Power Electronics Manual

POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL
BMS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Avalahalli, Doddaballapur Main Road, Bangalore-64
POWER ELECTRONICS LABORATORY MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
NAME:…………………………………………………
USN:……………………………………………………
BRANCH AND SEM:…………………………………..
BATCH:…………………………………………………
1
INTRODUCTION
Power electronics deals with the application of solid state electronics for the control and
conversion of electric power.Convertion techniques require the switching ON and OFF
of power semiconductor devices. Low level electronics circuits which normally consist
of integrated circuits and discrete components generate the required gating signals for
power devices.Integrated circuits and discrete componenets are now being replaced by
microprocessors.
An ideal power device should have no switching on and off limitations in terms
of turn on time, turn off time, current and voltage handling capabilities. Power
semiconductor technology is rapidly developing fast switching power devices with
increasing voltage and current limits. Power switching devices such as power BJTS,
power MOSFETS, IGBTS, SCRs, TRIACs, and other semiconductor devices are finding
increasing applications in wide range of products. With availability of faster switching
devices the applications of modern microprocessors in synthesizing the control strategy
for gating power devices to meet the conversion specifications are widening the scope of
power electronics .
Power electronics combine power, electronics and control. Control deals with
the steady state and dynamic characteristics of closed loop system. Power deals with the
static and rotating power equipment for the generation, transmission and distribution of
electric power. Electronics deals with the solid state devices and circuits for signal
processing to meet the desired control objectives. Power electronics may be defined as
the applications of slid state electronics for the control and conversion of electric power .
It is primarily based on the switching of power semi conductor devices.
Power electronics have already found an important place in modern technology
and are now used in great variety of high power products including heat control, light
controls, motor control, power supplies, vehicle propulsion systems.Power
semiconductor devices can be operated as switches by applying control signals to the
gate terminal of thyristors and the required output is obtained by varying the conduction
time of these switching devices .When a power semiconductor device is in normal
conduction mode there is a small voltage drop across the device.
2
CONTENTS
Sl.
Name of the Experiment Page No.
No.
1. Syllabus
2. Static Characteristics of SCR and DIAC.
3. Static Characteristics of MOSFET and IGBT.

Controlled HWR and FWR using RC triggering
4.
circuit.
SCR turnig off using i) LC circuit ii) Auxiliary
5.
Commutation.
6. UJT firing circuit for HWR and FWR circuits.
Generation of firing signals for thyristors/
7.
trials using digital circuits / microprocessor.
AC voltage controller using TRIAC-DIAC
8.
cmbination.
Single phase Fully Controlled Bridge
9
Converter with R and R-L loads.
Voltage (Impulse) commuted chopper both
10. constant frequency and variable frequency
operations.
Speed control of a separetely exited DC
11.
motor.
12. Speed control of Universal motor.
13. Speed control of Stepper motor.
14. Parallel/series inverter.
15. VIVA Questions
POWER ELECTRONICS LABORATORY
3
Sub code: 06ECL48 IA Marks: 25

No.of Practical Hrs/Week:03 Exam Hrs:03
Total No.of Practical Hrs: 42 Exam marks: 50
1. Static Characteristics of SCR and DIAC.
2. Static Characteristics of MOSFET and IGBT.
3. Controlled HWR and FWR using RC triggering circuit.
4. SCR turnig off using i) LC circuit ii) Auxiliary Commutation.
5. UJT firing circuit for HWR and FWR circuits.
6. Generation of firing signals for thyristors/ trials using digital circuits /

microprocessor
7. AC voltage controller using TRIAC-DIAC cmbination.
8. Single phase Fully Controlled Bridge Converter with R and R-L loads.
9. Voltage (Impulse) commuted chopper both constant frequency and variable

frequency operations.
10. Speed control of a separetely exited DC motor.
11. Speed control of Universal motor.
12. Speed control of Stepper motor.
13. Parallel/series inverter.
4
EXPERIMENT:01
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR AND DIAC
Aim: a)To plot the static characteristics of the given SCR and find the latching and
holding current.
Equipments/Apparatus Used:
1) SCR/DIAC Module 1No

2) Ammeter 0-500mA(DC) 1No
0-50mA(DC) 1No
3) Multimeter 1No
Theory:
SCR: The Silicon Controlled Rectifier(SCR) also called the thyristor is one of the
most widely used semi controlled switching device. It has a p-n-p-n structure and 3
terminals- anode (A), cathode (K), and gate(G).
A graph of the anode current (iA) Vs anode to cathode voltage (VAK) for different
values of gate current (iG ) is called as the static characteristics.
When the SCR is reverse biased, a very small amount of reverse current in the order
of a few micro amperes flows through it.
Latching current is the minimum anode current required to turn on SCR without gate
current.
Holding current is the maximum anode current with gate being open, at which SCR
is turned off from on condition.
Circuit Diagram:
R1 0-500mA
- +
0-10mA A
1k
R2 + - TY61 2
A -
1k + V1
M 0-100V 50Vdc
V2 -
20Vdc
Experimental procedure:
5
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the power supply. Keep the gate current (Ig) at convenient value
(say 5 mA) by varying V2.
3. Gradually increase anode to cathode voltage (VAK) by varying V1.
Note down the value of anode current (Ia) and anode to cathode voltage (VAK)
at each step till the SCR fires.
4. With gradual increase in VAK, SCR fires and the ammeter will show a sudden
increase in anode current Ia called Latching Current (I L). This current and
(VAK) are noted down.
5. Increase the supply voltage V1 in steps, note the voltage (VAK) and anode
current (IA) and tabulate it.
6. Whole procedure is repeated for different values of gate current (Ig).
To find the Holding Current:
7. The gate current (Ig) made to zero (i.e.switch off V2), reduce the anode to
cathode voltage (VAK) gradually and note down the anode current, at which
SCR turns off (i.e. at which (VAK) will show sudden increase). This anode
current is known as holding current (IH).
8. Draw the graph of VAK v/s IA for different gate currents.
Tabular Column:
IG= IG=
VAK (Volts) IA (Amps) VAK (Volts) IA (Amps)
Specimen Calculations:
∆V
Forward Resistance Rf= = Ω
∆I
Graphs to be drawn:
6
IA
inAmps
where IG2 >IG1

∆A
ΔId
Id
in
IL amp
s IG2 IG1
IH
VAK volts
Conclusion:
AIM B) To plot the static characteristics of DIAC
1) SCR/DIAC Module 1No

2) Ammeter 0-500mA(DC) 1No
0-50mA(DC) 1No
3) Multimeter 1No
THEORY
DIAC: A DIAC is a dual trigerred diode that will produce an output for every half
cycle. It is effectively two seperate diodes connected internally.
7
Circuit Diagram:
PROCEDURE
1.Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
2.keep R2 at maximum position.
3.Keep V1 potentiometer at minimum position.
4.Now switch on the circuit and vary V1 in steps of 5V upto 25V and then vary in steps
of 1V.
5.At a particular value ,the device conducts. This can be seen by the sudden increase in
the ammeter reading.
6.Vary V1 further and tabulate the readings.
TABULAR COLUMN
8
Voltage (V) Current(I)
CONCLUSION:
9
EXPERIMENT:02
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MOSFET AND IGBT
AIM: a)To plot the transfer characteristics of MOSFET .
1) MOSFET and Firing Module 1No

2) Ammeter 0-200mA 1No
3) Multimeter 1No
4) Voltmeter 0 – 10 V 1No
Theory : MOSFET (Metal oxide semiconductor FET) is a voltage controlled device
where as BJT is a current controlled device. It has very high input impedance and
works at high switching frequency. In general MOSFET are of two types,
Enhancement type and Depletion type. N –channel enhancement type has n
substrate with p impurities on either sides. A thin layer of metal oxide is deposited
over the left side of the channel. A metallic gate is deposited over the oxide layer. As
silicon dioxide is an insulator, gate is insulated from the channel. For this reason
MOSFET is sometimes called as Insulated gate FET.
The steady state transfer characteristics of power MOSFET, involves a quantity called
Transconductance (gm). This is a graph of ID versus the control input VGS.
Gm= Transconductance= Change in ID
Change in VGS.
VDS = constant
A graph of ID versus VDS is known as the output characteristics. There are three
regions of operation:
1. Cut-off-region, where VGS < VT
2. Saturation region , where VDS > VGS - VT ; VGS › VT
3. Linear region, where VDS < VGS - VT ; VGS › VT
In the linear region , VDS is small and the current increases linearly with VDS.
Circuit Diagram:
R1 0-200mA
mosfet
D - A +
IRF74 3
R3 2k
0
1G
1k + S +
Vgs 2 V1
v M 0-50V 0-40Vdc
V2 0-10V
- -
0-15Vdc
0
10
Experimental Procedure:
A) Transconductance Characteristics
1) Make circuit connection as shown in the circuit diagram.

2) Initially keep V1 and V2 zero.
3) Set Vds = 10V (say) by varying V1.
4) Vary V2 such that VGS varies in steps of 0.5 volts. Note down VGS and ID
readings and tabulate.
5) The minimum gate voltage VGS which is required to turn on the MOSFET (i.e.
ID increases) is called threshold voltage Vgs( Vth).
6) Vgs is varied up to 6 volts and the readings are noted down.
7) Reduce both voltages V1 and V2 to zero.
8) Repeat the step 3 to 6 for different values of VDS up to 20v(say)
9) Plot the graph of Id vs VGS.
B) Drain Characteristics: -
1) With V1 and V2 kept at zero value.
2) Set Vgs= 3.5V(more than threshold voltage).
3) Slowly vary V2 and note down the readings of Id and Vds.
[If VDS is lower than Vp (pinch off voltage), the device works in the constant
resistance region (ie., linear region).
If VDS is more than Vp, a constant Id flows from the device and this
Operating region is called the constant current region.]
4) In both region, Id and Vds readings are note down and
tabulated.
5) Repeat the step 2 to 6 for VGS=3.8V and note down ID & VDS.
6) Plot the graph of ID vs VDS for different values of Vgs.
Tabular Column:
Transconductance Characteristics:
VDS1= VDS2 =
VGS Volts ID mA VGS Volts ID mA
11
Drain Characteristics:
VGS1= VGS2 =
VDS Volts ID mA VDS Volts ID mA
∆Id
Transconductance gm = =_____________ at constant VDS.
∆VGS
∆Vds
Output resistance Ro = =_______________ at constant VGS.
∆Id
Graphs to be drawn:
TransConductance Characteristics: -
ΔId
Id
in
amps
ΔId
Id
in
Δvgs amp
s
Vgs in
volts
Δvgs
Vgs in volts
12
Drain Characteristics: -
PINCH OF VOLTAGE VP
ΔId VGS = 3.5V

ΔVds
Id
in VGS = 3V
Amps
CONSTANT CURRENT REGION
CONSTANT RESISTANCE REGION Vds in volts
Conclusion:
13
AIM B) To plot the transfer characteristics of IGBT.
1) IGBT module 1No

2) Ammeter 0-200mA 1No
3) Multimeter 1No
4) Voltmeter 0 – 10 V 1No
Theory: IGBT is a three terminal device having a collector(C) and emitter(E) and
the gate(G). The collector and emitter are the power terminals. Gate and Emitter are
the control terminals. An IGBT has the the advatage of both BJT and MOSFET. Like
MOSFETS , it has very high input impedance and draws very small gate current and
like a BJT , has ON resistance which is lower even at higher blocking voltages. IGBT
does not have a second break down problem like the BJT. IGBT can also be designed
to block negative voltages.
Circuit Diagram:
+
-
C A
+
G 2K
V 0-100MA
5K E - VCE
+
0-10V 0-50V 0-40V
V VGE
- V1
0-15V
V2
14
Experimental Procedure
a) Trans conductance characteristics

1) Circuit connection is made as shown in circuit diagram.
2) Initially keep V1 and V2 at zero position.
3) Set VCE= 10V (say) by varying V2 and note down IC and VGE readings for every
0.5 volts and tabulated.
[The minimum gate voltage VGE which is required for conduction to start in the
IGBT (ie.Ic is increased) is called threshold voltage VGE (th).If VGE is less than VGE
(th) only very small leakages current flow from collector to emitter.]
4) If VGE is greater than (VGE (th)), collector current (Ic) increases, note down Ic
and Vge values by varying Vge up to 15vlots.
5) Repeat the step 2 to 4 for different values of VCE and note down Ic and VGE.
6) Plot the graph of Vge vs Ic.
b) Output Characteristics
1) Initially set VGE (say 5V) by varying V2.
2) Slowly vary V1 and note down Ic and VcE.
[For a particular value of Vce there is a pinch off voltage up between collector
and emitter.If VCE is lower than Vp, the device works in the constant resistance
region.]
3) If VCE is more than up constant Ic flows from the device and this operating
region is called constant current region. Note down Ic and V CE by varying VCE
up to 35V.
4) Repeat the step 2 to 4 for different value of VGE and note down Ic and VCE.
5) Plot the graph of IC and VCE.
Tabular Column:
Transconductance Characteristics:
VCE = VCE =
VGE volts IC mA VGE volts IC mA
15
Output Characteristics:
VGE = VGE
VCE volts IC mA VCE volts IC mA
∆Id
Trance conductance gm = =____________ at constant Vds.
∆VGS
∆Vds
Output resistance Ro = =______________ at constant Vgs
∆Id
Graphs to be drawn:
a) Trans Conductance Characteristics: -
Ic
in
amps
ΔIc
Δvge
16
Vge in volts
b) Drain Characteristics: -
PINCH OF VOLTAGE VP
ΔIc VGE = 3.5V

ΔVCE
Ic
in VGE= 3v
Amps
CONSTANT CURRENT REGION
CONSTANT RESISTANCE REGION VCE in volts
Conclusion:
17
EXPERIMENT:03
Controlled HWR and FWR using RC triggering circuit.
AIM: To observe the waveforms of load voltage VL (half wave rectification & full
wave rectification) and VSCR on the CRO and to plot load voltage VL VS delay angle α.
EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.Module 1 No
2.CRO 1 No
THEORY:
To obtain controlled output voltages, phase controlled thyristors are used.The output
voltage of thyristor rectifiers is varied by controlling the delay or firing angle of
thyristors. Phase controlled rectifiers are less expensive and simple.In RC-triggering
circuit, the firing angle can be varied from nearly 0° to almost 180° by varying the
resistance.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RC HALF WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT:
18
RC FULL WAVE RECTIFIER TRIGGERING CIRCUIT:
PROCEDURE:
1.Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram
2. R is varied gradually to get different gate currents.
3.Load voltage VL is noted down for different values of R and the corresponding delay
angle is measured on CRO.
4. Variation of VL and VSCR is observed for different values of R on CRO.
5. A curve of VL vs α is plotted.
19
TABULAR COLUMN:
For RC trigerred half wave rectifier
t(ms)
α β VL VTH
GRAPHS:
VARIOUS WAVEFORMS FOR HALF CONTROL
VS
VL
VT
20
TABULAR COLUMN:
For RC trigerred full wave Rectifier
21
t(ms)
α β VL VTH
VARIOUS WAVEFORMS FOR FULLY CONTROL
VS
VL
VT
SPECIMEN GRAPH:
22
VL
α (degrees)
CONCLUSION
23
EXPERIMENT :04
SCR turnig off using i) LC circuit ii) Auxiliary
Commutation.
AIM: To SCR turn off SCR using

1. LC circuit
2. Auxillary commutation
APPARATUS REQUIRD:
1. Module 1 No
2. CRO 1 No
THEORY:
CLASS B Commutation (LC circuit): In this type of commutation, reverse voltage is
applied to thyristor by the over swinging of an underdamped that is a circuit
connected across thyristor. Capacitor charges up to the supply voltage before the
trigger pulse is applied to gate. When Thyristor is trigerred two currents flow, a load
current through external circuit and pulse current through LC circuit and thyristor in
opposite dirction. This resonant current tends to turn off thyristor.
AUXILLARY COMMUTATION: This type of commutation is popular due to design
flexibility. There are many choppers and inverters under this class. T2 must be
trigerrred first in order to charge up capacitor C. T2 is commutated off owing to lack
of current. When T1 is trigerred, current flows in two paths, load current through R1
and commutating current through C,T1,L and D. The charge on capacitor is reversed
and held with hold off diode D1.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Class B Commutation ( LC circuit )
T1
24
Procedure
1. Make the interconnections as shown in the circuit diagram, connect trigger output
T1 to Gate and cathode of SCR T1.
2. Switch on the DC supply to the power circuit and observe the voltage wave forms
across load by varying the frequency and potentiometer.
CLASS - B
VSCR
VC1
VL
25
TABULAR COLUMN
Ton Toff Height Frequenc Duty

y Cycle
Auxillary Commutation
26
PROCEDURE
1. Make the connections as given in the circuit diagram.
2. Connect T1 and T2 gate pulse from the firing circuit to the corresponding SCRs in the
power circuit. Initially keep the Trigger ON/OFF at OFF position to initially charge the
capacitor, this can be observed by connecting CRO across the Capacitor.
3. Now Switch ON the trigger O/P switch and observe the Voltage wave forms across the
load,T1, T2 and Capacitor. Note down the voltage waveforms Across the load, T1, T2
and capacitor.
4. Note down the voltage waveforms at different frequency of chopping and also at
different duty cycle.
5. Repeat the experiment for different values of load resistance, commutation inductance
and capacitance.
Ton Toff Height Frequenc Duty

y Cycle
27
CLASS - D
VL
VSCR1
VSCR2
VC
CONCLUSION
28
EXPERIMENT:05
UJT firing circuit for HWR and FWR circuits
AIM:
1. To obtain synchronised trigerring pulses and to trigger SCR at any given
angle.
2. To study and test the performance of synchronized UJT firing circuit for HWR
and FWR circuits.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.UJT relaxation oscillator 1No
2.Firing circuit module 1No
3.SCR 1No
4.CRO 1No
5.Rheostat as load 1No
6.Connecting wires.
THEORY: A Synchronized UJT trigger circuit is required for triggering of SCR’s in

converter circuits, where the supply across SCR and that given to UJT trigger circuit
must be the same. UJT is commonly used for triggering signals for SCR. It has three
terminals called emitter (E), base1(B1) and base2(B2). The electrical resistance
between B1 and B2 is called the internal base resistance. The p-n junction may be
treated as a diode.
Phase Controlled Thyristors are used to obtain controlled output voltages. A phase
controlled thyristor is turned on by applying a short pulse to its gate and turned off
due to natural or line commutation.Single phase converters are a classification of
phase control converter. The UJT is commonly used for generating triggering signals
for SCRs. The triggering voltage should be designed to sufficiently turn on the
thyristor.
Circuit Diagram
I. To obtain synchronised trigerring pulses and to trigger SCR at any given angle
29
PROCEDURE:
1.Connections are made as shown in the diagram.
2.Observe the waveforms on the CRO.
3.To trigger SCR at different firing angles, vary DRB settings and note the DC voltage
across load RL for each setting.
II. To study and test the preference of synchronized UJL firing circuit for HWR and
FWR circuits.
30
PROCEDURE:
1.Make connections as shown in the circuit.
2. Gate pulses are given through the UJT firing circuit.
3. Vary the firing angle and note down the output voltage waveforms.
4.Repeat the above steps for full wave rectification with the corresponding circuit.
GRAPHS
31
Vin
VC
Vfwr
T1
VLfwr
VLhwr
VG
VZ
t
CONCLUSION:
32
t
EXPERIMENT 06
Generation of firing signals for thyristors/ trials using
digital circuits / microprocessor
AIM: To generate firing signals for Thyristors using digital firing circuits.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.DFC 1No
2.CRO 1No
THEORY: The circuit shows the simple block diagram of a digital firing circuit, which
can be used for triggering thyristors that are used in single phase AC regulators and
controlled rectifiers. It has n-bit down counter. The counter is present to the decimal
equivalent of n-bit present binary input and enabled at each zero crossing of the
synchronizing signal. The counter starts counting at the rate of clock signal produced
by the oscillator, for example if the counter is mod 16, then in one half cycle the
oscillator should provide 16 pulses.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Preset A A
B
Fixed N-bit Flip-Flop Logic circuit
TP
frequency Counter F/F + modulator
oscillator + driver stage TN
EN Reset
LOAD
RESET Fc
Sync ZCD C Carrier frequency TM TA

Signal
oscillator (~5 KHz)
DC 5V
A A
33
PROCEDURE
1.The circuit connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2.The values of duty cycle and α is selected.
3.The waveforms across AC reference, ZCD,clock,Tm,TA and oscillator are measured
and observed.
4.The obseved waveforms are plotted on the graph.
34
CONCLUSION
35
EXPERIMENT:07
AC voltage controller using TRIAC-DIAC cmbination.
AIM: To conduct a suitable experiment to control AC voltage using TRIAC-DIAC
combination.
APPARATUS REQURIED:
1.AC Voltage controller 1No
2.Lamp with holder 1No
3. C.R.O. 1No
4.Isolation transformer
5. Connecting wires etc.,
THEORY:
AC voltage controller has single or three phase ac input having fixed voltage and
frequency. The output has the same number of phases and frequency as input , but the
rms value of the output is variable. TRIAC is a bidirectional semiconductor switching
device which can be turned on by giving a gate pulse. The circuit works on the phase
control method. It consists of phase shifting network comprising of R and C. The firing
of TRIAC is determined by the relative phase difference between line and gate control
voltage. Adjusting the value of R changes the phase difference between line and control
voltage and thus changes the voltage available to the load. DIAC is used to trigger the
TRIAC.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
FRONT PANEL DIAGRAM
36
PROCEDURE
1.Make the connections as given in the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the mains supply.
3.Vary the firing angle and potentiometer to observe the variation in lamp brightness and
also note down the voltage variation across the lamp.
4.Plot output voltage vs the firing angle.
Tabular Column:
Vo (volts) Firing angle α (degrees)
Expected Graph
CONCLUSION:
37
EXPERIMENT:08
Single phase Fully Controlled Bridge Converter with R
and R-L loads.
Aim: To study the output waveform of single phase FWR with R and RL loads.
Equipments required:
1) FWR bridge Module 1No

2) Firing Module 1No
3) Load Resistance 200 Ohm 1No
4) Inductive Load 1No
5) CRO 1No
6) Multimeter 1No
Theory:
A controlled rectifier converts an alternating voltage to a variable DC voltage.
The DC voltage so obtained is not pure as from the battery, but contains ripple
superimposed on the DC components . Diodes form the bridge of the FWR.
Transformer steps down the voltage to a lower value suitable for rectification. First,
the resistance is connected as the load for observing the output waveform. In practice
most loads are inductive to certain extent. Therefore RL load is connected to observe
the load current. With RL load, load current shape is different from the load voltage
whereas it is the same as that of voltage waveform in resistive load.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FWR with R load:
38
1ø
230V T X1 T1 T3
50Hz
V1 R
T4 T2
FWR with RL load:
TX1 T1 T3
R
V1
FD
L
T4 T2
Experimental procedure:
1. Make the connections as per the diagram.

2. Switch the AC mains supply.
3. Vary the firing angle knob to get suitable triggering in both half cycles.
4. Output current and output voltage is measured for different settings of
firing angle.
5. Step 3 is repeated for the following load conditions.
R=50Ω and for R-L load R=50Ω and L=25mH to 150mH.
Tabular Column:
SL NO Input Voltage-Vin Firing angle Output voltage Output
39
Current
GRAPHS
40
Conclusion:
41
EXPERIMENT:09
Voltage (Impulse) commuted chopper both constant frequency and variable
frequency operations.
AIM:
THEORY: In many industrial applications, it is required to convert a fixed-

voltage DC source into a variable-voltage DC source. A DC chopper converts
directly from DC to DC and is also known as a DC-to-DC converter. A chopper
can be considered as DC equivalent to AC transformer with a continuously
variable turns ratio. Like a transformer, it could be used to step-down or step-up
a DC voltage source.
Choppers are widely used for traction motor control in electric automobiles,
trolley cars, marine hoists, fork-lift trucks and mine haulers. They provide smooth
acceleration control, high efficiency and fast dynamic response. Choppers can be
used in regenerative braking of DC motors to return energy back to the supply
and this feature results in energy savings for transportation systems with frequent
stops. Choppers are also used in DC voltage regulators.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
42
PROCEDURE
1) To begin with switch ON the power supply to the unit.
2) Observe the trigger output signals by varying Duty cycle and Frequency
Potentiometer.
3) Now make the interconnections in the power circuit as given in the circuit diagram.
4) Connect a Resistive load. Connect respective trigger outputs from the firing circuit
to the respective SCRs in the Power Circuit.
5) Initially keep the ON/OFF switch in the firing circuit in OFF position.
6) Switch ON the DC supply. Apply Main SCR trigger pulses by pressing the ON/OFF
switch to ON position.
7) Observe the voltage waveforms across load. We can observe the chopped DC
waveform. If the commutation fails we can see only the DC voltage. In that case
switch OFF the DC supply, Switch OFF pulses and check the connections and try
again.
8) Observe the voltage across load, across Capacitor, across Main SCR and auxiliary
SCR by varying Duty cycle and frequency Potentiometer. Draw the wave forms at
different duty cycle and at different Frequency. Connect Voltmeter and Ammeter
and note down values in the table.
Frequency Constant [PWM& Duty cycle varied]
Duty cycle (%) Ton (ms) Toff (ms) O/p Voltage (v)
Duty Cycle Constant [frequency varied]
Frequency (Hz) Ton (ms) Toff (ms) O/p Voltage (v)
43
GRAPH
Vdc
VL
CONCLUSION
44
EXPERIMENT:10
Speed control of a separetely exited DC motor
AIM: To study the speed control of a DC motor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.DC motor 1No
2.Module 1No
THEORY: DC motors are used in adjustable speed drives and position control
application. DC motors are preferred when wide speed control range is required.
Phase controlled converters provide an adjustable dc output voltage from a fixed AC
input voltage.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
1.First switch on the firing circuit and verify output and their phase sequence. Also
vary firing angle potentiometer and observe trigger outputs.
2.Now make power circuit connections. Replace the motor by a rehostat of
50ohms/5A.
3.Connect the trigger output from the firing circuit to the corresponding SCR’s gate
and cathode. Initially keep input signal to a low voltage of say 30V.
4.Switch on mains and observe voltage waveforms across load by varying the firing
angle potentiometer.
45
5.If the unit is working correctly,switch OFF mains. Connect field terminals of a DC
motor to feild supply points in the power circuit.
6.Initially keep the firing angle potentiometer at 180° and rheostat resistance at
maximum.
7.Switch on supply and trigger outputs.
8.Vary firing angle potentiometer and input voltage up to 230V in steps and tabulate
the readings.
TABULAR COLUMN
1.Firing angle α varying
Speed (rpm) α (degrees) Voltage I (A)

(v)
11.Varying field; α= constant (90deg), RL= constant(max)
Voltage (v) Speed

(rpm)
111.Varying load RL ; α= constant (90deg)
Voltage (v) I (A) Speed R=V/I

(rpm) (Ω)
46
GRAPHS:
speed
firing angle
47
EXPERIMENT 11
SPEED CONTROL OF UNIVERSAL MOTOR
AIM: To study the working of universal motor.
APPARATUS REQURIED:
1.TRIAC firing module
2.Universal motor
3.CRO
4.Tachometer
5.AC voltmeter
6.AC ammeter
7.Connecting wires and patch chords.
THEORY: The universal motor is a rotating electric machine similar to a DC motor

but designed to operate either from direct current or single-phase alternating
current. The stator and rotor windings of the motor are connected in series through
the rotor commutator. Therefore the universal motor is also known as AC series
motor or an AC commutator motor. The universal motor can be controlled either as a
phase-angle drive or as a chopper drive. In the phase-angle application, the phase-
angle control technique is used to adjust the voltage applied to the motor. A phase
shift of the gate's pulses allows the effective voltage, seen by the motor, to be
varied. The phase-angle drive requires just a TRIAC. In the chopper application, the
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique is used to adjust the voltage applied to the
motor. Modulation of the PWM duty cycle allows the effective voltage, seen by the
motor, to be varied. Compared to a phase-angle drive, a chopper drive requires a
more complicated power stage with an input rectifier, a power switch and a fast
power diode. The advantage is higher efficiency, less acoustic noise and better EMC
behaviour.
48
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the inter connections in the power circuit as given is the circuit
diagram.
2. Switch ON the firing circuit and observe the trigger outputs . Make sure
that the firing pulses are proper before connecting to the power circuit.
3. Then connect the trigger output from firing circuit to corresponding
SCR’s / Triac. In the power circuit initially set the AC input to 30 volts.
4. Switch ON the MCB. Switch ON the Trigger outputs switch. Select the
SCR/ triac selection switch and observe the output waveforms across ‘R’
load by varying the firing angle potentiometer.
5. If the output wave form is proper then you can connect the motor &
increase the input voltage to rated value 0 – 230V gradually.
6. Vary the firing angle and note down O/P voltage and speed of the motor.
49
TABULAR COLUMN
FIRING SPEED OUTPUT OUTPUT

ANGLE IN VOLTAGE(V) CURRENT(A)
RPM
SPECIMEN GRAPH
Conclusion
50
EXPERIMENT 12
SPEED CONTROL OF STEPPER MOTOR
AIM:To study the working of stepper motor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Firing Modular 1No
2. Stepper Motor 1No
3. Isolation Transformer 1No
4. CRO 1No
5. Tachometer 1No
THEORY: Stepper motors are electro mechancial motion devices , which are used
primarily to convert information in digital form to mechanical motion. These motors
rotate at a predetermined angular displacement in response to a logic input.
Whenever stepping from one position to another is required, the stepper motors are
generally used. They are used as drivers for paper in line printers and in other
computer peripheral equipment such as in positioning of the magnetic disk ahead.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
LOGIC FREEWHEEING
DIODES
RED
A1 WHITE
green
-- ve Rs + ve
A2
BLUE
B1 BLACK
black
Rs
B2
SWITCHING TRANSISTORS
V = 4 X Motor Voltage
Rs = 3 X Rm (Motor resistance/ Phase)
Suitable for slow RPM
51
SWITCHING LOGIC SEQUENCE
To change the direction read sequence from bottom to top.
PROCEDURE:
1.Connect A1, A2, B1 and B2 leads of stepper motor to the corresponding output
terminal points. And two common terminals to +V supply. Switch ON the mains
supply to the unit. Check the power supplies.
The unit displays WELCOME
STEPPER MOTOR
After few seconds it displays STOP S/R R/S H/F
RPM 1 FOR FULL
2. Press 1NC / DEC key to select STEP or RPM ( Continuous rotation) mode.
3. After selecting RPM/STEP mode press SET key to select the mode.
4. Now 1 blinks. This corresponds to number of rotation or number of steps selected.
Press 1 NC/DEC key to select the speed or steps.
5. Press SET key to set the rpm / number of steps. Now FOR blinks. This corresponds to
52
direction of rotation (Forward). Press 1 NC/DEC key to select the direction of rotation
and press SET key to select.
6. Now FULL blinks. This is corresponds to Full step. Press 1 NC/DEC key to select
Half
step / Full step mode and press SET key to select Half / Full step mode.
7. Press RON / STOP key, the stepper motor rotates at the set speed if RPM is selected or
it moves the number of steps set and stops.
8.Repeat the same for Full step mode. Repeat the same for Reverse direction.
53
EXPERIMENT 13
PARALLEL/ SERIES INVERTER
AIM: To realize parallel and series inverter
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.Power supply.
2.Inverter module
3.firing circuit
4.CRO
5. connecting wires.
THEORY: A dc-ac converter is also known as an inverter. The function of an inverter

is to change a dc input voltage to a symmetric ac output voltage of desired
magnitude and frequency. The output voltage could be fixed or variable at a fixed or
variable frequency.
Inverters are widely used in industrial applicatoins,eg.. Variable speed ac motor
drivers, induction heating, stand by power supplies,UPS, etc.
Series Inverters are based on resonant current oscillation. The commutating
components and switching devices are placed in series with the load to form an
underdamped circuit.
Parallel Inverters are the dual of series inverters. It is supplied from the current
source so that the circuit offers a high impedance to the switching current. Since the
current is continuously controlled, this inverter gives a better short circuit protection
under fault condition.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
54
PROCEDURE:
1.Switch on the power supply to the firing circuit module and check trigger pulses by
varying the frequency.
2. Make the interconnections of the power circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. Now
connect trigger outputs from the firing circuits to Gate and Cathode of SCR`s T1 and
T2.
3.Switch on dc supply to inverter and observe voltage waveforms across the load.
4.Vary the frequency to the firing circuit and observe the waveforms.
5.Repeat the same with diferent values of L and C given on the module.
Resonance frequency:- fr = 1 1 _ R2
2II LC 4L2
WAVEFROMS
T1 t
T2 t
eo fi<fr
eo fi = fr
eo t f1 > fr
55
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PARALLEL INVERTER
D1
SCR1
KVL
RL
L C
-
Vdc
+ SCR2
D2
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the firing circuit. Observe the trigger outputs T P and TN by

varying frequency potentiometer and by operating ON/OFF switch.
2. Then connect input DC supply to the power circuit. Connect trigger outputs
to Gate and Cathode of SCR TP & TN.
3. Make the interconnections as shown in circuit diagram. Connect load
between load terminals.
4. Connect free wheeling diodes in the circuit. To begin with set input
voltage to 15V. Apply trigger pulses to SCR and observe voltage
waveforms across load. Output voltage is square wave only. Then remove
freewheeling diode connections and observe the waveforms.
5. Keeping frequency minimum, the duty cycle and output voltage is calculated.
6. Keeping frequency maximum,the duty cycle and output voltage is calculated.
56
WAVEFORMS:
TRIGGER OUTPUTS
T1
T2
22222222
+VDC
--VDC
OUTPUT
Conclusion:
57
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is POWER ELECTRONICS?

2. What are the peripheral effects of power electronics equipment?
3. What is a thyristor?
4. Name the most popular thyristor.
5. What is a latching current?
6. What is a holding current?
7. What is the ratio of latching current to holding current in a thyristor?
8. What are the different methods of turning-on of a thyristor with its gate
disconnected?
9. Can a forward voltage be applied to an SCR soon after its anode current has
fallen to zero? Explain.
10. What are the necessary conditions for turning-on of an SCR?
11. When cathode is positive w.r.t anode in an SCR then what is the number of
blocked P-N junctions?
12. A thyristor is a AC or DC switch?
13. How can a conducting thyristor be turned-off?
14. What is turn-on & turn-off time of SCRs?
15. Is turn-off time of a SCR constant? What factors influence its value?
16. What is MOSFET?
17. Name the three terminals of MOSFET.
18. What are the two types of power MOSFET’s? Which one is commonly used?
19. What is threshold voltage?
20. Mention some features of MOSFET.
21. Explain the switching characteristics of MOSFET.
22. Give comparison of MOSFET with BJT.
23. Give some applications of MOSFETs.
24. What is IGBT? What are its other names?
25. Explain input & transfer characteristics if IGBT.
26. Why are IGBTs becoming popular in their applications to controlled
converters?
27. Enumerate some applications of IGBT.
28. What is ‘pinch of voltage’?
29. What is UJT? Mention its applications.
30. Whan an UJT exhibits negative resistance region?
58
31. When an UJT is used for triggering an SCR, what is the waveshape of the
voltage obtained from UJT circuit?
32. What is the function of connecting a zener diode in an UJT circuit?
33. What is the ‘intrinsic stand-off ratio’ of a UJT?
34. What is the peak voltage of a UJT?
35. What is the valley point voltage of a UJT?
36. Explain the working of an UJT oscillator.
37. Explain how the circuit operation is influenced if the charging resistor is small
so that the capacitor voltage reaches Ujt threshold voltage twice in each half
cycle.
38. Bring out the differences between UJT firing circuit with R and RC firing
circuits.
39. What do you mean by synchronous and asynchronous mode?
40. What is commutation?
41. What are the two general types of commutation?
42. Give the various commutation techniques used for thyristors.
43. Explain the working of class B-commutation.
44. Bring out the differences between voltage commutation and current
commutation.
45. What is the difference between self and natural commutation.
46. Explain the output waveform of class B-commutation.
47. What is the principle of complementary commutation?
48. Explain the working principle of auxiliary commutation.
49. What is the purpose of connecting and antiparallel diode across the main
thyristor with or without a series inductor?
50. Why does the commutation capacitor in a resonant pulse commutation get
overcharged?
51. How is the voltage of the commutation capacitor reversed in a commutation
circuit?
52. What is controlled rectifier?
53. What is a converter?
54. What is a delay-angle control of converters?
55. What are the effects of removing the freewheeling diode in single-phase semi
converter?
56. How are gate-turn-off thyristors turned on and off?
59
57. What is isolation transformer?

58. How the speed of DC Motor is controlled using single-phase half controlled
bridge rectifier?
59. What is the base speed of DC Motors?
60. What is the purpose of a converter in DC drives?
61. Which are the parameters to be varied for speed control of DC series motors?
62. Why are the DC series motors mostly used in traction application?
63. What is the speed regulation of DC drives?
64. What is the magnetization characteristics of DC motors?
65. Do the output ripple voltages of converters depend on the delay angle?
66. What is a DC chopper?
67. What are the performance parameters of a chopper?
68. What is the purpose of the commutation circuit of a chopper?
69. What are the advantages of chopper-fed DC drives?
70. What is the principle of regenerative braking of DC chopper-fed DC motor
drives?
71. What is stepper motor?
72. Explain the principle operation of stepper motor?
73. What is half step and full step motor?
74. What are the different types of stepper motor? Mention the difference
between each.
75. What is meant by “STEP ANGLE”?
76. Give the applications of stepper motor?
77. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of stepper motor?
78. What is TRIAC?
79. The firing circuit of TRIAC is based on which method?
80. Explain how a TRIAC may sometimes operate in the rectifier mode.
81. What are the types of Induction Motor?
82. What is the slip at starting of Induction Motor?
83. What are the various means for speed control of Induction Motors?
84. What is a snubber network?
85. What is the difference between an SCR & a TRIAC?
86. What are the advantages & disadvantages of TRIAC A.C switch?
87. What are the effects of load inductance on the performance of a.c voltage
controllers?
60
88. What are the advantages & disadvantages of a.c voltage controllers?
89. What are the advantages & disadvantages of inverse-parallel Thyristor a.c
switches?
90. What is an autotransformer?
91. What is the base frequency an Induction Motor?
92. What is synchronous speed?
93. What is a field-weakning mode of Induction Motor?
94. What is a static switch?
95. What are the differences between a.c & d.c switches?
96. What are the advantages of static switches over mechanical or
electromechanical switches?
97. What type of commutation is required for a.c & d.c switches?
98. Explain the features that the firing circuit for Thyristors should possess?
99. Describe the resistance firing circuit used for triggering SCRs?
100. Is it possible to get a firing angle greater than 900 with resistance firing?
61

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POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL

BMS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

POWER ELECTRONICS LABORATORY MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

BRANCH AND SEM:…………………………………..

2. Static Characteristics of SCR and DIAC.

3. Static Characteristics of MOSFET and IGBT.

13. Speed control of Stepper motor.

14. Parallel/series inverter.

15. VIVA Questions

POWER ELECTRONICS LABORATORY

Sub code: 06ECL48 IA Marks: 25

1. Static Characteristics of SCR and DIAC.

2. Static Characteristics of MOSFET and IGBT.

3. Controlled HWR and FWR using RC triggering circuit.

4. SCR turnig off using i) LC circuit ii) Auxiliary Commutation.

5. UJT firing circuit for HWR and FWR circuits.

6. Generation of firing signals for thyristors/ trials using digital circuits /

7. AC voltage controller using TRIAC-DIAC cmbination.

9. Voltage (Impulse) commuted chopper both constant frequency and variable

10. Speed control of a separetely exited DC motor.

11. Speed control of Universal motor.

12. Speed control of Stepper motor.

13. Parallel/series inverter.

STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR AND DIAC

1) SCR/DIAC Module 1No

1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

To find the Holding Current:

VAK (Volts) IA (Amps) VAK (Volts) IA (Amps)

where IG2 >IG1

AIM B) To plot the static characteristics of DIAC

1) SCR/DIAC Module 1No

1.Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.

2.keep R2 at maximum position.

3.Keep V1 potentiometer at minimum position.

the ammeter reading.

6.Vary V1 further and tabulate the readings.

Voltage (V) Current(I)

STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MOSFET AND IGBT

AIM: a)To plot the transfer characteristics of MOSFET .

1) MOSFET and Firing Module 1No

1) Make circuit connection as shown in the circuit diagram.

ΔId VGS = 3.5V

CONSTANT RESISTANCE REGION Vds in volts

AIM B) To plot the transfer characteristics of IGBT.

1) IGBT module 1No

a) Trans conductance characteristics

a) Trans Conductance Characteristics: -

ΔIc VGE = 3.5V

CONSTANT RESISTANCE REGION VCE in volts

RC HALF WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT:

RC FULL WAVE RECTIFIER TRIGGERING CIRCUIT:

For RC trigerred half wave rectifier

VARIOUS WAVEFORMS FOR HALF CONTROL

For RC trigerred full wave Rectifier

VARIOUS WAVEFORMS FOR FULLY CONTROL

AIM: To SCR turn off SCR using

Class B Commutation ( LC circuit )

Ton Toff Height Frequenc Duty

Ton Toff Height Frequenc Duty

UJT firing circuit for HWR and FWR circuits

THEORY: A Synchronized UJT trigger circuit is required for triggering of SCR’s in

Sync ZCD C Carrier frequency TM TA