Hypertension is the term used to describe high blood pressure.

Blood pressure is a measurement of the force against the walls of your arteries as the
heart pumps blood through the body.
Blood pressure readings are measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and
usually given as two numbers -- for example, 120 over 80 (written as 120/80
mmHg). One or both of these numbers can be too high.
The top number is your systolic pressure.
• It is considered high if it is over 140 most of the time.
• It is considered normal if it is below 120 most of the time.
The bottom number is your diastolic pressure.
• It is considered high if it is over 90 most of the time.
• It is considered normal if it is below 80 most of the time.
Pre-hypertension is when your systolic blood pressure is between 120 and 139 or
your diastolic blood pressure is between 80 and 89 on multiple readings. If you have
pre-hypertension, you are more likely to develop high blood pressure.
If you have heart or kidney problems, or if you had a stroke, your doctor may want
your blood pressure to be even lower than that of people who do not have these
conditions.
Causes »
Many factors can affect blood pressure, including:
• How much water and salt you have in your body
• The condition of your kidneys, nervous system, or blood vessels
• The levels of different body hormones

You are more likely to be told your blood pressure is too high as you get older. This is because your blood
vessels become stiffer as you age. When that happens, your blood pressure goes up. High blood
pressure increases your chance of having a stroke, heart attack, heart failure, kidney disease, and early death.

You have a higher risk of high blood pressure if you:

• Are African American
• Are obese
• Are often stressed or anxious
• Eat too much salt in your diet
• Have a family history of high blood pressure
• Have diabetes
• Smoke

Most of the time, no cause is identified. This is called essential hypertension.

High blood pressure that is caused by another medical condition or medication is called secondary
hypertension. Secondary hypertension may be due to:
• Alcohol abuse
• Atherosclerosis
• Autoimmune disorders such as periarteritis nodosa
• Chronic kidney disease
• Coarctation of the aorta
 • Cocaine use
• Diabetes (if it causes kidney damage)
• Endocrine disorders, such as adrenal tumors (pheochromocytoma, aldosteronism), thyroid
disorders, and Cushing syndrome
• Medications
o Appetite suppressants
o Birth control pills
o Certain cold medications
o Corticosteroids
o Migraine medications
• Renal artery stenosis

Risk Factors:

The following factors increase an individual's risk for high blood pressure:

• Being overweight
• Not getting enough exercise
• Having a family history of hypertension
• Being African-American
• Abusing alcohol or smoking
• High sodium (salt) intake
• Stress
• Chronic conditions such as diabetes, kidney disease, or high cholesterol.

Symptoms »
Most of the time, there are no symptoms. Symptoms that may occur include:
• Confusion
• Ear noise or buzzing
• Fatigue
• Headache
• Irregular heartbeat
• Nosebleed
• Vision changes

If you have a severe headache or any of the symptoms above, see your doctor right away. These may be signs
of a complication or dangerously high blood pressure called malignant hypertension.
Exams and Tests »
Your health care provider will perform a physical exam and check your blood pressure. If the measurement
is high, your health care provider may think you have high blood pressure. The measurements need to be
repeated over time, so that the diagnosis can be confirmed.

If you monitor your blood pressure at home, you may be asked the following questions:
• What was your most recent blood pressure reading?
 • What was the previous blood pressure reading?
• What is the average systolic (top number) and diastolic (bottom number) reading?
• Has your blood pressure increased recently?

Other tests may be done to look for blood in the urine or heart failure. Your doctor will look for signs of
complications in your heart, kidneys, eyes, and other organs in your body.

These tests may include:

• Blood tests
• Echocardiogram
• Electrocardiogram
• Urinalysis
• Ultrasound of the kidneys
Treatment »
The goal of treatment is to reduce blood pressure so that you have a lower risk of complications. You and
your health care provider should set a blood pressure goal for you.

There are many different medicines that can be used to treat high blood pressure, including:
• Alpha blockers
• Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
• Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)
• Beta blockers
• Calcium channel blockers
• Central alpha agonists
• Diuretics
• Renin inhibitors, including aliskiren (Tekturna)
• Vasodilators

Your health care provider may also tell you to exercise, lose weight, and follow a healthier diet. If you have
pre-hypertension, your health care provider will recommend the same lifestyle changes to bring your blood
pressure down to a normal range.

Often, a single blood pressure drug may not be enough to control your blood pressure, and you may need to
take two or more drugs. It is very important that you take the medications prescribed to you. If you have side
effects, your health care provider can substitute a different medication.

In addition to taking medicine, you can do many things to help control your blood pressure, including:
• Eat a heart-healthy diet, including potassium and fiber, and drink plenty of water.
• Exercise regularly -- at least 30 minutes a day.
• If you smoke, quit -- find a program that will help you stop.
• Limit how much alcohol you drink -- 1 drink a day for women, 2 a day for men.
• Limit the amount of sodium (salt) you eat -- aim for less than 1,500 mg per day.
• Reduce stress -- try to avoid things that cause stress for you. You can also try meditation or yoga.
• Stay at a healthy body weight -- find a weight-loss program to help you, if you need it.

Your health care provider can help you find programs for losing weight, stopping smoking, and exercising.
You can also get a referral from your doctor to a dietitian, who can help you plan a diet that is healthy for
you.
Your health care provider may ask you to keep track of your blood pressure at home. Make sure you get a
good quality, well-fitting home device. It will probably have a cuff with a stethoscope or a digital readout.
Practice with your health care provider or nurse to make sure you are taking your blood pressure correctly.
Outlook (Prognosis)
Most of the time, high blood pressure can be controlled with medicine and lifestyle change
Possible Complications
• Aortic dissection
• Blood vessel damage (arteriosclerosis)
• Brain damage
• Congestive heart failure
• Chronic kidney disease
• Heart attack
• Hypertensive heart disease
• Peripheral artery disease
• Pregnancy complications
• Stroke
• Vision loss
When to Contact a Medical Professional
If you have high blood pressure, you will have regularly scheduled appointments with your doctor.

Even if you have not been diagnosed with high blood pressure, it is important to have your blood pressure
checked during your yearly check-up, especially if someone in your family has or had high blood pressure.

Call your health care provider right away if home monitoring shows that your blood pressure remains high
or you have any of the following symptoms:
• Chest pain
• Confusion
• Excessive tiredness
• Headache
• Nausea and vomiting
• Shortness of breath
• Significant sweating
• Vision changes
Prevention
Adults over 18 should have their blood pressure checked routinely.

Lifestyle changes may help control your blood pressure:

• Avoid smoking. (See: Nicotine withdrawal)
• Do not consume more than 1 drink a day for women, 2 a day for men.
• Eat a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products while reducing total and saturated fat
intake (the DASH diet is one way of achieving this kind of dietary plan). (See: Heart disease and
diet)
• Exercise regularly. If possible, exercise for 30 minutes on most days.
• If you have diabetes, keep your blood sugar under control.
• Lose weight if you are overweight. Excess weight adds to strain on the heart. In some cases, weight
loss may be the only treatment needed.
• Try to manage your stress.
Follow your health care provider's recommendations to modify, treat, or control possible causes of secondary
hypertension.

What is it?
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a persistent elevation in blood pressure that taxes the
heart and can, over time, cause damage to organs such as the kidneys, brain, eyes, and heart. Blood
pressure (BP) is the amount of force blood exerts on the walls of the arteries and veins. BP depends on the
force and rate of the contraction of the heart as it pumps oxygenated blood from the left ventricle
(compartment) of the heart into the arteries and the resistance to that flow. The amount of resistance
depends on the elasticity and diameter of the blood vessels and how much blood is flowing through them.
Blood pressure is dynamic; it rises and falls depending on a person’s level of activity, time of day, and
physical and emotional stresses. In healthy people, it is largely controlled by the autonomic nervous system
but is also regulated by hormones, including:
• Angiotensin II — produced by the kidneys, it causes increased resistance in blood vessels.

• Aldosterone — produced by the adrenal glands in response to angiotensin II, it affects the amount
of sodium, potassium, and fluids excreted by the kidneys.
• Catecholamines — such as epinephrine, also called adrenaline, produced by the adrenal glands in
response to stress and increases heart rate and resistance in blood vessels.

When one or more of the regulating factors is not able to respond appropriately to the demands of the body,
then the pressure of the blood may become persistently increased.

Two pressures are measured when blood pressure is evaluated. They are systolic pressure – the peak
amount of force exerted on the blood vessel walls when the heart is contracting – and diastolic pressure –
the amount of pressure present when the heart is relaxing between beats. Both are measured in millimeters
of mercury (mm Hg) and are expressed as systolic over diastolic pressure. For instance, a blood pressure of
120/80 mm Hg corresponds to a systolic pressure of 120 and a diastolic pressure of 80 and would be
reported as 120 over 80. The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) web site has a table that lists
the categories of blood pressure levels in adults.

Usually, diastolic pressures will mirror systolic pressures, but as people age, the diastolic pressure tends to
level out and hypertension that involves primarily the systolic pressure (called isolated systolic hypertension)
becomes more common. In general, the greater the blood pressure for extended periods of time, the greater
the potential for damage.