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“b Crrrie Aer (CA) Tea the proc: o} Jermenbelien of numerous ows However certain atvaing o fungus shpergillus niger yprecuice commereiall y ells citric acd dhe 3 organic acid = Produced al forge =a © is uted commercially as fovowaing vin gioclient an be es 4+ dencs, cuphly in amiztiver ouch os gelatin 4 chink powers + tablets + at epple acid cin the prep” 4 do}t dunks, closserts , on. jellies , Candies, wines eke . otbt 40} of ply comes ben aLniges Jenerraton dt algo i nN phasmaceuh cal uses. CA was oni rally produced prom alcium citrate od fom cuk mons CA tone. of te pple org. aciels produced in tthe Cac - whon ryt ackvely g rows CA cu gu as an intermediate the Cac a as feather divested fy growth “pronchng biooyrtheuia oy oneaay aelcase Abpergillus niger us es on auujace of the Shallow pans or cut ged mycelium, vin aerated Vale . Beck molasses is Gio source - It needs law gt 4 Het at 44 to reduce dhe p* tighly acanbic cond y sag. After incubation period cA sls purified A evapogroded ste get cA exyslale LYluconie acid 2 _ ot domed Pe ont by the ackon oh a i las | cheilly pe of sea ead She first bogus i; be usod was Fenécillium enum + the nlaken was caraicd) “at ip Sati ~pans eee alundnivn . fate, it was found that codain strains of. ?. ~thaysor enum gave cbctles acaulle ,¢ all talon Asclcled shaint of a: niger wer wierd gic acid, Hal ef He work om the prod” of this acd os been dene by Ona nea guts spenges used Rhigopus oryzae. . tollaviag sprelininaay dtudy a athe “Phisole oy of the mould, a Aayid procods was worked cul using a sola fernonler = fprcecl aeration. She time Joy the Jormontaton was redutcaol up 8-35 he yields of 48-357 yom claimed - Gallic sled ‘~ was olta by calmetle in !08 by fermenting a clean exhact of toxin by means ean mg lus Aiges , the fungus bean. grown dna wall aoated 4 a igitcitad sig. Suycero |: contains appl th indusbiy mmoreg wll present time, tb ws produced cmmesccly he 2aponif ea tion 4 fot: 4 by chomical dyn) { pon propylene oy propane, bub not Jancantaton Lermant were — BE dy produce. gy eceol uw. ‘UL was bored on Yeast - ethanol Jonentaton Newberg sbseved that the 1” al aodium aul file 4 ethanol yields buk 4e4 Ji of flyceret: Susthor Sridier allowed the develepmont 9] asdable dulphite process sv form? ayrdheais of quycerel, + us war the — process @ employedia ' @ Blick shay cbc is nal a matin fe shan Aocchoro nyces coremisiag . lolly r allowed b dak 4 vigorous ethanel jew Adium sulfite ds then +e near toric bvele- Tb rcach € @ in wedi ts produce. Sodium bisuljte © binds aeclaldehyde 8 ik cannot convat de cthanol - do they fone gyeet phowphate Syecral ue ebld by treating ik & phos photase Niteming. Vasious mianbial pare’ prodli find commercial) gpl” jv theiy we in ani ¢ Auman aubiten . devel Vis y produced during ‘normal -metabolism af Mo's dak only aibojlavdy Fo Be have found ex cousive conuywrei al prod” Vd Bie (bonide) Ricks ot al accowered achve cagielie ViE Bg fom Alnapomy cot griseus cullure - Tuither studies indicated amall amts cobanddo were produced by a) lypes af Mos, bul pat’ Be acknomycel et Vib Big us not ingle compd , bul « 9p of closely chensica lly soltad cohanide e@ domonshals aes affects on Ont wih She cobamiday all no cobalt & rin nucleus to & as ctlached sibowr ¢ (®- Other cobamides diller in other basse. Vit Bia Accoverecl fom dives pep’ iy known as cyanotebalamin. OQ: \aieBo a ayrthaxized by Mos - Vit Big Ga -temmosciall produced by direct even” vblixing abnephnuyjees Apt: 4 dlivasceats vires aershic ferm —phocous demp of ate + anuhstionally nih wedium © jlacose as major Capurce “lobalt chloride in &- lO ppm us +e as precurter » + dura tion a few" ds 3-4 a ck harvest ackicls 6 mycelinn + filtered & poral pom fam broth” daicd as Bre enriched ani} childaon feel supplements Vhe bulk 4 present prod” + his yur howeves is acrated monaed B fame sthat cngloy Atyains 4 Paopions bed un 4 Paoudommas & bet molasses medium ¢ cobalt a4 Vit Av B cordtine alo known as sprovilancin A occusds mahoally as a compt 4 Vasious Livan prods + paticularl & ump bhon- Tell i tale tat ee a L de WEA SUhough B- crolene wn be produced by awicivbial teem, the Yields ak prosent dine Vv rclakue Wy dow B- carotene iu -produced hy Vonion a pigs ut goat? by members oh Choanephoracear Jly ef ‘Thycomyeetes chs Phyeomy cos blaeksleaones Canepa tucublaum § gladbales bpepon have meesived oclengive Ahidy foe Huis abi lity bs yroduce P-carotene ® Yields ef Brearclene tI when €-Cuctunbibaruns both +g ve mecing Atipes of athe org groin. Fogether She fem” medium © various ingrodicnte inclticde B~ fonone , monionic dlebesgent, a Vegetable eile, fats, sty cide wares ole. dnoculum of each matin Type. ig grown “eporolity 4 approd 5/. of cach is ted ty Jerm” desired Poryancchaséde fi Lellulose is conmplese polyp ancchasicle consisting 8L mony gua reole cules - Chitin — y poly met of Ne aetyl glucotenrine present sin Bee covering dover 4 aktepods gf dn cell wally many fur Joly Saccharidos: ate B dually have much >Y amt o Pepkdegycan tn thor ~ cell seals than gram re B ether dubs: may secur in 4% do Pophiclo lycan Wolls ef ehoaophcocend ence contain felysaccharides thod x covalently inked 40 the pophdo gly ean F © con be extracted “Se hol dilub daochloric acid - eas ek Polysecehorices orhadesd YPM miavloes x cellulece , chitin 4 liga, . Basic pple op thes fs maua authui o og, haaveahing + exhackng the mediun TE aa “nek” necersasy thot both moting Ayres akould be 44 ainultoneeusly. The B-ionene is Atepheally +44 erm applex of har aller incuilahor Metasozic Pathways AND @ Bioenerwitics mas Some phy refers to the breaking down of m- rwolecule 4) Sblein one Y This energy” cis Stored vin the fom of, nigh MU ATP 4d NADT the ability bs duce high. ene cle Pr metaboline 4 the rs a fea ait 7 Ausival » resgy is acquired by calle three a series of balanced” oul” — xo reacts frum og & og substrates. dimpleat aodor i the “veantn lelns a a can be Xoon in OY enoagy compels auch Het Yo Og —> Hyp. He= becomes oxidised Og " aaduteed tho e ts rcleased un odor arcact? Shred ih variety | of neolerleg Phat Cordacirs Og atm + go ® gfe ATP a Mah enesgy compas found sth almat all Avg ongt Uk a” ayntheaizeal in colabole veacl™, where Substrates 4 oxidised 4 uh Lined an anabolic, biosynthetic acacl. inleamediales called as Comiou past ipa. tn the ples ef enoagy from & donoy fo the teeminal | & accept The com emgyme NAD oy rely diyjuseble carries that Aranaers Qe Ft o& prot “4 a 2 proton pom leaker do the next conies th the chain - Napt + @H* +e > Napy 4 Hr NApt as usec Ly made in energy genera he veal ¢ Nappt in biowrthetic séecl™*“olll prohYoa, all furgl + wwost B ayrlhesis OTP by oxidising or molecules - This @n be either th veapivahen ov 7 paguiver & douminal @ acceptor. dhis uk uatually ©, but whale — oy aulfa te y a) he Compds uaed dn Anoaic cend® - Fea Anguives an ov Aetminal Q acceplor Ho's can be gped ace: -be “the dource enor they ude, ¢ the source of C © may cilher be an~ oq molecule oy frome Q. ke a « 4a an incomplete oud” ofan o subshrale Dusing Jerm? an @ donor becomes arduecod a energy u happed by subshale «level phosphor labion Flew” prods include pysuvale ‘f the Guectyhe pathvoory 3 wed ov lactate, formate, a 3 bukanediol path roay (uhed by Hebsiella , Tnioninia , euterolacer ape ele) or aucinals » ebhanol, acolate 4 tprrale pom a mined acid je (found eachericia | Balmonalla. 4 dhgella as) aw ype e acceptor Source "8 Organ - chemo Redor co all go all trophs — Ovganomenck” om posh boph conn lesreshial 6 a a. 1 Co " Nen dulphus B doph n Comp Etho homo 7 a Shiobacillus , “opis hope coupe “ Nihesomonas Photo Ghee . Phoh ap habe litho 1, . greens purple 8 Arophs oa i protoarmiedie protisha Mined Atel Ferm? Gluceae _ lgeolysin Phospho enol fyrwva ie ethanol | —= Py ruva te Aprmate — | / NN Lactata Cy He ~ Alo A Neatat Butanediol erm” Glucoae Byes Pynevaite ae k Og dkelyl Cof + Acetoloctate forma te A >> Ce He ethansl = + Neahyl mdhy | cor bine! 2-3 bubanediol E Rransport aston A il Js aaed to acnt a proton molive fore CPM ED across membranes. dhis PMF is used by all micio og: to geno ATP wia a — bound ATM: The Midiea 4 B also xr PMP ty chive He movement ct fbyellow , use transp ot of charged dubshate acrid moms’ to maintarn ois 04 Protic spotenkal . fin eurkesy oe, miaobes - PME du cHabished acres tle Inner” mam of the Miho in ETS 4 dorier of balanced oxift fred? react" drives the movenont 4 e Tao He tarrioa Aries from NAdH by Qe a aha process energy cy veleared ap Ayphoalsed . ADP+P—> ATP pridlised subshats NADH: FMN FAD, Fumasic acid roping wap! SFMN Fap ane subshake —— UQ ugh <—anr , ety Jee 2 Fe Fe “ogta’ }ae- Reet Fett N\geyt a3 QHt4+ bos HyO NAD -Niketinamide adenine di nuclotde FMN —slavin mono aurleohde UQ — Ubbiguin one GE Cefochro me FR Slovan stnacroble ation Sronrpble apa St oceuas in prokasyolas dhak y unable ve ude OQ as derminal e- acceple» Shere OW Y teamod abli gate anaorobet . other uprokaay oles oo we anasrobic resp” fecullakrely af Og happens to be unavialable - els enorgy is genmated during anaerobic weap” than in qorokic veep” Whale, aulphates , Uy Can be used aa alleanahve € acceplers Nitrate soap : uses te aihale as & acceptor - the j* akep ath dhe reach” is catalysed by the enzyme nibate reductase an emymo @ as aynthesised under anaerobic tod. dhe prodt as nibale, excacad by mest enterobacteria. + Atapylococet Chervolitho trophy: lutobrophic Mos can duawive in absence 4 Carbon eourced by pain atm 9 dissolved CO, to dum Cho's. che have dhs ability b fe Co twing malvin Calvin cycle + te energy nog ob chive Be veal”, _ found in a Abd 00: 4 mots . Chemolithshophe Solain their energy by the oid" of ined subsheates + thin C prom Cg lasge quarkihes of tubsvalis hove I be tridired to generate hough eneagy jo dufficiont ATP + NADY generahon “The process whateby Amnonia Us oudised to nikal “in callad nibs fealion Secondary nolabsibet : They x the metabliles e v produced nok by normal metabsliam buk by alternative melabolian howe pret r not vemuch vital fo normal fring af coll Dr Organ wY gm prgahians

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