Chain Drives

Notations:

P: pitch of chain (m) θ : angle subtended by one pitch length at the centre of
D: pitch circle diameter (m) sprocket
D1: Pitch circle of smallest sprocket v : Average velocity of chain (m/s)
D2: Pitch circle of larger sprocket x : Centre distance between sprockets(m)
D0: Sprocket outside diameter σ b: Allowable bearing stress in MPa of N/mm²
D1:diameter of chain roller
A : Projected bearing area (mm²)
K: Number of chain links
re : Tooth flank radius
Ks: service factor
Ft: tangential driving force r i : Roller seating radius
Fc: Centrifugal tension in the chain α : Roller seating angle
Fs: Tension in the chain due to sagging ha: Tooth height above the pitch polygon
L: Length of chain Da : Top diameter
m:mass of chain in kg per metre
n: factor of safety
Df : Root Diameter
N1: speed of rotation of smaller sprocket (rpm ) b f 1: tooth width
N2:speed of rotation of larger sprocket rx: Tooth side radius
P: Power transmitted by chain ba: Tooth side relief
T: Number of teeth on the sprocket b f 1∧b f 2:width over teeth
Wb : Breaking strength of chain
T1:Number of teeth on smaller sprocket
T2:Number of teeth on larger sprocket
W: Total load on the driving side of chain

Formula’s for chain drives

360 0
1. θ=
T
θ 180
2. p=D sin =D sin
2 T
3. D 0=D+ 0.8 d 1
θ
4. Angle of articulation=
2
N 1 T2
5. Velocity ratio , V . R .= =
N 2 T1
πDN TpN
6. v= =
60 60
7. Rim Profile of sprocket
2
T +T 2 x T +T p
L=K . p; Where K = 1 2 + + 1 2
2 p 2π [ ] x
8.

p T +T
[
x= K − 1 2 +
4 2 √{ T +T
K − 1 2 −8
2
For velocity transmission ratio of 3,
2π
2
T 2−T 1
} [{ } ]]
2

D1 + D2
x min = + 30 ¿50 mm (For best results ,
2
 min distance centre distance should be 50
times the pitch.

Factor of safety

Wb
9. n =
W
10.
W b =106 p 2 N for roller chains ; W b =106 p N per mm width of chain for silent chain ; p∈mm
Power transmitted (watts) P
F = =
11. T m v Newtons
Speed of chain( )
s
2
12. F c =m v newtons
13. F s=kmgx Newtons ;

K :constant which takes into account the arrangement

of chain drive . To
k =2 ¿ 6 whencentre line of chain is inclined ¿ oth Profile Of sprocket
the horizontal at an angle less than400
k =1 ¿1.5 whenthe centre line of the chain i s inclined
¿ the horizontal at an angle greater than 400

Power transmitted by chains

WB.v Where K s =service factor =K 1 K 2 K 3

14. P=
n . Ks K 1=L oad Factor=1 , for constant load
= 1.25, for variable load with mild shock
= 1.5, for heavy shock loads
σ b Av
15. P= K 2=Lubrication Factor
Ks ¿ 0.8 , for continuous lubrication
= 1, for drop lubrication
= 1.5 for periodic lubrication
K 3= Rating factor

Number of teeth on smaller or driving sprocket

π D1 N
16. V max = (m/s) Where D 1 is the pitch circle diameter of smaller sprocket
60
 π D1 N cos (θ /2 )
17. V min = (m/s)
60

Principle Dimensions of tooth profile

18. re= 0.008d1(T2+180) [max]

= 0.12 d1(T+2) [min]
19. r1 = 0.505 d1+0.069(d1)1/3 [max]
= 0.505 d1 [min]
900
20. ∝=1400 − [max]
T
0 90
¿ 120 − [min]
T
0.8 p
21. h a=0.625 p−0.5 d 1 + [max]
T
= 0.5 (p-d1)
p
22. D=
sin ¿ ¿ ¿
D
23. a =D+ 1.25 p−d 1 [max]
¿ D+ p ¿
D
24. r =D−2 r1
25. b n=0.93 b1 where p ≤ 12.7 mm
¿ 0.95 b1 where p> 12.7 mm
26. rx = p
27. b a= 0.1p to 0.15p
28. bf2 and bf3 = (Number of strands – 1)pt +
bf1
29. Design Power = Rated Power X Service
factor
Rated Power
30. Load (W) =
Pitch line velocity

 Factor of safety (n) for bush roller and silent chain: Table 14.38 Pg.287
 Characteristics of roller chains according IS :2403 – 1991 : Pg 287 B ,table 14.40 a
Power Rating (in kW) of simple roller chain
Speed of smaller Power ( kW)
sprocket or pinion
06 B 08B 10B 12B 16B
(rpm)
100 0.25 0.64 1.18 2.01 4.83
200 0.47 1.18 2.19 3.75 8.94
300 0.61 1.70 3.15 5.43 13.06
500 1.09 2.72 5.01 8.53 20.57
700 1.48 3.66 6.71 11.63 27.73
1000 2.03 5.09 8.97 15.65 34.89
1400 2.73 6.81 11.67 18.15 38.47
1800 3.44 8.10 13.03 19.85 --
2000 3.80 8.67 13.49 20.57 --

Permissible speed of smaller sprocket or pinion in r.p.m

Type of Number of teeth on Pitch of chain (p) in mm

chain sprocket pinion 12 15 20 25 30
Bush Roller 15 2300 1900 1350 1150 1000
chain 19 2400 2000 1450 1200 1050
23 2500 2100 1500 1250 1100
27 2550 2150 1550 1300 1100
30 2600 2200 1550 1300 1100
Silent Chain 17-35 3300 2650 2200 1650 1300

Number of teeth on the smaller sprocket

Type of chain Number of teeth at velocity ratio

1 2 3 4 5 6
Roller 31 27 25 23 21 17
Silent 40 35 31 27 23 19

Maximum allowable speed for chains in r.p.m.

Type of Chain pitch (p) in mm

chain Number of teeth 12 15 20 25 30
on the smaller
sprocket (T1)

Roller Chain 15 2300 1900 1350 1150 1100

19 2300 2000 1450 1200 1050
23 2400 2100 1500 1250 1100
27 2550 2150 1550 1300 1100
30 2600 2200 1550 1300 1100
Silent Chain 17-35 3300 2650 2200 1650 1300
Thick Cylinders – Principal Stresses

Variation of principal stresses (cylinders with internal pressure)

−Pi D 2i D 2o + Pi D 2i D 2o
σ r=
( D2o −D2i ) [ 4 r2
−1 σ
]
; t =
( D2o −D2i ) 4 r
2
+1
[ ]

Di Do
At the inner surface of the cylinder: r= , the stresses At the outer surface of the cylinder: r= , the stresses
2 2
are are
2
+ Pi ( D + D
o
2
i ) + 2 Pi D 2i
σ r= - P i ; σ t = σ r= 0 ; σ t =
( D2o−D2i ) ( D2o −D2i )

Variation of stresses (Cylinders with external Pressure)

−Po D 2o D 2i
σ r=
( D2o −D2i ) [ ] 1− 2 ;
4r
−Po D 2o D 2o
)[ ]
σ t= 1+
( D2o −D2i 4 r2

Di D0
At the inner surface of the cylinder , r = , stresses are At the outer surface, r = , stresses are
2 2
+ 2 Po D 2i −Po ( D2o + D2i )
σ r=0 ; σ t= σ r=−Po ; σ t=
( D2o−D2i ) ( D2o −D2i )

Compound Cylinders

( D23 + D22 )
D P
δ j= 2
E [ ( D23−D 22)
+μ
]
( D22 + D21 )
δ c=
−D 2 P
E [ ( D22−D21 )
−μ
]
 δ =δ j +δ c
2 D 22 ( D 23−D 21 )
δ=
P D2
E [ ( D23−D22 )( D22 −D21) ]

Spur Gear

P=F t . v ; P is the Power ( kW) ,

v is the pitch line velocity ( m/s) ,
Ft is the tangential force (kN)
Ft = FaCosα , Where α is the pressure angle, and Fn is the
normal force.
Beam Strength: F beam= bmσ d Y ; where 9.5 ≤ b ≤ 12.5m
Cs Ft
F max= ; Fbeam ≥Fmax
Cv

Values of Y

For a 20o involute full depth tooth

Y= π (0.154− 0.912
Z )
0.95
π ( 0.175−
Z )
For a 20o stub tooth Y=

0.684
π ( 0.124−
Z )
For a 14.5o tooth Y=

Values of Service factor ( Cs) : refer data book page 187 ,table 12.20

Values of Velocity Factor ( Cv): refer data book page 164

Dynamic Load: refer data book page 166 and 167

F en=F dynamic . FoS=bmσ en Y ; Where σ en is the endurance limit ( = 17.5 BHN)

Gear Construction:
 1. If the pitch diameter d≤ 14.8m + 60.0 mm , the
pinion / gear should be of solid disc type.
2. If the pitch diameter d≥23.5m + 85.0 mm ,the
gear to be constructed should be of
3. The thickness of the rim , h= (2 to 4) m . The
rim should be tapered 1 : 5 towards the centre

4. The thickness of the stiffening rib, q= (1.0+1.25)h 6. Hub length, lh = 2ds or at least equal to face width b.
5. Hub diameter , dh= (1.6 to 2.0 ) ds 7. Number of arms (j)

j=4 If d ≤ 500 mm
j=6 If 500 mm ≤ d ≤1500 mm
j=8 If d ≥ 1500mm

F o ( d −d h )
The section modulus of the arm section: Z =
2 jσ d

Stress Concentration

The static stress concentration factor :

bmσ d Y
Fatigue stress concentration factor, Kf : Fbeam =
Kf