2nd UCTE project

Training
Phase 1

Item 1
Theoretical Description of
Load-Frequency Control

Oguz YILMAZ
Tubitak-UZAY
oguz.yilmaz@uzay.tubitak.gov.tr
 Summary
• Load-Frequency Control
• Primary Control (Local Control)
• Secondary Control (General System
Control)
• Tertiary Control (Control of Minute Reserve
or Scheduled Reserve)
• Time Control
• Example Simulations with Dynamic Models
For further inquiry,
http://www.entsoe.eu/resources/publications/ce/oh/
Control over the time line after a frequency deviation
 Primary Frequency Control

Purpose
Establishment of balance between
Generation-Load
Balance can be lost in miliseconds (breaker
trip/closure)
Time is required for generation level change
(seconds)
Kinetic energy change of rotating masses,
=> frequency deviation
Continuous, automatic, proportional response of
generating units to frequency deviation
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oguz.yilmaz@uzay.tubitak.gov.tr
 Primary Frequency Control-Analogy

1) 7 units
10
units 2b2) 7=>9 increase in flow
max.

50 1) 50 units
2b1) 50=>49 change in
level
Safety 2c) =>49.8 @ the new
valve balance
49
1) 7 units
2a) 7=>9 units (unexpected
increase in flow )
oguz.yilmaz@uzay.tubitak.gov.tr
 Generation=Load

Generation < Load

Generation=Load

Reestablishment of the
balance between
generation&load, and a
new steady state value
for the frequency.
 Example Simulations

Scenario 1
Combined Cycle=0.97; Hydro=0.90, CoalFired=1;
Secondary Control inactive.
@ T=10.sec extra step load of 2%.
Tsim=250 sec

Scenario 2
Combined Cycle=0.92; Hydro=0.90, CoalFired=0.98;
Secondary Control inactive.
@ T=10.sec Extra step load of 2%.
Tsim=250 sec

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 Secondary Frequency Control

Purpose
Eliminate frequency deviation

Maintain the interchange flows at the

scheduled values

System-wide, central control over a group of

generating units
AGC (Automatic Generation Control)
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Ideal secondary control
after a loss of generation
 Secondary Frequency Control
Definitions
Control Area
Eg. Turkey or Bulgaria ...
Area Control Error
+ Export
- Import

ACE = Actual instantaneous net interchange– scheduled net

interchange – Calculated* primary control contribution
Kri => K-factor (MW/Hz) defined for the specified control area
AGC Secondary Control Parameters
ß => P, 1/Tr =I
PI Control !!!
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 Secondary Frequency Control
Control Reserve

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 Simulation Examples

Scenario 3
Combined Cycle=0.92; Hydro=0.90, CoalFired=0.98;
Sekondary Control active. (only hydro)
@ T=10.sec extra step load of %2.
@ T=250.sec extra step load of %1
Tsim=600 sec
Scenario 4
Combined Cycle=0.92; Hydro=0.90, CoalFired=0.98;
Sekondary Control active. (hydro+combined cycle)
@ T=10.sec extra step load of %2.
@ T=250.sec extra step load of %1
Tsim=600 sec
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 Tertiary Frequency Control

Purpose
Provision of reserve continuity for Secondary
Control (scheduled activation)
For large incidents, provision of secondary
reserve (direct activation) (minute-reserve)

Distribution of Control Reserve among

generating units or committed units,
depending on ECONOMY and SAFETY

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 Tertiary Control

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 Geneation-Load Unbalance
and Control over the Time axis

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22/09/09
 Example Simulations
Scenario 5
Combined Cycle=0.92; Hydro=0.90, CoalFired=0.98;
Secondary Control active. (hydro + combined cycle)
@ T=10.sec extra step load of %2.
@ T=250.sec extra step load of %1
@T=700.sec Tertiary Reserve 1 is being activated
Tsim=1200 sec
Scenario 6
Combined Cycle=0.92; Hydro=0.90, CoalFired=0.98;
Secondary Control active. (hydro + combined cycle)
@ T=10.sec extra step load of %2.
@ T=250.sec extra step load of %1
@T=700.sec Tertiary Reserve 1 is being activated (0.45 pu)
@T=1200. sec Tertiary Reserve 2 is being activated (0.45 pu)
17 Tsim=2000 sec
oguz.yilmaz@uzay.tubitak.gov.tr
 Time Control

Purpose

When fgerçek not controlled with quality and

integral error increases,
fset set different than 50 Hz to minimize
integral error.

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 Example Simulations

Scenario 7
Between T=2000. sec and T=2400. sec, time control
fset=50.05
Tsim=2500 sec.

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 Emergency Control
Purpose
In case generation-load unbalance can not
be maintained with 3-stage control,
reestablisment of balance with unpreferred
methods
Under frequency load-shedding
Instantaneous Demand Control (new approach)
Generation Tripping
Configuration change at plant load control
systems (deactivation of load controllers,
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limiters)
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 Simulation Examples

Scenario 8
Combined Cycle=0.92; Hydro=0.90, CoalFired=0.98;
Secondary Control active. (hydro + combined cycle)
@ T=10.sec extra step load of %2.
@ T=250.sec extra step load of %1
@T=700.sec Tertiary Reserve 1 is being activated (0.45 pu)
@T=1200. sec Tertiary Reserve 2 is being activated (0.45 pu)
Time control between T=2000. sec and T=2400. sec
@T=2700.sec extra load of %10 begins to activate.
Tsim=3500 sec.

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