The enforcement and recognition of judgments and other forms of legal cooperation in the SADC Andeé Thomashausen* Toute of Foreign € Comparaine Lase Cnsoray of Sut Arca TH SADC I8GAL FAMILIES AND LEGAL UNCERTAINTY The aris conse egal eooperason wahin dh Souter Asean Devel ‘rent Communty (GABE), 4 teponal organisation win ow region The {CelicensaDCmenber stats show considerable lal vers Asai [Eth ubte blow therearedomte sndsonal cours common a, Belg, and fortuguescorientsted laste some wi Roth [Eetberage anf counties which have lowed seas cere ha hoac tat ive noe ‘tr eae (Gera) se tye oh oe SADC ene Sa ene renee ie eee eee ee eee eee {he Soult Aan Castem Union SACU, * nade up ofBotswam. Lest, ‘Namibia tnd son and Sout Altea and the supra! oupeng {he Community of Portuguese Spealang Countnes (CPLE) — comping ‘Angolan! Morambiqus, and fremon Souther can counties The CPL? tents wo seeagihen Portuguese tadsons in Angola and. Moranbiquc, {cluding editors cenering around thelega stn ‘There isle Gu tt ‘uhin SADC Aagols and Mozambique ae Seto counties wath te Hest (Syeloped atc ner moden piste iatematnal iw srr ase they on the trad Prtnguees cobeaton n ook Te Chapee ae E68) otc Portuese Gu Code of 1966 Inthe ese ofthe Democratic Repl fhe Congo (ORC, a also fy ‘eassuncd tht scusemicandtecaialcooperaou mth BBA ilemain Sony, parudy ine lop td For example tis diet 0 er ‘ifcutndances ander bch the DRC woold anion the doctrine of soo onsonns fore at ose (Bete tanner of ahi Concert with thereler andthe buyer reaching consensus om price)" ‘Sire gusts of Letom, Mal, Maurie, Seychelles Tapani. find Zambia conine show song irks t Bits. whist Nasi Swan and anbabwe tend her to align wih ne Sth Akon le Syme and price Both oups of countries end to see st he ‘domicie traion In priate wcnatonl law, which has recat sce = paral coaiaton in Sou Aten ender the Domi Act 3.0192? foun ADC counies ned thet ea sens rm fone clon ‘asters On mependence, and without expo, the eng Was one, bat bole fom any fate lea developments nt ‘couny ‘forign’~ tas tnchaded development oft wb the courte ce ‘oot powers ™ id Mala serves 2 2 plea example, While Malaws war sl the Nraaline Protectorate, the general lel sytem Was determined under the soled ‘sinh Cental Aes Order in Couna 633 of 1902 which inode he aw ‘of England in force on 11 August 1902 Ths seem 2 supplemented by localy enacted Rystauoa, war eventually recopused ed conned oo emalningin fore by seven ofthe Mala ndepencence Orer 196, ad by section sf he Republic of Malin Constiaton hes 1968 As fom 196, "English aw af tht ine, took on ie fs ows a Mala. ‘See p/w organic 38m ‘Sc: haf poles: nt “gist tate 8 te et arte eee Sepsis RaSr eRE Sita ey amon oA Pou OSESSy Seemann et ange peenn rene See te ne eng Consraten of Apr 1933 and Base IVs) and (5) and [XX FW et ‘Orginea of 3 ane 1972 provide tat, subject to any spec leition {he-contay, the tues applicable In Portal so aped what we ‘gal he colony, and om 1971 the “autogomous felon” of Maza Inge Arte 71 of te Mozambique Constitution 1973 proved tat any lenin ore wich were contrary othe Gonatmton were to Ge comsdered sitomascalyrepeed bt ha he lw re roo ndependence ih Sid an contradic the Canton would vera a force ul ace or ‘epee Although the 1995 Contuton was srended by Ato pata ‘on TS augue 1978 (Let 11/79) and by Ae of BG on 25 Jy 1985, rile ‘akg wth the application of preindependence avs, remained soared ‘The Stave quo was retaned ough avicie 203 of new Mosambioue Conmtion a2 November 1960 Thi ele provides that 20 3 hey benot contrary othe Consetton, pros evr abl ramus ce une moa oe pete ‘he ong erase pte interna law ceed i he Por ese Ce Cade facahng s amencinen, was ever replaced in Meza ioc, an was so not conaiced to he in covtrvention of he new Stonmnugues ntspendence i 975, al ade the scope fhe erp tito cute, and 40 noxappy win couny Sadly, tutes tcc ‘efor of he Portuguese Code i teint arenes tat emowed gener ‘Gecninason ar wel the reform ofthe Portage Ce Proce due Code Sr especial nseton, However, cor in Mosambiqse ‘toy welded apply consstona princes on gender eguy abe {ry ofendng panies he oneal Porpuee rate wean a ee unconfutonal.n hs wa they may effec cans ad unpre ‘Ste ecepdon of posvindependence leg ern the oe ‘tonal power Sitar aprons are manent, one wy sober, nay mb of ounties om the Aan continent” Judal precede cblshed By the lonmes cloaalireregnakerndcpcadencenolongerconsitedpecidest Inthenewly independent country, butarenevertes— and allo fen in 25 opponent way ~ ni followed ss 'persasie auton The esi ieee see lepatonceriny For camp ie proibiton offorlmcurency Ident discovered Py Ue Elfin in Warde Rat nthe 17 ERE EE Reg emee itm cove one see ee eon ceermenergy erste meme: mc ne ype re Ecco ae eeamenme ‘cenury* was abandoned bythe House of Lords in 1975 Some fiteen years inter, South Atacan precedent venta flowed ut "Whether the cous Inother counties in Altea woud apply theo or te new fle aout ess. forcing ary pradent aero condacthis Huse sth ons CO | sama eson of the original wniormiy nthe apa of th eminon law conte prciples scars whea x peip vores ane cours, Batt notfollowedin ote Sothern Aa cous despite ae caminon ons ofthe respecte lal systems Consider for exemple the npn 1978 South afnean suing in the Sorting cae, in terms of which flew ange inthe law ofthe rurionta donee Is apeble ta the spouses otwihstnding ther having ase a iferent le whe the chan Secured a4 teference tothe iw of the mammal dame shoud {ener be to efor esse ielading tx anton tom Even ee ‘yestsdown the Ene, fem unciear whether te ote common ay SADC countries would adopt samba reasoning The fat that aden tn tone Sounes ae ether gl reported or ready mall oes not make tu the Windnock SADC Treaty of July 1992 the then ten funding members (who were also the members the predecerar oxpsiaton SADE) apt fn dhe roa bj ccs of pro lor eeonnmc mth, policl saa sd security (0 a SADC members though the prosiooon ot selesuang, evelopment by means of collective relielance and ime dependence of Neary decade le, common cae ta these pols annot be ahve without improved fom legal itractin lege cooperation, aniutisey legal barmonisation. The experiences plein Europe, n parser ough ‘e mork ofthe Come of Burope and inthe form of er onc hunted oa ‘nopeaionapeemenss, could serve as an onentatios forthe work content Seca rt shame aera nap SRT ae 4 ee ee econ Mt Seeger aoe a ‘ingorts 8 cr 6478 and Wee Lim ota «Chae Seabaton bon GE 38 951 2 er, 1983) con dented, 436 US 924 (1982). i be ratte py ta apa on neo smn SoS seme of ein fia arctan eer erat SD ipa o28-Cicinng on 6 Eage Inswmce Co ie Hari 199 4 58 998 polo 73h ee hes fre pe “See: heqp/eww.aidc-online-com sade) nex? fen, = Peesng sac inhi area scatngatzatsomc aspect ofthe recopationandenorcement afore: jncgments could be 3 bent rst sep ENFORCEMENT AND RECOGNITION OF JUDGMENTS “Thereevance ofthe recopnton an enforce of foreign fen ae in hurope dig the 19th century in response fo the demands of ners tide ain freedom of movement of pemons, goods and capt Origa ‘ours th terol ofa orig judi decsonsandorders In Enpland, andi many jnsictons folowing English common lw, courts ‘would demand tata completely new proceeding Medinet reg) jdgment as viewed eer e-subrantal evidence, or a having sbeovbed ‘he undedyng obtain, thereby enablshig pew and india cute ot ‘On she Conanent, modem ch procedure codes and fas mere gun tenrucng te cours to refs fom reconsidering the cre bases f Jurtsdcuon Instead thesecogaiton grantgpewerofthenatoral cours was lime 19 deurnining Ua the frlgn cout fad jesdicon io het he stir, hat the form of the foreign ucgmen was regula, and that che Fendeing cout eewed procedures which ve the defendants chance ‘o appen and defend tea, ‘Afrher dereopmentficttaungrecopntion vaste neducton osm Tesitadon procedure for the fore judgments of cerain designates nul desea 0 pho teat these standards of edison of jimuae a o's ommend accepting ecprocy. The practice was itoduced the United Higdon wi the Foeig Judgnents Retprocal Enforce) ‘ct 1935, and the Untied Sates ip tenes Of te form Beeyrocal “Enorcement of Suppor Act, at Vln South fica the Recgrecl Ener ‘ent of Ci Jaemem et 9 of 1966 endeavoured to natate 4 say Spl vege However, the lack of any counties wing © slat earociy to South Afnca, mean hat the Ac never came into operon it trea sepele the Enforcement ofForeig Cv Judgements Ac 320 1988, hic Homerer, zed otter 1m Soothern Afi, noms of the several intermaiona sgremcnts nd Conventions on ecoguiionandeorcementappiy, Conrequerty the mater {2 govemed in the common lw countaes by the rlerm conten aw Pncpis ander provisions ard he cl lw counts (hel. the DaCand Mozsnbigu), by tevcievan prowsons the tespecive cit int procedue codes ‘For te common countries, the nox developed procedure ees on the bast of mond legaton modeled on Re South Aftean Recprocs forcement af Maimtenance Orders Ac 80 of 1963 For atu of twenty: “See the glen of en septic tn te any, se ae ee Sooke “Shwe a the Cuma of Barope" 999) what coe sven desgnated counties" 4 coniderbhysimpiiedreysteton pro cure produces the sted enforceaby of maintenance order The Say Sefenco ealabe ae the entiary ree that would appr apes Inaonal maineance order The request for rptraion of a foreign Iminenatee otter for rescpiti aindentorcement mune wade wh the ‘Soapstenciglonase authors i bod countries concerned who eo. Sl rwerd the order o be vepmered othe competent ada sey (2 ‘Scuhnc hs would et Maunenance Cour) Tas procedre eure ‘Sify the Relproel Enforcement f Maintenance Order (Counses Eran) Act ef 98, to erm of which she reques for reiraon ca be fade reey to the “Admineeatve Head of the Deparment of Juice oncerned. Homer, the Act oa applies fo Namibia as the only other ‘uid couries the wo-alod TWBC sates, ceased fo cx wih the ‘ming ino fe he new Sout Atican Const in 1934 OF snc nied relevance today are the Enforcement of Foreign Chi Juanes Ac 32 of 988 ape the Relprocal Service Of ied Procest Ac 12 Dot 1oo0-Hourtve ence he demic ofthe TaVE rates, appued onic South tice a Namibia In he aber of any agrees oF facing stony provisions. the zines princes apy. This eae that fori ogc, which mus, orale peed aay see oy wll only be recone ta renre efeceable by maces onary ate, chug, where fppropriate, ran action fora provauna sentence, or cron ede 0 fora doa iene Such ations wi oyu + tte feign cour na ietematonl competency intr of he fx fort ‘where the econ tnt enorcemen sought, wh bese ofthe Dredosunance of dse domicile prencipeiningish oro: nee ‘beans thatthe planlfousthave bern exigent or doiciein ico) where the foreign facgment was craic aerate, must are eee rae (1515/1983, Noreen eetwony thsas/ 96a) Quceland Gs ieeoy Sats Fees AVES, ier cae, Sy ma ie See anime come eae ‘Snug 5b), Cone eta ar AS) 960, Ger LH 8, 848/960)” Gennany (habs senay, (315700) Hae Kons NEO ea yeSey eis} eof ay ato /BOR Kees SSRs ee ean a aan Ua Ee aoe aihedy teat AN Shs Re esate eet ROS fg tare eo [vm ote Prana Law ed 0) 4 Fall sae Simmer aca a+ the foreign Judge sa al jogent that nt “supeannuate, ring in most ences dat the agment my ot be der han ie ras obazedt dona ide (eno audulet, and notin contarention| ‘tany panels pertain the ont pl of he lex for sd tet ‘hatmeimum sana ofranuralfurtorsnddu proces preaedn the Droctedng Before te fore art + ledor not sce to enfores penal or revenue ofa foeiga se and 1 no speci satiny provitonsbar recognition an enforcement, ch 3s the spel semnsrive persion reguemant under ie Protection of asineses Ac 99 of 1978 South Ace, oF waar mips ers ‘special sgn mvcaementKeensing epson, n other SADC mehr forcement of forelgajodgnents indicate tht the relevant procecsings cA be excoeaingy lng, ct and nelle Recognition and enforcement auton ty foragn creditors ace farther Tiampered by compl case lw and sustrypronions on juraicson forthe tance ch! aw cours, a cote ook a the relent provisions in Angola and Mesumbsque reveals further myriad of probes At fx sgh the recogatlon reuitnent contin many fame concep Arle 1086 of the (Potagese he Proceaue Ce sapulates™ + sha theforeian judgment must bean ate documento the sasfucion 4 Shr the jadpent mas be fal interme of te Ler ae * thee mnt gma from a court that ha emational pusiton in accordance wih te (Angolan or Mezeuacan efor, + thar the cxeepuonofrexjudicntarsynotappi andhatthe mater should ft is ping tn ay Cart prosoninge tte foram, eee wher the Tove cour ws fest sted wh te matey ‘tha the defendant was duly noted (excep in those cases where no "Staton woud be requ in terms of thelr fort) ane ha nthe event fa deft udgny te orignal nication arclauon wat handed oe ‘efendane in person. + tha the decnons othe forte court are nt contrary to pub policy in 2h foram, ar tha ir those cases where the pte inerasonal law prcipe of the forum, pretest de substantive ao the ne forum sould arse Sppled, she decison reached by the forelgn coor affecting» defendant pon akon rico 1993 7 ‘Gi. SS tnd Beainng egy Jomo keno Fogo ae {etven damon ance’ iti) SE Neral hasan fot "Sey fora, Governonder Se Angin, Cie de ror Ca (82. ‘who is a citizen of the forum may not disadvantage such defendant in ationto the denon it woud have Deenreache fhe subs ithe forum aa heen sped ‘Obviows theft en inthe defence lowed unde theseveatherters, ‘Stine tt Anglan an Mozambican padonle ay not be tested lst Exoucaiy na forelga cour than they would have been eaten ti omm Counts The cucepton in compaundedby the rere rules nena Fneaction {a term of anes 61 and 65 of the Gil Rocedare Cove interatonal Feet of sori court wl be acknowl cl whea tv courts of the (hngolan or Monztbicu foram do ot ca ternational aici (of etown They wl ener eaelves competent on the bas hat — + ihe defendant was resent fr & minimum pecod of redone of six ‘months oe es fa patna ft for ie prty to the egal elaonship Snowe to higaton, + Tarte, onthe grounds that che act ging née aca or obgaton was (imed outon thc terstony oftneforun. oreased oat by anata te For proved tat the couney sf national ofthe person wo was ‘fected by soch an ae woul ao cairo, fhe 2% eet commited by such a matonal 19 the detent of an Angolan Ot + Schermoce, and general, whenever the Angolan or Mosambici foram ‘found to he the ony convenient fori were 3 fodgment cn become ‘Sete, but prosded that an seal ik wth hee foratn ee A farther umporaor lament, a¢ poled article 653) of the Cl Procedure Cade, that egal persons salle deemed to be done the foram whence they uiain local branch an afency, 2 subs, OF representa ‘To complete the plcture of predominandynembownd sen, aie 99 ofthe Gnd Procedure Code decares nl sa void an? pteaents on Juric amet at exuding fe justo of he ory, hese sch Ihedtion would apply by wet of re Code tence eno the pares it 4 tional of the forum, ov whenever the mater once asset ateted shin the tet of the foram. The cee ataliy means that ery ‘otonony in espet of uston wlohe espeted wher he pas $enonaonss andthe mar tvores ho nana sects Tis comoner, {al promsion wae deleted in Por in 1978 but continues to apy 2 Acginnthninr whretwacoicneedby pint ‘all eval ules they re povernod br national ie A Neo cat de Proceso itl Antado (3 97) 796 "Ue itrtona Zn sername ocho Reh ‘908 tc dor rman Wirschah AOSS SS‘One is eft wath Wie uneasy feeling that 17th century European nationalism is Surge nthe private nternadoral sw andinrpanonal pocedes omic Aan conan LEGAL COOPERATION AGREEMENTS Reeling Mat i the goal of SADC 19 achieve “olecte ssetance and Ivendependence ofmemberstater, ef loak nthe mostrecent tention fh ep wil enclode tas verso SADC tetas bees unabe wo dea and propose, or even o cnc, any Feponal leg exoperation agreements." SADC Legal Secor Commies ‘Salted i 1988 under the reponsihlty of Namib har us Se ‘Senile cooperation ony in inal aw mars and interlace ch Ste etabuthmen of Suc Tibana’” The seseonal reform of SADC She tne reson of he Treaty which are curren under conan” may Som redincet proses Leaving sides mamber of vecent mulinasiona and blatonal aicernens Inequeen SADC member seats on copra and ial asian te ei! of crime combating South Aten fas emeted say two bate ‘grcemenss om lel cooperation, mae + meagrcementburen the Govemiment ofthe RepubicofSouth ates nd {he Government athe Repub of Wamu Rating to Co-operation nthe Teilor tho Adiastatonaffosice beeen he Republics Sou ALA find Nami of 25 Fbrary 1994, an “the Ageement Benseen South Aiea and Zimbabwe zelaing 12 the Promotion of Cooperation in the Feld ofthe Admusuaion of fuse of 8 Agus 1996 ‘os agreements aes he ‘enforcement ofaintenance oxders and evil judgments, 1 Feoproci! sence ase proceses {+ the adm of documentary evidence fom foreign counts, 1 the recip admis of legal practioner 1 the sees and enforcement of bpo=nas the reciprocal enorcmenrof coal ummonses and 1 cera aopec of dealng wih prods of sme “Toe Aapeement mh Ziatre comes the tans f prisoners, neato hldabdacuon snd enradtion in addition tote mactersaready ented Besides these wo specie Jeg cooperation apeentents, South Aen has ‘within SADC, concluded evo b-sterl agreements for Une estabsbncht of (geeral Joie or Bist Commaions of Cooperstion, namely wilh Movanbigue ot 26fuy 1994, and wth Angola on 20 Novenber 1000 Boch _sgrecments reste contactandexcange cfievermason procedurerntended Se: hp mezee omSectora 2p 20200/aoe Ba vo promote cooperation. “The wery movessteis foros neal coperton in he eon hat Teun te parses i te Tees of development and atl eer ro ean naa rere vested en upetaucn so he developmen of se fee ofl eet ir tbr enue in he regen he indcpenience of (SEED eles or does erry anes the publ see thre tcen ay nsances afore have ot cen pois TRiguipsenandinstce coun ce hess loin free anne Euliy aeutiaedandsecemed evertbeles te vetoing ground ht nt adegune acmisraon of [See and the pis prove of eon ieplcoperton ee «Pe Letifin for 6 scar of econanie exer” rewncs, Dreb isin: need many esac eos ‘COUNCIL OF BUHOME CONVENTIONS ON [NGAI COOPERATION (SELECTED) ‘Convention ate EE Ra joist ‘Barapean Convenion On Readon BARS. “European Agreeent On Heaton Goreming The Me 15/12/57 ‘Bent Of fertons Beoween Member Sates OF Tae Cour OF Europe 4 "Ewopeas Convention On Conspulory surance Against 20/04/59) Gd Lay To spect OF Motor Veiles ‘European Coweios On AfueatAssiancen Criminal 20/04/59 "European Conveion On The Academic Hecopaton OL 14/12/59 Unwesiy Qulfcatons omenion Ov The Unity Otten Cong aI “The Properyy OF Their Guests ay ‘Convenon On he Reduction OF Cases OFMataple 06/05/63, Naconalty And Mitary Obigadons a Caee OF Makin esos pen nv he Pune Of Fe Offences = So osfxopean Comenaon Proving norm joie ‘European Gonvenvon Oa Recognition And Enforcement. 20/05/80 aces Se Sparen remen ms turopean comenion On Resbisines OFCampanes 20/06 ‘Sinerasoot Cony care turpenn Conentn On The option OF Galen 2/04/67 ‘Cormeen OF eas Wh gd 2/078) = {ettwomaie Pong pesos Da EuepeanComenon Om Fry Nowy bnes 1/12/67 been recen Secs! rropean Garon On infrmson On ign Kaw 67/6/68 Seite vr Ukropen mention On Te Akon Opin Of 67/6/68 Cmretion for Te Prien OF The McbReaaen> 08/1/85 ‘men ip eer pores oe pean Cute OF cl SG sshaes acon Gin iothcHoccon aaa a ee eee ~ Snot Calne round ose See Po ripeen Gaon On Th Hosecion OFC Arche W/5/6) for sepals TS Euroean Gana Gn THE Riswgalon OF laa as//6 una genes Onan Par Pace nue cy Oieasonal Roeorermen Cra Teopeen Cameen On Te icratonl aay OF 9/5/70 ston Cina jdgmee “puopean Gnkon for The Hocion Of Female 19/7 nope Gani On The Bepaon Orvis msl —Rssneee emer esi ‘roca ToT Conca 0 nGic aing iis uj Genoa On The rats OfProcetingyin 16/5/72 Baropens Cone 15 ‘Eurqpem Conmendion On Cerin ntematonal Aspects OF, 5/05/00 Saisie open Comenion On Sl Se rafter Eston WF spire ‘Convention Ox laundering: Search, Seinice And Confit 08/11/90 Tuopcan Gaenien On Gl ialay or Dass 5/78 ‘on OU Te cons em Ce Sou or vee Sonpean Gane For Regions OF ep Lngaes Ws fa 2 er 0 Te Tite OF hort —_ aye. eee ‘Framework Convention Far‘The Protection Of Navona 01/02/95 ‘pean Cobvestin On The Leal sats OF cunes—_19/10/78 Nooetes ona orseixe ‘i 2 open Gmenion One ease GrGhaass ase Topcon Coenen Pac lila nepcd To O77 pad endl ay Rt Death serps Sage ha ory ayes Tuopea genet On Ti ansaion OFAgpcatans 27 i om Appl ror? ‘Convention On The Recognition Of Qualifications Con 11/04/97, Eeopisa crvesin On The teptscinmarsagia“H/MT ape Gomenion On Naty cehpr Tuupcan Gapentea On The Consol Orne hanson OTB. Ctirinal Taw Connon On Comapoan emmy Aaronson Offset dele ‘law Cnenfon On Coron opp ‘mention Tc Comeration Of ropan waaie 19/0/79 ‘od Nort Haba