Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Preface
SI units of measurement
The basic units
Derived units
Metric Prefixes
Basic Terms and Concepts
Light
Optics in CCTV
The very basics of television
CCTV Equipment Basics
Video collection
Signal Transmission Media
Video management
CCTV Cameras
Camera Categories
Understanding camera types
Understanding camera specifications
Camera power supplies
LiLin CCTV Cameras
LiLin Day/Night Cameras
LiLin Dome Cameras
LiLin IR Cameras
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Contents
2
Contents
3
Contents
Appendix E
Star connection with Keyboard
Appendix F
Lilin PTZ camera works with PE DVR
Appendix G
PIH-800II connection
Appendix H
LILin PTZ camera with Converter connection
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Preface
5
SI units of measurement
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Derived units
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Metric prefixes
A very common unit used these days in CCTV when handling hard disk drives is
gigabytes(GB). One gigabyte is equal to thousand of megabytes, or a million of
kilobytes. The correct value for binary 1GB megabytes is 1024MB(which is 2^10),
and the correct binary value for 1 MB is 1024 KB. So when a 300GB hard disk is
installed in a computer, the operating system reports 279GB. This is the real binary
value.
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Basic Terms and Concepts
Light
Light is an electromagnetic radiation.
100- 10,000-
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1-10 100-1000 100,000
10,000 100,000 Lux
Light sources
Two major light sources:
Primary sources (the sun, street lights, tungsten lights, monitor
CRTs
Secondary sources (all objects that do not generate light but
reflect it) LiLin USA Training
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Basic Terms and Concepts
Color Temperature
Color temperature refers to the temperature to which an imaginary perfectly
black body is heated and consequently produces light.
Example:
500w tungsten=>3200°K(approximately 27 lumens/watt)
200w tungsten=>2980°K(approximately 17.5 lumens/watt)
75w tungsten=>2820°K(approximately 15.4 lumens/watt)
F –Number
In lenses with adjustable irises, the maximum iris opening is expressed as a
ratio (focal length of the lens)/(maximum diameter of aperture). This
maximum iris will be engraved on the front ring of the lens.
Example:
1.4;2;2.8;4;5.6;8;ect.
Every next higher F-number transmits half the amount of light of the
previous F-number.
Depth of field
Practically, objects slightly in front of and behind the object in focus will
also appear sharp. This “extra” depth of sharpness is called Depth of Field.
Manual Iris-MI
Manual iris lenses adjust the iris manual(that is by hand).
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Basic Terms and Concepts
Auto iris-AI
Auto iris lenses have electronic circuitry that processes the video signal coming
out of the camera and decides on the basis of the video signal level, whether the
iris should open or close.
Auto iris works as automatic electronic-optical feedback. If video signal is low, the
electronics tells the iris to open, and if it is too high, it tells to close.
Angles of view
There are some very basic rules to follow when analyzing the angles of view:
•The shorter the focal length, the wider the angle of view is.
•The longer the focal length , the narrower the angle of view is.
•The smaller the CCD chip, the narrower the angle of view(with the same lens) is.
•The vertical angle of view can be easily determined if the horizontal is known.
Standard lenses for a 30° horizontal angle of view:
1”=25mm
2/3”=16mm
1/2”=12mm
1/3”=8mme
1/4”=6mm
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Basic Terms and Concepts
Field of View
The FOV is the horizontal or vertical scene size at a given length from the
camera to the subject. An important aspect that must be considered before
choosing a camera lens is the field of view (FOV), or the actual area that the
camera is expected to "see."
Below is table that shows the width and the height of the FOV on a 1/3”
format camera and lens.
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Basic Terms and Concepts
Zoom lenses
The most popular zoom lenses used in CCTV:
6X six times lenses: with 6-36mm, 8-48mm, 8.5-51mm,and 12.5-75mm.
10X ten times lenses: with 6-60mm, 8-80mm, 10-100mm, 11-110mm.
15X fifteen times lenses: with 6-90mm, 8-120mm.
C-and CS mount
C-mount,represented with 17.5mm(more precisely 17.526)
CS-mount, represented with 12.5mm.
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Basic Terms and Concepts
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CCTV Equipment Basics
Signal Transmission Media: This media will receive the signal from the
camera end and send it to the video management end with lowest possible
attenuation. This media could be wired or wireless transmission.
Video management: This end will receive the signal and process it to be
viewed. A video processing unit, recording unit and a monitor construct
this end.
Video collection: This end collects the image from object and send via
the transmission media to the processing end. It is constructed from
camera, lens, power and mounting accessories.
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CCTV Cameras
Camera
A camera is designed to collect the reflected light from objects around them and
then to convert them into electronic video signals that measure 1 Vpp (Volt,
peak to peak). These signals then are transported by one of many transmission
media to the monitor, where these signals are converted back to visible light in a
CCTV monitor.
Monochrome camera
Produce black and white picture
Color camera
Produce Color picture
Day/Night Camera
Color picture in a daytime light level
Monochrome picture below certain light level, automatically changed
IR (Infrared) Cameras
Color picture during the day
Monochrome picture when used with infrared illuminator
Bullet Cameras-bullet cameras use similar technology to the board cameras with
a different configuration.
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CCTV Cameras
Dome cameras
Fixed Domes-a fixed dome camera means that the camera within the dome
enclosure remains in one position.
PTZ domes- fully the camera equipped pan/tilt and zoom (PTZ) domes
provide the camera system operator with the ability to move the camera left
and right(PAN) or up and down (tilt).they also allow the operator to change
the view on the camera with a zoom lens, closing in on smaller areas of the
subject field.
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CCTV Cameras
Pickup Element-CCD
It is the electronic element that captures the image and change to electronic
signal. Obviously, the pickup element is one of the major features of the
CCTV camera. This element will affect the rest of the features of the camera
such as resolution and illumination, electronic shutter, etc
There are two basic types of pickup elements in the market, the older CRT
(cathode ray tube) type and the more recent CCD (Charged Coupled
Discharge), which all CCTV manufacturers use the later.
Illumination
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CCTV Cameras
Synchronization
Electronic pluses that are inserted into the video signal in order to assemble the
picture correctly.
Line Lock
The ability to synchronize AC powered cameras to the same line voltage
frequency
AGC
Automatic Gain Control, an electronic circuit that amplifies the video signal
when the strength of the signal falls below a given value
BLC
Back light compensation. A function of the camera that compensates for
excessive light directed at the camera causing the video to bloom or causing the
images in front of the light to be unusable
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CCTV Cameras
ES
Electronic Shutter. CCD Iris, which eliminates the need for an Auto Iris
Lens. The CCD Iris automatically controls the light intensity by adjusting
the electronic shutter speed to mimic auto iris control.
Aperture Correction
Compensation for the loss in sharpness of detail because of the finite
dimensions of the image elements or the dot-pitch of the monitor
SNR
Signal-to-noise ratio. The SNR relates how much stronger a signal is than the
background noise. Usually expressed in decibels (dB)
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CCTV Cameras
Lenses
Without the proper lens, video images cannot be focused onto the light-
sensitive target in a video camera to produce a "usable" video signal.
Among the many issues that pertain to a CCTV system, the most
important that should be considered before buying a lens are:
Format
Lenses and cameras now come in four formats: 1/3-, 1/2-, 2/3-, and 1-in.
Lens format is actually determined by the size of the opening in a camera
where the lens attaches. When the diameter of this opening measures 1/3
in., the camera is said to be a 1/3-in. formatted camera.
For proper viewing, use only a lens that is formatted the same or higher
than the camera used. For example, if the opening in a camera (camera
format) is 1/2 in., a 1/2- to 1- in. formatted lens should be used for
optimum viewing. Or, if a camera with an opening of 1 in. is used, use a
1-in. formatted lens. To do otherwise will result in the projection of only
part of the viewing area onto the target in the camera.
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CCTV Cameras
C and CS Mount
For instance CS-camera works with CS-lens, C-camera works with C-lens,
and CS-camera with C-lens if we add a 5 mm extension ring.
Iris
The iris is a small aperture through which light must pass before it can strike
the light-sensitive target inside a camera. In low light, for example, the
aperture is fully opened and in bright light, it will nearly be closed.
Auto-Iris Lenses
A lens with an auto-iris feature should be used in environments where the
light intensity can vary from minute by minute, hour by hour, or day by day.
This is almost a necessity in outdoor applications and where lights change
throughout the day
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CCTV Cameras
To measure the size of an aperture opening, the lens industry adopted the F-
stop measurement. The larger the F-stop number, for example, the smaller the
opening. Thus, when a camera is set to an F-stop of f-1.4, the size of the
aperture is larger than when the same lens on the same camera is adjusted to f-
8 or f-22.
In a fixed-iris lens, the aperture is set and cannot be changed. In manual- and
auto-iris lenses, however, the aperture can be changed to suit the amount of
reflective lighting in the environment.
Focal Length
The Focal Length (FL) of a lens is actually the distance from the center of the
lens to the surface of the tube or solid-state target.
As the focal length of the lens increases, the area being viewed decreases.
Focal length may be fixed (fixed field of view) or variable (variable field of
view using a zoom length).
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CCTV Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras
LiLin Day/Night Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras
LiLin Day/Night Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras
LiLin Dome Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras
LiLin Dome Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras
LiLin Dome Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras
LiLin Dome Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras
LiLin Dome Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras
LiLin IR Cameras
PIH-0022/0124/0144/0224/0244/0422/0442/0522/0542/0624/0644
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LiLin CCTV Cameras
LiLin IR Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras
LiLin IR Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras
LiLin IR Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras
LiLin IR Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras
LiLin IR Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras
LiLin IR Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras
LiLin IP Cameras
PIH-1000SN
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CCTV Monitors
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Analog signal & Digital Signal
Analog Device & Digital Device
+5V
+3V
Example: VCR
Video Cassette Recorder
-
3
V
-5V -5V
1 1 1 1 1
Example: DVR
Digital Video Recorder
0 0 0 0 0
AC : Alternating Current
DC : Direct Current
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Video Processing equipment
The “basic” switcher, as shown above, will select a video signal from any of
the inputs and route it to the monitor for display.
This can be a manual switch – Callup, or automatically switched –
Sequencing.
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Video Processing equipment
Matrix Switcher
General Definition
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Video Processing equipment
Quad
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Video Processing equipment
Multiplexer
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DVR (Digital Video Recorder)
Concept
DVR
Example: PDR-3160
PDR-1600
Linux(OS) PDR-400IP
Windows (OS) Base DVR
Base DVR others
Hardware: CPU&M/B&DRAM&VGA
&Capture Card ..
Software: Windows OS & Applications
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DVR (Digital Video Recorder)
Concept
H.264 Newest work based on h.263 and MPEG-4(also called AVC), which
offers a wide range of video quality, including more efficient coding for
HDTV(quoted up to three times more efficient than MPEG-2).
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DVR Hardware Layout
(Standard)
CCTV Monitor
PC Monitor
Camera #16 Camera #1
-------
Key board
Internet WAN
LAN
CPU
Processor
Mother Board
NIC
Primary IDE
NIC: Network Interface Card
HDD OR DOME
Floppy Drive HDD Master HDD Slave CD Rom Power Supply
More than 500GB (Long Time Recording Required), Raid-5 Card & HDDs
Storage Must be Added.
LiLin USA Training
PE series DVR support 4,8,16 channel
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DVR Storage(HDDs)
Analysis Diagram
Windows OS
Base & Genuine Embedded Linux DVR
Linux OS Base HDD &DOM(Chip)
DVR HDD
OS & Applications
Partition OS &
Swap Partition Applications
5-8GB (Data Buffer)
1-3GB
Swap Partition
(Data Buffer) DOM (Chip)
Video
Video Data
Data
Partition Partition
117—
115-112 GB
119GB
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HDD Capacity Formula
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Video Transmission Media
There are two main types of cable used for transmitting video signals, which are:
Unbalanced (coaxial) and balanced (twisted pair).
This type of cable is made in many different types of impedance. In this case impedance
is measured between the inner conductor and the outer sheath. 75-Ohm impedance cable
is the standard used in CCTV systems. Most video equipment is designed to operate at
this impedance. Coaxial cables with an impedance of 75 Ohms are available in many
different mechanical formats, including single wire armored and irradiated PVC sheathed
cable for direct burial. The cables available range in performance from relatively poor to
excellent. Performance is normally measured in high frequency loss per 100 meters. The
lower this loss figure, the less the distortion to the video signal. Therefore, higher quality
cables should be used when transmitting the signal over long distances.
Another factor that should be considered carefully when selecting coaxial cables is the
quality of the cable screen. This, as its name suggests, provides protection from
interference for the centre core, as once interference enters the cable it is almost
impossible to remove.
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Video Transmission Media
In a twisted pair each pair of cables is twisted with a slow twist of about one to two twists
per meter. These cables are made in many different types of impedance, 100 to 150 Ohms
being the most common. Balanced cables have been used for many years in the largest cable
networks in the world. Where the circumstances demand, these have advantages over
coaxial cables of similar size. Twisted pair cables are frequently used where there would be
an unacceptable loss due to a long run of coaxial cable.
The advantages must be considered in relation to the cost of the equipment required for this
type of transmission. A launch amplifier to convert the video signal is needed at the camera
end and an equalizing amplifier to reconstruct the signal at the control end.
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Video Transmission Media
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Video Transmission Media
The previous section dealt with the transmission of video signals by various types
of cable. There are many instances where it is not possible or desirable to use
cable and other methods need to be employed. These can be:
•Infrared beams
•Microwave
•Optical Fiber Cables
Infrared Beams
With this type of system the video is superimposed onto an infrared beam by a
transmitter. The beam is aligned to strike a receiver where the signal is output as a
conventional composite video signal. The infrared beam is at a wavelength of 860
nanometers, which is above the visible part of the spectrum. The system may be
configured as a full duplex set up. Then it is possible to transmit telemetry control
signals in the reverse direction to control pan, tilt units. The system can also carry speech
in both directions. The actual configuration must be specified at the time of obtaining
quotations or ordering.
Microwave Transmission
Microwave links carry the video and telemetry along a link from a transmitter to a
receiver. They are capable of much farther transmission distances from 1 kilometer to 50
kilometers. They are largely unaffected by weather conditions. On the other hand they
are more expensive than infrared links.
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Video Transmission Media
•Optical fibers are much smaller and lighter than copper, therefore easier and cheaper to
install in long runs.
•A major advantage of optical fibers is that they can carry far more information than
copper.
•Optical fibers are completely immune to interference from electromagnetic sources
Power Cable
The CCTV cameras usually use 3 different kinds of voltages: 12V DC, 24V AC and 110V AC
(220 V AC). Usually 12 VDC cameras come with its power supply pre-wired.
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Networking In CCTV
Network concepts and components
•Network A network is a group of computers connected together in
away that allows information to be exchanged between the
computers.
Networking software
The internet protocol
•TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
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CCTV Accessories
Camera housing
Box Cameras Housing
PTZ cameras Housing
Video amplifiers/equalizers
Protocol converter
Data Distributor
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Appendix A
RS-232
A serial format of digital communication where only two wires are required.
It is also known as a serial data communication. The RS-232 Standard defines
a scheme for asynchronous communications, but it does not define how the bits should
represent the data, that is, it does not define the overall message format and protocol. It
is often used in CCTV communications between keyboards and matrix switchers or
between matrix switchers and PTZ site drivers. The advantage of RS-232 over others is
its simplicity and use of only two wires, but it is limited with distance. Typically,
maximum 15 meters is recommended.
RS-422
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Appendix A
RS-485
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Appendix B
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Appendix B
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Appendix B
Flash Language
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Appendix B
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Appendix C
Figure 1.1
The connection of RS-232 to RS-485 converter working with PC base DVR with
LiLin’s PTZ protocol built-in. Please refer to Figure 1.2 .
The connection of RS-232 to RS-485 converter working with PC base DVR without
LiLin’s PTZ protocol built-in. (7000SP Protocol Converter will be required in this case)
Please refer to Figure 1.3 .
Figure 1.2
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Appendix C
Figure 1.3
PIH-7000SP Converter
7000SP protocol converter was designed for LiLin’s PTZ camera working with
other vender’s DVR/Controller (Refer to figure 2.1).
Figure 2.1
If you want to use any other vender’s DVR/controller (such as Panasonic, Pelco, Sony..)
to control LiLin’s PTZ camera, The 7000SP converter must be used.
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Appendix C
Figure 2.2
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Appendix D
PIH-804 Diagram
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Appendix E
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Appendix F
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Appendix G
PIH-800II Connection
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Appendix H
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