Z-Score

z = (X – μ)/σ

Z-sub-means
zM = (M - μ)/ σM

Cohen’s D
Cohen’s d = (M – μ) / σ

Magnitude of d Interpretation
0 < d < 0.29 Small effect
0.30 < d < 0.79 Medium effect
d > 0.80 Large effect

One Sample T-Statistic

t = (M – μ)/sM where sM = v(SS/df) / n

Cohen’s D for One Sample T-Test

Cohen’s d = (M – μ) / s

r2
t /(t 2 + df)
2

:
Magnitude of r 2 Interpretation
0.01 < r 2 < 0.09 small effect
0.10 < r 2 < 0.24 medium effect
r 2 > 0.25 large effect

Two Sample T-Test

t = (M1 – M2) – (μ1 – μ2)/ s(m1 – m2)

Two Sample Standard Error

s(M1 – M2) = v (s21/n1) + (s22/n2)

 Pooled Variance
s2p = (SS1 + SS2 )/(df1 + df2)

Unbiased Sample Standard Error

s(M1 – M2) = v(s2p /n1) + (s2p /n2)

Effect Size estimates for Indie t

Cohen’s d is estimated as follows:

M1 – M2
d= sp where sp = vs2p

r 2 is estimated in this way:

t2
2 2
r = t + df

RST
t = (MD – μD)/ sMD t= (sample – population)
standard error of sample

We know that μD = 0 (if H0 is true), thus it can be omitted

SS for Related Samples T-Test

SS = Σ(D – MD)2 or SS = ΣD2 – (ΣD)2/ n
definitional computational

Standard Error for RST

sM = v s2/n
D or (equivalently) sM = v (SS/n-1)/ n
D

SS
SS = ΣX2 – (ΣX)2 / N (population)
SS = ΣX2 – (ΣX)2 / n (sample)

Variance
s2 = SS / (n – 1)
Standard Deviation
σ = vSS /
N ( = v σ2 )