$7$75$16)(5 ............................................................................................................. 36
 '(),1,7,216,1(5525(;$0,1$7,21 .................................................................................................. 36
 $/$506............................................................................................................................................... 38
 7KHFRQVHTXHQFHVRIWKHDODUPV ............................................................................................. 38
 3527(&7,212)&211(&7,21 .............................................................................................................. 39
 /LQHDUSURWHFWLRQ ........................................................................................................................ 40
 5LQJSURWHFWLRQ ........................................................................................................................... 40
 8QLGLUHFWLRQDOULQJV .................................................................................................................... 40
 %LGLUHFWLRQDOULQJV ..................................................................................................................... 41
 6<1&+521,=$7,21 .............................................................................................................................. 42
 &203$7,%,/,7<$1'&283/,1*2)6'+1(7:25.6 ............................................................................. 43
 $7029(56'+ ................................................................................................................................. 44
 5()(5(1&(6 

I
7$%/(2)),*85(6

),*85(08/7,3/(;,1*2)3'+ ........................................................................................................................ 13
),*85(670)5$0( ....................................................................................................................................... 17
),*85(&216758&7,212)670)5$0(.......................................................................................................... 19
),*85(08/7,3/(;,1*6758&785(2)$16701)5$0( ................................................................................... 21
),*85(75,%87$5<81,76 .................................................................................................................................. 22
),*85(67029(5+($'6758&785(.............................................................................................................. 23
),*85($''$1''52308/7,3/(;(5 ................................................................................................................. 26
),*85(',$*5$02)',*,7$/&5266&211(&7 ................................................................................................... 27
),*85(3$7+6$1'6(&7,216,1$6'+1(7:25. ............................................................................................. 28
),*85(7+(35,1&,3/(2)32,17,1*7+(3$</2$',1670)5$0(>@ ......................................................... 29
),*85(7+(86(2)$832,17(5>@ ........................................................................................................... 30
),*85(7+(6758&785(+$1'+%<7(6,1$832,17(5 .......................................................................... 30
),*85(6758&785(2)7832,17(5$1'&0$33,1* ................................................................................ 31
),*85($&+$,11(7:25.:,7+3527(&7,21 ......................................................................................... 34
),*85(5,1*1(7:25.,03/(0(17('86,1*$''$1''52308/7,3/(;(56 .................................................... 35
),*85(7+(35,1&,3/(2)0(6+1(7:25.7232/2*< .................................................................................... 35
),*85(7:2),%(581,',5(&7,21$/3$7+6:,7&+('5,1*>@........................................................................ 41
),*85(7:2),%(5%,',5(&7,21$//,1(6:,7&+('5,1* %/65 >@ ........................................................... 42
),*85(&/2&.6833/<+,(5$5&+<6758&785( ................................................................................................. 43
),*85($70&(//6,16'+&217$,1(5........................................................................................................... 45


II
/,672)7$%/(6

7$%/(%,75$7(62)67016,*1$/6 ................................................................................................................ 15
7$%/(%<7(6,16(&7,2129(5+($'$1'7+(,5)81&7,216 .............................................................................. 23
7$%/(%<7(6,108/7,3/(;(56(&7,2129(5+($'$1'7+(,5)81&7,216 ......................................................... 24
7$%/(%<7(6,15(*(1(5$7256(&7,2129(5+($'$1'7+(,5)81&7,216........................................................ 25


III
/,672)$%%5(9,$7,216$1'*/266$5<


$'0 $GG'URS0XOWLSOH[HU     
(TXLSPHQW IRU FRPELQLQJ YLUWXDO FRQWDLQHUV DQG IRU FRQQHFWLQJ
WKHPWR6'+RU3'+LQWHUIDFHSRUWV 

$,6 $ODUP,QGLFDWLRQ6LJQDO     
6LJQDO VWUXFWXUH ZKLFK LV VHQW IRUZDUG LQ 6'+ QHWZRUN ZKHQ D
6'+QHWZRUNHOHPHQWLVLQDODUPVWDWH

$36 $XWRPDWLF3URWHFWLRQ6ZLWFKLQJ    
6ZLWFKLQJ ZKLFK SHUIRUPV WKH SURWHFWLRQ RI D FRQQHFWLRQ RI D
SDUWRILWDXWRPDWLFDOO\

$V\QFKURQRXVPDSSLQJ 6'+ PDSSLQJ ZKHUH MXVWLILFDWLRQ ELWV DUH


XVHG

$70 $V\QFKURQRXV7UDQVIHU0RGH

7UDQVIHUPRGHLQZKLFKGDWDLVVSOLWLQWUXHWRVKDSHSDFNHWV

$8 $GPLQLVWUDWLYH8QLW $8QQ  

6WUXFWXUDO SDUW RI DQ 670 IUDPH FRQVLVWLQJ RI D KLJKHU RUGHU
YLUWXDOFRQWDLQHUDQGDQ$8SRLQWHU

$8SRLQWHU 3RLQWHU DGGHG WR D KLJKHU RUGHU YLUWXDO FRQWDLQHU IRU WKH
ORFDWLRQRILQIRUPDWLRQELWV

$8* $GPLQLVWUDWLYH8QLW*URXS     
$GPLQLVWUDWLYHXQLWRUJURXSRIDGPLQLVWUDWLYHXQLWVZLWKDIL[HG
SRVLWLRQLQDQ670IUDPH

%%( %DFNJURXQG%ORFN(UURU     
  (UURQHRXVEORFNZKLFKLVQRWDSDUWRI6(6

IV
%URDGFDVW 6ZLWFKLQJ PHFKDQLVP IRU WHUPLQDWLQJ D YLUWXDO FRQWDLQHU LQ DQ
LQFRPLQJVLJQDODQGLQVHUWLQJDWHVWVLJQDOLQWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJ
YLUWXDOFRQWDLQHURIWKHRXWJRLQJVLJQDO

%,3 %LWLQWHUOHDYHGSDULW\FKHFN    
3DULW\FKHFNLQJPHWKRGXVHGIRUPRQLWRULQJELWHUURUVLQDQ6'+
QHWZRUN 7KH DEEUHYLDWLRQ %,3 LV RIWHQ DFFRPSDQLHG E\ DQ
LQWHJHU HJ%,3 LQGLFDWLQJKRZPDQ\VHFWLRQVWKHVLJQDOKDV
EHHQGLYLGHGLQWRIRUHUURUFKHFNLQJ7KHOHQJWKRIWKHFKHFNELW
VWULQJXVHGLQWKHPHWKRGHTXDOVWKHQXPEHURIWKHVHVHFWLRQV

& &RQWDLQHU       
6WUXFWXUDOSDUWRIDQ670IUDPHFRQVLVWLQJRIDSD\ORDGZLWKD
VSHFLILHG IRUPDW 7KH GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI FRQWDLQHUV LQ 6'+ DUH
GHQRWHGDVIROORZV&Q Q  

&&,77 &RPLWp &RQVXOWDWLI ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 7pOpJUDSKLTXH HW 7pOpSKRQLTXH


&RQVXOWDWLYH &RPPLWWHH IRU ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 7HOHJUDSK DQG
7HOHSKRQH3UHGHFHVVRURI,787

&RQFDWHQDWLRQ $VVRFLDWLRQ RI VHYHUDO YLUWXDO FRQWDLQHUV ZLWK HDFK RWKHU


VR WKDW WKHLU FRPELQHG FDSDFLW\ FDQ EH XVHG DV D VLQJOH
FRQWDLQHU $FFRUGLQJ WR ,787 UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV FRQFDWHQDWLRQ
LV SRVVLEOH RQ 9& DQG 9& OHYHOV %\ FRQFDWHQDWLRQ LW LV
SRVVLEOHWRIRUPHJDFRPELQDWLRQRIIRXU9&V 9&F UDWH
RIZKLFKLV0ELWV

'&& 'DWD&RPPXQLFDWLRQV&KDQQHO    
$X[LOLDU\ FKDQQHO ZLWKLQ VHFWLRQ RYHUKHDG ZKLFK LV XVHG IRU
QHWZRUNPDQDJHPHQWUHODWHGFRPPXQLFDWLRQEHWZHHQRSHUDWLRQ
V\VWHPV DQG QHWZRUN HOHPHQWV 7KH WZR GDWD FRPPXQLFDWLRQV
FKDQQHOV LQ DQ 670 IUDPH DUH WKH '&&5 FRQVLVWLQJ RI WKUHH
E\WHV RI WKH UHJHQHUDWRU VHFWLRQ RYHUKHDG DQG WKH '&&0
FRQVLVWLQJRIQLQHE\WHVRIWKHPXOWLSOH[HUVHFWLRQRYHUKHDG

V
'(* 'HJUDGHG6LJQDO      
6'+V\VWHPDODUPZKLFKLVJLYHQLIWKHUHFHLYHGVLJQDOFRQWDLQV
WRRPXFKHUURUV

';& 'LJLWDO&URVV&RQQHFW(TXLSPHQW    
(TXLSPHQW IRU FRPELQLQJ YLUWXDO FRQWDLQHUV DQG IRU FRQQHFWLQJ
WKHPWR6'+RU3'+LQWHUIDFHSRUWV

(% (UURU%ORFN       
$Q HUURU ZKHUH WKH UHFHLYHG %,3 FRGH LV LQFRPSDWLEOH ZLWK WKH
GDWDLWPRQLWRUV

(36 (TXLSPHQW3URWHFWLRQ6ZLWFKLQJ    
3URWHFWLRQVZLWFKLQJZKLFKLVGRQHE\PXOWLSO\LQJWKHDPRXQWRI
XVHGQHWZRUNHOHPHQWV

(6  (UURU6HFRQG      
  $XQLWXVHGWRPHDVXUHWKHTXDOLW\RIGDWDWUDQVPLVVLRQ
 

(76, (XURSHDQ7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV6WDQGDUGV,QVWLWXWH

* ,787 UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ 3K\VLFDOHOHFWULFDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI


KLHUDUFKLFDOGLJLWDOLQWHUIDFHV

* ,787 UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ 1HWZRUN QRGH LQWHUIDFH IRU WKH


V\QFKURQRXVGLJLWDOKLHUDUFK\ 6'+ 

* ,787 UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ 6XE 670 QHWZRUN QRGH LQWHUIDFH IRU


WKHV\QFKURQRXVGLJLWDOKLHUDUFK\ 6'+ 

* ,787UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ6\QFKURQRXVPXOWLSOH[LQJVWUXFWXUH
  0HUJHGZLWK,787*LQ

VI
* ,787 UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ (UURU SHUIRUPDQFH SDUDPHWHUV DQG
REMHFWLYHV IRU LQWHUQDWLRQDO FRQVWDQW ELW UDWH GLJLWDOSDWKV DW RU
DERYHWKHSULPDU\UDWH

+2SDWK 3DWKXVHGDVWKHVHUYHUOD\HUIRUWUDQVIHURIORZHURUGHUYLUWXDO
FRQWDLQHUV

+29& +LJK2UGHU9LUWXDO&RQWDLQHU    
9LUWXDOFRQWDLQHUZKLFKFDQEHXVHGLQDQ670IUDPHZLWKRXW
RWKHU YLUWXDO FRQWDLQHUV $ KLJKHU RUGHU YLUWXDO FRQWDLQHU PD\
FRQVLVW RID VLQJOH FRQWDLQHU F&  DQG SDWK RYHUKHDGRU D
WULEXWDU\XQLWJURXS 78*78* DQGSDWKRYHUKHDG

,787 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV 8QLRQ  7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ


6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ6HFWRU

/2) /RVV2I)UDPH      
(UURU VWDWH FDXVHG E\ D VLWXDWLRQ ZKHUH WKH SRVLWLRQ RI IUDPH
DOLJQPHQWE\WHVLQWKHLQFRPLQJELWVWUHDPFDQQRWEHLGHQWLILHG
ZLWKLQDSUHGHILQHGSHULRGRIWLPH

/23 /RVV2I3RLQWHU      
(UURU VWDWH FDXVHG E\ D SUHGHILQHG QXPEHU RI VXFFHVVLYH
XQLGHQWLILHGSRLQWHUYDOXHV

/2SDWK 3DWKXVHGDVWKHFOLHQWOD\HUIRUWUDQVIHURIKLJKHURUGHUYLUWXDO
FRQWDLQHUV

/26 /RVV2I6LJQDO      
(UURUVWDWHFDXVHGE\DGURSLQWKHVLJQDOOHYHOEHORZVSHFLILHG
OLPLWVIRUORQJHUWKDQDSUHGHILQHGSHULRGRIWLPH

/29& /RZHU2UGHU9LUWXDO&RQWDLQHU    
9LUWXDO FRQWDLQHU ZKLFK FDQ EH XVHG LQ DQ 670 IUDPH RQO\
ZKHQ JURXSHG ZLWK RWKHUV $ ORZHU RUGHU YLUWXDO FRQWDLQHU

VII
FRQVLVWVRIDVLQJOHFRQWDLQHUWKHW\SHRIZKLFKFDQEH& &
& &RU&DQGSDWKRYHUKHDG

06 0XOWLSOH[6HFWLRQ      
6HFWLRQ FRQQHFWLQJ WZR PXOWLSOH[HUV RU D PXOWLSOH[HU DQG D
FURVVFRQQHFW$PXOWLSOH[HUFDQEHHLWKHUDWHUPLQDOPXOWLSOH[HU
RUDQDGGGURSPXOWLSOH[HU

062+ 0XOWLSOH[6HFWLRQ2YHUKHDG    
5RZV    RI VHFWLRQ RYHUKHDG 0XOWLSOH[ VHFWLRQ RYHUKHDG LV
XVHGIRUFRPPXQLFDWLRQEHWZHHQPXOWLSOH[HUVRUFURVVFRQQHFWV
LQ WKH PXOWLSOH[HU VHFWLRQ DQG IRU PDQDJHPHQW DQG FRQWURO RI
WKHWUDQVPLVVLRQ

11,  1HWZRUNWR1HWZRUN,QWHUIDFH

3DWK 7UDLOLQDSDWKOD\HUQHWZRUN

3D\ORDG ,QIRUPDWLRQZKLFKLVWREHWUDQVIHUUHGWRWKHUHFHLYHUHQGE\WKH
WUDQVPLVVLRQV\VWHPRUDSDUWRILW

3'+ 3OHVLRFKURQRXV'LJLWDO+LHUDUFK\    
7UDQVPLVVLRQ WHFKQLTXH LQ ZKLFK WKH WLPLQJ UHODWLRQVKLS RI WKH
FRUUHVSRQGLQJ VLJQLILFDQW LQVWDQWV RI D VLJQDO LV QRW OLPLWHG
*UHHNZRUGSOHVLRNURQRXVPHDQVDOPRVWV\QFKURQRXV

32+ 3DWK2YHUKHDG      
6WUXFWXUDO SDUW RI D VLJQDO ZKLFK LV DGGHG WR D FRQWDLQHU IRU
WUDQVIHU 3DWK RYHUKHDG LV XVHG IRU GLIIHUHQW SXUSRVHV RI
FRQQHFWLRQFRQWUROHJIRUHUURUFRQWURO

3RLQWHU 6WUXFWXUDO SDUW RI D VLJQDO XVHG WR ORFDWH WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ
FDUU\LQJELWVRIWKHVLJQDO

35& 3ULPDU\5HIHUHQFH&ORFN     
+LJKSUHFLVLRQ FORFN VLJQDO XQLW FRQILUPLQJ WR ,787

VIII
UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ * 7KLV FORFN VLJQDO LV XVHG WR JHQHUDWH
WKHFHQWUDOFORFN5HFRPPHQGDWLRQ*VSHFLILHVDQDFFXUDF\
RI[
 

5', 5HPRWH'HIHFW,QGLFDWRU     
6LJQDO ZKLFK LQGLFDWHV WR WKH QHWZRUN HOHPHQW WKDW WKH GHIHFW
VWDWXVRIWKHUHFHLYHGVLJQDORIWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQUHTXLUHVIXUWKHU
FKHFNLQJ

5HJHQHUDWRU  (TXLSPHQW XVHG WR UHFHLYH DQG UHFRQVWUXFW D


GLJLWDO VLJQDO VR WKDW WKH DPSOLWXGHV ZDYHIRUPV DQG WLPLQJ RI
WKHVLJQDOHOHPHQWVDUHFRQVWUDLQHGZLWKLQVSHFLILHGOLPLWV

5(, 5HPRWH(UURU,QGLFDWLRQ     
6LJQDO ZKLFK LQGLFDWHV WKH QXPEHU RI HUURUV GHWHFWHG LQ WKH
VLJQDO WR WKH QHWZRUN HOHPHQW 5HPRWH HUURU LQGLFDWLRQ LV
FRQYH\HG WR WKH QHWZRUN HOHPHQW UHJDUGOHVV RI WKH QXPEHU RI
HUURUV

56 5HJHQHUDWRU6HFWLRQ     
6HFWLRQ FRQQHFWLQJ WZR UHJHQHUDWRUV RU D PXOWLSOH[HU DQG D
UHJHQHUDWRURUDFURVVFRQQHFWDQGDUHJHQHUDWRU

562+ 5HJHQHUDWRU6HFWLRQ2YHUKHDG    
5RZVRIVHFWLRQRYHUKHDG5HJHQHUDWRUVHFWLRQRYHUKHDGLV
XVHG IRU FRPPXQLFDWLRQ EHWZHHQ PXOWLSOH[HUV FURVVFRQQHFWV
DQG UHJHQHUDWRUV DQG IRU PDQDJHPHQW DQG FRQWURO RI WKH
WUDQVPLVVLRQ

6'+ 6\QFKURQRXV'LJLWDO+LHUDUFK\    
7UDQVPLVVLRQWHFKQLTXHLQZKLFKWKHUHDUHVSHFLILHGOLPLWVWRWKH
WLPLQJUHODWLRQVKLSRIWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJVLJQLILFDQWLQVWDQWVRID
VLJQDO

IX
6'+FURVVFRQQHFW  (TXLSPHQW IRU FRPELQLQJ YLUWXDO FRQWDLQHUV
DQGIRUFRQQHFWLQJWKHPWR6'+RU3'+LQWHUIDFHSRUWV

6'+PDSSLQJ $GDSWDWLRQ RI D VLJQDO LQWR D YLUWXDO FRQWDLQHU ZKHQ WKLV


VLJQDOLVWREHIHGLQWRDQ6'+QHWZRUN

6'+QRGH 3RLQW LQ DQ 6'+ QHWZRUN DW ZKLFK WKH VLJQDO LV SURFHVVHG $Q
6'+QRGHPD\EHHJDPXOWLSOH[HURUDFURVVFRQQHFW

6(&  6\QFKURQRXV(TXLSPHQW&ORFN    
  &ORFN VLJQDO ZKLFK LV GHILQHG LQ WKH ,787 UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ
*

6(6  6HYHUHO\(UURGHG6LJQDO     
  8QLWWRPHDVXUHWKHTXDOLW\RIWUDQVPLVVLRQVLEJURXSWR(6

62+ 6HFWLRQ2YHUKHDG      
)LUVWFROXPQVRIDQ670IUDPH6HFWLRQRYHUKHDGFRPSULVHV
UHJHQHUDWRU VHFWLRQ RYHUKHDG PXOWLSOH[ VHFWLRQ RYHUKHDG DQG
DQ$8SRLQWHU $8 

621(7 6\QFKURQRXV2SWLFDO1(7ZRUN    
6WDQGDUG XVHG LQ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV RI $PHULFD 7KLV VWDQGDUG
ZDVXVHGDVDQRXWOLQHLQGHVLJQLQJ6'+

660 6\QFKURQL]DWLRQ6WDWXV0HVVDJH    
3DUW RI E\WH 6 ,W LQIRUPV WKH QHLJKERU QHWZRUN HOHPHQWV WKH
VWDWXVRIFORFNVLJQDO

668  6\QFKURQL]DWLRQ6XSSO\8QLW    

&ORFN VLJQDO ZKLFK LV GHILQHG LQ WKH ,787 UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ


*

670 6\QFKURQRXV7UDQVSRUW0RGXOH    
  6LJQDOIROORZLQJWKHVWUXFWXUHRIDQ6701IUDPH

X
670IUDPH 6LJQDO VWUXFWXUH ZKLFK FDQ EH GLVWULEXWHG DV D WZR
GLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\ RI  [  E\WHV DQG ZKLFK LV XVHG IRU
WUDQVIHUULQJEDVLFUDWHVLJQDOVLQDQ6'+QHWZRUN

6701IUDPH 6LJQDOVWUXFWXUHFRQVLVWLQJRI1670IUDPHV7KHYDOXH
RI1PD\EHRU

6\QFKURQRXVPDSSLQJ 6'+ PDSSLQJ ZKHUH MXVWLILFDWLRQ ELWV DUH


QRWUHTXLUHG

70 7HUPLQDO0XOWLSOH[HU     
0XOWLSOH[HU XVHG WR LQVHUW WKH LQFRPLQJ VLJQDOV WR DQ 6701
IUDPH

78 7ULEXWDU\8QLW 78QQ «    


6WUXFWXUDO SDUW RI DQ 670 IUDPH FRQVLVWLQJ RI D ORZHU RUGHU
YLUWXDO FRQWDLQHU DQG D WULEXWDU\ XQLW SRLQWHU 7KH GLIIHUHQFH
EHWZHHQ$8DQG78LVWKDWPXOWLSOH$8VFDQEHFURVVFRQQHFWHG
WRWKHQHWZRUNDQGWUDQVPLWWHGEHWZHHQGLIIHUHQW670ZKHUH
DV 78 LV D VWUXFWXUDO SDUW RI RQH FHUWLILHG 670 IUDPH DQG
WKHUHIRUHFDQQRWEHWUDQVIHUUHGEHWZHHQGLIIHUHQW670IUDPHV
ZLWKRXWKLJKHURUGHU$8

78* 7ULEXWDU\8QLW*URXS 78*QQ    


7ULEXWDU\XQLWRUJURXSRIWULEXWDU\XQLWVZLWKDIL[HGSRVLWLRQLQ
DKLJKHURUGHUYLUWXDOFRQWDLQHU7KHUHDUHWZRW\SHVRIWULEXWDU\
XQLWJURXSV78*DQG78*

78SRLQWHU3RLQWHUDGGHGWRDORZHURUGHUYLUWXDOFRQWDLQHUIRUWKHORFDWLRQ
RILQIRUPDWLRQELWV

8$6 8QDYDLODEOH6HFRQG      
8QLW XVHG WR PHDVXUH WKH TXDOLW\ RI WUDQVPLVVLRQ ,I D 8$6
RFFXUVWKHGDWDFRPPXQLFDWLRQVOLQNFDQQRWWUDQVIHUGDWD

XI
9& 9LUWXDO&RQWDLQHU      
6WUXFWXUDO SDUW RI DQ 670 IUDPH FRQVLVWLQJ RI SDWK RYHUKHDG
DQG D FRQWDLQHU 7KH GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI YLUWXDO FRQWDLQHUV DUH
GHQRWHGDVIROORZV9&Q Q  


       


XII
 ,1752'8&7,21


7KHGHILQLWLRQRI6'+ 7KH 6'+ 6\QFKURQRXV 'LJLWDO +LHUDUFK\  LV D
KLHUDUFKLFDOVHWRIGLJLWDOWUDQVSRUWVWUXFWXUHVVWDQGDUGL]HGIRUWKHWUDQVSRUW
RIVXLWDEO\DGDSWHGSD\ORDGVRYHUSK\VLFDOWUDQVPLVVLRQQHWZRUNV>@

%HIRUHJRLQJLQWR6'+LWLVJRRGWRJRWKURXJKWKHVLWXDWLRQSUHFHGLQJ6'+



 3'+3OHVLRFURQRXV'LJLWDO+LHUDUFK\

3'+ ZDV LQWURGXFHG LQ WKH 
V WRJHWKHU ZLWK WKH GLJLWL]DWLRQ RI WKH
WUDQVPLVVLRQQHWZRUNV,WLVLQWHQGHGIRUWKHXVDJHRIWHOHSKRQHWUDIILF7KH
EDVLFWUDQVIHUUDWHLQ3'+LV0ELWV ( ZKLFKLVPDGHRXWRI
NELWVYRLFHFKDQQHOV7KLV(VLJQDOLVWKHQPXOWLSOH[HGLQWKH3'+QHWZRUN
YLD  0ELWV (  DQG  0ELWV (  VLJQDOV LQWR  0ELWV
(  VLJQDO 7KLV ( VLJQDO FRQWDLQV  PXOWLSOH[HG YRLFH FKDQQHOV 7KH
PXOWLSOH[LQJ RI IRXU ( VLJQDOV LQWR RQH ( VLJQDO WKDW LV  0ELWV ZDV
LQWURGXFHGLQWKHHDUO\
VEXWLWGLGQRWKDYHJUHDWVXFFHVVPDLQO\EHFDXVH
RIWKHZLGHO\VSUHDG6'+5HJDUGOHVVRILWVQDPH3'+LVV\QFKURQRXVWLOOWKH
UDWHRI0ELWVZKHQYRLFHFKDQQHOVDUHPXOWLSOH[HGV\QFKURQRXVO\
LQWRRQH(VLJQDO

64 kbit/s

>(@
2.048 Mbit/s >(@
>(@
8.448 Mbit/s
34.368 Mbit/s >(@
139.264 Mbit/s

Synchronous Plesiochronous



)LJXUH0XOWLSOH[LQJRI3'+

13

1RQHWKHOHVVWKHUHDUHVRPHOLPLWDWLRQVLQ3'+)LUVWRIDOOWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQ
UDWHIRUHYHU\LQSXWLQWKHVDPHPXOWLSOH[HUPXVWEHURXJKO\WDNHQVLPLODUO\
WKLVPHDQVHJZKHQPXOWLSOH[LQJ(VLJQDOVLQWRDQ(VLJQDO 7KLVFDXVHV
WKHLQFRQYHQLHQFHLQPXOWLSOH[LQJZKHQWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHORFDOFORFNDQG
WKHFORFNLQHDFKGLIIHUHQWLQSXWPDNHVWKHELWVUDQGRPO\RYHUODSSLQJ7KLV
KDUQHVVLVKDQGOHGE\XVLQJILOOELWV7KHLQFRQYHQLHQFHXVLQJWKLVPHWKRGLV
WKDW HYHU\ ILOO ELW UHTXLUHV DQ DGGUHVV PDNLQJ LW UDWKHU ZHDULVRPH 2WKHU
OLPLWDWLRQLVWKDWLQRUGHUWRJHWRQHNELWVVLJQDORXWRIWKHPXOWLSOH[HG
VLJQDOZKROHVLJQDOPXVWEHGHPXOWLSOH[HGLQWRWKHORZHVWOHYHO7KLVEULQJV
GRXEOHIHHVEHFDXVHWKHVLJQDOPXVWEHPXOWLSOH[HGEDFNLQWRWKHSUHFHGLQJ
OHYHO

3'+ LV DOVR D SRLQWWRSRLQW KLHUDUFK\ ZKHUH WKHUH KDV WR EH D SK\VLFDO
FRQQHFWLRQ IRU HDFK FRQQHFWLRQ DQG WKHUHIRUH WKHUH LV QR VSDFH IRU WKH
PDQDJHPHQWRIWKHV\VWHP7KLVPDNHVWKHFRQQHFWLRQVEHWZHHQQHWZRUNV
FRPSOH[ZKHQRQHLVXVLQJVHYHUDOGLIIHUHQWORFDODUHDQHWZRUNV

7KH QHWZRUN PDQDJHPHQW DQG FRQWURO LV YHU\ OLPLWHG LQ 3'+ QHWZRUNV
EHFDXVH WKHUH DUH QR IUHH ELWV LQ WKH IUDPH $QRWKHU SUREOHP DUH DOVR WKH
YHQGRUVPDNLQJQHWZRUNHOHPHQWVE\WKHLURZQVWDQGDUGV7KLVPHDQVWKDW
WKHLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQQHWZRUNVRIGLIIHUHQWYHQGRUVLVLPSRVVLEOH,QDIHZ
ZRUGV 3'+ LV D YHU\ ULJLG DQG H[SHQVLYH WUDQVSRUW WHFKQLTXH 7KHUH UHDOO\
ZDV D QHHG IRU D IDVWHU PRUH IOH[LEOH DQG PRUH HFRQRPLFDO WUDQVSRUW
WHFKQLTXH

 +LVWRU\RI6'+
:KHQVWDQGDUGL]LQJ6'+WKHIUDPHIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWZDVWDNHQIURPWKH
621(7ZKLFKZDVLQWURGXFHGLQWKH%HOOFRUH
VODERUDWRU\LQ7KHJRDO
RI 621(7 ZDV WR PDNH PXOWLSOH[LQJ HDVLHU WR FRQWURO SOHVLRFKURQRXV
V\VWHPVWRQRUPDOL]HRSWLFDOLQWHUIDFHVWRDPHOLRUDWHWKHFRQWURORIRSWLFDO
QHWZRUNDQGWRHQVXUHDVPRRWKWUDQVLWLRQLQWRWKH$70QHWZRUN1RWWDNLQJ

14
HYHU\WKLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW RQH PLJKW VD\ WKDW 6'+ LV OLNH 621(7 ZKLFK
FRQWDLQVWKH3+'ELWUDWHV0ELWVDQG0ELWV

9HULWDEOHZRUNIRUWKH6'+VWDQGDUGEHJXQLQ&&,77LQ-XQHDLPLQJWR
FUHDWH D ZRUOGZLGH VWDQGDUG IRU V\QFKURQRXV GDWD WUDQVIHU V\VWHPV DQGE\
XVLQJ WKLV VWDQGDUG WKH YHQGRUV FRXOG PDQXIDFWXUH IOH[LEOH DQG HFRQRPLFDO
QHWZRUNV 7KH ILUVW VWDQGDUGV IRU 6'+ ZHUH DSSURYHG LQ 'HFHPEHU 
7KHVHVWDQGDUGVZHUH**DQG*1RZDGD\VWKHGHYHORSPHQW
RI6'+VWDQGDUGVLVGRQHLQWZRGLIIHUHQWVWDQGDUGL]DWLRQFRPPLWWHHV,787
DQG(76,

 7KHEDVLF,787UHFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRU6'+
5HFRPPHQGDWLRQ * GHILQHV WKH ELW UDWHV IRU 6701 VLJQDOV LQ 6'+
WHFKQRORJ\ IUDPH VWUXFWXUH IRU 6701 VLJQDOV WKH PDSSLQJ DQG
PXOWLSOH[LQJRI3'+DQG$70HOHPHQWVLQWRD6701IUDPH

7DEOH%LWUDWHVRI6701VLJQDOV

 670   NELWV

670 NELWV

 670 NELWV

 670 NELWV


5HFRPPHQGDWLRQ * GHILQHV WKH ORFDWLRQ RI D QRGH LQ WKH QHWZRUN WKH
VWUXFWXUHRIIUDPH 670DQGLWVHOHPHQWV WKHXVDJHRIRYHUKHDGE\WHVLQ
WKHIUDPHDQGLQWKH6701VWUXFWXUHDQGWKHFKDQQHOLQJD670LQWR670
1

5HFRPPHQGDWLRQ * GHILQHV KRZ WR FRQVWUXFW VLJQDOV DFFRUGDQW ZLWK


1RUWK $PHULFDQ RU ZLWK (XURSHDQ KLHUDUFK\ LQWR DQ 670 IUDPH >@ 7KLV
UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ HQDEOHV WKH DXJPHQWDWLRQ DQG WKH GHGXFWLRQ RI WKH
UHVHUYHG VSDFH LQ D IUDPH VR WKDW WKH DQRPDORXV VLJQDOV WR 6'+ ELW
IUHTXHQF\ DV\QFKURQRXVDQGSOHVLRFKURQRXVVLJQDOV PD\EHWUDQVIHUUHGYLD
D6'+V\VWHP>@

15
 7KHEHQHILWVRI6'+
0DQ\ LPSURYHPHQWV ZHUH LQWURGXFHG DORQJVLGH ZLWK 6'+ )LUVW RI DOO WKH
SULQFLSOHVRIGLUHFWV\QFKURQRXVPXOWLSOH[LQJLQ6'+VWDQGDUGDUHWKHNH\WR
PRUHHFRQRPLFDODQGIOH[LEOHGDWDWUDQVIHUV\VWHP7KLVPHDQVWKDWDVLQJOH
ORZHUOHYHOVLJQDOFDQEHGLUHFWO\PXOWLSOH[HGLQWRD6'+VLJQDOZLWKKLJKHU
ELW UDWH DQG WKLV LV GRQH ZLWKRXW DQ\ FRQVHTXHQWLDO PXOWLSOH[LQJV 7KH
QHWZRUNHOHPHQWVLQD6'+QHWZRUNFDQDOVREHLQVWDOOHGGLUHFWO\LQWRWKH
QHWZRUNLQXVH7KLVEULQJVVXEVWDQWLDOVDYLQJVWRRSHUDWRUV

6'+ ZDV DOVR GHVLJQHG ZLWK DQ LGHD RI QHWZRUN PDQDJHPHQW DQG FRQWURO
DQG EHFDXVH RI WKLV DERXW  RI WKH VLJQDO VWUXFWXUH LQ 6'+ LV GHILQHG WR
VXSSRUWWKHVHSURFHGXUHVDQGWKHXWLOL]DWLRQRIWKHVHSURFHGXUHV

,W LV DOVR SRVVLEOH WR WUDQVIHU DOO WULEXWDU\ XQLW VLJQDOV XVHG LQ GLIIHUHQW
FRPPXQLFDWLRQV QHWZRUNV )RU WKLV UHDVRQ LW LV YHU\ HDV\ WR WDNH 6'+ LQWR
XVH LQ WKH QHWZRUNV FXUUHQWO\ LQ XVH 8VLQJ 6'+ LW LV SRVVLEOH WR DFKLHYH
JUHDWHUIOH[LELOLW\

16
 6<1&+521286',*,7$/+,(5$5&+<

 670IUDPHVWUXFWXUH
7UDQVPLVVLRQ RI LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ 6'+ LV EDVHG RQ 670 IUDPH VWUXFWXUH $OO
GDWD WKDW LV WR EH WUDQVPLWWHG LV DOLJQHG LQWR  0ELWV IUDPHV WKDW
FRQWDLQ DOVR WKH DGGUHVV LQIRUPDWLRQ $Q 670 IUDPH LV FRQVWUXFWHG IURP
 FROXPQV DQG  OLQHV 7KLV PDNHV D WRWDO RI  E\WHV (DFK E\WH
FRQWDLQV  ELWV VR WKH WRWDO DPRXQW RI ELWV LQ RQH 670 IUDPH LV  
7KH IUDPH LV UHDG RQH OLQH DW WLPH IURP OHIW WR ULJKW DQG IURP XS WR GRZQ
WLPHVSHUVHFRQGZKLFKLVWKHVSHHGRINELWVFKDQQHO7KLVLVKRZ
ZHJHWWKHWLPHIRURQHIUDPHWKDWLVµV8VLQJWKLVZHFDQFDOFXODWHWKH
WUDQVPLVVLRQUDWHRIRQH670IUDPHELWVµV 0ELWV

9 columns 261 columns

1
RSOH 9LUWXDOFRQWDLQHU
3 9&

4 AU-Pointers 9 Lines
POH
5

MSOH

9
1 9 10 270

)LJXUH670IUDPH


7KHILUVWQLQHFROXPQVLQ670IUDPHPDNHWKHVHFWLRQRYHUKHDG62+7KH
E\WHV LQ VHFWLRQ RYHUKHDG DUH XVHG WR HJ IRU FRQWURO RI WKH QHWZRUN IRU
QRWLFLQJ WKH VWDUW RI IUDPH WR SRLQW WKH VWDUW RI WKH SD\ORDG DQG IRU
QRWLILFDWLRQRIWKHHUURUV7KHILUVWWKUHHURZVLQ62+IRUPWKHUHJHQHUDWRU

17
VHFWLRQ RYHUKHDG 562+ DQG WKH ILYH ORZHVW URZV IRUP WKH PXOWLSOH[HU
VHFWLRQRYHUKHDG062+7KH$8SRLQWHUVDUHVLWXDWHGLQWKHIRXUWKURZRI
VHFWLRQRYHUKHDG$8SRLQWHULVWKHRQO\SRLQWHUVWDQGDUGL]HGLQ6'+

7KHODVWFROXPQVIRUPWKHYLUWXDOFRQWDLQHU9&7KLVLVGLYLGHGLQWR
WZRSDUWVZKLFKDUHSDWKRYHUKHDG32+DQGFRQWDLQHU&3DWKRYHUKHDG
LV WKH ILUVW FROXPQ LQ YLUWXDO FRQWDLQHU DND WKH WHQWK FROXPQ LQ WKH ZKROH
670 IUDPH ,W FRQWDLQV DODUP DQG VHUYLFH LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG URXWLQJ
LQIRUPDWLRQIRUHQGWRHQGFRQQHFWLRQV,WLVDOZD\VJHQHUDWHGLQWKHVDPH
6'+QRGHZKHUHWKHSD\ORDGHQWHUV6'+QHWZRUN3DWKRYHUKHDGLVDOZD\V
URXWHGZLWKWKHSD\ORDGDQGLWLVGLVDVVHPEOHGRQO\ZKHQWKHSD\ORDGH[LWV
WKH6'+QHWZRUN

 +LJKHUOHYHO670IUDPHV
:KHQ WKHUH LV D QHHG IRU JUHDWHU WUDQVPLVVLRQ FDSDFLW\ WKDQ  0ELWV
670IUDPHFDQRIIHURQHFDQXVHWUDQVPLVVLRQUDWHVRIIHUHGE\WKHKLJKHU
670 OHYHOV %\ PXOWLSOH[LQJ E\WH LQWHUOHDYHG 670 IUDPHV RQH FDQ EXLOG
WUDQVPLVVLRQ UDWHV PXOWLSOH WR DQ 670 IUDPH :KHQ WKH KLJKHUOHYHO
WUDQVPLVVLRQUDWHVDUHH[DFWO\WKHPXOWLSOLFDWLRQRIDQ670IUDPHERWKWKH
PXOWLSOH[LQJDQGWKHGHPXOWLSOH[LQJDUHVLPSOHRSHUDWLRQV7KHUHLVHYHQQR
QHHG IRU WKH PDQLSXODWLRQ RI SRLQWHUV %\WH LQWHUOHDYLQJ PHDQV WKDW E\WHV
DUHFROOHFWHGRQHE\WHDWWKHWLPHIURPHDFKVXEV\VWHP6'+LQWHUOHDYLQJLV
GRQH RQH FROXPQ DW WKH WLPH (J WKH ILUVW FROXPQ LQ 670 IUDPH LV WKH
  

ILUVWFROXPQRIWKHILUVW670IUDPH WKH VHFRQGFROXPQLQ670IUDPH LV


  

WKH ILUVW FROXPQ RI WKH VHFRQG 670 IUDPH DQG VR RQ 7KLV LV GRQH WLOO DOO
 

WKHFROXPQVDUHLQWHUOHDYHG

18
125 µs
STM-1
9 rows
Byte inter-
leaved 7RWE\WHVIUDPH
STM-1 multi-
9 rows plexing

STM-1
9 rows 9 rows

STM-1
9 rows

9 columns 261 columns 36 columns, 1044 columns,


STM-1 SOH STM-1 VC-4 4 interleaved 4 interleaved STM-
STM-1 1 VC-4s
SOHs
E\WHVIUDPH ELWVE\WH IUDPHVV 0ELWV



)LJXUH&RQVWUXFWLRQRI670IUDPH

670VLJQDOLVPXOWLSOH[HGZLWKWKHVDPHPDQQHUIURPIRXU670VLJQDOV
2QO\WKHVHFWLRQRYHUKHDGIURPWKHILUVW670IUDPHLVXVHGWRPRQLWRUWKH
KLJKHUOHYHO IUDPH +RZHYHU HDFK 670 IUDPH KDV LW RZQ LGHQWLILHU LQ WKH
VHFWLRQ RYHUKHDG (YHQ WKRXJK WKH WUDQVPLVVLRQ UDWH LV TXDGUXSOH WR WKH
RULJLQDOHYHU\ORZHUOHYHOE\WHLVVWLOOWREHGLUHFWO\SRLQWHGIURPWKHKLJKHU
OHYHU KLHUDUFK\ IUDPH >@ )RU H[DPSOH LW LV HDV\ WR ZULWH DQG UHDG RQH
FHUWDLQ0ELWVWLPHVORWIURP670IUDPHZKHQQHFHVVDU\(YHQDVLQJOH
NELWVVSHHFKFKDQQHOLVWREHSRLQWHGSURYLGLQJWKDWWKH0ELWVVLJQDOLV
PDSSHGE\WHV\QFKURQRXVO\LQWRDQ6'+IUDPH

 &RQVWUXFWLRQRIDQ670IUDPH
7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWSDUWRIDIUDPHLVYLUWXDOFRQWDLQHU9&ZKLFKFRQVLVWV
RI FRQWDLQHU & DQG SDWK RYHUKHDG &RQWDLQHU LV PHDQW WR VXSSRUW WKH
WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ RI YDULRXV WULEXWDU\ XQLW VLJQDOV LQ 6'+ QHWZRUN ,W SURYLGHV
ZLWKDOOE\WHVDWUDQVPLVVLRQUDWHRI0ELWVZKLFKLVHVSHFLDOO\
GHVLJQHGIRUWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQRI0ELWVWULEXWDU\XQLWVLJQDO>@

19
&RQVWUXFWLRQ RI DQ 6701 IUDPH LV D FRPSOH[ SURFHVV ZKLFK FRQWDLQV
PDSSLQJPXOWLSOH[LQJDQGVHYHUDOGLIIHUHQWRSHUDWLRQVZLWKRYHUKHDGV,WLV
EHVWWRVWDUWIURPWKHEHJLQQLQJ

7KH YHU\ ILUVW WKLQJ WR GR LV WR IUDPH WKH WULEXWDU\ XQLW VLJQDO 'RLQJ WKLV
IRUPV WKH FRQWDLQHU 7KLV LV HVVHQWLDO EHFDXVH WKH FRQWDLQHUV GR WKH DFWXDO
WUDQVPLVVLRQRIGDWDLQ6'+QHWZRUNVLQRUGHUWRHQVXUHWKHFRQVLVWHQF\IRU
DOO WUDQVPLVVLRQ FDSDELOLWLHV LQ 6'+ WKH VL]H RI D FRQWDLQHU LV VOLJKWO\ ODUJHU
WKDQWKHDFWXDOVL]HRIDWULEXWDU\XQLWVLJQDO7KHVL]HRIWKHRULJLQDOVLJQDOLV
LQFUHDVHG WR D ZHOO GHILQHG IL[HG VSHHG LQ IUDPLQJ E\ SRVLWLYH ELW EDVHG
VWXIILQJ 6WXIILQJ PDNHV WKH VLJQDO V\QFKURQRXV )RU H[DPSOH  0ELWV
WULEXWDU\XQLWVLJQDOPXVWEHV\QFKURQL]HGWRDFRQWDLQHUZLWKDWUDQVPLVVLRQ
UDWHRI0ELWV

1H[W WKH SDWK RYHUKHDG LV DGGHG WR D FRQWDLQHU 2QO\ DIWHU WKLV RSHUDWLRQ
YLUWXDOFRQWDLQHULVIRUPHG9LUWXDOFRQWDLQHUIRUPVDWUDQVSDUHQWFKDQQHOLQ
6'+ QHWZRUN 7KH SURFHVV ZKHUH D WULEXWDU\ XQLW VLJQDO LV SDFNHG LQWR D
YLUWXDOFRQWDLQHULVFDOOHGPDSSLQJ

7KH SKDVH FRPSDUHG WR KLJKHUOHYHU YLUWXDO FRQWDLQHU LV GHILQHG DIWHU
PDSSLQJ WR ORZHUOHYHO YLUWXDO FRQWDLQHUV 7KH GHILQLWLRQ RI ORFDWLRQ LV DOVR
GRQH EHIRUH PXOWLSOH[DWLRQ LQWR KLJKHUOHYHU YLUWXDO FRQWDLQHUV 7KH
LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ WKH ORFDWLRQ LV VWRUHG LQWR 78 SRLQWHU 9LUWXDO FRQWDLQHU
WRJHWKHUZLWK78DGGUHVVIRUPVDWULEXWDU\XQLW

$IWHU WKH GHILQLWLRQ RI WULEXWDU\ XQLW VHYHUDO WULEXWDU\ XQLWV DUH PXOWLSOH[HG
LQWRDWULEXWDU\XQLWJURXS78*$IWHUWKLVRSHUDWLRQLVGRQHWKHORFDWLRQRID
9&FRPSDUHGWRDQ670IUDPHLVGHILQHG7KLVLQIRUPDWLRQLVVWRUHGLQWR
$8 SRLQWHU 9LUWXDO FRQWDLQHU 9& DQG $8 SRLQWHU IRUP WRJHWKHU DQ
DGPLQLVWUDWLYHXQLW$87KH$8SRLQWHULVDOZD\VLQDIL[HGSRVLWLRQ
LQ  670 IUDPH ,QVWHDG 9&V FDQ IORDW FRPSDUHG WR DQ 670 IUDPH 7KLV
PHDQV WKDW D 9& FDQ VOLGH FRPSDULVRQ ZLWK 670 IUDPH %HFDXVH RI WKLV
DELOLW\ D 9& FDQ EH VLWXDWHG LQ WZR VXFFHVVLYH 670 IUDPHV 6DPH ZD\
FDQ WKH ORZHU OHYHO YLUWXDO FRQWDLQHUV VOLGH ZLWKLQ 9& 7KH DGPLQLVWUDWLYH

20
XQLW JURXS $8* LV IRUPHG EHIRUH WKH ILQDOGHSRVLWLRQ  7KLV DGPLQLVWUDWLYH
XQLW JURXS FDQ EH GLUHFWO\ PXOWLSOH[HG LQWR DQ 670 IUDPH ZLWK HTXLYDOHQW
VL]H

)LQDOO\ PXOWLSOH[HU VHFWLRQ RYHUKHDG 062+ DQG UHJHQHUDWRU VHFWLRQ


RYHUKHDG562+DUHDGGHGLQWR$8*$IWHUWKLVLVGRQHWKH670IUDPHLV
UHDG\ 7KHVH 670 IUDPHV FDQ EH PXOWLSOH[HG LQWR KLJKHUOHYHO 6701
IUDPHV ZKHQ QHHGHG 7KH PXOWLSOH[LQJ VWUXFWXUH LV VKRZHG LQ IROORZLQJ
ILJXUH

xN x1
STM-N STM-1 AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4 140
x3 x1 Mbit/s
x3 TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3

AU-3 VC-3 C-3 45 Mbit/s


x7 x7 34 Mbit/s
x1
Pointer operation TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6 Mbit/s
x3
Mapping Mapping TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2 Mbit/s
route for x4
Phasing
SONET TU-11 VC-11 C-11
Multiplexing 1.5 Mbit/s

C = Container
VC = Virtuel Container
TU = Tributary Unit
TUG = Tributary Unit Group
AU = Administrative Unit
AUG = Administrative Unit Group


)LJXUH0XOWLSOH[LQJVWUXFWXUHRIDQ6701IUDPH

 7ULEXWDU\8QLWV
7ULEXWDU\ XQLWV DUH QHHGHG IRU WKH GHSRVLWLRQ RI ORZHUOHYHO WULEXWDU\ XQLW
VLJQDO RWKHUV WKDQ  0ELWV VLJQDO 78V DUH PHQWLRQHG WR VXSSRUW WKH
WUDQVSRUWDWLRQDQGWKHFRXSOLQJRIFRQWDLQHUVZKRVHFDSDFLW\LVFRQVLGHUDEO\
VPDOOHUWKDQWKHFDSDFLW\RI9&78IUDPHLVGHVLJQHGWRILWQHDWO\LQWRDQ
670IUDPH7KLVJLYHVVXEVWDQWLDODLGWRPXOWLSOH[LQJ

7KHUH DUH IRXU GLIIHUHQW 78 IUDPHV 78 78 78 DQG 78 7KHVH
IUDPHVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQILJXUH

21
3 Columns 4 Columns 12 Columns 86 Columns
a

9 rows

78 78 78 78


0ELWV 0ELWV 0ELWV 0ELWV
Optimized for the Optimized for the Optimized for the Optimized for the transportation
transportation of transportation of transportation of of DS3- signal but accepts also
DS1- signal 2 Mbit/s signal DS2- signal 34 Mbit/s signal

)LJXUH7ULEXWDU\XQLWV

'LIIHUHQWVL]HWULEXWDU\XQLWVFDQEHPXOWLSOH[HGLQWRD9&FRQWDLQHUE\WKH
IROORZLQJ ZD\  78V  78V  78V DQG WKUHH 78V 1RWKLQJ
SUHYHQWV IURP PXOWLSOH[LQJ YDULRXV WULEXWDU\ XQLWV LQWR D VDPH 9& 2QH
PXVW RQO\ UHPHPEHU QRW WR H[FHHG WKH FDSDFLW\ RI 9& DQG WDNH 78*
VWUXFWXUHVLQWRDFFRXQW

7KH IUDPH VWUXFWXUH RI WULEXWDU\ XQLW UHVHPEOHV D PLQLDWXUH WUDQVPLVVLRQ


IUDPHVWUXFWXUH,WLVFUHDWHGE\PDSSLQJDORZHUOHYHOWULEXWDU\XQLWVLJQDO
LQWR WKH FRQWDLQHU RI WULEXWDU\ XQLW ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV D ORZ RUGHU SDWK
RYHUKHDGLVDGGHGLQWRDORZHUOHYHOWULEXWDU\XQLWVLJQDOLQRUGHUWRFUHDWHD
YLUWXDO FRQWDLQHU 9& 9& 9& RU 9& GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH W\SH RI
WULEXWDU\ XQLW  IRU WULEXWDU\ XQLW $IWHU WKLV LV GRQH WKH YLUWXDO FRQWDLQHU LV
OLQNHGLQWRWULEXWDU\XQLWIUDPHZLWKD78SRLQWHU

78VKDYHWZRGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIDFWLRQIORDWLQJDQGIL[HG)ORDWLQJPRGH
LV GHVLJQHG WR PLQLPL]H WKH GHOD\ LQ WKH QHWZRUN DQG WR HQVXUH HIIHFWLYH
FURVVFRQQHFWLRQV LQ 78 OHYHO 7KLV LV UHDFKHG E\ DOORZLQJ WKH IORDWLQJ RI
HDFK78EHWZHHQWKH9&V7KHGRZQVL]HRIWKLVLVWKDWHYHU\78UHTXLUHV
LWVRZQSRLQWHUZKLFKZDVPHQWLRQHGSUHYLRXVO\

7KH ORFNHG PRGH LV HVSHFLDOO\ GHVLJQHG WR PLQLPL]H WKH FRPSOH[LW\ RI
LQWHUIDFH DQG IRU WKH PDVV WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ RI  0ELWV VLJQDOV LQ HQG WR HQG
FRQQHFWLRQV 7KLV LV DFKLHYHG E\ ORFNLQJ VHSDUDWH 78V LQWR ZHOOGHILQHG

22
SODFHVLQ9&7KLVLVWKHUHDVRQZK\WKHUHDUHQRSRLQWHUVUHTXLUHGLQWKLV
PRGH 7KLV RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG PDNHV LW LPSRVVLEOH WR XVH ORFNHG PRGH LQ
DSSOLFDWLRQVZKHUH78OHYHOFURVVFRQQHFWLRQVDUHUHTXLUHG

 2YHUKHDGVLQ670IUDPH
7KHUH DUH WKUHH NLQGV RI RYHUKHDGV LQ 670 IUDPH SDWK RYHUKHDG 32+
UHJHQHUDWRU VHFWLRQ RYHUKHDG 562+ DQG PXOWLSOH[HU VHFWLRQ RYHUKHDG
062+ 7KHVH RYHUKHDGV DUH XVHG IRU WKH FRQWURO DQG WKH PDLQWHQDQFH RI
WKHQHWZRUN)LJXUHVKRZVWKHRYHUKHDGVLQ670IUDPHE\E\WH

Framing Framing Framing Framing Framing Framing Ident Path Trace


$ $ $ $ $ $ - -
5HJHQDWRU BIP 8 Orderwire User BIP - 8
6HFWLRQ % ( ) %
2YHUKHDG Datacom Datacom Datacom Signal Label
' ' ' &
Pointer Pointer Pointer Pointer Pointer Pointer Pointer Pointer Pointer 3DWK Path Status
+ + + + + + + + + /D\HU *
BIP 24 APS APS 2YHU User Channel
KHDG
% % % . . )
Datacom Datacom Datacom Multiframe
' ' ' +
0XOWLSOH[HU
Datacom Datacom Datacom Use Channel
6HFWLRQ
2YHUKHDG ' ' ' =
Datacom Datacom Datacom APS
' ' ' .
Sync stat. Growth Growth Growth Growth Trans err. Orderwire Tandem con.
6 = = = = 0 ( 1 
)LJXUH670RYHUKHDGVWUXFWXUH

3DWKRYHUKHDG32+
2QO\ WKH KLJK RUGHU SDWK RYHUKHDG +232+ LV GLVFXVVHG LQ WKLV FKDSWHU
/RZRUGHUSDWKRYHUKHDGV/232+ZKLFKDUHXVHGZLWK78DQG78
DUH QRW GLVFXVVHG LQ GHWDLO 7KH LQIRUPDWLRQ QHFHVVDU\ WR NQRZ DERXW /2
32+VLVWKDWWKH\KDYHWKHOHQJWKRIIRXUE\WHVDQGWKH\ODFNWKHE\WHVWR
PRQLWRUWKHTXDOLW\DQGWKHPDLQWHQDQFHFKDQQHOV3DWKRYHUKHDGLVXVHGWR
PRQLWRU WKH TXDOLW\ DQG LW DOVR JLYHV WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH W\SH RI WKH
FRQWDLQHU

7DEOH%\WHVLQVHFWLRQRYHUKHDGDQGWKHLUIXQFWLRQV

23
- 3DWKLQGLFDWLRQ7KLVE\WHLVXVHGWRVHQGDRUE\WHPHVVDJHE\WHSHU
E\WH(YHU\URXWHLQ6'+QHWZRUNKDVLWRZQPHVVDJH

% 4XDOLW\PRQLWRULQJ$HUURUFKHFNE\WHIRUURXWHHUURU

& &RQWDLQHUIRUPDW

* 7UDQVPLVVLRQHUURUDFNQRZOHGJHPHQW

) 0DLQWHQDQFHFKDQQHOEHWZHHQRSHUDWRU
VWHUPLQDOHTXLSPHQW

+ 6XSHUIUDPHLQGLFDWLRQ

) 6DPHDV)EXWWKHXWLOL]DWLRQGHSHQGVRQWKHYLUWXDOFRQWDLQHUVLQXVH

. $XWRPDWLFSURWHFWLRQVZLWFKLQJIRU9&SDWKV

1 7DQGHPFRQQHFWLRQPRQLWRULQJ

0XOWLSOH[HU6HFWLRQ2YHUKHDG
7KH LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW FKHFNLQJ SDULW\ DQG SURWHFWLRQ VZLWFKLQJ LV
WUDQVPLWWHGYLDPXOWLSOH[HUVHFWLRQRYHUKHDG,WFRQWDLQVDOVRGDWDDQGYRLFH
FKDQQHOV$8SRLQWHUVDUHDOVRORRVHO\FRQQHFWHGLQWRLW

7DEOH%\WHVLQPXOWLSOH[HUVHFWLRQRYHUKHDGDQGWKHLUIXQFWLRQV

% 4XDOLW\PRQLWRULQJSDULW\E\WHV

.DQG $XWRPDWLFSURWHFWLRQVZLWFKLQJ $36 FRQWURO7KHZKROH.E\WHDQGELWVWR


. LQE\WH.DUHXVHGWRWKLV

' 'DWDFRPPXQLFDWLRQVFKDQQHO '&&0 PDNHVDNELWVGDWDFKDQQHOZKLFK


' FDQEHXVHGWRWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQRIXVHUGDWDRUDOWHUQDWLYHO\IRUWKHQHWZRUN
PDQDJHPHQW

6 &ORFNTXDOLW\LQGLFDWRU

0 7UDQVPLVVLRQHUURUDFNQRZOHGJHPHQW

( 9RLFHFRQQHFWLRQE\WHFDQXVHGWRFRPPXQLFDWHEHWZHHQPXOWLSOH[HUVZLWKD
VSHFLDOPDLQWHQDQFHSKRQH

5HJHQHUDWRU6HFWLRQ2YHUKHDG562+
7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWWDVNRIUHJHQHUDWRUVHFWLRQRYHUKHDGLVWKHDOLJQPHQWRI
WKHIUDPH,WKDVDOVRFKDQQHOVERWKWRYRLFHDQGGDWDDQGDSDULW\FKHFN

24
7DEOH%\WHVLQUHJHQHUDWRUVHFWLRQRYHUKHDGDQGWKHLUIXQFWLRQV

$DQG )UDPHDOLJQPHQWE\WHVDUHDOZD\VLQWKHEHJLQQLQJRIHYHU\670IUDPH7KH
$  FRQWHQWRIWKHVHE\WHVLV

-  7UDFHLGHQWLILHUWKDWLVIRUPHGIURP-E\WHVVHQWLQURZ7UDFHLGHQWLILHULV
XVHGWRPDNHVXUHWKDWWKHPHVVDJHUHFHLYHGLVFRPLQJIURPWKHULJKWSODFH

%  4XDOLW\PRQLWRULQJE\WHLVXVHGWRPRQLWRUELWHUURUV

(  9RLFHFRQQHFWLRQE\WHFDQEHXVHGWRYRLFHFRPPXQLFDWLRQEHWZHHQ
UHJHQHUDWRUV

)  8VHUE\WHLVIUHHO\DYDLODEOHIRUWHPSRUDU\GDWDDQGYRLFHFRQQHFWLRQV

'' 'DWDFRPPXQLFDWLRQVFKDQQHO '&&5 PDNHVDNELWVGDWDFKDQQHOZKLFK


FDQEHXVHGWRWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQRIXVHUGDWDRUDOWHUQDWLYHO\IRUWKHQHWZRUN
PDQDJHPHQW



 1HWZRUNHOHPHQWVLQ6'+
1HWZRUN HOHPHQWV LQ 6'+ DUH GLYLGHG LQWR WKUHH GLIIHUHQW JURXSV
V\QFKURQRXV WUDQVPLVVLRQ HTXLSPHQW PXOWLSOH[HUV DQG FURVVFRQQHFW
HTXLSPHQW6WDQGDUGIRUV\QFKURQRXVWUDQVPLVVLRQHTXLSPHQWLVGLYLGHGLQWR
WZR UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ IRU RSWLFDO LQWHUIDFHV DQG
UHFRPPHQGDWLRQIRURSWLFDOWUDQVPLVVLRQHTXLSPHQW>@

7HUPLQDO PXOWLSOH[HUV UHJHQHUDWRUV DQG V\QFKURQRXV WUDQVPLVVLRQ


PXOWLSOH[HUVEHORQJWRV\QFKURQRXVWUDQVPLVVLRQHTXLSPHQW(TXLSPHQWLVLQ
UHDOLW\PRUHDSDUWRIDIXQFWLRQDOV\VWHPWKDQDVHSDUDWHSK\VLFDOXQLW

7HUPLQDOPXOWLSOH[HU
7HUPLQDOPXOWLSOH[HUVDUHXVHGWRFRPELQHSOHVLRFKURQRXVDQGV\QFKURQRXV
LQSXW VLJQDOV LQWR KLJKHU ELW UDWH 6701 IUDPHV 7HUPLQDO PXOWLSOH[HU GRHV
QRW FRQWDLQ DQ\ IXQFWLRQV IRU FURVVFRQQHFWLRQV /RZHU ELW UDWH VLJQDOV DUH
SODFHG LQWR D IL[HG SODFH LQ RXWSXW 6'+ IUDPH 7KLV SODFH GHSHQGV RQ WKH
FRQILJXUDWLRQRIWKHQRGHLQXVH

25
5HJHQHUDWRU
5HJHQHUDWRUV DV WKH QDPH LPSOLHV KDYH WKH MRE RI UHJHQHUDWLQJ WKH FORFN
DQG DPSOLWXGH UHODWLRQVKLSV RI WKH LQFRPLQJ GDWD VLJQDOV WKDW KDYH EHHQ
DWWHQXDWHGDQGGLVWRUWHGE\GLVSHUVLRQ7KH\GHULYHWKHLUFORFNVLJQDOVIURP
WKH LQFRPLQJ GDWD VWUHDP 0HVVDJHV DUH UHFHLYHG E\ H[WUDFWLQJ YDULRXV 
NELWV FKDQQHOV HJ VHUYLFH FKDQQHOV ( )  LQ WKH UHJHQHUDWRU VHFWLRQ
RYHUKHDG0HVVDJHVFDQDOVREHRXWSXWXVLQJWKHVHFKDQQHOV>@

$GGDQG'URSPXOWLSOH[HU
$GGDQGGURSPXOWLSOH[HU
WEST EAST

STM-N STM-N

PDH signals and lower-level STM-N signals



)LJXUH$GGDQG'URSPXOWLSOH[HU

7KHPRVWXVHGPXOWLSOH[HULVDGGDQGGURSPXOWLSOH[HU$'07KLVQHWZRUN
HOHPHQWLVHVSHFLDOO\GHVLJQHGWRIXQFWLRQDVDQHWZRUNHOHPHQWLQ6'+ULQJ
,WKDVWZRELGLUHFWLRQDO6701LQWHUIDFHVDQGDJURXSRI3'+DQGRUORZHU
ELWUDWH6701LQWHUIDFHV$Q\KRZWKHPDLQSDUWRIWKHWUDIILFJRHVGLUHFWO\
WKURXJK $'0 QRGH IURP RQH 6701 LQWHUIDFH LQWR DQRWKHU 0XOWLSOH[HU
FRQWDLQVDOLPLWHGDPRXQWRIIXQFWLRQVIRUFURVVFRQQHFWLRQVEHWZHHQ6701
LQWHUIDFHVDQGRWKHULQWHUIDFHV>@

'LJLWDOFURVVFRQQHFW
'LJLWDO FURVVFRQQHFW ';& LV WKH PRVW IXQFWLRQDO RI DOO QHWZRUN HOHPHQWV
7KH\KDYHLQWHUIDFHVIRU3'+DQGRUORZHUELWUDWH6'+VLJQDOVDQGWKH\FDQ
DOVRPDQDJHWKHVHVLJQDOV'LJLWDOFURVVFRQQHFWGLVDVVHPEOHVWKHFRQWDLQHUV

26
IURPDOOLQSXWVLJQDOV,WFDQURXWHDOOLQSXWVLJQDOV RUSDUWVRIWKHVHVLJQDOV 
WR DQ\ RXWSXW VLJQDO IURP RQH KLHUDUFK\ OHYHO WR DQRWKHU ,W DOORZV DOVR
PDSSLQJ RI 3'+ WULEXWDU\ VLJQDOV LQWR YLUWXDO FRQWDLQHUV DQG YLFH YHUVD
1RUPDOO\WKHVZLWFKLQJLVGRQHZLWKWKHXVXDOFRQWDLQHUV 9&9&DQG
9&  6R WKLV QHWZRUN HOHPHQW HQDEOHV IXOO FURVVFRQQHFWLRQV EHWZHHQ WKH
LQWHUIDFHV

2,4 Gbit/s 16x Digital 16x 2,4 Gbit/s


cross-connect
622 Mbit/s 4x 4x 622 Mbit/s

155 Mbit/s 155 Mbps 155 Mbit/s

155 VC-4

34 Mbit/s 34 2 34 2 34 Mbit/s
2 VC-12 2 VC-12

140 2 140 2
2 VC-12 2 VC-12
140 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
140 140
140 Mbit/s VC - 4 140 Mbit/s
VC-4 VC-4
VC - 3
34 (45) Mbit/s VC-3 VC - 12 VC-3 34 (45) Mbit/s

2 (1.5) Mbit/s
VC-12 VC-12 2 (1.5) Mbit/s

)LJXUH'LDJUDPRIGLJLWDOFURVVFRQQHFW

'LJLWDO FURVVFRQQHFWV DUH XVHG LQ SODFHV ZKHUH WKHUH DUH VHYHUDO GLIIHUHQW
VLJQDOFRPLQJLQWRDRQHSODFH6LJQDOVPXVWEHSHUIHFWO\ EXLOW XS RU
RWKHUZLVH FURVVFRQQHFW ZLOO JHQHUDWH DODUPV DQG WKH PHDVXUHPHQW RI WKH
QHWZRUNZLOOEHGLIILFXOWRUHYHQLPSRVVLEOH>@

'LJLWDO FURVVFRQQHFWV DUH YHU\ FRPSOH[ QHWZRUN HOHPHQWV DQG WKHUHIRUH


QHWZRUN RSHUDWRUV WU\ WR PLQLPL]H WKH XVH RI FURVVFRQQHFWV LQ WKHLU
QHWZRUNV DQG WU\ WR UHSODFH WKHP ZLWK FKHDSHU DGG DQG GURS PXOWLSOH[HUV
ZKHUHHYHULWLVSRVVLEOH

 6'+QHWZRUNVSDQ
6'+QHWZRUNVDUHVXEGLYLGHGLQWRYDULRXVOD\HUVWKDWDUHGLUHFWO\UHODWHGWR
WKH QHWZRUN WRSRORJ\ 7KHVH OD\HUV HDVH WKH PDQDJHPHQW RI QHWZRUN DQG
PDNH LW DOVR PRUH IOH[LEOH 7KH ORZHVW OD\HU LV WKH SK\VLFDO OD\HU ZKLFK

27
UHSUHVHQWV WKH WUDQVPLVVLRQ RI PHGLXP 7KLV LV XVXDOO\ D JODVV ILEHU RU
SRVVLEO\ D UDGLROLQN RU VDWHOOLWH OLQN $IWHU WKLV OD\HUV DUH UHIHUUHG WR DV
VHJPHQWV(DFKRIWKHVHVHJPHQWVKDVLWVRZQRYHUKHDGZKLFKDUH562+
062+ 32+ DQG 9&32+ 7KHVH VHJPHQWV DUH LQWURGXFHG LW ILJXUH  ZLWK
WKHLURYHUKHDGV

2 2
3 3 3

WHUPLQDO WHUPLQDO
1 PXOWLSOH[HU PXOWLSOH[HU 1

4 UHJHQHUDWRU UHJHQHUDWRU

5 ';& 5
 WULEXWDU\XQLWVLJQDO ';& 'LJLWDO&URVV&RQQHFW
 0XOWLSOH[VHFWLRQ 062+
 5HJHQHUDWRUVHFWLRQ 562+
 /RZHUOHYHOSDWK 7832+
 +LJKHUOHYHOSDWK 32+

)LJXUH3DWKVDQGVHFWLRQVLQD6'+QHWZRUN

3DWKLQV6'+QHWZRUNLVDORJLFDOFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHSRLQWZKHUHWKH
WULEXWDU\XQLWVLJQDOLVDVVHPEOHGLQWRDYLUWXDOFRQWDLQHUDQGWKHSRLQWZKHUH
WKHYLUWXDOFRQWDLQHULVGLVDVVHPEOHG9&OHYHOSDWKLVFDOOHGDKLJKHUOHYHO
SDWKDQGRWKHU9&OHYHOSDWKVDUHFDOOHGORZHUOHYHOSDWKV$QH[DPSOHRID
ORZHUOHYHOSDWKLVDSDWKZKHUH0ELWVVLJQDOLVDVVHPEOHGLQWRD9&

5HJHQHUDWRU VHFWLRQ FRQWDLQV WKH WUDQVPLVVLRQ SDWK DQG WKH QHWZRUN


HOHPHQWV UHODWHG WR LW 5HJHQHUDWRU VHFWLRQV FDQ EH VLWXDWHG EHWZHHQ D
UHJHQHUDWRU DQG D QRGH RU EHWZHHQ WZR UHJHQHUDWRUV 5HJHQHUDWRU VHFWLRQ
RYHUKHDG LV GLVDVVHPEOHG ZKHQ WKH VLJQDO HQWHUV WKH UHJHQHUDWRU DQG
DVVHPEOHGZKHQLWOHDYHVWKHUHJHQHUDWRU

0XOWLSOH[ VHFWLRQ FRQWDLQV WKH SDUW RI 6'+ OLQN EHWZHHQ WZR VXFFHVVLYH
PXOWLSOH[HUV WKLV PHDQV 6'+ PXOWLSOH[HUV DQG GLJLWDO FURVVFRQQHFWV 
0XOWLSOH[HUVHFWLRQRYHUKHDGLVDVVHPEOHGLQWKHILUVWQRGHIURPWKHDUULYDO
GLUHFWLRQ RI VLJQDO DQG LW LV GLVDVVHPEOHG LQ WKH IROORZLQJ QRGH 7KHVH
RSHUDWLRQVDUHQRWFDUULHGRXWLQUHJHQHUDWRUV

28
 3RLQWLQJWKHSD\ORDGIURP670DQGWKHSRLQWHU
RSHUDWLRQV
3D\ORDGLVSRLQWHGLQVLGHWKH670IUDPHZLWKWKHSRLQWHUV7KHVHSRLQWHUV
FRQWDLQ WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH SKDVH RI WKH YLUWXDO FRQWDLQHU UHODWLYH WR
WKHKLJKHUYLUWXDOFRQWDLQHU7KLVSKDVHFDQDOWHULQ6'+HTXLSPHQWEHFDXVH
RI WKH FURVVFRQQHFWLRQ RSHUDWLRQV RU EHFDXVH RI WKH UHVWDUW RI WKH QRGHV
$GMXVWPHQWRIGLIIHUHQFHVLQWUDQVPLVVLRQUDWHVRIGLIIHUHQWVLJQDOVDQGQRQ
V\QFKURQRXVLW\FDQDOVRKDYHVRPHHIIHFWRQWKHFKDQJHRISKDVH

STM-1 frame n:o n

AU-4 pointer
TU-12 pointer
the beginning of VC-4

STM-1 frame n:o n+1

V
V C
C -
- 1
the end of VC-4 1 2 V
2 C
-
1
2


)LJXUH7KHSULQFLSOHRISRLQWLQJWKHSD\ORDGLQ670IUDPH>@

$8SRLQWHU
$XSRLQWHULVXVHGWRSRLQWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHSD\ORDGLQ670IUDPH
6WULFWO\$8SRLQWHULVXVHGWRORFDWHWKHSODFHRIWKHILUVWE\WH-LQ9&
7KLVE\WHLVPRUHRIWHQVLWXDWHGLQGLIIHUHQWSODFHLQWKH670IUDPHWKDQ
WKHILUVWE\WHRISD\ORDG2QHPXVWQRWLFHWKDWWKHYDOXHRIWKLVSRLQWHUFDQ
RQO\EHDOWHUHGLQHYHU\IRXUWKIUDPH

2QH RI WKH IHDWXUHV RI 6'+ QHWZRUN LV WKH SUHYLRXVO\ PHQWLRQHG VOLGLQJ RI
SD\ORDG IURP RQH IUDPH WR DQRWKHU ZKHQ WKH VLJQDO LV QRW V\QFKURQRXV
HQRXJK ,Q WKLV FDVH WKH $8 SRLQWHU LV XVHG WR DGMXVW WKH ELW UDWHV RI
SD\ORDGDQG670IUDPH

29
1 9 10 270

Bytes for negative adjustement


Bytes for positive adjustememnt

H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3 P P P
the beginning of VC-4

Y = 1001 SS11 (S bits undefined)


1* = 1111 1111

)LJXUH7KHXVHRI$8SRLQWHU>@

3RVLWLYH DGMXVWPHQW LV XVHG WR FRPSHQVDWH WKH VPDOOHU ELW UDWH RI SD\ORDG
FRPSDUHGWR670IUDPH,QRUGHUWRKDYHWKHFRUUHFWELWUDWHIRUSD\ORDG
WKUHHE\WHVSHUDGMXVWPHQWDUHDGGHGDIWHUWKH+E\WHV7KHVHWKUHHH[WUD
E\WHV FRQWDLQ RQO\ LUUHOHYDQW LQIRUPDWLRQ 7KH YDOXH RI WKH QH[W SRLQWHU LV
LQFUHDVHGE\LQYHUWLQJWKH,ELWV$IWHUWKLVRSHUDWLRQWKHSRVLWLYHDGMXVWPHQW
LVGRQH

1HJDWLYH DGMXVWPHQW LV XVHG WR FRPSHQVDWH WKH ODUJHU ELW UDWH RI SD\ORDG
FRPSDUHGWRWKHELWUDWHRI670IUDPH7KHSD\ORDGLVPDGHWRILWLQWRWKH
IUDPH E\ ILOOLQJ WKH + E\WHV ZLWK SD\ORDG ZKLFK GRHV QRW ILW LQWR WKH
FRQWDLQHU7KHYDOXHRIWKHQH[WSRLQWHULVGHFUHDVHGE\RQHE\LQYHUWLQJWKH
'ELWV

7KH + E\WH LQ $8 SRLQWHU FRQWDLQV IRXU 1HZ GDWD IODJ ELWV 1 ELWV  DQG
WZR 6 ELWV 7KH V ELWV WHOO WKH W\SH RI $8 SRLQWHU 7KH YDOXH  LQ 6 ELWV
PHDQV WKDW LW LV $8 SRLQWHU 7KH 1 ELWV FDQ KDYH WZR YDOXHV  DQG
9DOXHUHIHUVWRDQRUPDORSHUDWLQJVWDWH6LWXDWLRQZKHUHRQH
RIWKHELWVLQSUHYLRXVO\PHQWLRQHGYDOXHLVQRWFRUUHFWLVDOVRLQWHUSUHWHGDV
QRUPDORSHUDWLQJVWDWH>@

H1 H2 H3
N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D Negative adjustment Positive adjustment

The length of pointer, 10 bits

AU-4 pointer
 
)LJXUH7KHVWUXFWXUH+DQG+E\WHVLQ$8SRLQWHU

30
:KHQ WKH 1 ELWV KDYH WKH YDOXH RI  WKH SRLQWHU YDOXH LV DOORZHG WR
FKDQJH LQWR D FRPSOHWHO\ QHZ YDOXH 7KLV NLQG RI VLWXDWLRQ RFFXUV ZKHQ
VXFFHVVLYH 78V DUH FRQFDWHQDWHG 2QH ELW HUURU LV DOORZHG DOVR LQ WKLV
VLWXDWLRQEXWDOOWKHRWKHUYDOXHVDUHLQWHUSUHWHGDVIDOVH

78SRLQWHU
260

9 261

RSOH
J1 S H1 H1 H1
t
B3 u H2 H2 H2
AU-4-pointer
C2 f H3 H3 H3
G1
MSOH f
F2
J1
H4 b
B3 J1
F3 i
C2 B3 J1
K3 t
G1 C2 B3
N1 s
F2 G1 C2
H4 F2 G1 &
F3 H4 F2 0ELWV
K3 F3 H4
N1 K3 F3
N1 K3
N1
84

)LJXUH6WUXFWXUHRI78SRLQWHUDQG&PDSSLQJ

+DQG+E\WHVLQ78SRLQWHUDUHXVHGWRSRLQWWRWKHEHJLQQLQJRIYLUWXDO
FRQWDLQHU9&+E\WHLVXVHGWRQHJDWLYHDGMXVWPHQWDVWKH+E\WHVLQ
$8SRLQWHU

7KH ELW UDWH DGMXVWPHQW DQG WKH SURFHVVLQJ RI ELWV LV GRQH E\ WKH VDPH
SULQFLSOHV DV LQ $8 SRLQWHU 3URFHVVLQJ LV KRZHYHU GRQH RQH E\WH DW WKH
WLPHDQGQRWWKUHHE\WHVDWWKHWLPHDVLQ$8SRLQWHU

78DQG78SRLQWHUV
78 78 DQG 78 SRLQWHUV HQDEOH IOH[LEOH SODFHPHQW RI YLUWXDO
FRQWDLQHUV9&9&DQG9&LQWRRYHUIUDPHV7878DQG78

31
2YHUIUDPHPHDQVWKDWVXEXQLWVLQOHYHO78DQG78DUHVSUHDGLQWR
IRXU KLJKHU OHYHO YLUWXDO FRQWDLQHUV 7KH GXUDWLRQ RI RQH RYHU IUDPH LV WKH
GXUDWLRQRIIRXU9&WKDWLVµV:KHQWKLVVSUHDGLQJRSHUDWLRQLVGRQH
WKH SRLQWHU VWUXFWXUH LQ 78 78 DQG 78 VXE XQLWV LV GLVDVVHPEOHG
>@

&RQFDWHQDWLRQRI78V
%\ FRQFDWHQDWLQJ RQH FDQ UDLVH WKH FDSDFLW\ RI RQH FKDQQHO E\ FRPELQLQJ
VHYHUDO YLUWXDO FRQWDLQHUV WRJHWKHU $W WKH PRPHQW WKHUH DUH WZR
VWDQGDUGL]HG ZD\V WR GR WKH FRQFDWHQDWLRQ ZLWK 78V 7KRVH ZD\V DUH
YLUWXDOFRQFDWHQDWLRQDQGFRQFDWHQDWLRQRIFRQVHFXWLYH78V

7KHFRQFDWHQDWLRQRIFRQVHFXWLYH78VUHTXLUHVRSHUDWLRQVZLWKWKH1ELWV
7KHFRPPRQSDWKRYHUKHDGIRUDOOFRQFDWHQDWHG78VLVVLWXDWHGLQWKHILUVW
78 $OORFDWLRQ DQG IOH[LELOLW\ RI WUDQVPLVVLRQ FDSDFLW\ DUH ZHDNO\ UHDOL]HG
>@%\FRQFDWHQDWLQJVXFFHVVLYH78RQHIRUPVD9&PFVWUXFWXUHZKHUH
WKHUH DUH P SLHFHV RI 9&V EHORQJLQJ WRJHWKHU 7KHVH 9&V DUH EHLQJ
WUDQVPLWWHGFRQFDWHQDWHGLQP78VXEXQLW

,Q WKH YLUWXDO FRQFDWHQDWLRQ WKHUH LV QR QHHG IRU WKH 78V WR EH VLWXDWHG
FRQVHFXWLYH7KHOLPLWDWLRQLQWKLVLVWKDWWKHFRQFDWHQDWHGVXEXQLWVPXVWEH
VLWXDWHGLQWKHVDPH9&2WKHUUHTXLUHPHQWLVWKDWWKHQHWZRUNHOHPHQWV
LQ XVH PXVW VXSSRUW WKLV W\SH RI FRQFDWHQDWLRQ 1RZ WKHUH LV QR QHHG WR
RSHUDWH WKH 1 ELWV LQ 78 SRLQWHUV 3RLQWHU YDOXH IRU HDFK FRQFDWHQDWHG 78
PXVWEHWKHVDPHLQWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQHQG7KHUHLVDOVROHVVFDSDFLW\LQWKH
YLUWXDOFRQFDWHQDWLRQEHFDXVHHYHU\78PXVWKDYHLWVRZQSDWKRYHUKHDG

$OVRKLJKHUOHYHOVLJQDOVFDQEHFRQFDWHQDWHGWRJHWKHU7KLVKDSSHQVZKHQ
WKHUHLVDQHHGIRUJUHDWHUFDSDFLW\WKDQWKHRQHSURYLGHGE\6700RVWO\
WKHUHDVRQIRUWKLVW\SHRIFRQFDWHQDWLRQRFFXUVZKHQWKHWUDQVPLWWHGVLJQDO
LV0ELWV$70VLJQDO7KHH[DPSOHLVWKHFRQFDWHQDWLRQRI670V

8VXDOO\ 670 VLJQDO LV IRUPHG IURP IRXU GLIIHUHQW 670 VLJQDOV ZLWK E\WH
LQWHUOHDYHG PXOWLSOH[LQJ 7KH UHVXOW RI WKLV LV WKDW WKHUH DUH IRXU VHSDUDWH

32
9&V ZLWK WKHLU SDWK RYHUKHDGV LQ WKH YLUWXDO FRQWDLQHU RI 670 VLJQDO
:KHUH DV LQ WKH FDVH RI FRQFDWHQDWHG 670 670F  WKH ZKROH YLUWXDO
FRQWDLQHU LV ILOOHG ZLWK RQH 9&F ZKLFK KDVRQO\ RQHSDWKRYHUKHDG%\
GRLQJ WKLV RQH FDQ WUDQVPLW WULEXWDU\ XQLW VLJQDO XS WR WKH ELW UDWH RI 
0ELWV :KHQ WKH 9&V LV IRUPHG WKH YLUWXDO FRQWDLQHU LV WUDQVPLWWHG
WKURXJKWKHZKROHQHWZRUNDVRQHHQWLW\

 6'+QHWZRUNWRSRORJLHVDQGVWUXFWXUHV
6'+ QHWZRUN DV DOO RWKHU WUDQVPLVVLRQ QHWZRUNV KDV VHYHUDO GLIIHUHQW EDVLF
QHWZRUN WRSRORJLHV :KHQ GHVLJQLQJ D QHWZRUN WKH WKLQJV DIIHFWLQJ WKH
FKRLFH RI WKH WRSRORJ\ WR EH XVHG DUH WKH QHWZRUN DSSOLFDWLRQ WKH
FRPSOH[LW\ RI WKH QHWZRUN WKH ZDQWHG UHOLDELOLW\ JHRJUDSKLFDO DVSHFWV DQG
WKHFXUUHQWQHWZRUNLQXVH

7KHVWUXFWXUHRIQHWZRUNLVDOVRDIIHFWHGLIWKHUHLVDQHHGIRUXQLGLUHFWLRQDO
ELGLUHFWLRQDORUEURDGFDVWQHWZRUNVWUXFWXUH

,Q WKH XQLGLUHFWLRQDO VWUXFWXUH WKH VLJQDO LV WUDQVPLWWHG RQO\ LQWR RQH
GLUHFWLRQ YLD RQH 6'+ QHWZRUN HOHPHQW 'LVWULEXWLRQ RI YLGHR FRXOG EH RQH
DSSOLFDWLRQIRUWKHXVHRIWKLVW\SHRIFRXSOLQJ,QWKHELGLUHFWLRQDOVWUXFWXUH
WKHUH DUH ELGLUHFWLRQDO FURVVFRQQHFWV LQ WKH 6'+ QHWZRUN HOHPHQWV %L
GLUHFWLRQDOVWUXFWXUHLVXVHGIRUQHHGVRIWHOHSKRQ\DQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQV

,QWKHEURDGFDVWVWUXFWXUHWKHLQFRPLQJYLUWXDOFRQWDLQHULVFRXSOHGLQ6'+
QHWZRUN HOHPHQW LQWR VHYHUDO RXWJRLQJ YLUWXDO FRQWDLQHUV )RU H[DPSOH 7KH
)LQQLVKEURDGFDVWLQJFRPSDQ\<OHLVUDGLRXVHVWKLVVWUXFWXUHDVDSDUWRILWV
QHWZRUN

3RLQWWRSRLQWFRQQHFWLRQ
7KHVLPSOHVWQHWZRUNW\SHLVWKHSRLQWWRSRLQWFRQQHFWLRQ$QHWZRUNRIWKLV
W\SHFRQVLVWVRIWZRQRGHVDQGWKHQHWZRUNEHWZHHQWKHP7KHVSHFLDOFDVH
LQ HQG WR HQG FRQQHFWLRQV LV WKH VWDU VWUXFWXUH ZKHUH WKHUH LV D FURVV

33
FRQQHFWLQWKHPLGGOHRIVHYHUDOSRLQWWRSRLQWFRQQHFWLRQVVWDUWLQJIURPWKLV
FURVVFRQQHFW

7KHW\SHRISURWHFWLRQZLWKSRLQWWRSRLQWFRQQHFWLRQVFDQEHHLWKHURU
QSURWHFWLRQZKHQHYHULWLVQHHGHG,QSURWHFWLRQWKHUHDUHDVPDQ\
SURWHFWLRQ FRQQHFWLRQV DV WKHUH DUH FRQQHFWLRQV LQ XVH ,Q Q SURWHFWLRQ
WKHUHLVRQO\RQHSURWHFWLQJFRQQHFWLRQSHUQFRQQHFWLRQV

7KHUHLVDOVRDWKLUGZD\WRVHFXUHWKHFRQQHFWLRQVRWKDWWKHUHLVQRGDWD
JRLQJ LQ WKH SURWHFWLQJ FRQQHFWLRQV ZKHQ WKH QHWZRUN LV IXQFWLRQLQJ
QRUPDOO\7KLVSURWHFWLRQW\SHLVFDOOHGQPSURWHFWLRQ7KHPDUNLQJPHDQV
WKDWWKHUHDUHQFRQQHFWLRQVWKDWDUHSURWHFWHGE\PFRQQHFWLRQV7KLVLVE\
IDU WKH PRVW FRPSOH[ ZD\ WR GR WKH SURWHFWLRQ RI WKH FRQQHFWLRQV DQG
WKHUHIRUH WKH ILUVW WZR ZD\V DUH WKH PRVW IUHTXHQW ZD\V WR GR WKH
SURWHFWLRQ

%HVLGHWKHVHH[SODLQHGZD\VWRGRWKHSURWHFWLRQWKHUHDUHDOVRDQGQP
SURWHFWLRQV ZKHUH WKH QRQSULRULWL]HG WUDIILF FDQ EH WUDQVPLWWHG YLD WKH
SURWHFWLQJOLQHLQVLWXDWLRQZKHUHWKHQHWZRUNLVIXQFWLRQLQJQRUPDOO\>@

&KDLQQHWZRUN
7KH FKDLQ QHWZRUN LV IRUPHG RXW RI VHYHUDO FRQVHFXWLYH QHWZRUN HOHPHQWV
$GGDQGGURSPXOWLSOH[HUVFDQEHXVHGWRWDNHWKHWULEXWDU\XQLWVLJQDORXW
IURP WKH QHWZRUN 7ULEXWDU\ XQLW VLJQDOV FDQ EH DGGHG DOLNH %UDQFKLQJ RI
WKH670OHYHOVLJQDOVLVGRQHZLWKWKHFURVVFRQQHFWV

7HUPLQDO $'0 7HUPLQDO


     
PXOWLSOH[HU PXOWLSOH[HU

5HJHQHUDWRU 5HJHQHUDWRU
7ULEXWDU\XQLWVLJQDO 
670VLJQDO 3URWHFWLRQOLQH
$'0 $GGDQGGURSPXOWLSOH[HU

)LJXUH$FKDLQQHWZRUNZLWKSURWHFWLRQ

34
5LQJQHWZRUN
7KH LQKHUHQW SURWHFWLRQ IHDWXUH LV W\SLFDO IRU WKH ULQJ QHWZRUNV (UURU LQ
WUDQVPLVVLRQPHGLXPRULQQRGHGRHVQRWFXWWKHWUDIILFLQELGLUHFWLRQDOULQJ
QHWZRUNV7KLVW\SHRISURWHFWLRQUHTXLUHVWKDWWKHFDSDFLW\RIWUDQVPLVVLRQ
LVGRXEOHGLQWKHFDVHRIHUURUVLWXDWLRQV>@

 

670VLJQDOV
$'0  $'0 7ULEXWDU\XQLWVLJQDO
3URWHFWLRQOLQH

 

$'0  $'0

 

)LJXUH5LQJQHWZRUNLPSOHPHQWHGXVLQJDGGDQGGURSPXOWLSOH[HUV

0HVKQHWZRUN
7KHUHDUHSOHQW\RISK\VLFDOFRQQHFWLRQVEHWZHHQWKH6'+QHWZRUNHOHPHQWV
LQQHWZRUNVWUXFWXUHGXVLQJPHVKWRSRORJ\7KHVLWXDWLRQFDQEHVRUDGLFDO
WKDWWKHUHDUHFRQQHFWLRQVEHWZHHQHYHU\QHWZRUNHOHPHQW7KLVPHDQVWKDW
WKHUHDUHLQQXPHUDEOHZD\WRGRWKHVZLWFKLQJXVLQJPHVKQHWZRUNVROXWLRQ
DQG WKH QHWZRUN GRQH OLNH WKLV KDV D YHU\ UHOLDEOH DQG ODUJH FDSDFLW\ 7KLV
FRPSOH[LW\ PDNHV LW YHU\ KDUG WR PDQDJH HVSHFLDOO\ ZKHQ LW FRPHV WR
V\QFKURQL]DWLRQ

';& ';&

';&

';& ';&


)LJXUH7KHSULQFLSOHRI0HVKQHWZRUNWRSRORJ\

35
(UURUVZKHQWUDQVPLWWLQJGDWDLQ6'+QHWZRUN
7UDQVPLVVLRQ LQ 6'+ QHWZRUNV LV PDLQO\ RSWLFDO 2SWLFDO WUDQVPLVVLRQ LV QRW
DVVHQVLWLYHIRUIDXOWVDVHOHFWULFDOWUDQVPLVVLRQ)LEHURSWLFFDEOHKDVIHZHU
LQWHUDFWLRQVZLWKWKHHQYLURQPHQWWKDQHOHFWULFDOFDEOHZKHUHPDQ\GLIIHUHQW
HUURUV FDQ EH FRXSOHG )LEHU RSWLF FDEOH KDV DQ\KRZ HUURUV FDXVHG E\ LWV
SK\VLFDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV VXFK DV WKH DWWHQXDWLRQ LQ ILEHU RSWLF FDEOH
DEVRUSWLRQ VFDWWHULQJ UDGLDWLRQ ORVVHV DQG WKH GLVWRUWLRQ RI RSWLFDO VLJQDO
7KHJUHDWHVWWKUHDWLVDQ\KRZWKHEUHDNRIWKHILEHU

:KHQDFDEOHEUHDNRUDIDLOXUHVLPLODUWRLWKDSSHQV6'+QHWZRUNUHURXWHV
DOOWUDIILFLQIHZPLOOLVHFRQGV670IUDPHSURYLGHVWKHLQIRUPDWLRQZKDWWRGR
LIWKHIUDPHFDQQRWUHDFKLWVUHFLSLHQW7KLVLQIRUPDWLRQLVDOZD\VDGGHGLQWR
ZHOOGHILQHGE\WHV7KHPRVWFRPPRQLQVWUXFWLRQLQWKHFDVHRIFDEOHEUDNH
LVWRJREDFNWKHVDPHURXWHDQGWU\WRUHDFKWKHHQGSRLQWXVLQJGLIIHUHQW
URXWH:KHQWKLVUHURXWLQJLVGRQHDGGDQGGURSPXOWLSOH[HUQRWLFHVWKHUH
URXWHG IUDPH DQG LW FRPPDQGV WKH VZLWFK WR FKDQJH DOO GDWD JRLQJ WR WKLV
QRQIXQFWLRQLQJOLQHLQWRDQDOWHUQDWLYHURXWH

2YHUYLHZRIGDWDWUDQVIHU
7KHUHDUHVHYHUDOGLIIHUHQWTXDOLW\SDUDPHWHUVGHILQHGIRUGDWDWUDQVIHU7KLV
VWXG\ LV IRXQGHG RQ ,787 UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ * $FFRUGLQJ WR WKLV
UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ WKH SHUIRUPDQFH REVHUYDWLRQ LVEDVHG RQ WKH DOORFDWLRQ RI
ELW VWUHDP LQWR EORFNV 7KH ZKROH SHUIRUPDQFH REVHUYDWLRQ ZLOO UHWXUQ LQWR
FRPSDULVRQ RI SDUDPHWHUV DQG GHILQLWLRQ RI VRPH ERXQGDULHV IRU WKHVH
SDUDPHWHUV>@

'HILQLWLRQVLQHUURUH[DPLQDWLRQ
%ORFN

%ORFNLVDJURXSRIVXFFHVVLYHELWVLQWUDQVPLVVLRQPHGLXP(YHU\ELWEHORQJV
RQO\WRRQHEORFN7KHVL]HRIEORFNDQGWKHQXPEHURIELWVLQRQHEORFNYDU\
GHSHQGLQJRQWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQUDWHRIWUDQVPLVVLRQPHGLXP(YHU\EORFNLV

36
EHLQJ VXSHUYLVHG E\ D FHUWDLQ HUURU LGHQWLILFDWLRQ FRGH &\FOLF UHGXQGDQFH
FKHFN DQG ELW LQWHUOHDYHG SDULW\ DUH H[DPSOHV RI WKRVH FRGHV 7KH HUURU
GHILQLWLRQFRGHVFDQEHSK\VLFDOO\VLWXDWHGLQDGLIIHUHQWSODFHWKDQWKHEORFN
WKH\DUHVXSHUYLVLQJ

(UURU%ORFN(%

(UURU EORFN LV D VLWXDWLRQ ZKHQ WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ WKH HUURU LGHQWLILFDWLRQ
FRGHLVLQFRQIOLFWZLWKWKHELWFRQWHQWRIEORFN,QSULQFLSOHWKHUHFDQEHDQ
HUURUHLWKHULQWKHFRGHRULQWKHEORFNEXWWKHVXSSRVLWLRQLVWKDWZKHQWKH
FRQIOLFWRFFXUVWKHUHDVRQLVDQHUURULQWKHEORFN

(UURU6HFRQG(6

(UURUVHFRQGLVDXQLWWKDWKDVDOHQJWKRIRQHVHFRQGDQGFRQWDLQVRQHRU
PRUHHUURUEORFNV

6HYHUDO(UURUV6HFRQG6(6

,IDSHULRGRIRQHVHFRQGFRQWDLQVPRUHWKDQRIHUURUEORFNVLWLVFDOOHG
VHYHUDOHUURUVVHFRQG6(6LVDVXEJURXSWRHUURUVHFRQGVRLWLVDOVRHUURU
VHFRQG

%DFNJURXQG%ORFN(UURU%%(

%DFNJURXQG EORFN HUURU LV D GHILQLWLRQ RI DQ HUURU WKDW LV QRW KDSSHQLQJ
ZLWKLQVHYHUDOHUURUVHFRQG

8QDYDLODEOH6HFRQGV8$6

8QDYDLODEOHVHFRQGVGHILQHWKHWLPHRIGLVXVH:KHQWHQVXFFHVVLYHVHYHUDO
HUURU VHFRQGV KDYH RFFXUUHG LW LV VDLG WKDW WKH WUDQVPLVVLRQ PHGLXP LV LQ
GLVXVHVWDWH7KHVHWHQVHFRQGVDUHDOVRFRXQWHGLQWRGLVXVHWLPH:KHQWHQ
VXFFHVVLYHVHFRQGVZLWKRXW6(6VRFFXUVWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQPHGLXPLVDJDLQLQ
XVDELOLW\VWDWH

37
$ODUPV
6RPH PRVW LPSRUWDQW DODUPV LQ 6'+ QHWZRUN DUH H[SODLQHG QH[W 6'+
HTXLSPHQW LV VHW LQWR DODUP VWDWH LI RQH VSHFLILHG HUURU VLWXDWLRQ RFFXUV
7KHUHDUHDERXWWZHQW\GLIIHUHQWDODUPVLQ6'+V\VWHPV

/RV2I6LJQDO/26

/26 DODUP LV JLYHQ LI WKH 6'+ HTXLSPHQW QRWLFHV WKDW WKH VLJQDO OHYHO LV
EHORZ VRPH VSHFLILFDWLRQ XVXDOO\ VR ORZ WKDW WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ FDQQRW EH
VHSDUDWHG IURP QRLVH 7KHUH LV DOVR XVXDOO\ D PHDVXUHPHQW LQ QHWZRUN
HOHPHQWV IRU ERWK RSWLFDO DQG HOHFWULFDO SRZHU GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH
WUDQVPLVVLRQPHGLXP

/RV2I)UDPH/2)

:KHQ D 6'+ QHWZRUN HTXLSPHQW FDQQRW UHFHLYH FRUUHFW IUDPH E\WHV WKH
QHWZRUNHOHPHQWGHILQHVWKHIUDPHORVW/2)DODUPLVJLYHQRQO\LIWKHIUDPH
E\WHV DUH LQFRUUHFW GXULQJ D FHUWDLQ WLPH :KHQ WKH QHWZRUN HOHPHQW
UHFRJQL]HVWKHFRUUHFWE\WHVDJDLQWKHDODUPLVUHPRYHG

/RVV2I3RLQWHU/23

/23 DODUP LV WULJJHUHG LI WKH QHWZRUN HOHPHQW UHFHLYHV FHUWDLQ DPRXQW RI
IDXOW\ SRLQWHUV 7KLV DODUP LV UHPRYHG LI WKUHH VXFFHVVLYH SRLQWHUV DUH
UHFHLYHG SHUIHFWO\ RU HYHU\ ELW LQ WKUHH VXFFHVVLYH SRLQWHUV LV RQHV ,Q WKH
ODWWHUFDVHWKHDODUPLV$,6

'HJUDGHG6LJQDO'(*

'(*DODUPLVJLYHQLIWKHDPRXQWRIDODUPVLQWUDQVPLVVLRQPHGLXPH[FHHGV
VRPHFKRVHQYDOXHZKLFKFDQYDU\EHWZHHQ(±(

 7KHFRQVHTXHQFHVRIWKHDODUPV
:KHQDQRGHLQ6'+QHWZRUNLVVHWLQWRDODUPVWDWH,QIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKLV
LVVHQWERWKIRUZDUGVDQGEDFNZDUGVWRWKHQHWZRUN7UDQVPLVVLRQPHGLXP

38
LVGLYLGHGLQWRGRZQVWUHDPDQGXSVWUHDPDFFRUGLQJWRWKH GLUHFWLRQ RI GDWD
WUDQVPLVVLRQ :KHQ DQ DODUP LV QRWLFHG IRU H[DPSOH LQ WKH UHJHQHUDWRU
RYHUKHDG LW ZRXOG EH D ZDVWH RI UHVRXUFHV WR DQDO\]H WKH VDPH VLJQDO LQ
ORZHUOHYHOV 7KHUHIRUH LQ WKH VHFWLRQ ZKHUH WKH HUURU LV GLVFRYHUHG DOO WKH
ELWVDUHVHWWRRQH:KHQDORZHUOHYHUVHFWLRQUHDOL]HVWKDWFHUWDLQELWVDUH
RQHLWDGPLWVWKHVLJQDOWRFRQWLQXHVWUDLJKWIRUZDUGDIWHULWKDVFKDQJHGWKH
ELWVFRQFHUQLQJWKHVHFWLRQLQWRRQH7KLVVLJQDOZKHUHDOOELWVDUHHYHQWXDOO\
RQH LV FDOOHG DODUP LQGLFDWLRQ VLJQDO $,6 $,6 LV WKHUHIRUH D UHVXOW RI HUURU
VLWXDWLRQLQGRZQVWUHDP>@

7KHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHHUURULVVHQWDOVRLQWRXSVWUHDPVRWKDWRQHFDQ
HIIHFW WKH FDXVH RI HUURU 7KH VLJQDO VHQW WR XSVWUHDP LV UHPRWH GHIHFW
VLJQDO 5', ZKLFK WHOO WKDW WKH WUDQVPLVVLRQ PHGLXP FDQQRW WUDQVPLW DQ\
GDWD

3URWHFWLRQRIFRQQHFWLRQ
7KHW\SHRISURWHFWLRQGHSHQGVODUJHO\RQKRZPXFKDQGKRZLPSRUWDQWWKH
SURWHFWHGWUDIILFLQWKHFRQQHFWLRQLV,IWKHUHLVRQO\OLWWOH´QRWVRLPSRUWDQW´
GDWDJRLQJLQWKHQHWZRUN WKLVLVQRWWKHFDVHXVXDOO\ HTXLSPHQWSURWHFWLRQ
VZLWFKLQJ(36WHFKQLTXHLVXVHG,QWKLVWHFKQLTXHWKHQXPEHURIQHWZRUN
HOHPHQWVLQXVHLVGRXEOHG(36DQG(36QDUHWKHW\SHVRI(36

,I WKH DPRXQW RI WUDIILF LV ELJ WKH SURWHFWLRQ WR EH XVHG LV FDEOH SURWHFWLRQ
RUDQGWHFKQLTXHFDOOHGDXWRPDWLFSURWHFWLRQVZLWFKLQJ$36$36LVIXUWKHU
VSUHDGWHFKQLTXHWKDQ(36

7ZR EDVLF W\SHV RI SURWHFWLRQ DUFKLWHFWXUH DUH GLVWLQJXLVKHG LQ $36 2QH LV
WKH OLQHDU SURWHFWLRQ PHFKDQLVP XVHG IRU SRLQW WR SRLQW FRQQHFWLRQV 7KH
RWKHUEDVLFIRUPLVWKHVRFDOOHGULQJSURWHFWLRQPHFKDQLVPWKDWFDQWDNHRQ
PDQ\GLIIHUHQWIRUPV%RWKPHFKDQLVPVXVHVSDUHFLUFXLWVRUFRPSRQHQWVWR
SURYLGHWKHEDFNXSSDWK6ZLWFKLQJLVFRQWUROOHGE\WKHRYHUKHDGE\WHV.
DQG.

39
 /LQHDUSURWHFWLRQ
7KH VLPSOHVW IRUP RIEDFNXS LV WKH VRFDOOHG  $36 +HUH HDFK ZRUNLQJ
OLQH LV SURWHFWHG E\ RQH SURWHFWLRQ OLQH ,I D GHIHFW RFFXUV WKH SURWHFWLRQ
DJHQWLQWKHQHWZRUNHOHPHQWVDWERWKHQGVVZLWFKHVWKHFLUFXLWRYHUWRWKH
SURWHFWLRQ OLQH 7KH VZLWFKRYHU LV WULJJHUHG E\ D GHIHFW VXFK DV /26
6ZLWFKLQJDWWKHIDUHQGLVLQLWLDWHGE\WKHUHWXUQRIDQDFNQRZOHGJPHQWLQ
WKHEDFNZDUGFKDQQHO

SURWHFWLRQDUFKLWHFWXUHLQFOXGHVUHGXQGDQF\DVWKHUHLVDVSDUH
OLQH IRU HDFK ZRUNLQJ OLQH (FRQRPLF FRQVLGHUDWLRQV KDYH OHG WR WKH
SUHIHUHQWLDO XVH RI 1 DUFKLWHFWXUH SDUWLFXODUO\ IRU ORQJGLVWDQFH SDWKV ,Q
WKLVFDVHDVLQJOHEDFNXSOLQHSURWHFWVVHYHUDOZRUNLQJOLQHV,IVZLWFKLQJLV
QHFHVVDU\WKHWZRHQGVRIWKHDIIHFWHGSDWKDUHVZLWFKHGRYHUWRWKHEDFN
XS OLQH 7KH  DQG 1 SURWHFWLRQ PHFKDQLVP DUH VWDQGDUGL]HG LQ ,787
5HFRPPHQGDWLRQ*

7KH UHVHUYHG FLUFXLWV FDQ EH XVHG IRU ORZHUSULRULW\ WUDIILF ZKLFK LV VLPSO\
LQWHUUXSWHGLIWKHFLUFXLWLVQHHGHGWRUHSODFHDIDLOHGZRUNLQJOLQH

 5LQJSURWHFWLRQ
7KH JUHDWHU WKH FRPPXQLFDWLRQV EDQGZLGWK FDUULHG E\ RSWLFDO ILEHUV WKH
JUHDWHU WKH FRVW DGYDQWDJHV RI ULQJ VWUXFWXUHV DV FRPSDUHG ZLWK OLQHDU
VWUXFWXUHV $ ULQJ LV WKH VLPSOHVW DQG PRVW FRVWHIIHFWLYH ZD\ RI OLQNLQJ D
QXPEHURIQHWZRUNHOHPHQWV

9DULRXV SURWHFWLRQ PHFKDQLVPV DUH DYDLODEOH IRU WKLV W\SH RI QHWZRUN
DUFKLWHFWXUH RQO\ VRPH RI ZKLFK KDYH EHHQ VWDQGDUGL]HG LQ ,787
5HFRPPHQGDWLRQ * $ EDVLF GLVWLQFWLRQ PXVW EH PDGH EHWZHHQ ULQJ
VWUXFWXUHVZLWKXQLGLUHFWLRQDODQGELGLUHFWLRQDOFRQQHFWLRQV

 8QLGLUHFWLRQDOULQJV
)LJXUH  VKRZV WKH EDVLF SULQFLSDO RI $36 IRU XQLGLUHFWLRQDO ULQJV /HW XV
DVVXPH WKDW WKHUH LV DQ LQWHUUXSWLRQ LQ WKH FLUFXLW EHWZHHQ WKH QHWZRUN

40
HOHPHQWV$DQG%'LUHFWLRQ\LVXQDIIHFWHGE\WKLVIDXOW$QDOWHUQDWLYHSDWK
PXVW KRZHYHU EH IRXQG IRU GLUHFWLRQ [ 7KH FRQQHFWLRQ LV WKHUHIRUH
VZLWFKHG WR WKH DOWHUQDWLYH SDWK LQ QHWZRUN HOHPHQWV $ DQG % 7KH RWKHU
QHWZRUNHOHPHQWV&DQG'VZLWFKWKURXJKWKHEDFNXSSDWK7KLVVZLWFKLQJ
SURFHVV LV UHIHUUHG WR DV OLQH VZLWFKHG $ VLPSOHU PHWKRG LV WR XVH WKH VR
FDOOHG SDWK VZLWFKHG ULQJ VHH ILJXUH   7UDIILF LV WUDQVPLWWHG
VLPXOWDQHRXVO\RYHUERWKWKHZRUNLQJOLQHDQGWKHSURWHFWLQJOLQH,IWKHUHLV
DQLQWHUUXSWLRQWKHUHFHLYHU LQWKLVFDVH$ VZLWFKHVWRWKHSURWHFWLRQOLQH
DQGLPPHGLDWHO\WDNHVXSWKHFRQQHFWLRQ


)LJXUH7ZRILEHUXQLGLUHFWLRQDOSDWKVZLWFKHGULQJ>@

 %LGLUHFWLRQDOULQJV
,Q WKLV QHWZRUN VWUXFWXUH FRQQHFWLRQV EHWZHHQ QHWZRUN HOHPHQWV DUH EL
GLUHFWLRQDO 7KLV LV LQGLFDWHG LQ ILJXUH  E\ WKH DEVHQFH RI DUURZV ZKHQ
FRPSDUHGZLWKILJXUH7KHRYHUDOOFDSDFLW\RIWKHQHWZRUNFDQEHVSOLWXS
IRU VHYHUDO SDWKV HDFK ZLWK RQH ELGLUHFWLRQDO ZRUNLQJ OLQH ZKLOH IRU
XQLGLUHFWLRQDOULQJVDQHQWLUHYLUWXDOULQJLVUHTXLUHGIRUHDFKSDWK,IDIDXOW
RFFXUV EHWZHHQ QHLJKERU HOHPHQWV $ DQG % QHWZRUN HOHPHQW % WULJJHUV
SURWHFWLRQ VZLWFKLQJ DQG FRQWUROV QHWZRUN HOHPHQW $ E\ PHDQV RI WKH .
DQG.E\WHVLQWKH62+

41

)LJXUH7ZRILEHUELGLUHFWLRQDOOLQHVZLWFKHGULQJ>@

%LGLUHFWLRQDO ULQJV SURYLGH HYHQ JUHDWHU SURWHFWLRQ ZLWK  ILEHUV (DFK SDLU
RI ILEHU WUDQVSRUWV ZRUNLQJ DQG SURWHFWLRQ FKDQQHOV 7KLV UHVXOWV LQ 
SURWHFWLRQ ZKLFK PHDQV  UHGXQGDQF\ 7KLV LPSURYHG SURWHFWLRQ LV
FRXSOHGZLWKUHODWLYHO\KLJKFRVWV

6\QFKURQL]DWLRQ
6\QFKURQRXV LV WKH ILUVW ZRUG LQ WKH WHUP 6'+ IRU D YHU\ JRRG UHDVRQ ,I
V\QFKURQL]DWLRQ LV QRW JXDUDQWHHG FRQVLGHUDEOH GHJUDGDWLRQ LQ QHWZRUN
IXQFWLRQ DQG HYHQ WRWDO IDLOXUH RI WKH QHWZRUN FDQ EH WKH UHVXOW 7R DYRLG
WKLVZRUVWFDVHVFHQDULRDOOQHWZRUNHOHPHQWVDUHV\QFKURQL]HGWRDFHQWUDO
FORFN 7KLV FORFN LV JHQHUDWHG E\ D KLJKSUHFLVLRQ SULPDU\ UHIHUHQFH FORFN
35&  XQLW FRQILUPLQJ WR ,787 5HFRPPHQGDWLRQ * 7KLV VSHFLILHV DQ
DFFXUDF\RI7KLVFORFNVLJQDOPXVWEHGLVWULEXWHGWKURXJKRXWWKHHQWLUH
 

QHWZRUN$KLHUDUFKLFDOVWUXFWXUHLVXVHGIRUWKLVWKHVLJQDOLVSDVVHGRQE\
WKHVXERUGLQDWHV\QFKURQRXVVXSSO\XQLW 668 DQGV\QFKURQRXVHTXLSPHQW
FORFNV 6(&  7KH V\QFKURQL]DWLRQ VLJQDO SDWKV FDQ EH WKH VDPH DV WKRVH
XVHGIRU6'+FRPPXQLFDWLRQV

42
35&
*

668 668
* *

6(& 6(& 6(& 6(&


* * * *

)LJXUH&ORFNVXSSO\KLHUDUFK\VWUXFWXUH

7KHFORFNVLJQDOLVUHJHQHUDWHGLQWKH668VDQG6(&VZLWKWKHDLGRISKDVH
ORFNHGORRSV,IWKHFORFNVXSSO\IDLOVWKHDIIHFWHGQHWZRUNHOHPHQWVZLWFKHV
RYHU WR D FORFN VRXUFH ZLWK WKH VDPH RU ORZHU TXDOLW\ RU LI WKLV LV QRW
SRVVLEOH LW VZLWFKHV WR KROGRYHU PRGH ,Q WKLV VLWXDWLRQ WKH FORFN VLJQDO LV
NHSW UHODWLYHO\ DFFXUDWH E\ FRQWUROOLQJ WKH RVFLOODWRU E\ DSSO\LQJ WKH VWRUHG
IUHTXHQF\ FRUUHFWLRQ YDOXHV IRU WKH SUHYLRXV KRXUV DQG WDNLQJ WKH
WHPSHUDWXUH RI WKH RVFLOODWRU LQWR DFFRXQW &ORFN LVODQGV PXVW EH DYRLGHG
DWDOOFRVWVDVWKHVHZRXOGGULIWRXWWKHV\QFKURQL]DWLRQZLWKWKHSDVVDJHRI
WKHWLPHDQGWKHWRWDOIDLOXUHGLVDVWHUZRXOGEHWKHUHVXOW&ORFNLVODQGLVD
VLWXDWLRQ ZKHUH IRU H[DPSOH WKH FORFN VLJQDO FRPLQJ RXW RI 668 ZRXOG EH
GHILQHG DV LWV RZQ KLJKHUOHYHO FORFN VLJQDO YLD VHYHUDO QHWZRUN HOHPHQWV
6XFKLVODQGVDUHSUHYHQWHGE\VLJQDOLQJWKHQHWZRUNHOHPHQWVZLWKWKHDLGRI
V\QFKURQL]DWLRQVWDWXVPHVVDJH 660SDUWRIE\WH% 7KH660LQIRUPVWKH
QHLJKERULQJQHWZRUNHOHPHQWDERXWWKHVWDWXVRIWKHFORFNVXSSO\DQGLVSDUW
RIWKHRYHUKHDG

6SHFLDO SUREOHPV DULVH DW JDWHZD\V EHWZHHQ QHWZRUNV ZLWK LQGHSHQGHQW


FORFN VXSSOLHV 6'+ QHWZRUN HOHPHQWV FDQ FRPSHQVDWH IRU FORFN RIIVHWV
ZLWKLQFHUWDLQOLPLWVE\PHDQVRISRLQWHURSHUDWLRQV3RLQWHUDFWLYLW\LVWKXVD
UHOLDEOHLQGLFDWRURISUREOHPVZLWKFORFNVXSSO\

&RPSDWLELOLW\DQGFRXSOLQJRI6'+QHWZRUNV
6RPH HUURUV LQ FRPSDWLELOLW\ EHWZHHQ GLIIHUHQW 6'+ QHWZRUNV FDQ EH
DURXVHG ZKHQ QHZ IHDWXUHV DUH WDNHQ LQWR XVH LQ QHZ HTXLSPHQW DQG WKH

43
ROG HTXLSPHQW GRHV QRW VXSSRUW WKHVH IHDWXUHV 2ULJLQDOO\ ,787 DQG (76,
UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV FRQFHQWUDWHG RQO\ RQ GHILQLQJ WKH RSWLFDO DQG HOHFWULFDO
LQWHUIDFHV $IWHUZDUGV QHZ JXLGHOLQHV KDYH EHHQ IRXQG WR VXSSRUW WKH
IXQFWLRQDOLW\ RI WKH QHWZRUN 7KHVH IHDWXUHV FRQFHUQ IRU H[DPSOH WKH
V\QFKURQL]DWLRQ RI WKH QHWZRUN DODUPV ZKHQ D IDOVH URXWLQJ RFFXUV WKH
SURWHFWLRQRIWKHWUDIILFDQGPRQLWRULQJRIWKHSHUIRUPDQFHLQWKHQHWZRUNV
RIVHYHUDOQHWZRUNRSHUDWRUV>@

$Q 6'+ RSHUDWRU XVLQJ HTXLSPHQW DQG VRIWZDUH RQO\ IURP RQH YHQGRU FDQ
JXDUDQWHH WKH FRPSDWLELOLW\ HDVLO\ E\ XSGDWLQJ WKH HTXLSPHQW RQH DW WKH
WLPH ZKHQ D QHZ IHDWXUHV LV WDNHQ LQWR XVH %XW SUREOHPV DULVH ZKHQ
PRYLQJ IURP RQH QHWZRUN WR DQRWKHU DQG WKHVH QHWZRUNV DUH RSHUDWHG E\
GLIIHUHQW6'+RSHUDWRUV,IWKHVHRSHUDWRUVDUHDOVRXVLQJGLIIHUHQWYHQGRUV
FUXFLDOSUREOHPVZLOODULVHDQGQHWZRUNVFDQVXSSRUWGLIIHUHQWIHDWXUHV>@

7R HQVXUH FRPSDWLELOLW\ VLJQDOV IURP DOO OHYHOV VKRXOG EH WHVWHG DV ZHOO DV
WKH UHVSRQVH RI WKH QHWZRUN WR WKHVH VLJQDOV )RU H[DPSOH LI % HUURUV DUH
SXW LQWR VRPH VHFWLRQ EXW WKH 5(, ZLOO QRW UHWXUQ RQH PXVW WHVW WKDW WKH
QHWZRUNHOHPHQWLVIXQFWLRQLQJLID5(,VHQGWRLWWRR

$70RYHU6'+
,Q 6'+ WKH $70 FHOOV DUH PDSSHG URZ E\ URZ LQWR & & & DQG &
FRQWDLQHUV 3RLQWHU PXVW SRLQW WRZDUGV WKH SODFH RI - E\WH LQ IORDWLQJ
SD\ORDG ,I WKH FDSDFLW\ RI WKH FRQWDLQHU LV QRW WKH VDPH VL]H ZLWK WKH
FDSDFLW\ RI $70 EDQGZLGWK $70 EDQGZLGWK FDQ EH GLYLGHG LQWR WR VHYHUDO
670 IUDPHV E\ XVLQJ HLWKHU YLUWXDO RU FRQWLJXRXV FRQFDWHQDWLRQ 7KHVH
WHFKQLTXHV ZHUH LQWURGXFHG SUHYLRXVO\ ,QWHUHVWLQJ QRWLILFDWLRQ LV WKDW
LQWHUIDFHV FDQ EH XVHG DV\PPHWULFDOO\ )RU H[DPSOH D XVHU FDQ VHQG XVLQJ
ELWUDWHRI0ELWVDQGUHFHLYHWKHVDPHLQIRUPDWLRQXVLQJ0ELWV,W
LV SRVVLEOH WR SXW  $70 FHOOV LQWR RQH & FRQWDLQHU 7KLV OHDYHV  E\WHV
XQXVHGIRUWKHQH[WFHOO

44
N* 270 tavua

N* 9 N* 261

562+
9 rows $70FHOO
$8SRLQWHU

062+


)LJXUH$70FHOOVLQ6'+FRQWDLQHU




45
 5()(5(1&(6

>@,7875HFRPPHQGDWLRQ*  1HWZRUNQRGHLQWHUIDFHIRUWKH


V\QFKURQRXVGLJLWDOKLHUDUFK\ 6'+ 

>@ 2SWLQHQ WLHGRQVLLUWR % 2SWLVHW WLHGRQVLLUWRMlUMHVWHOPlW ,9 +HOOVWU|P


%HQJW6\QFKURQRXV2SWLFDO&RPPXQLFDWLRQ6WDQGDUGVDQG$SSOLFDWLRQV9
.DLKDUMX9HVD6'+VLLUWRMlUMHVWHOPlW,16.2MXONDLVX LQILQQLVK 

>@ 2SHWXVPRQLVWH 6 7HOHYLHVWLQWlMlUMHVWHOPlW HUl QR  6\NV\


 LQILQQLVK 

>@ /XRPD 0DUNR .DQWROD 5DLPR 6'+ NDOYRW OXHQQROWD  6


 7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV 6ZLWFKLQJ 7HFKQRORJ\ 7HNQLOOLQHQ NRUNHDNRXOX
7HOHWHNQLLNDQODERUDWRULR LQILQQLVK 

>@,QWURGXFWLRQWR6'+4XHHQIHUU\7HOHFRP'LYLVLRQ+HZOHWW3DFNDUG

>@3RFNHW*XLGH6\QFKURQRXV&RPPXQLFDWLRQV6\VWHPV6'+YRO:DQGHO
*ROWHUPDQQ*PE+ &R

>@ 3DVXUL -DUL 6'+ODLWWHLGHQ YLLYH 6 HULNRLVW\|  7HNQLOOLQHQ


NRUNHDNRXOX7LHWROLLNHQQHODERUDWRULR LQILQQLVK 

>@ *DJQDLUH 0DXULFH /D QRXYHOOH +LpUDUFKLH 6\QFKURQH RSHWXVPRQLVWH


(FROH1DWLRQDO6XSpULHXUHGHV7pOpFRPPXQLFDWLRQV LQIUDQFH 

>@ ,787 5HFRPPHQGDWLRQ *  (UURU 3HUIRUPDQFH SDUDPHWHUV DQG


REMHFWLYHV IRU LQWHUQDWLRQDO FRQVWDQW ELW UDWH GLJLWDO SDWKV DW RU DERYH WKH
SULPDU\UDWH

>@ 6DOR 3DVL 6'+Q VLLUURQ YLUKHWDUNDVWHOX 6 HULNRLVW\|


7HNQLOOLQHQNRUNHDNRXOX7LHWROLLNHQQHODERUDWRULR LQILQQLVK 

46
>@ 6H[WRQ 0LNH 5HLG $QG\ 7UDQVPLVVLRQ 1HWZRUNLQJ 621(7 DQG WKH
6\QFKURQRXV'LJLWDO+LHUDUFK\$UWHFKKRXVH,6%1

>@ 7HUYR 0DUMD 'DWDVLLUWR 6'+VVD 6 HULNRLVW\| 


7HNQLOOLQHQNRUNHDNRXOX7LHWROLLNHQQHODERUDWRULR LQILQQLVK 

>@6'+VDQDVWR76.7HNQLLNDQVDQDVWRNHVNXV3XKHOLQODLWRVWHQOLLWRU\
+HOVLQNL,6%1,6%1; LQILQQLVK 

47

You might also like