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How Your Body Works
ENGLISH KAREN BURMESE
bacteria bJ;xH&H,g bufwD;&D;,m;
carbohydrate u.fbd.f[J;_'H; umAGef[dkuf+'dwf
carbon dioxide u.fbd.f'J.ftD;pJ; umAGef'dkifatmufqdk'f
cell pJ(vf) pJ(vf)
cow *DRzH;˜ usD>f EGm;
fat od tqD
germ w>fqgtC>f a&m*gydk;
hinge oH.fusdR ywWm
hormone [D.frd(ef) a[mfrkef;
microscope rJ.f_cd.fpud; rdkufu&dkpukyf
midwife ySRuG>fy[k; vufonf
mouth udmfylR˜ x;cd.f yg;pyf
nerve xl.fys>fe>mf ta=um
nose egphR˜ eg'h ESmacgif;
oxygen tD;pH.fuF‹.f atmufpD*sif
protein z&d.fxH(ef) y&dkwdef;
rubber &>;b>.f a&mbm
telephone vDwJpd w,fvDzkef;
telephone vDwJpdy'h w,fvDzkef;tdyfcsdef;
switchboard
vitamin bH.fw>frH.f ADwmrif
vHmftHRb.fxGJ'D;uFdvDR$ w>fwb.fqgtDRb.f$ ub.f
ymfuDRtDRv>uFdylRvDR$

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b.ft>'D;rR[;*DRtDRb.f$ ub.fuwDRtDR'fod;cgql
nguFdzdwz.fpl;ugtDRuoht*D>fe‹.fvDR$

b.fw>fpJusH;&RvDRtDRcHbsDwbsD
vgEGH = 2739
vg,l.f 2000

Drum Publication Group


P.O Box 66
Kanchanaburi 71000

htoo@loxinfo.co.th
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(1)
CHtq> (Joint)?? w>ftq>
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(2)
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(3)
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(4)
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(5)
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(6)
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(7)
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(8)
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(9)
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(10)
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(11)
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t'd.fuw>>fe‹.fvDR$

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(12)
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(13)
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vDR$

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(14)
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(15)
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(16)
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'J.ftD;pJ;(Carbon dioxide), 'D;uJxD.fto;zJyuogxD.fog
vDRtcge‹.fvDR$ uvHRtHRb.fw>fqS>qlyoGH.fusdR'D;ql
yod.ftylR0HRogxk;xD.fuGHmftDRe‹.fvDR$

(17)
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(18)
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(19)
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(t'd=n.fxl.f˜ CH˜ zH;˜ ol.f)$

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td.fbSH;tq>uwD>fe‹.fyrJmfo.fvDR0g0Je‹.fvDR$

(20)
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uGHmftDRqlw>fcs>e‹.fvDR$

(21)
u.fbd.f'J.ftD;qJ;(Carbon dioxide)*mfo0Hv>ywoltDR
v>Rwz.fyuogxk;xD.fuGHmftDR'D;yod.fe‹.fvDR$

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(22)
uG > f u 'D ; w>f * D R tH R wuh > f $
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y>R[;xD.fpSR0JtCdvDR$

(23)
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(24)
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(25)
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(26)
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(27)
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(1) *mfccH gvdmt f RH b.fw>fu;d tDRv>[D.rf ed f(hormones) vDR$


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(28)
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(29)
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(30)
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(31)
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(32)
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(33)
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(34)
(35)
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(36)
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(37)
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(38)

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