Tensile Testing Rev1

9/27/2010 Tensile Testing Rev1
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Tensile Testing Machines Testing from 1N to 100kN, and more, and a history of superior support www.TiniusOlsen.c
Yield Strength Measurement at zero shear rate with our pipeline restart loop. www.F5-Tech.de
Latest ASTM Standards Buy Direct from ASTM OnLine ASTM has the most recent standards www.astm.org
scribd.com/doc/…/Tensile-Testing-Rev1 1/180
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Tensile Stress Fracture Strain True Stress

Composite Strengths Specimen Material Strain Rate
ASTM Standards Downloads Yield Strength NDT Testing

Latest Standards Direct from ASTM Measurement at zero shear rate Eddy Current, Ultrasonic & Flux
Buy Direct from ASTM Online with our pipeline restart loop. Leakage Testing Equipment
www.astm.org www.F5-Tech.de www.mac-ndt.com
ASTM Standards Downloads Yield Strength NDT Testing
Latest Standards Direct from ASTM Measurement at zero shear rate Eddy Current, Ultrasonic & Flux
Buy Direct from ASTM Online with our pipeline restart loop. Leakage Testing Equipment
www.astm.org www.F5-Tech.de www.mac-ndt.com
M en u
莫泽民 C M M O K cm m ok128@ yahoo.com
Follow ing illustrate the actualsequences ofsteps thattypicalto tensile testing.
 C hecking ofspecim ens m achining tolerance againstspecification on generaltestpieces

 G eneraldim ension
 Surface finishes
 M easure the diam eters ordim ensions at3 intervals on the gauge portion
 C om pute the Lo
 G auge m arking
 C om m encing the tensile pulling.
 O n fracture m easures the elongation.
 R eporting.
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M en u
Term s and definitions: R m ,R eL orR eH ,R p 2,R p 2,A,Z
9/27/2010e s d def s Tensile Testing Rev1
m eL eH p0.2 p0.2
 The tensile strength,also know n as the ultim ate tensile strength,the load atfailure divided by the original
cross sectionalarea w here the ultim ate tensile strength (U .T.S.),
R m = P m ax / A o
Rm : U ltim ate tensile strength

P m ax : m axim um load attained.
Ao : Initialgauge area.
 The yield point (YP), the stress at w hich deform ation changes from elastic to plastic behavior i.e. below
the yield point unloading the specim en m eans that it returns to its original length, above the yield point
perm anentplastic D eform ation has occurred,
Re = P yp / A o
P yp : Load on upper/low eryielding observed.

R eH : U pperYield strength
R eL : Low erYield strength
R e is inadequate represented;ReL orReH m ustbe specified.

 By reassem bling the broken specim en w e can also m easure the percentage elongation,El% how m uch
the testpiece had stretched atfailure w here
A% = (Lf- L o)/ L o x100

A% : Percentage elongation
Lf : gauge length atfracture
Lo ： Originalgauge length.
7 of45
ASTM Standards Downloads Yield Strength NDT Testing Vibration Analysis

Latest Standards Direct f rom ASTM Buy Measurement at zero shear rate with our Eddy Current, Ultrasonic & Flux Leakage Portable, smart, small: the ideal dev ice
Direct f rom ASTM Online pipeline restart loop. Testing Equipment f or y our measurements
www.astm.org www.F5-Tech.de www.mac-ndt.com www.sequoia.it
M en u
In EN specifications this param eteris also identified as 'A'.
 The percentage reduction ofarea,how m uch the specim en has necked orreduced in diam eteratthe
pointoffailure w here
Z% = (Area o Area f)/ Area o x100
Z% : Percentage reduction in area

Areaf : C ross sectionalarea atsite ofthe fracture.
Areo : O riginalcross-sectionalarea.
In EN specifications this param eteris also identified as 'Z'.
D efinition： Form ore accurate officialdefinition see EN 10002-1
R p0.2
Proof strength, non-proportionalextension
Stress atw hich a non-proportionalextension is equalto a specified percentage ofthe extensom etergauge length
(Le) (see Figure 3)
N O TE The sym bolused is follow ed by a suffix giving the prescribed percentage,forexam ple: R p0.2.
0.2% proofstress. Stress atw hich the m aterialundergoes a 0.2% non-proportional(perm anent) extension
during a tensile test. The yield strength is the stress required to produce a sm all-specified am ountofplastic
deform ation. The usualdefinition ofthis property is the offsetyield strength determ ined by the stress
corresponding to the intersection ofthe stress-strain curve and a line parallelto the elastic partofthe curve offset
by a specified strain (Fig. 1). In the U nited States the offsetis usually specified as a strain of0.2 or0.1 percent(e =
0.002 or0.001). Figure below .
8 of45
M en u
A good w ay oflooking atoffsetyield strength is thataftera specim en has been loaded to its 0.2 percentoffset
yield strength and then unloaded itw illbe 0.2 percentlongerthan before the test. The offsetyield strength is often
referred to in G reatBritain as the proofstress,w here offsetvalues are either0.1 or0.5 percent. The yield strength
obtained by an offsetm ethod is com m only used fordesign and specification purposes because itavoids the
practicaldifficulties ofm easuring the elastic lim itorproportionallim it.
Som e m aterials have essentially no linearportion to theirstress-strain curve,forexam ple,softcopperorgray cast
iron. Forthese m aterials the offsetm ethod cannotbe used and the usualpractice is to define the yield strength as
the stress to produce som e totalstrain,forexam ple,e = 0.005.
R rt0.5
Proof strength, totalextension
Stress atw hich totalextension (elastic extension plus plastic extension) is equalto a specified percentage ofthe
extensom etergauge length (Le) (see Figure 4)
N O TE The sym bolused is follow ed by a suffix giving the prescribed percentage forexam ple: R t0.5.
Som e m aterials have essentially no linearportion to theirstress-strain curve,forexam ple,softcopperorgray

castiron. Forthese m aterials the offsetm ethod cannotbe used and the usualpractice is to define the yield
strength as the stress to produce som e totalstrain,forexam ple,e = 0.005. (R rt0.5) (see Figure below )
Rr
Perm anent set strength
Stress atw hich,afterrem ovalofforce,a specified perm anentelongation orextension expressed respectively as a
percentage ofthe originalgauge length (Lo) orextensom etergauge length (Le) has notbeen exceeded (see
Figure 5)
N O TE the sym bolused is follow ed by a suffix giving the specified percentage ofthe originalgauge length (Lo) or
ofthe extensom etergauge length (Le),forexam ple: R r0.2.
R eH
U pper yield strength
Value ofstress atthe m om entw hen the firstdecrease in force is observed (see Figure 2)
The upperyield strength is the tension,w ith w hich a plastic deform ation w ithoutrise ofthe load occurs forthe
firsttim e. Itdesignates thus the end ofthe flexible solidification orthe upperyield strength represents the pointat
w hich a sudden leveling,ordrop in load occurs as a m aterialtransitions from elastic to Plastic D eform ation. Italso
m arks the beginning ofyield pointelongation (YPE).
Value ofstress atthe m om entw hen the firstdecrease in force is observed (see Figure below )
R eL
Low er yield strength
Low estvalue ofstress during plastic yielding,ignoring any initialtransienteffects (see Figure 2)
9 of45
ASTM Standards Downloads Yield Strength NDT Testing Vibration Analysis

Latest Standards Direct f rom ASTM Buy Measurement at zero shear rate with our Eddy Current, Ultrasonic & Flux Leakage Portable, smart, small: the ideal dev ice
Direct f rom ASTM Online pipeline restart loop. Testing Equipment f or y our measurements
www.astm.org www.F5-Tech.de www.mac-ndt.com www.sequoia.it
M en u
The low eryield strength is the sm allesttension in the range ofthe plastic deform ation ofthe inspection piece,
thus follow ing the upperyield strength. The low eryield strength is indicated in N /m m
Low estvalue ofstress during plastic yielding,ignoring any initialtransienteffects (see Figure below )
Figure 2.
Figure 3. Figure 4.
10 of45
M en u
Figure 5.
11 of45
Tensile Testing Rev1

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10 / 26 / 2008
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9/27/2010 Tensile Testing Rev1

Tensile Stress Fracture Strain True Stress

ASTM Standards Downloads Yield Strength NDT Testing

Follow ing illustrate the actualsequences ofsteps thattypicalto tensile testing.

 C hecking ofspecim ens m achining tolerance againstspecification on generaltestpieces

Term s and definitions: R m ,R eL orR eH ,R p 2,R p 2,A,Z

Rm : U ltim ate tensile strength

P yp : Load on upper/low eryielding observed.

R e is inadequate represented;ReL orReH m ustbe specified.

A% = (Lf- L o)/ L o x100

ASTM Standards Downloads Yield Strength NDT Testing Vibration Analysis

In EN specifications this param eteris also identified as 'A'.

Z% : Percentage reduction in area

D efinition： Form ore accurate officialdefinition see EN 10002-1

Som e m aterials have essentially no linearportion to theirstress-strain curve,forexam ple,softcopperorgray

ASTM Standards Downloads Yield Strength NDT Testing Vibration Analysis

Tensile Testing Rev1

Info and Rating

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