Sours ArRiCA INTERNATIONAL 1763 CvoL, 12 Noa) EXPERIENCES AND PARALLELS OF POLITICAL (CHANGE IN PRE-REVOLUTIONARY PORTUGAL, ‘AND IN SOUTH AFRICA André Tromashawsen COMPARING systems of goremment, and their fneosng under snr ‘eceumsanees, canbe as informatie a ity turn ott be miladag, This analysis takes account of theater ik and ti eve htc aly ere ‘Stmuatecncism and improvemeatsis an atemptio nw some well ae ele ‘concnsions for Souh Aca fom precedents Ja the fld of comparative goverment, and comparive Cotintonal Law ‘The Portuguese Sytem of Goverment before the Reoation of Ap 25, 19742 ‘The oi Portuese system of povernent emerge in the years 19261933, fom te disasuous and snare saston ofthe county st thee is Fist Republi (1910-1926, As area o these expeeacs with formot eral that ended in sei-desrctin, peed fer sag nso of ovement te or rational esurecton warfele Antonio livers de Slaar, who wastoasue the leadership for earl hlfa cea, chose presidetalsmasthe appropri syn of Gorertmeat under te given cicunsances Moreever, Salazar sConsiation 161193, adoped by afeceacum which counted sbetations a approving vote trdtonal concepts oberon wereceatystarie twa Salazar iauation to substte individual, police! paris, tod accidental or temporal od ht "Beteiow majorities by &‘aatualy composed ore, based onthe toca satura groupings, suchas the fay, the oad comm, the profesional ‘npizations, and th ha? ‘The defnon ofthe public and tinal interes, which was wo previ under al circumstances ovr individ interest, war It the Execute in & engue oasaonl set up. The Ponies Hed of Stat was ut 1957, a ely ‘etd President, and fom the tine of th amendment of he Contin i 1959 ‘onwards, a President lected by an Elecocl Colles compod ofthe member of Parianent (Astrea Nciona) the slaptes ofa pct chamber, epreseniag the ‘corporations’ (Cimara Corarava), and frber ofan erative ot the loca, repona and colo sdnsratons® Te was the Peet’ ole ives to apron, and evenly to dismiss te acualexcuve, Le the Prime Att Tomtes, rr (We Gay Aer Ott aaa We ‘Germ Soe oer tte Fain an sapere Law Urena4 SOUTH AFRICA INTERNATIONAL Miser (resented Const de Ministro)hs Mivisers, nd See Sst comping te goverment. As wl become car shy al ingot powers we ena ie Bis Goversens wich di noc ecave i epticy and {eats Parla bit rane Sate Preset, we appa cous ‘einfuesed by Paftame oly a nied exert. As Slaw te enero ‘aly ily ported pole pany (Unido Nacional, sum 1070 cn Acco ‘Navioga Popular whi sbeys as asecue joy bts Paria ann the Elston Colle appointing te Sue resensbe preted io old eee ‘Prine Mitr rehr Una aco Sate Preset. Thus he ter wa never 0 ‘come an enectepresieninthe tw messing brinseadennesion whe ‘ocoen was to moda pital leptimaey snd tthosy, ano eee is Jeinay and author ov te Govern. “Two qucsons rerun to be anavered. How di Slarar manage Soares suis Party's msjnty woughout he dca, ind Row waste Gover ‘com the ve snvesign der the Cont? Fin te en Portugese ‘itso sem ever sre be price one ea oe You’ aa Bass re ‘Soany* plc omaneton. le cee he ht of vue ore oop and taper with ever ler recess, usted th abe of people wih = Iegalcapacty nwt abot 25% of he eat populionin continental Pore ‘Se naber ol bose election wa even sale Meo, about ‘lion inieoos inkabitaer of the colonies, wach nce the Conon] ‘Areinen of 1951 bal te sat of ‘Ovemeae Provgced’? were pracy ‘nly exlded fa ple! pertipton, They eyed pobtea is ty ‘solr as hy were aware a Special nd of Pogo cen bast on “Stacy and iberestern of aria, whch was theca of bat fe ous In 198, for iarooce, the ansiied digsnous pope, per Ya sm 60 200 Portage wis dace eth overseas provinces were called tet $32 fal puro 130 suber ofthe Parliament in Lion. In 1973, wher igi strlen with Lined jusdision were esa int eres rvs" about 1% of he nena poulton hai w vou" ‘Secon, arrears he nsitonal powers of govemumear the key tte soli at dll laaone telgalavestviesofPariament Senionrot Patismet wee Kiedy by Art 98 0 te Connon ono mora se rents tepaing on 10% Jawary each year. Taw few mates of eclsve Jirimton of Psianent give competence wo eact General Gls ex. ‘bec rar regan bye Goveramont: Bute wos important of ll Inecansns waste Govern sown ad onginal lepte power eae: Decree Lavs (Deco Lt whe ad teal foe of Stas, re wich be anton deemed to hve bon ‘imply raised by Parasent, wes & finimam momo of ve Meer of Paar sucess contary ‘oon win en padmecary sesso flowing teeny ino free uc & ‘Desee Law Buteven ts ed parlapetarypowe’ of view coud easy be ‘ppased by cong Decree Law inorder "press sabre, nwnchese Pasiament count ner nt ne Goverment sectors, even were ata cczerpeney Bad ot been dale ™ | | | EXPERIENCES AND PARALLELS 285 shoul be om a several cangteace nit satin ‘gh vas anne ud hee Prague Conreafi976 No chectons {> wore ued bythe Manes Sao he Eropean Chavet naman Fights to wc Pops ached in 1978 sry te European Cony wich Porup! spied or soa a aA erin 1" Ts eaon te presenta frm of giver, doef oie parepton seston gone on Parichat re mae bse es Ste ols Poeuaee Goverment toe pnd od Tse vee et {epesion of ele pel tebe ta nor at end ess cnroredon fe mh pes inh somos al Ayaan power anda Se wih ws fied ey Sony on conserve pri of Casa, Perugas ai aerancs tree Sve Ue an oo eee permisve maa aviferConunqny, ny Hind commu sce 0 Sport sch acy was dest a'r ve, oases Ors wow xr feria pos poner" On oe fan sa ‘Sima law aod event poi powers se seed rot okey nd Fede bets fon a sre 6 oanfeaoas of anaes wih Inet evasios oe pry of i nna However elective Pompe press of corms seca a pic ‘elm ae ey slo cat ys eis ‘opacities ort coat rea. Woe te Portapose {Goverment en 91 andi cont cece open ofa ees fea faery, Cams Panyeacge vita beara ay funtion ely cota sauce “he san eta held Praia yt of germ bis coxent was te secon on eno Te national eotany nately pod fount inpors and as as er tle sone on iran ek Imealy, peace eeurpcse war Uni fraugh a cphicued se of Se cones, ce reid pa: nage est iterates empty ei ft elena ae trucos, chery conte? by te Sum even fe bran Sc conioos oft, rd tr agate sen i ae Tels Sndconmrc of gals eee eral al pcesons wer et Seopa The tore bly sunnah pe eoiizeay Forages feovermen be evenly song Extn ned un ance Supremacy of patina te emcoalySacsmiteryfoms of pose partite pepuaion Dereon pacer wsct wercopeatobe ‘som a whl, ad of moral vow ih was te Snemiy wih ‘Srerave eet Chany, nly nts he eeong Sttescocmy acorn othe prnspofsie martes enw spcureat ‘autora ne Clary, ha ogine wen cota ops of ‘ocr wich he Usind Stas ad Sen sen pier Ease veoh te inzvesten ne Ses Word Wau err ace ence, looking at Por as a ite eam hating fc les hat26 SOUTH AFRICA INTERNATIONAL, utovisian re under be gen Prune chcirances mas a uve sect ‘Wade Ameen piles of enewy have. 20 fr, fed to og shen beaten in undedeeped ecutes all overt wor the Peapcet peteace proved able aanlesuion of exteae todenlereopnea, ‘ny, nd servant arh Pog ound ts i 1926, ‘Wien cnsoaorer was orethrow on 24 Ape 1974, theofcrs bo mere noe ini tad wh std prover dia cly fn ony ih fly Rineociaginesevoue sch wes wel one may toe erable {eto tak of hemor, deserves wc eran sie of he eat, weer fargo be fan, lady 1968 bere) ‘sehen refaeato les hi 30%, es haf whatsthadbeen vo aersios ‘alt Aas GNP pecepishadbeeinereaeedn hepa an 199310973 (avrg by 7495 pr yea, nen for ane, ato Yogi 973, ‘While i 1960 te al soar hed sl englayed 42% of the worlng ‘epliaon in 1973 hs percentage il ese 27% In te ste per the [ecentg of porcelain ieu-yhad een ean 29% 376 The lr sme of be coy, ts rate weal sd the ogi te enor ‘rr aft ond eee alow an ahnon aro of he soon beween 1974 Sed 1976, mien Portas new lis Grip engage esos experinents in sil. How, i peo he ballin seg oe ‘eos, anise god perfamance, Portes revlon sel hve ‘ngpeard willbe dscssed teow ater cored of sae ofthe fue of Re Seth Afca syst of ovement ‘cORESFONON CHARAN OFT SOUTHAPRCNS Sou Ati’ Consnaion ened hans ronment anal conus chivnga ere fo foi oporeson,eEnglsareena way sata te ‘scion towards snuchy dre the Fit Porepie Repub. Baty ce ttmereny situates ed sn epi de ofthe sovereignty of the peoples Feuetn ofthe aon of te Sts. Whe are 71 ofthe ld Perase Cnsiaoa pecicaly onsale eon ta beth oversee Pato ‘be South AficanCeactton ‘knowl the soverity td Bence of Altigty Ge Asia Forage sinner Sith Alcan Const pnc > ‘elects de reson of pit partpatosn one mason oi basis By \damogrpicalcoteenn dhsumber pepe eaadtowe andthe ci fereleton stasis sone 259% theta ed ppt awe eee ‘of Contaenal Portia. Also, a in premoluoery Perse proprio! ‘apserition ise eid be, was ied Thelnteded ea ors nPop toseuretheexhiveleship ofan exabishedplialeli, ite eon ta in Sch Aiea ri retin fe mew or prose ‘ean in favour fsck ermisary Tos polis papain. Obrialy be Westin ptm af govern tsb oun on (be stpresy of pent cppowed to he presenta ene od oi Porat: Howey, i esto ally, tse lee fade aeay, The aspire Parag Coston edie Geb import cileenee maybe seen in deft hat ande he od. ca sation ee as nt ese wie Pa ee a eres. bstmeey oe Sta Prien vile n Sou An such responsibil {yotks 2d atfsed teenty, ef eans eee fom be Nan Pury Howe oc wasied soutien che {Beipended cag peopnivesoftm goverment intoce Bit" Ontorcae, an the sleet oft leer inde te Sau Alesa Coteho {edna poison. gst witht suing of spate phos el ee leper ith echo ete chabes of Patan may snsepa o nts ith th ecb parall been tno Pro, and the ‘Seah Aan sts government, seg varies cane Doster csng ‘eievon scien le tte sys a eran ealesceane sod raises are concerned, Agi as in Patan erpusin of Cina so abveive or cones pola setvies sndeetanmaetsioa28 SOUTH AFRICA INTERNATIONAL cs nen inc men te Spinevc aman: See ee a maton octicarstecemmr at eat sso etianitersaremcnaieanerass isa aia eat nat mene qaceimimaatnnnee seen re Situtemonmsinatetatecneaaees ech acai ane aoe ieee eerie trates eho vse Saeed ay enon eethoeacoen catia fos iinet Seamer Eps uci ar tomes eee Speman concn rer Sa Seperate seat aees hs eng aac cee reemi sisi iniuiieseadviamratnestt Seine grassy a soclguent Sane Se odie ne Hiei Sor treet Synceclasenapmenmnma taro [ence ie mts era nee ee rc ncn ay Sete iethgannomen raat mini teree eer Sa See sabhaeecatten mcm ppatecmaai Sucirecemeretenmnecreet icecream etaenah ne resis eoreoe, eae ena Saisie Taman atiiacca pera [EXPERIENCES AND PARALLELS 259 ‘Arempts to prove eevoluion in the absence of sock proceotsonary ron wil sever ado evan ihe tts ote We, tay ‘whats known in Lan Ame. a romincismentns oro spe ovals egal ‘rig ore ep of lars by anata. Fema compere and ted souls voor te fllowing instars of pre rvelaonry tone tbe summarzos™ (@) a es of tata consionce anon the ig eas (2) the cavangenent al waa inet fm epee ye {6 anton of sey on Ue eve ov ababoung a cong soa (2 srorpeen of econ preps ros ad soil sts, ene te System of gorecmee as meh, sung he Tea re een Perceptions ideaeaons and atviies (6) te admission of governet i to egg a nro ai meen ‘merely delenve ued ate adaptation ‘A chotr look fit into th Poragsee expense, whch will be agala nepal eto ts evi, val expla ae five cree ie (=) 191968 wien Suszar td to gatos Set seu ad stone signs of Ss of ental consiencn sonst owning ase soos, De cervek Fit, dere wate poem of sce, Te Pormgseo pvemieaa system brea stony personalise’ Sere ang Parsee seria have css hence of Shar poral oe Poreers pone twp te elo te "Amed Forces Moveren! co 28h Ape, 197, was sted npn suppor tough several tevenbens a he lending Poroguse takai” Gereraliy sein, Porn diut foreign latons id eoterve the inten igboines, chal wanted beak he hans of amissuatve couol over fuori sono od202 SOUTH AFRICA INTERNATIONAL foci trade. or the world of commerce in European inthe Unie Sse, oma was seen as sy very profil ow said coun, nd is onseratine and poactonist poles of altar ta Caste sd it (6) The Pougese Goverment he Inte 6 and ely 70 was unable wae sdequaaly Lomas te sg of serie of Wentty non he popunton, Towa th estangemsat of lec the diego of soy on level of meigiboung xd comping oil casts td sata and ees the ‘npoisonal engagement of hugh nae. Cactn's olcy stetpted © sowie the ‘hat come othe ate of gore whenever they bce stest wo paclany aay oppoiion or sono im public pian Examples fh shi fom hed pacer towne a comet ott “ene repre’ were the lneasing indulgence of raat ures, moe envoen atts tonads mers comeing centri, aga explana ens and exes rind arty coeur aed ot uma iy, langing down on nah-wingoppsiton which was i ox of a bessyel Salza oeals a aly, aszongcommitmenta Cnstonal fr Cootional rm, ascxred ot 1971, reveled te ely defensive ‘aly of Ponape efron, Catic, when atressingParimert ‘m2 December 1970 tou is Cnsttaona Reform Bl de thenon eninvousy, emphasize hese for esluuon wah rvouo luton win consi, “eadorty wits Heston" The coheed ‘orm sowed the inerton to owe evay fom he socio sustain State BY ‘meas of ecevtlzation ado corporate Portals ones ros It sSieerl recur gate wiheeveral aspects oferaleaton Catan sb 1s mesisely challenged ty marked ost fem the ht Te eral induced an sematve bil exo Patament which peat fer abord of (Caer plas acl proposed nr alia test eee of be State Present ‘afar. The akerstve propos perved a asain Urea coda py ot even bing debated in Parianeat Toe Contdonl Reem Bil was ‘rod Uwooph Psiameat within aw enonbe, Cong int force So 23 ‘Augst 197, oessd ily nthe nd ee relvan mater aches {wher seope fr te fedom of rion tote ramen eh a increas in de suber of manbers of Palmers fm 120 to 10, Be thats fhe ol of Pariamentry Commitee, te prongaice of ery pend of eons of Purazeat fom tre temo fea haf ‘ons, peter regional ntonony and Kind of ‘eee’ foroveses lets imal ranting tem be sats of State, Farther, apeviged poston or Beeline in ater elated ote elope of ahs Poa ws dope, a welt expressive prince of aon eence ‘cial discininon and sone Rberalning eros wade eer a ‘economi eves The cour’ povenenal ten baweve, email stoached. Gree observance ofthe ew, both n polices lets, as experienced ine leon of 1969, was it blp sera Intron an oon of pla engs was once Te pion ES TT Pe [EXPERIENCES AND PARALLELS 283 ups in Pog were sil sed paripaton on the bass of satng ‘Bower, andcoul three no pernve mst ideation wiesyen Cueaoo's alee ira zaton pais sechaspretr aden wie propagation of opostonal and Weis aly by eecurgem the ‘te fase pelea party SEDES (Asrocanho pura 0 Deserolinents Econimico ¢ Soci amped out ae comicwaectve They dete inreasn isto ndeling wit coasavativ apo nocdidheybl up clos teen the Liberals andthe ening gemma and costal syst Onis convary, Casta’ poton wis ween, he lest the soporte gt, wiht being ble wim spp fo ee hitb operating fe, Became iene uronnaab bocns moe and more uncompromising hecaure ts reed & rel chene of ‘tical paristion. Consequently Cato’ tlorm stay bt sonal pre inte proces opal chan and muy sagas caen {Cacao lst aig opin test sce peonl popu, by ing "eplary "to be Nation’ ca teison ina prom wich he chav eal Comersas ‘emt Famili, ended a maetonats monologes Anse std Joumalsts welsmed te uss of verges jes shat Cactus Pateue ereeies in funilany. His isons oo, icusing what ie ‘ppt inside nate Prtgl had donee desided ae tthe tmponance and weight of such eppetonalpolcesr me reed it Farther spain ei ideas The Porcine Goren nd lc With ‘beecontysgoveranentsl and connor yen wee uno apes of "eke ‘THE RISKS AND CHANCES OF FOLITCAL CHANGE mY SOUT AFRICA Somtof ie more even system pralelsbetween reel Pris South Aisin he ls, havealeny ben pied ut Homer conclssny ex poltons hood not eda bast, on te as ofl tempting a iimay appear be or any INDICATOAS OF PRE-REVOLIMIONARTY DEVELOPMENT DY SOUTE AFRICA Fist in ahion wo sjteme parle, corespondicg indies: of» pe selina development in Sah Ain ect action= 9 Sniacle Rentinn,pee iyo ep cd ‘pact nly of Aiea clure ac cece, ave ld othe tinge od adtons adits amongst many prt ofthe South ian popula, tndhave evenings consounersend pial seeder Amal the ser churches in Sout Alia hnve engage nthe seas pose farm of oresiton ic by deci tat he exiting sre ef soreness “jews ven South Afra’ Bageet Notional Crh he NedeDuse Gerforaere Ket (GK) was ced nado ey conor ad vege ‘eles, nore eave split Sate pomeson oot sot its laeesing ak of understanding ad sea pereived tn neces od fare laos for curl development ithe west wand” Agar sina o Poul, te disoery of Mancst aad eo Marit erate