AERODUNAMICS

Introduction

Aerodynamics is a branch of dynamics concerned with studying the motion of air, particularly when it interacts
with a moving object. Aerodynamics is closely related to fluid dynamics and gas dynamics, with much theory
shared between them. Aerodynamics is often used synonymously with gas dynamics, with the difference being
that gas dynamics applies to all gases. Understanding the motion of air (often called a flow field) around an object
enables the calculation of forces and moments acting on the object. Typical properties calculated for a flow field
include velocity, pressure, density and temperature as a function of position and time. By defining a control
volume around the flow field, equations for the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy can be defined and
used to solve for the properties. The use of aerodynamics through mathematical analysis, empirical approximation
and wind tunnel experimentation form the scientific basis for heavier-than-air flight.

Introductory terminology

• Lift
• Drag
• Reynolds number
• Mach number

Continuity assumption

Gases are composed of molecules which collide with one another and solid objects. If density and velocity are
taken to be well-defined at infinitely small points, and are assumed to vary continuously from one point to
another, the discrete molecular nature of a gas is ignored. The continuity assumption becomes less valid as a gas
becomes more rarefied.

Laws of Conservation

Aerodynamic problems are often solved using conservation laws as applied to a fluid continuum.

Incompressible aerodynamics

An incompressible flow is characterized by a constant density despite flowing over surfaces or inside ducts. A flow
can be considered incompressible as long as its speed is low. For higher speeds, the flow will begin to compress as
it comes into contact with surfaces.

Compressible aerodynamics

According to the theory of aerodynamics, a flow is considered to be compressible if its change in density with
respect to pressure is non-zero along a streamline. In short, this means that, unlike incompressible flow, changes in
density must be considered.

Associated terminology The incompressible and compressible flow regimes produce many associated
phenomena, such as boundary layers and turbulence.