Ansoft Maxwell2D - V12

Ansoft
Maxwell 2D
Electromagnetic and Electromechanical Analysis
12
electronic design automation software
user’s guide – Maxwell 2D
ANSOFT CORPORATION • 225 West Station Square Dr. Suite 200 • Pittsburgh, PA 15219-1119
The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. Ansoft
makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this material, including, but not limited to,
the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Ansoft
shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential
damages in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this material.
© 2009 Ansoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Ansoft Corporation
225 West Station Square Drive
Suite 200
Pittsburgh, PA 15219
USA
Phone: 412-261-3200
Fax: 412-471-9427
Maxwell, ePhysics and Optimetrics are registered trademarks or trademarks of Ansoft

Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
New editions of this manual will incorporate all material updated since the previous
edition. The manual printing date, which indicates the manual’s current edition,
changes when a new edition is printed. Minor corrections and updates which are
incorporated at reprint do not cause the date to change. Update packages may be
issued between editions and contain additional and/or replacement pages to be
merged into the manual by the user. Note that pages which are rearranged due to
changes on a previous page are not considered to be revised.
Edition: REV2.0
Date: 15 January 2009
Software Version: 12.1
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator v12 User’s Guide 1

Contents
Contents
This document discusses some basic concepts and terminology used throughout
the Ansoft Maxwell application. It provides the following information:
Overview
1.0 - Maxwell 2D
Examples – Eddy Current
6.1 – Jumping Rings Axisymmetric Model
6.2 – Instantaneous Forces on Busbars
Examples – Transient
7.1 – Gapped Inductor Model
7.2 - Solenoid Problem with an External Circuit
Examples – Basic Exercises
9.1 – Electrostatic
9.3 – Magnetostatic
9.4 – Parametric
9.5 – Transient
9.6 – Transient with Circuit Editor
9.8 - Optimetrics
9.10 – Scripting
9.12 – Eddy Current
9.13 – Rotational Transient Motion
9.14 – Boundary Conditions
9.15 – Permanent Magnets Assignment
Examples – Motors
11.1 - Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine
11.2 - Three-phase Induction Machine
11.3 - Permanent Magnet Motor
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator v12 User’s Guide 2

3D/2D Electromagnetic Field Simulation
Maxwell® is a comprehensive electromagnetic field simulation software package for engineers tasked with designing and analyzing 3D/2D
structures, such as motors, actuators, transformers and other electric and electromechanical devices common to automotive, military/
aerospace and industrial systems. Based on the Finite Element Method (FEM), Maxwell can solve static, frequency-domain and time-varying
electromagnetic and electric fields. In addition, the software can be dynamically linked with Simplorer® to create a powerful, system-level
electromagnetic-based design flow. This flow enables users to combine complex circuits with accurate component models to design high-
performance electromechanical and power electronic systems. Additionally, Maxwell’s 3D solvers have dynamic links to ePhysics™. This allows
engineers to perform complex 3D multi-physics studies by linking Maxwell to ePhysics’ thermal and structural solvers.
Key Benefits applications

Electromagnetic field simulation Electromechanical
Maxwell includes 3D/2D Transient, AC electromagnetic, Magneto- • Motors and generators
static, Electrostatic and Electrotransient solvers that accurately solve • Linear or rotational actuators
for force, torque, capacitance, inductance, resistance, and imped- • Relays
ance, as well as generate state-space models. • MEMS
• Magnetic recording heads
Automatic adaptive meshing Electromagnetic
Maxwell uses the Ansoft-pioneered automatic adaptive meshing • Coils
techniques. This robust meshing algorithm automatically creates and • Permanent magnets
refines the finite element mesh as the solution converges, streamlin- • Sensors
ing the solution process and making the software very easy to use. Power electronic
• Transformers
Dynamic link - ePhysics • Converters
The Maxwell 3D solvers can be dynamically linked with ePhysics’ • Bus bars
thermal and stress analysis and are the ideal solution for every elec- • IGBTs and similar devices
tromechanical device requiring cross-disciplinary design analysis. EM behavior
• Insulation studies
Dynamic link - Simplorer • Electrostatic discharge
Dynamic links with Simplorer multi-domain system simulation allow • Electromagnetic shielding
accurate high-fidelity component models to be combined with cir- • EMI/EMC
cuits and system architecture to create a powerful, electromagnetic- • Semiconductor
based design flow. • Biomedical
Import
CAD files can be imported in Maxwell streamlining the design pro-
cess.
Multi-processing and distributed analysis

Maxwell can leverage available computing power with multi-pro-
cessing and distributed analysis options for fast turnaround of your
largest designs.
Optimization
Optimetrics™ provides parametric, optimization, sensitivity, and
statistical analysis capabilities to Maxwell. Optimetrics automates the
design-optimization process by quickly identifying optimal values for
design parameters that satisfy user-specified constraints.
Customized pre-processors
RMxprt (electric machine design) and PExprt™ (magnetic component
design) are used to design devices based on a traditional analytical
approach. They also can be directly linked to Maxwell and provide
fully automated design creation and analytical analysis. Users can
perform preliminary studies of design concepts prior to performing
rigorous electromagnetic analysis with Maxwell.
The new 2D interface provides strong coupling with
3D and many new usability features.
Key features
Low-frequency electromagnetic field simulation and analysis using Performance and integration
FEM for 3D/2D structures • Distributed Analysis* for parallel computing of parameterized
• Transient - nonlinear analysis with: models
Motion—rotation, translational, non-cylindrical rotation • 64-bit operating system support
External circuit coupling • Links to Simplorer®*, ePhysics™*, HFSS™*, RMxprt™*, PExprt™*
Permanent magnet demagnetization analysis
Core loss computation Integrated 3D modeler featuring ACIS v16 and MFC technology
Lamination modeling for 3D • Standard primitives and multi-sweep functions
• AC Electromagnetic—Analysis of devices influenced by skin/ • Boolean operations: union, subtraction, intersection
proximity effects, eddy/displacement currents • Direct import of SAT and DXF files
• Magnetostatic—Nonlinear analysis with automated equivalent • AnsoftLinks™* for import of STEP, IGES and Pro/E files
circuit model generation
• Electric Field—Transient, Electrostatic/Current flow analysis with Automatic, adaptive mesh technology
automated equivalent circuit model generation • Fault-tolerant meshing algorithms
• Mesh-generation feedback
Display of data/visualization of results • GUI performs validation and integrity checks
• Field visualization and animations (shaded, contour and vector • Software identifies artifacts within the imported geometry
plots) • Mesh-based model resolution
• Mesh visualization (full, partial)
• Current, induced voltage, flux linkage Versatile material manager and material types
• Power loss, stored energy • User, group and system libraries
• Core loss, eddy, excess, hysteresis loss (including the minor loop • Linear, nonlinear anisotropic materials
effects) • Material assignment by coordinate type: cartesian, cylindrical or
• Impedance, inductance, capacitance spherical
• Force, torque
• Custom reports of user-defined solution data Integrated Optimetrics™*
• Geometry and material parameterization
• Optimization, sensitivity and statistical analysis
*Option available at additional charge.
CAD Files
IGES, STEP, DXF, SAT, ProE
AnsoftLinks ™
Simplorer
®
RMxprt ™
Maxwell ®
Electric Machine
™
Optimetrics
PExprt ™
Converters & Transformers
ePhysics ™
Current density in a busbar system as calculated by Maxwell 3D.
Maxwell, Simplorer, ePhysics, Optimetrics, PExprt, AnsoftLinks, and HFSS are trademarks of Ansoft Corporation.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
© 2008 Ansoft Corporation 0308
225 West Station Square Drive • Suite 200 • Pittsburgh, PA 15219-1119 USA
T 412-261-3200 F 412-471-9427 E info@ansoft.com W www.ansoft.com
Optimetrics™ is an optional software module that adds parametric
capabilities, optimization algorithms, sensitivity and statistical analyses to
Ansoft’s best-in-class electromagnetic-field simulation products—HFSS™,
Maxwell® 3D and Q3D Extractor®. Optimetrics automates the design-
optimization process for high-performance electronics, such as microwave/
RF devices, printed circuit boards, on-chip passives, IC packages and
electromechanical components, by quickly identifying optimal values for
design parameters that satisfy user-specified constraints and goals.
This example is a connector designed with HFSS

and Optimetrics. The control panel displays design
variables (i.e., cost functions, parameters), launches
design perturbations and converges to the optimal
performance criterion.
OVERVIEW
Optimetrics™ enables users to study the effects of geometry and materials characteristics over a large design space and quickly identify the best
on a design by creating parameters for the dimensions and material performing design that is least sensitive to manufacturing tolerances.
Please consult your local sales representative for pricing and information on this and on other Ansoft products. HFSS, Maxwell, Optimetrics and Q3D Extractor are trademarks of Ansoft Corporation.
constants of the model to be analyzed. Optimetrics then varies these
parameters and adjusts the geometry and materials to achieve the Optimetrics, when used in conjunction with HFSS™, Maxwell® 3D and
desired, user specified, performance goal. Q3D Extractor®, delivers an innovative and robust design platform from
which users gain a greater understanding of the design space and the
Leveraging previously computed parametric simulation results within ability to make insightful design choices.
its optimizer, Optimetrics enables engineers to understand device
FEATURED CAPABILITIES
• Parametric Analysis • Optimization

• User-specified range and number of steps for parameters • User-selectable cost functions and goal objective
• Automatic analysis of parameter permutations o Quasi-Newton method
• Distributed Analysis (cost option) o Sequential Nonlinear Programming (SNLP)
o Automated parser management across multiple hardware o Integer-only Sequential Nonlinear Programming
platforms and reassembly of data for parametric tables and • Automatic analysis of parameter variants until optimum goal obtained
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. © 2005 Ansoft Corporation PH15-1105
studies • Tuning
• Sensitivity Analysis • User-controllable slide bar for real-time tuning display and results
• Design variations to determine sensitivities • Statistical Analysis
o Manufacturing tolerances • Design performance distribution versus parameter values
o Material properties
Current sensor optimization

results using Maxwell 3D
and Optimetrics
Ansoft Corporation • 225 West Station Square Drive • Pittsburgh, PA 15219-1119 USA
TEL 1.412.261.3200 FA X 1.412.471.9427 EMAIL info @ansoft.com WEB www.ansoft.com
v7.0
Multi-domain simulation software
Overview
SIMPLORER® is the premier software program for the design and Multi-domain system design is challenging and complex. It
analysis of complex, multi-domain systems commonly found in consists of many interdisciplinary and nonlinear components from
automotive, aerospace/defense and industrial systems. multiple domains: electrical, mechanical, thermal and control. The
close interaction across domains renders single-domain system
simulation tools ineffective.
SIMPLORER is the only system engineering tool to offer multiple

standard modeling techniques (VHDL-AMS, circuits, block
diagrams, state machines, C/C++) that can be used concurrently.
It also utilizes the concept of “natures,” allowing components of
different engineering domains to interact.
SIMPLORER is the ideal tool for system designs such as:
• Power Systems • Hybrid-electric Propulsion

• Electric Motors and Drives • Other Multi-domain
SIMPLORER v7 offers VHDL-AMS wizard technology, • Powertrains Systems
making it easy to leverage the IEEE multi-domain
modeling standard.
Modeling Techniques
SIMPLORER allows components to be described as behavioral or transformations and model analogies often employed by single-
physical models using one or any combination of SIMPLORER’s domain simulation tools.
modeling techniques. This eliminates error-prone mathematical
VHDL-AMS BLOCK DIAGRAMS

IEEE-endorsed modeling language (standard Enables the description of signal-flow-based
1076.1) created to provide a general- linear, nonlinear, continuous, time-discrete
purpose, easily exchangeable and open and hybrid systems, making it ideal for
language for multi-domain analog dynamic system simulation and closed-
mixed-signal designs. loop-control applications.
CIRCUITS STATE MACHINES

Numerically stable and fast circuit Highly efficient modeling technique for
simulator with support for multi-level event-driven systems, such as logical
semiconductor modeling that is optimized control found in embedded control systems,
to the needs of demanding power-electronic space vector controls or PWM for power-
and high-switching-frequency circuit design. electronic circuits.
Ansoft Corporation • 225 West Station Square Drive • Pittsburgh, PA 15219-1119 USA
TEL: 412.261.3200 • FAX: 412.471.9427 • EMAIL: info@ansoft.com • WEB: www.ansoft.com
Models
SIMPLORER Model Libraries FEA-Based Models
SIMPLORER offers optional application-specific model libraries to For models requiring the highest level of fidelity, SIMPLORER
enhance productivity and reduce design time: provides a direct link to Ansoft’s industry-leading electromagnetic
field simulation and design programs: Maxwell®, RMxprt™, and
• Alternative Power • Mechanical PExprt™. Users can easily create equivalent circuit models from the
• Automotive • Power finite-element analysis (FEA) results and import them directly to
• Hydraulic • SMPS SIMPLORER.
• Machine • Sensor
Alternatively, users can employ the Transient Simulation coupling
link to couple transient FEA directly to SIMPLORER. This powerful
feature provides the ultimate in accuracy and flexibility and is ideal
for detailed analysis of electromechanical components operating
within a system.
Manufacturers’ Models
SIMPLORER users can access up-to-date manufacturer-specific
components online at www.model.simplorer.com. MOSFET, IGBT,
ultra capacitors and other components are available to customers
as a free download.
SIMPLORER v7 now includes a transient simulation coupling link.
Users can simultaneously solve a transient FEA project with a
transient system simulation.
Statistical Analysis and Optimization

SIMPLORER includes many advanced analysis capabilities such as
parametric sweeps and optimization routines to provide insight into
design variations and “trade-offs.”
• Parameter Sweep/Table • SIMPLEX

• Monte Carlo • Frequency Sweep
• 3D Graphic • Worst Case
• Genetic Algorithm • Sensitivity
• Successive Approximation
SIMPLORER v7 includes many new statistical design
and optimization routines.
Integration
Scripting Co-Simulation
This powerful feature opens APIs in the SIMPLORER environment, SIMPLORER allows the integration of proprietary C/C++ programs,
allowing SIMPLORER to be embedded into existing design flows. MATLAB® /Simulink®, Mathcad® and other specialized programs,
The scripting capability is language independent so users can work allowing SIMPLORER to utilize customized code and existing
with popular scripting languages, such as Visual Basic ®, Java® or design control. The direct integration of models in their native
Tcl/Tk and interact easily with other tools supporting the Microsoft environment avoids model translation, saves design time and
Com interface, such as MS Office and LabView ® allows communication and model exchange across departments
and between suppliers and OEMs.
Please consult your local sales representative for pricing and information on this and other Ansoft products.
SIMPLORER, PExprt and RMxprt are trademarks of Ansoft Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
PL37-0407 © 2004 Ansoft Corporation
RMxprt ™
v12
Design Software for Electric Machines
RMxprt™ is a versatile software program that speeds the design and optimization process of rotating electric machines. With RMxprt, users
can calculate machine performance, make initial sizing decisions, and perform hundreds of “what if” analyses in a matter of seconds. As
the entry point for the Ansoft motor and drive design methodology, RMxprt automatically produces both system-level models and geometric
data, allowing the preliminary design to be refined and integrated with power electronic and control circuitry.
Key Benefits design templates

Fast design Machine types
RMxprt offers numerous machine-specific, template-based interfaces • Induction machines
for induction, synchronous, and electronically and brush-commutat- o Single-phase motors
ed machines that allow users to easily enter design parameters and o Three-phase motors
to evaluate design tradeoffs early in the design process. • Synchronous machines
o Line-start PM motors
Performance metrics o Salient-pole motors and generators
Critical performance data, such as torque versus speed, power o Non-salient pole motors and generators
loss, flux in the air gap, power factor and efficiency can be quickly • Brush commutated machines
calculated. o DC motors and generators
o Permanent magnet DC motors
Robust calculation methods o Universal motors
RMxprt uses classical analytical motor theory and equivalent mag- • Electronically commutated machines
netic circuit methods to compute performance metrics for a specific o Brushless DC motors
machine design and accounts for nonlinear magnetic characteristics o Adjustable-speed PM motors and generators
and 3D effects, such as skew and end-turn. o Switched reluctance motors
o Claw-pole generators
Model pre-processor
RMxprt is a key part of Ansoft’s motor design methodology. In addi-
tion to providing classical motor performance calculations, RMxprt
can automatically create 3D and 2D geometry and assign material
properties and other necessary problem definition data necessary
to perform rigorous finite element analysis on the design using
Maxwell®.
Wire library
RMxprt includes a comprehensive database of ANSI and IEC wires.
High-fidelity system models

RMxprt creates high-fidelity, state-space system models incorporat-
ing machines’ physical dimensions, winding characteristics and non-
linear material properties. Engineers can use the resulting behavioral
model to explore electronic control topologies, loads, and interac-
tions with drive-system components in Simplorer®.
Convenient design sheet output

Design sheets list all the relevant input parameters and calculated
parameters and graphically display waveforms including current,
voltage, torque and back EMF as well as a detailed winding layout.
RMxprt also can output Excel-format design sheets based on the RMxprt delivers the reports you need to quickly
user-defined template. analyze and tune your design.
Design optimization
RMxprt can perform hundreds of “what if” analyses in a matter of
minutes, making it a valuable tool for designers needing to make
initial sizing and material decisions quickly.
Powerful scripting
RMxprt can be integrated with third party development programs
through scripting languages such as VB script, Tcl/TK, JavaScript®,
Perl, Excel and MATLAB®. This allows users to customize the design
flow and leverage internally developed programs and historical data.
Key features
• Machine-specific template editor • Output waveforms
o Rotor o Current
o Stator o Cogging torque
o Running strategies o Flux in the air gap
o Drive circuits • Graphical winding editor
• Auto-design feature • Cross section Editor
o Slot size • Customizable design sheet
o Coil turns and wire diameter • Cost evaluation
o Starting capacitance • Integrated parametrics and optimization
o Winding arrangement • State-space model export to Simplorer®
• Performance curves • Automated project setup for Maxwell® 2D
o Torque • Automated geometry and material setup for Maxwell 3D
o Power
o Efficiency
RMxprt™ creates 3D and 2D geometry, assigns materials and sets up

boundary conditions for Maxwell. Additionally, any parameter changed in
RMxprt is automatically updated in the finite element project.
DESIGN FLOW
RMxprt is the ideal starting point for a comprehensive electric machine design flow. RMxprt with Maxwell and Simplorer provides an efficient
and accurate methodology to design and optimize an electric machine and related electric drive and control system.
3TATE3PACE-ODEL
'EOMETRYWINDINGCHARACTERISTICS
RMXPRT ™
ANDNONLINEARMATERIALPROPERTIES
SIMPLORER®
s'EOMETRYs3KEW
s-ATERIALS s3TACKING MAXWELL®
s7INDING s%ND%FFECT
)NFO 0HYSICS BASED0ARAMETERS
RMxprt, Simplorer and Maxwell are trademarks of Ansoft Corporation.

All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
© 2008 Ansoft Corporation 0308
225 West Station Square Drive • Suite 200 • Pittsburgh, PA 15219-1119 USA
T 412-261-3200 F 412-471-9427 E info@ansoft.com W www.ansoft.com
Presentation
Overview 1
Maxwell 2D is a high-performance interactive software

package that uses finite element analysis (FEA) to solve
electric field and magnetic field problems.
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator v12 – Training Seminar P1-1

Presentation
Overview 1
Maxwell 2D solves the electromagnetic field problems for a given

model with appropriate materials, boundaries and source conditions
applying Maxwell's equations over a finite region of space.
There are two geometry modes available in Maxwell 2D:
Cartesian (XY) model
Axisymmetric (RZ) model
There are six solvers available in Maxwell 2D:
Electrostatic
AC Conduction Electric Fields
DC Conduction
Magnetostatic
Eddy Current Magnetic Fields
Transient Magnetic

Presentation
Overview 1
Different Methods of Electromagnetic Analysis

Electromagnetic
Analysis
Closed
Analytical Numerical
Techniques Techniques Iterative
Form
Integral Differential
Equations Equations
Boundary Finite Finite

BEM Elements Difference Elements FEM
FDM
Scalar Vector Components of

Potentials Potentials H-Field
2D Electrostatic 2D Magnetostatic 3D Magnetostatic

3D Thermal 2D Eddy 3D Eddy
3D Electrostatic 2D Transient 3D Transient

Presentation
Overview 1
Differential Form of Maxwell’s Equations
∂Β
Faraday' s Law of Induction ∇×Ε =−
∂t
Gauss' s Law for Magnetism ∇•B=0
∂D
Ampere' s Law ∇×H = J +
∂t
Gauss' s Law for Electricity ∇•D=ρ

Presentation
Overview 1
FEM and adaptive meshing

In order to obtain the set of algebraic
equations to be solved, the geometry Start
Field Solution
of the problem is discretized
automatically into small elements Generate
Initial Mesh
(e.g., triangles in 2D).
All the model solids are meshed Compute
Fields
automatically by the mesher.
Perform Refine
The assembly of all triangles is Error Analysis Mesh
referred to as the finite element

mesh of the model or simply the Has
Stopping
No
mesh. Criteria been

met?
Approximate aspect ratio limit in 2D: Yes
X = 10,000Y Stop
Field Solution
Y
X
Presentation
Overview 1
FEM Approximation Functions

The desired field in each element is approximated with a 2nd order
quadratic polynomial
Az(x,y) = ao + a1x + a2y + a3x2 + a4xy + a5 y2
Field quantities are calculated for 6 points (3 corners and 3

midpoints) in 2D
Field quantities inside of the triangle are calculated using a 2nd
order quadratic interpolation scheme
1
6 2
5 3
4
Presentation
Overview 1
FEM Variational Principle

Poisson’s equation: ∇ 2 A = − µJ
1  ∇ A • ∇A 
is replaced with energy functional: F ( A) = ∫ 
 + A • J dV
2  µ 
This functional is minimized with respect to value of A at each
node in every triangle

Presentation
Overview 1
FEM Matrix Equation

Now, over all the triangles, the result is a large, sparse matrix equation
[S ][A] = [J ]
This can be solved using standard matrix solution techniques such as:
Sparse Gaussian Elimination (direct solver)
Incomplete Choleski Conjugate Gradient Method (ICCG iterative
solver)

Presentation
Overview 1
FEM Error Evaluation

Put the approximate solution back into Poisson’s equation
∇ 2 Aapprox + µJ = R
Since A is a quadratic function, R is a constant in each triangle.
The local error in each triangle is proportional to R.

Presentation
Overview 1
FEM Percent Error Energy

Summation of local error in each triangle divided by total energy
n
R(local)i
Percent Error Energy = ∑ × 100%
i =1 Total Energy
Local errors can exceed Percent Error Energy

Presentation
Overview 1
Transient Solver
Fully Coupled Dynamic Physics Solution
Current Source Electric Scalar

Density Potential
Velocity
∂A
∇ × υ∇ × A = J s − σ − σ∇V + ∇ × H c + σv × ∇ × A
∂t
Magnetic Vector Potential Permanent Magnet
Time-varying Electric and Magnetic Fields

Presentation
Overview 1
Transient Solver - Magnetic Field Diffusion

Magnetic fields “diffuse” into materials at different rates depending
on:
Material properties of the component
Physical size of the component
For a cylindrical conductor, diffusion time is:

uσ a 2
τ= 2
(sec)
2.4048
where : u = perm , σ = conductivi ty , a = radius in meters
Induced eddy currents always occur in conducting objects due to

time-varying fields; however, they may not always be significant

Presentation
Overview 1
GUI - Desktop
The complex functionality built into the Maxwell solvers is accessed through
the main user interface (called the desktop).
Problem can be setup in a fairly arbitrary order.
A new “validation check” has been added to insure that all required steps are
completed.

Presentation
Overview 1
ACIS solid modeling kernel
The underlying solid modeling technology used by Ansoft products is

provided by ACIS geometric modeler. ACIS version 16 is presently
used.
Users can create directly models using primitives and operations on
primitives.
In addition, users can import models saved in a variety of formats (sm2
.gds .sm3 .sat .step .iges .dxf .dwg .sld .geo .stl .prt .asm)
When users import models into Ansoft products, translators are
invoked that convert the models to an ACIS native format (sat format).
Exports directly .sat, .dxf, .sm3, .sm2, .step, .iges

Presentation
Overview 1
Supported platforms
Windows XP Pro
Windows XP Pro x64 Edition
Windows Server 2003
Windows Server 2003 x64 Edition
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3, 4
SuSE Linux Enterprise Server 9.3
Solaris 8 -10

Presentation
Overview 1
Starting Maxwell
Click the Microsoft Start button, select Programs, and select the Ansoft >
Maxwell 12 > Maxwell 12
Or Double click on the Maxwell 12 icon on the Windows Desktop
Adding a Design
When you first start Maxwell a new project will be automatically added to the
Project Tree.
To insert a Maxwell Design to the project, select the menu item Project > Insert
Maxwell 2D Design
Toolbar:
Insert Maxwell 2D Design
Insert Maxwell 3D Design
Insert RMxprt Design

Presentation
Overview 1
Maxwell Desktop
Menu
bar
Toolbars
Project 2D Modeler
Manager Window
with project
tree
Property History
Window Tree
Progress
Message Window
Manager
Status
bar
Coordinate Entry Fields

Presentation
Overview 1
Maxwell Desktop – Project Manager

Multiple Designs per Project
Multiple Projects per Desktop
Integrated Optimetrics Setup (requires license for analysis)
Project Manager Window
Project Design
Design Setup
Design Automation
•Parametric
•Optimization Design Results
•Sensitivity
•Statistical

Presentation
Overview 1
Maxwell Desktop – 2D Modeler 2D Modeler Window
Graphics Model
area
Edge
2D Modeler
design tree
(history)
Vertex
Context menu
(right mouse click Origin
XY
on 2D modeler
Coordinate
window)
System

Presentation
Overview 1
Geometry Mode
To set the geometry mode:
1. Select the menu item Maxwell 2D > Solution Type
2. Solution Type Window:
W Choose Geometry Mode: Cartesian XY
Maxwell – Geometry Modes

A Cartesian (XY) model represents a cross-section of a
device that extends in the z-direction. Visualize the
geometric model as extending perpendicular to the plane
being modeled.
An Axisymmetric (RZ) model represents a cross-section of a
device that is revolved 360° around an axis of symmetry (the
z-axis). Visualize the geometric model as being revolved
around the z-axis.
Geometric Model
Cartesian (XY Plane) Axisymmetric (RZ Plane)

Z
Y
X
R
Z

Presentation
Overview 1
Set Solution Type

To set the solution type: select the menu item Maxwell 2D > Solution Type
Magnetic Solution Types

Magnetostatic
Computes the static magnetic field that exists in a structure given a distribution of DC currents and permanent
magnets. The magnetic field may be computed in structures with both nonlinear and linear materials. An inductance
matrix, force, torque, and flux linkage may also be computed from the energy stored in the magnetic field.
Eddy Current
Computes the oscillating magnetic field that exists in a structure given a distribution of AC currents. Also computes
current densities, taking into account all eddy current effects (including skin effects). An impedance matrix, force,
torque, core loss, and current flow may also be computed from the computed field solution.
Transient
Computes transient (Time Domain) magnetic fields caused by permanent magnets, conductors, and windings
supplied by voltage and/or current sources with arbitrary variation as functions of time, position and speed. It can
also be coupled with external circuits. Rotational or translational motion effects can be included in the simulation.
Uses a time-stepping solver. Considers source induced and motion inducted eddy effects.
Electric Solution Types
Electrostatic
Computes the static electric field that exists in a structure given a distribution of DC voltages and static charges. A
capacitance matrix, force, torque, and flux linkage may also be computed from the electric field.
AC Conduction
Computes the AC voltages and current density distribution in a material having both conductive and dielectric
properties given a distribution of AC voltages. An admittance matrix and current flow may also be computed from
the calculated fields.
DC Conduction
Computes the DC currents that flow in a lossy dielectric given a distribution of DC voltages. A conductance matrix
and current flow may also be computed from the computed electric field solution.

Presentation
Overview 1
Set Model Units

To set the units:
1. Select the menu item
Modeler > Units
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: mm
2. Click the OK button
Set Default Material

To set the default material:
1. Using the Modeler
Materials toolbar, choose
Select
2. Select Definition Window:
1. Type steel_1008 in
the Search by Name
field

Presentation
Overview 1
Modeler – Draw a Rectangle
Point 2
Point 1
Point 1
Point 2
Coordinate Entry Fields
The Coordinate Entry fields allow equations to be entered for position values.
Examples: 2*5, 2+6+8, 2*cos(10*(pi/180)).
Variables are not allowed in the Coordinate Entry Field
Note: Trig functions are in radians

Presentation
Overview 1
Modeler – Importing .dxf and .dwg CAD files
Check “Import as 2D sheet bodies” so objects come in as sheets and not solids
To change the number of segments on an imported curve:
Change to face select mode: Edit > Select > Faces and click on face
Modeler > Surface > Uncover Faces
Change to object select mode: Edit > Select > Objects and click on open polyline
Modeler > Purge History
Modeler > Generate History
Expand the history tree for that polyline and change number of segments as desired
Select the polyline and: Modeler > Surface > Cover Lines

Presentation
Overview 1
Modeler – Object Properties

In History Tree:
Commands
Attributes
(dimensions Commands
and history)
Attributes
(properties
of the object)

Presentation
Overview 1
Modeler – Attributes
Solve Inside – if unchecked

meshes but no solution inside
(like the old exclude feature in
material manager)
Model – if unchecked, the object is
totally ignored outside of modeler with
no mesh and no solution
Presentation
Overview 1
Modeler - Views
View > Modify Attributes >
Orientation – Predefined/Custom View Angles
Lighting – Control angle, intensity, and color of light
Projection – Control camera and perspective
Background Color – Control color of 3D Modeler
background
View > Visualization Settings – displayed resolution of curves
View > Active View Visibility - Controls the display of: 3D

Modeler Objects, Color Keys, Boundaries, Excitations, Field
Plots
View > Options – Stereo Mode, Drag Optimization, Color Key

Defaults, Default Rotation
View > Render > Wire Frame or Smooth Shaded (Default)
View > Coordinate System > Hide or Small (Large)
View > Grid Setting – Controls the grid display

Toolbar: Toggle Grid Visibility

Presentation
Overview 1
Changing the View

Toolbar
Rotate Around
Current Axis Zoom In/Out Fit Selected
Predefined View Angles
Pan Top
Fit All
Rotate Around
Rotate Around Screen Center Dynamic Zoom
Model Center
Context Menu Left Right
Bottom
Shortcuts
Since changing the view is a frequently used operation, some useful shortcut keys exist. Press the
appropriate keys and drag the mouse with the left button pressed:
ALT + Drag – Rotate
In addition, there are 9 pre-defined view angles that can be selected by holding the ALT key and
double clicking on the locations shown on the next page.
Shift + Drag - Pan
ALT + Shift + Drag – Dynamic Zoom

Presentation
Overview 1
Maxwell V12 Keyboard Shortcuts

General Shortcuts Modeller Shortcuts
F1: Help B: Select face/object behind current selection
Alt + Double Click Left Mouse Button at points on screen: Sets model
Shift + F1: Context help F: Face select mode projection to standard isometric projections (see diagram below).
CTRL + F4: Close program O: Object select mode ALT + Right Mouse Button + Double Click Left Mouse Button at points
CTRL + C: Copy CTRL + A: Select all visible objects on screen: give the nine opposite projections.
CTRL + N: New project
CTRL + SHIFT + A: Deselect all objects
CTRL + O: Open...
CTRL + D: Fit view
CTRL + S: Save
CTRL + P: Print... CTRL + E: Zoom in, screen center
CTRL + V: Paste CTRL + F: Zoom out, screen center
CTRL + X: Cut CTRL + Enter: Shifts the local coordinate system
CTRL + Y: Redo temporarily
SHIFT + Left Mouse Button: Drag
Predefined View Angles
CTRL + Z: Undo
CTRL + 0: Cascade windows Alt + Left Mouse Button: Rotate model
CTRL + 1: Tile windows horizontally Alt + SHIFT + Left Mouse Button: Zoom in / out Top
CTRL + 2: Tile windows vertically F3: Switch to point entry mode (i.e. draw objects
by mouse)
F4: Switch to dialogue entry mode (i.e. draw
object solely by entry in command and attributes
box.)
F6: Render model wire frame
F7: Render model smooth shaded
Left Right
Alt + double left Click
here to restore view in
an RZ model
Bottom
Alt + double left Click

here to restore view in
an XY model

Presentation
Overview 1
Simple Example
Magnetic core with coil
Use 2D RZ Magnetostatic Solver
Core (Steel_1008)
Coil (120 Conductors, Copper)

Presentation
Overview 1
Setup the geometry mode and solver

Choose Cylindrical about Z under Maxwell 2D > Solution Type
Choose Magnetostatic
Click the OK button
Create Core
To create the core:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Rectangle
2. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the center position
X: 0.0, Y: 0.0, Z: -3.0, Press the Enter key
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the opposite corner of the rectangle
dX: 2.0, dY: 0.0, dZ: 10.0, Press the Enter key
Continued on Next Page

Presentation
Overview 1
Create Core (Continued)

To Parameterize the Height
1. Select the Command tab from the Properties window
2. ZSize: H
3. Press the Tab key
4. Add Variable Window
1. Value: 10mm
To set the name:

1. Select the Attribute tab from the Properties window.
2. For the Value of Name type: Core
To set the material:

1. Select the Attribute tab from the Properties window
2. Click on the button in Material value: set to steel_1008
To set the color:

2. Click the Edit button
To set the transparency:

To finish editing the object properties

To fit the view:

1. Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View

Presentation
Overview 1
Set Default Material

To set the default material:
1. Using the 3D Modeler Materials toolbar, choose Select
2. Select Definition Window:
1. Type copper in the Search by Name field
Create Coil
To create the coil for the current to flow:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Rectangle
2. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the center position
X: 2.0, Y: 0.0, Z: 0.0, Press the Enter key
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the opposite corner of the rectangle
To set the name:

2. For the Value of Name type: Coil
To fit the view:

1. Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View

Presentation
Overview 1
Create Excitation
Assign Excitation
1. Click on the coil.
2. Select the menu item Maxwell 2D > Excitations > Assign > Current
3. Current Excitation : General
1. Name: Current1
2. Value: 120 A (Note: this is 120 Amp-turns)
3. Ref. Direction: Positive
5. Note that for RZ models, positive current flows into the screen,
however for XY models, positive current flows out of the screen.

Presentation
Overview 1
Define a Region
Before solving a project a region has to be defined. A region is basically an outermost object that contains all other
objects. The region can be defined by a special object in Draw > Region. This special region object will be resized
automatically if your model changes size.
A ratio in percents has to be entered that specifies how much distance should be left from the model.
To define a Region:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Region
1. Padding Data: One
2. Padding Percentage: 200
Note: Since there will be considerable fringing

in this device, a padding percentage of at least
2 times, or 200% is recommended

Presentation
Overview 1
Setup Boundary
Assign Boundary
1. Change to edge selection mode by choosing: Edit > Select > Edges
2. Using the mouse, click on the top, right and bottom edges while holding down the CTRL key.
3. Select the menu item Maxwell 2D > Boundary > Assign > Balloon

Presentation
Overview 1
Solution Setup - Creating an Analysis Setup

To create an analysis setup:
Add Solution Setup
1. Select the menu item Maxwell 2D> Analysis Setup > Add Solution
Setup
2. Solution Setup Window:
1. Click the General tab:
Maximum Number of Passes: 10

Percent Error: 1

Presentation
Overview 1
Save Project
To save the project:
1. In an Ansoft Maxwell window, select the menu item File > Save As.
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: 2D_simple_example
3. Click the Save button
Model Validation
To validate the model:
1. Select the menu item Maxwell 3D> Validation Check
2. Click the Close button
Note: To view any errors or warning messages,

use the Message Manager.
Analyze
To start the solution process:
1. Select the menu item Maxwell 2D> Analyze All
Validate Analyze All

Presentation
Overview 1
View detailed information about the progress
In the Project Tree click on Analysis > Setup1 with the right mouse button und select Profile

Presentation
Overview 1
Mesh Overlay
Create a plot of the mesh
1. Select the menu item Edit > SelectAll
To create a mesh plot:

1. Select the menu item Maxwell 2D > Fields > Plot
Mesh
2. Create Mesh Window:
1. Click the Done button

Presentation
Overview 1
Field Overlays
To create a field plot:
1. In the object tree, select the plane for plotting:
1. Using the Model Tree, expand Planes
2. Select Global:XZ
2. Select the menu item Maxwell 2D> Fields > Fields > B > Mag_B
3. Create Field Plot Window
1. Solution: Setup1 : LastAdaptive
2. Quantity: Mag_B
3. In Volume: Allobjects
4. When done, turn off the plot using:

View > Active View Visibility > Filed Reporter

Presentation
Overview 1
Field Overlays (cont)

Create another field plot:
2. Select Global:XZ
2. Select the menu item Maxwell 2D> Fields > Fields > B > B_Vector
2. Quantity: B_Vector


Presentation
Overview 1
Field Overlays (cont)

Create another field plot:
2. Select Global:XZ
2. Select the menu item Maxwell 2D> Fields > Fields > A > Flux_Lines
2. Quantity: Flux_Lines

This completes the simple example.

Presentation
Overview 1
Screen Capturing
To save the drawing Window or a plot to the clipboard select the menu item: Edit > Copy Image
In any Windows application, select: Edit > Paste to paste the image

Presentation
Overview 1
File Structure
Everything regarding the project is stored in an ascii file
File: <project_name>.mxwl
Double click from Windows Explorer will open and
launch Maxwell v12
Results and Mesh are stored in a folder named
<project_name>.mxwlresults
Lock file: <project_name>.lock.mxwl
Created when a project is opened
Auto Save File: <project_name>.mxwl.auto
When recovering, software only checks date
If an error occurred when saving the auto file, the
date will be newer then the original
Look at file size (provided in recover dialog)

Presentation
Overview 1
Scripts
Default Script recorded in v12
Visual Basic Script
Remote Solve (Windows Only)

Tools > Options > General Options > Analysis Options

Presentation
Overview 1
Overall Setup Process

Design
Solution Type
2. Boundaries
1. Parametric Model
Geometry/Materials
2. Excitations
3. Mesh
Operations
2. Analysis Setup
Solution Setup
Frequency Sweep
Mesh
Analyze Solve
Refinement
4. Results
2D Reports NO
Converged
Fields
2. Solve Loop
YES
Update Finished

Presentation
Overview 1
Menu Structure
Draw – Primitives
Modeler – Settings and Boolean Operations
Edit – Copy/Paste, Arrange, Duplicate
Maxwell 2D – Boundaries, Excitations, Mesh Operations, Analysis Setup, Results

Presentation
Overview 1
Modeler – Model Tree

Select menu item Modeler > Group by Material
Material
Object
Object Command History
Grouped by Material Object View

Presentation
Overview 1
Modeler – Commands
Parametric Technology
Dynamic Edits - Change Dimensions
Add Variables
Project Variables (Global) or Design Variables (Local)
Animate Geometry
Include Units – Default Unit is meters
Supports mixed Units

Presentation
Overview 1
Modeler – Primitives
2D Draw Objects
Toolbar: 2D Objects
The following 2D Draw objects are available:
Line, Spline, Arc, Equation Based Curve,
Rectangle, Ellipse, Circle, Regular Polygon,
Equation Based Surface
3D Draw Objects
Note that 3D objects can be pasted into the 2D
model window, but they are ignored by the solution
The following 3D Draw objects are available (in
Maxwell 3D):
Box, Cylinder, Regular Polyhedron
Cone, Sphere, Torus, Helix, Spiral, Bond Wire
True Surfaces
Circles, Cylinders, Spheres, etc are represented as
true surfaces. In versions prior to release 11 these
primitives would be represented as faceted objects.
If you wish to use the faceted primitives, select the
Regular Polyhedron or Regular Polygon.

Presentation
Overview 1
Modeler – Boolean Operations/Transformations

Modeler > Boolean >
Unite – combine multiple primitives
Unite disjoint objects (Separate Bodies to separate)
Subtract – remove part of a primitive from another
Intersect– keep only the parts of primitives that overlap
Split – break primitives into multiple parts along a plane (XY, YZ, XZ)
Split Crossing Objects – splits objects along a plane (XY, YZ, XZ) only where they intersect
Separate Bodies – separates objects which are united but not physically connected into individual
objects Toolbar: Boolean
Edit > Arrange >

Move – Translates the structure along a vector
Rotate – Rotates the shape around a coordinate axis by an angle
Mirror – Mirrors the shape around a specified plane
Offset – Performs a uniform scale in x, y, and z.
Toolbar: Arrange
Edit > Duplicate >

Along Line – Create multiple copies of an object along a vector
Around Axis – Create multiple copies of an object rotated by a fixed angle around the x, y, or z axis
Mirror - Mirrors the shape around a specified plane and creates a duplicate
Toolbar: Duplicate
Edit > Scale – Allows non-uniform scaling in the x, y, or z direction

Presentation
Overview 1
Modeler - Selection
Selection Types
Object (Default)
Face
Edge
Vertex
Selection Modes
All Objects
All Visible Object
By Name
Highlight Selection Dynamically – By default, moving the mouse pointer over an object will dynamically
highlight the object for selection. To select the object simply click the left mouse button.
Multiple Object Selection – Hold the CTRL key down to graphically select multiple objects
Next Behind – To select an object located behind another object, select the front object, press the b key to get
the next behind. Note: The mouse pointer must be located such that the next behind object is under the
mouse pointer.
To Disable: Select the menu item Tools > Options > Modeler Options
From the Display Tab, uncheck Highlight selection dynamically
Selected
Dynamically Highlighted
(Only frame of object)

Presentation
Overview 1
Modeler – Moving Around

Modeler > Snap Mode to set the snaps
Tools > Customize…
Snap Mode to view Snap Mode toolbar
Toolbar: Snap Mode

Presentation
Overview 1
Modeler – Coordinate Systems

Can be Parameterized
Working Coordinate System
Currently selected CS. This can be a local or global CS
Global CS
The default fixed coordinate system
Relative CS
User defined local coordinate system.
Offset
Rotated
Both Toolbar: Coordinate System
Face CS (setting available to automatically switch to face coordinate system in the Modeler Options)
Step 1: Select Face Step 2: Select Origin
Cone created with Face CS
Change Box Size and Cone is

automatically positioned with
the top face of the box
Step 3: Set X-Axis New Working CS
Presentation
Overview 1
2D Measure
Modeler > Measure >
Position – Location, Distance, and Area
Edge – Edge Length
Face – Surface Area
Object – Surface Area, Object Volume
Position Points

Presentation
Overview 1
Options – General
Tools > Options > General Options > Project Options
Temp Directory – Location used during solution process
Make sure it has at least 512MB free disk.
Options - Maxwell
Tools > Options > Maxwell Options > Solver
Set Number of Processors = 2 for 1 dual-core processor
or two single-core processors. Requires additional
license
Default Process Priority – set the simulation priority from
Critical
(highest) to Idle (lowest)

Presentation
Overview 1
Options – Modeler Options

Tools > Options > Modeler Options > Drawing for Point and Dialog Entry Modes
Can enter in new dimensions using either Point (mouse) or Dialog entry mode
Alternatively use F3 and F4 to switch between Point and Dialog entry modes
Typical “Dialog”
entry mode
window
Tools > Options > Modeler Options > Display tab to enable playback
Must close and re-open Maxwell after making change for this setting, to activate
Visualization is seen by clicking on primatives in the history tree (under subtract command, for instance)

Presentation
Overview 1
Converting Older Maxwell Projects (pre-Maxwell v12) to Maxwell v12

From Maxwell v 11 and older,
1. Select the menu item File > Open
2. Open dialog
1. Files of Type: Ansoft Legacy EM Projects (.cls)
2. Browse to the existing project and select the .cls file
3. Click the Open button
What is Converted?
Converts Entire Model: Geometry, Materials, Boundaries,
Sources and Setup
Solutions, Optimetrics projects and Macros are not converted

Presentation
Overview 1
Material Setup - Libraries

3-Tier library structure
System (global) level – predefined from Ansoft and ships with new upgrades, users cannot
modify this
User Library – to be shared among several users at a company (can be encrypted)
Personal libraries - to be used only by single user (can be encrypted)
Add a new material: Tools > Edit Configured Libraries > Materials
New Interface for Materials Setting shared with RMxprt

Presentation
Overview 1
Click “Add Material …”. The Material is only available in Project

To add a material in the user or personal library: click on “Export Library” and save it in the desire
library.
In the main project window, click on Tools > Configured Libraries. Locate the library to have the
material available for all the projects.
Click on Save as default to automatically load library for any new project.

Presentation
Overview 1
Materials Setup - Editing

Presentation
Overview 1
Material Setup – BH curve

Robust BH curve entry – can delete points if you make a mistake
Can import data from a file
To export BH curve for use in future, right-mouse-click on curve and select Export to File…

Presentation
Overview 1
Material Setup - Permanent Magnets

Direction of magnetization determined by
material’s object’s Orientation and Magnetic
Coercivity Unit Vectors.
To modify the Orientation, open the Attribute for

the object and change the coordinate system. The
default Orientation for permanent magnets is
Global CS.
To modify the Magnetic Coercivity Unit Vectors for

a permanent magnet material, enter the Materials
Library and edit the material.
The material coordinate system type can be
described in Cartesian, Cylindrical, Spherical
The magnetic coercivity has unit vectors
corresponding to the chosen coordinate system: for
instance X,Y,Z for cartesian.
To rotate a magnet in a parametric simulation and

the magnetization direction, you must first rotate
the object and second assign the FaceCS, as
shown below in the history tree
1. Rotate
2. Create FaceCS

Presentation
Overview 1
Material Setup - Anisotropic Material Properties
ε1, µ1, and σ1 are tensors in the X direction.

ε2, µ2, and σ2 are tensors in the Y direction.
ε3, µ3, and σ3 are tensors in the Z direction.
Note: Nonlinear anisotropic permeability not allowed in Maxwell 2D.
ε 1 0 0  µ1 0 0 σ 1 0 0 
[ε ] =  0 ε 2 0 , [µ ] =  0 µ2 0 , [σ ] =  0 σ 2 0 
 0 0 ε 3   0 0 µ3   0 0 σ 3 
Anisotropic Anisotropic Anisotropic Dielectric Loss Magnetic Loss

Solver Permitivity Permeability Conductivity Tangent Tangent
Electrostatic yes no no no no
DC Conduction no no yes no no
AC Conduction yes no yes no no
Magnetostatic no yes no no no
Eddy Current no yes no no no
Transient no yes no no no

Presentation
Overview 1
Electric Field Boundary Conditions (Electrostatic, DC Conduction, AC Conduction)
Boundary Type E-Field Behavior Used to model…

Default Field behaves as follows: Ordinary E-field behavior on
Boundary Natural boundaries — The normal component of D changes by boundaries. Object interfaces
Conditions the amount of surface charge density. No special conditions are are initially set to natural
(Natural and imposed. boundaries; outer boundaries
Neumann) Neumann boundaries — E is tangential to the boundary. Flux are initially set to Neumann
cannot cross a Neumann boundary. boundaries.
Symmetry Field behaves as follows: Planes of geometric and

Even Symmetry (Flux Tangential) — E is tangential to the electrical symmetry.
boundary; its normal components are zero.
Odd Symmetry (Flux Normal) — E is normal to the boundary; its
tangential components are zero.
Balloon Field behaves so that voltage can fringe Ground at infinity
Matching The E-field on the slave boundary is forced to match the magnitude Planes of symmetry in
(Master and and direction (or the negative of the direction) of the E-field on the periodic structures where E is
Slave) master boundary. oblique to the boundary.
Resistance A resistance boundary models a very thin layer of resistive material Use this boundary condition
(DC conduction (such as that caused by deposits, coatings or oxidation on a when the resistive layer’s
solver only) metallic surface) on a conductor at a known potential. thickness is much smaller
than the other dimensions of
the model.

Presentation
Overview 1
Magnetic Field Boundary Conditions (Magnetostatic, Eddy Current, Transient)
Boundary Type H-Field Behavior Used to model…

Default Boundary Field behaves as follows: Ordinary field behavior. Initially,
Conditions (Natural Natural boundaries — H is continuous across the boundary. object interfaces are natural
and Neumann) Neumann boundaries — H is tangential to the boundary boundaries; outer boundaries and
and flux cannot cross it. excluded objects are Neumann
boundaries.
Magnetic Vector Sets the magnetic vector potential on the boundary. Magnetically isolated structures.
Potential Note: In the Magnetostatic solver, A is RMS while in the Eddy
Current solver, A is peak.
Symmetry Field behaves as follows: Planes of geometric and magnetic
Odd Symmetry (Flux Tangential) — H is tangential to the symmetry.
boundary; its normal components are zero.
Even Symmetry (Flux Normal) — H is normal to the
boundary; its tangential components are zero.
Impedance Includes the effect of induced currents beyond the boundary Conductors with very small skin
(Eddy Current only) surface. depths.
Balloon Field behaves so that magnetic flux can fringe No fringing at infinity
Matching (Master The H-field on the slave boundary is forced to match the Planes of symmetry in periodic
and Slave) magnitude and direction (or the negative of the direction) of structures where H is oblique to the
the H-field on the master boundary. boundary.

Presentation
Overview 1
Electric Field Sources (Electrostatic, DC Conduction, AC Conduction)
Source Type of Excitation

Floating Used to model conductors at unknown potentials.
Conductor
Voltage The DC voltage on a surface or object.
Charge The total charge on a surface or object (either a conductor or
dielectric).
Charge Density The charge density in an object.
Notes:
In the Electrostatic solver, any conductor without a source condition will be
assumed to be floating.

Presentation
Overview 1
Magnetic Field Sources (Magnetostatic)

Current The total current in a conductor.
Current Density The current density in a conductor.
Notes:
In the Magnetostatic solver, current is RMS ampturns.
Permanent magnets will also act as a source in the Magnetostatic solver.
Magnetic Field Sources (Eddy Current)

Parallel Current The total current in a a group of parallel conductors.
Notes:
In the Eddy Current solver, current is peak amp-turns.
Sources can be solid (with eddy effects) or stranded (without eddy effects).

Presentation
Overview 1
Magnetic Field Sources (Transient)

Coil Current or voltage on a winding
representing 1 or more turns
Permanent magnets will also act as a source in the
Transient solver.
Current and voltage sources (solid or stranded) can be constant or functions of intrinsic
variables: speed (rpm or deg/sec), position (degrees), or time (seconds)
Dataset function can be used for piecewise linear functions: Pwl_periodic (ds1, Time)

Presentation
Overview 1
Maxwell 2D > Excitation > Current

Value: applies current in amps
Type:
Solid
for windings having a single
conductor/turn
eddy effects are considered
Stranded
for windings having many
conductors/turns
eddy effects are not considered
Ref Direction:
Positive or Negative

Presentation
Overview 1

Maxwell 2D > Excitation > Add Winding
Current – applies current in amps
Solid or Stranded
Input current and number of parallel branches as
seen from terminal
Voltage – applies voltage (total voltage drop over the
length of a solid conductor or the entire winding)
Solid or Stranded
Input initial current, winding resistance, extra
series inductance not considered in FEA model,
voltage, and number of parallel branches as seen
from terminal
External – couples to Maxwell Circuit Editor
Solid or Stranded
Input initial current and number of parallel
branches
Maxwell 2D > Excitation > Assign > Coil
Pick a conductor on the screen and then specify:
Name
Number of Conductors
Polarity: positive, negative, or functional winding
direction
Note: Windings in the XY solver will usually have 2 coils: one
positive and one negative polarity. Both coils will be
added to the appropriate winding by right-mouse clicking
on Coil in the project tree and choosing Add to Winding

Presentation
Overview 1
To Create an External Circuit

1. Select: Maxwell2D > Excitations > External Circuit > Edit External Circuit > Import Circuit
2. After circuit editor opens, add elements to construct the circuit. Note that the name of the
Winding in the circuit (Winding1) must match the name of the Winding in Maxwell (Winding1)
3. Save circuit as *.amcp file and then Maxwell Circuit > Export Netlist > *.sph file.
Note:
The dot on the winding
Model Model Model
I V symbol is used as the
switch1 switch2 d1 positive reference for
the current (positive
I V current is oriented
5.3ohm LWinding1 from the "dotted"
LabelID=VI1
W_sw1 S_sw2
LabelID=R3
+ terminal towards to
- "un-dotted" terminal
D64
of the winding as it
passes through the
winding).
0

Presentation
Overview 1
Maxwell 2D > Excitation > Set Eddy Effects

Need to enable the calculation of eddy effects in objects
Maxwell 2D > Excitation > Set Core Loss

For objects with zero conductivity (such as a laminated core),
you can calculate the core loss
Note that the core loss coefficients must be defined in the
material setup

Presentation
Overview 1
Core Loss Calculation Method
The core loss for electrical steel is based on:
f + K c (Bmax f ) + K e (Bmax f )
2 1. 5
p = K h Bmax
2
where:
Kh is the hysteresis coefficient.
Kc is the classical eddy coefficient.
Ke is the excess or anomalous eddy current coefficient due to magnetic domains.
Bmax the maximum amplitude of the flux density.
f is the frequency.
The power ferrite core loss is based on:
p = Cm f x Bmax
y
where:
Cm is constant value determined by experiment.
fx is the frequency.
Bymax is the maximum amplitude of the flux density

Presentation
Overview 1
Maxwell 2D > Design Settings

The Design Settings window allows you to specify how the simulator will deal with some
aspects of the design. Tabs vary by solver used (the panel below is for the transient
solver)
Set the Symmetry Multiplier (For Transient XY Solutions only).
Set the Material Threshold for treating materials as conductors vs. insulators.
Set Preserve Transient Solution options (For Transient Solutions Only).
Set transient coupling with Simplorer on the Advanced Product Coupling tab (For
Transient Solutions Only)
Set the Model Depth (Maxwell2D XY Transient Designs Only).
Set the default Background material (Maxwell2D Designs Only).

Presentation
Overview 1
Maxwell 2D > Parameters

Allows the automatic calculation of parameters following the field solution
Includes: Force, Torque, Flux linkage, Core loss, and Matrix

Presentation
Overview 1
Maxwell 2D > Model > Motion Setup > Assign Band
1. Defines the direction and type of motion (translation or rotation)

2. Defines the mechanical parameters such as mass, damping, and load force
3. Defines limits of motion

Presentation
Overview 1
Magnetostatic and Electric Solution Setup

Start the menu of solution setup by: Maxwell > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup …
For Magnetostatic solver on Solver tab, suggest setting nonlinear residual = 0.001. On default tab choose Save
Defaults to set this value for all future projects.

Presentation
Overview 1
Eddy Current Solution Setup

Presentation
Overview 1
Transient Solution Setup

Presentation
Overview 1
Mesh Operations
To assign Mesh operations to Objects, select the Menu item: Maxwell 2D > Assign Mesh Operations
1. On Selection is applied on the surface of the object
2. Inside Selection is applied through the volume of the object
3. Surface approximation is applied to set faceting guidelines for true surface objects

Presentation
Overview 1
1. Mesh Operations “On selection”

applied on the perimeter of the object
Element length based refinement: Length Based
Skin Depth based refinement: Skin Depth Based
On selection – skin
depth based (2 layers)
On selection – length based

Presentation
Overview 1
2. Mesh Operations “Inside selection” - applied throughout the volume of the object
Element length based refinement: Length Based
Inside selection – length based

Presentation
Overview 1
3. Mesh Operations “Surface Approximation”

For true surfaces, perform faceting control on a
face-by-face basis
Select Mesh operation > Assign > Surface
approximation and specify one or more settings:
Maximum surface deviation (length)
D = Maximum Surface
D
Deviation
Maximum Surface Normal Deviation

(degrees)
Θ = Maximum Surface
r Normal Deviation
Θ
D = r (1 − cos(Θ / 2))
Maximum Aspect Ratio
ro
AspectRatio =
ri 2 * ri
ro

Presentation
Overview 1
Manual mesh creation

To create the initial mesh: Click Maxwell > Analysis Setup > Apply Mesh Operations
To refine the mesh without solving
1. Define mesh operations as previously discussed
2. Click Maxwell > Analysis Setup > Apply Mesh Operations
3. Click Maxwell > Analysis Setup > Revert to Initial Mesh to restart to the initial mesh
To view mesh information: Click Maxwell > Results > Solution Data and click on the tab Mesh Statistics

Presentation
Overview 1
Mesh Display
1. Select an object
2. Select the menu item Maxwell 2D > Fields > Plot Mesh

Presentation
Overview 1
2D transient meshing for rotational models

“Moving Surface” method used
Stator
stationary part
master moving surface

Air gap
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
7' 6' 4' 2' 1'
Band 5' 3'
slave moving surface

Rotor moving part(s)

Presentation
Overview 1
2D transient meshing for translational models

“Moving Band” method used
Adaptive meshing not used, so user must manually create the mesh or link to a solved MS or Eddy
design
The band area is re-meshed at each time step
The stationary region and moving part(s) are not re-meshed
If you link the mesh to a solved MS or Eddy design:
The entire mesh from the linked design is transferred to the transient design.
The mesh in objects inside and outside of the band never changes as motion occurs.
If the starting transient position is the same as the linked MS or Eddy design, then the linked
mesh in the band object is reused.
If the starting transient position is the different than the linked MS or Eddy design, then the
linked mesh in the band object is completely deleted. The band is then re-meshed based only
on mesh operations in the transient solver. Any mesh or mesh operation on the band in the
linked MS or Eddy Design is ignored. The key point is that mesh operations are always required
on the band object (use inside selection) for Maxwell 2D transient designs.
For subsequent positions as the object(s) move in the band, the mesh operations on the band in
the transient design are re-applied at every timestep and a new mesh is created.
Stationary
region
band
Moving part(s)

Presentation
Overview 1
Post Processing
Two Methods of Post Processing Solutions:

Viewing Plots
Manipulating Field Quantities in Calculator
Five Types of Plots:

1. Contour plots (scalars): equipotential lines, ...
2. Shade plots (scalars): Bmag, Hmag, Jmag, …
3. Arrow plots (vectors): B vector, H vector, …
4. Line plots (scalars): magnitude vs. distance along a predefined line
5. Animation Plots

Presentation
Overview 1
Contour plot

Presentation
Overview 1
Shade plot (tone)

Presentation
Overview 1
Shade plot (fringe with outline)

Presentation
Overview 1
Arrow plot

Presentation
Overview 1
Line plot

Presentation
Overview 1
Multiple windows and multiple plots

Presentation
Overview 1
Animation plot
Various types of animated plots are

possible:
Animate with respect to phase angle
(eddy solver)
Animate with respect to time
(transient solver)
Animate with respect to position (for
parametric analysis)
Animate with respect to shape
change (for parametric analysis)
Export to .gif or .avi format

Presentation
Overview 1
Fields Calculator
To bring up the Fields Calculator tool
1. Select the menu item Maxwell->Fields->Calculator
Typical quantities to analyze:

1. Flux through a surface
2. Current Flow through a surface
3. Tangential Component of E-field along a line
4. Average Magnitude of B-field in a core
5. Total Energy in an object

Presentation
Overview 1
Fields Calculator – Export Command

Exports the field quantity in the top register to a file, mapping it to a grid of points. Use this command to save field
quantities in a format that can be read by other modeling or post-processing software packages. Two options are
available:
1. Grid points from file: Maps the field quantity to a customized grid of points. Before using this command, you
must create a file containing the points.
2. Calculate grid points: Maps the field quantity to a three-dimensional Cartesian grid. You specify the
dimensions and spacing of the grid in the x, y, and z directions.

Presentation
Overview 1
Export to Grid
Vector data "<Ex,Ey,Ez>"
Vector data <Ex,Ey,Ez> Grid Output Min: [0 0 0] Max: [2 2 2] Grid Size: [1 1 1
Min: [0 0 0] 0 0 0 -71.7231 -8.07776 128.093
Max: [2 2 2] 0 0 1 -71.3982 -1.40917 102.578
0 0 2 -65.76 -0.0539669 77.9481
Spacing: [1 1 1] 0 1 0 -259.719 27.5038 117.572
Space delimited ASCII file saved in 0 1 1 -248.088 16.9825 93.4889
0 1 2 -236.457 6.46131 69.4059
project subdirectory
0 2 0 -447.716 159.007 -8.6193
0 2 1 -436.085 -262.567 82.9676
0 2 2 -424.454 -236.811 58.8847
1 0 0 -8.91719 -241.276 120.392
1 0 1 -8.08368 -234.063 94.9798
1 0 2 -7.25016 -226.85 69.5673
1 1 0 -271.099 -160.493 129.203
1 1 1 -235.472 -189.125 109.571
1 1 2 -229.834 -187.77 84.9415
1 2 0 -459.095 -8.55376 2.12527
1 2 1 -447.464 -433.556 94.5987
1 2 2 -435.833 -407.8 70.5158
2 0 0 101.079 -433.897 -18.5698
2 0 1 -327.865 -426.684 95.8133
2 0 2 -290.824 -419.471 70.4008
2 1 0 -72.2234 -422.674 -9.77604
2 1 1 -495.898 -415.461 103.026
2 1 2 -458.857 -408.248 77.6138
2 2 0 -470.474 -176.115 12.8698
2 2 1 -613.582 -347.994 83.2228
2 2 2 -590.326 -339.279 63.86

Presentation
Overview 1
Getting Help
If you have any questions while you are using Ansoft Maxwell you can find answers in several ways:
Ansoft Maxwell Online Help provides assistance while you are working.
To get help about a specific, active dialog box, click the Help button in the dialog box or press the F1
key.
Select the menu item Help > Contents to access the online help system.
Tooltips are available to provide information about tools on the toolbars or dialog boxes. When you
hold the pointer over a tool for a brief time, a tooltip appears to display the name of the tool.
As you move the pointer over a tool or click a menu item, the Status Bar at the bottom of the Ansoft
Maxwell window provides a brief description of the function of the tool or menu item.
The Ansoft Maxwell Getting Started guide provides detailed information about using Maxwell to create
and solve 3D EM projects.
PDF version of help manual at: ../Maxwell/Maxwell12/help/maxwell_onlinehelp.pdf for printing.
Ansoft Technical Support
To contact Ansoft technical support staff in your geographical area, please log on to the Ansoft
corporate website, www.ansoft.com and select Contact.
Your Ansoft sales engineer may also be contacted in order to obtain this information.
Visiting the Ansoft Web Site

If your computer is connected to the Internet, you can visit the Ansoft Web site to learn more about the Ansoft
company and products.
From the Ansoft Desktop
Select the menu item Help > Ansoft Corporate Website to access the Online Technical Support (OTS)
system.
From your Internet browser
Visit www.ansoft.com

Presentation
Overview 1
WebUpdate
This new feature allows you to update any existing Ansoft software from the WebUpdate window. This feature
automatically scans your system to find any Ansoft software, and then allows you to download any updates if they
are available.

Presentation
Overview 1
For Technical Support

The following link will direct you to the Ansoft Support Page. The Ansoft Support Pages provide additional
documentation, training, and application notes. Web Site: http://www.ansoft.com/support.cfm
Application Support for North America

The names and numbers in this list may change without notice
Technical Support:
9-4 EST:
Pittsburgh, PA
(412) 261-3200 x0 – Ask for Technical Support
Burlington, MA
9-4 PST:
San Jose, CA
Portland, OR
(503) 906-7944 or (503) 906-7947
El Segundo, CA
(310) 426-2287 – Ask for Technical Support

Optimetrics
What is Optimetrics ?
¾ Optimetrics enables engineers to determine the best design variation
among a model's possible variations.
¾ Create the original model, the nominal design, and then define design
parameters that vary
¾ Optimetrics includes five unique capabilities:
1. Parametrics: Define one or more variable sweep definitions, each specifying a series of variable
values within a range. Easily view and compare the results using plot or table to determine how each
design variation affects the performance of the design.
2. Optimization: Identify the cost function and the optimization goal. Optimetrics automatically changes
the design parameter(s) to meet the goal. The cost function can be based on any solution quantity
that can be computes, such as field values, R,L,C force, torque, volume or weight.
3. Sensitivity: Determine the sensitivity of the design to small changes in variables in the vicinity of a
design point. Outputs include: Regression value at the current variable value, First derivative of the
regression, Second derivative of the regression
4. Tuning: Variable values are changed interactively and the performance of the design is monitored.
Useful after performing an optimization in which Optimetrics has determined an optimal variable
value, and you want to fine tune the value to see how the design results are affected.
5. Statistical: shows the distribution (Histogram) of a design output like force, torque or loss caused by
a statistical variation (Monte Carlo) of input variables.
Five Unique Optimizers
1. Quasi Newton - This optimizer approximates the gradient of a user-defined cost function in its search for
the minimum location of the cost function. This gradient approximation is only accurate enough if there is
little noise involved in the cost function calculation. The cost function calculation involves FEA, which
possesses finite accuracy.
2. Pattern Search - This optimizer performs a grid-based simplex search, which makes use of simplices:
triangles in 2D space or tetrahedra in 3D space. The cost value is calculated at the vertices of the simplex.
The optimizer mirrors the simplex across one of its faces based on mathematical guidelines and determines
if the new simplex provides better results. If it does not produce a better result, the next face is used for
mirroring and the pattern continues. If no improvement occurs, the grid is refined. If improvement occurs,
the step is accepted and the new simplex is generated to replace the original one. Pattern Search
algorithms are less sensitive to noise.
3. Sequential Nonlinear Programming - The main advantage of SNLP over quasi Newton is that it handles
the optimization problem in more depth. This optimizer assumes that the optimization variables span a
continuous space. [Note: this is better for optimizations with only a few variables]
4. Sequential Mixed Integer NonLinear Programming - To be able to optimize on number of turns or
quarter turns, the optimizer must handle discrete optimization variables. The SMINLP optimizer can mix
continuous variables among the integers, or can have only integers, and works if all variables are
continuous. [Note: this is used for optimizations where some variables must be integers such as wire gauge
size and is better for optimizations having only a few variables]
5. Genetic Algorithm - The Genetic Algorithm (GA) search is an iterative process that goes through a number
of generations (see picture below). In each generation some new individuals (Children / Number of
Individuals) are created and the so grown population participates in a selection (natural-selection) process
that in turn reduces the size of the population to a desired level (Next Generation / Number of Individuals).
[Note: this is better for optimizations having many variables]
Optimetrics Module (cont.)
Distributed Parametrics and Optimization
Seamless setup
Integrated with force,
torque, matrix
Complete support of
Transient solution
Optimetrics Module (cont.)
Integrated with external circuit
Optimize on ‘voltage’
Setup variables in in Maxwell
Maxwell Circuit Editor
Optimetrics Example
Optimization of a starter-alternator pack
The pack contains a motor used also as alternator
Three-phase claw pole motor
Permanent Magnets are added between teeth
Optimization of the Geometry
Want to see the influence on the output torque
Tooth angle Magnet thickness Magnet length

Results
Transient analysis run for the optimized design
Initial Peak torque: 63.40 Nm
Optimized Peak Torque: 67.42 Nm
Initial Optimized
Maxwell 2D v12
Chapter 6.0
Chapter 6.0 – Eddy Current Examples

6.1 – Jumping Rings Axisymmetric Model
6.2 – Instantaneous Forces on Busbars
Ansoft Maxwell 2D Field Simulator v12 User’s Guide 6.0 - 1

Maxwell 2D v12 6.1
Eddy Current – Application Note
Introduction
This example investigates the classical “jumping rings” experiment using a
2D axisymmetric eddy current model. Three rings are stacked on top of
each other around a common axis. The bottom ring provides a 10 kHz
excitation that induces eddy currents and losses in the other two rings.
These rings are repelled from ring1 and can be suspended by the magnetic
field as the current in ring1 is increased.
The model consists of three solid copper rings. The bottom ring1has a peak
current of 1A, while ring2 and ring3 have no excitation and are open-
circuited. The open-circuit condition is simulated by constraining the total
current to zero. A physical layout of the actual device is shown in:
open points
in rings
ring3
ring2
ring1
I1
After the problem is solved, you can do the following:

View the impedance matrix.
Calculate the power loss using two independent methods, and
compare it to the loss in the convergence table.
Calculate the induced voltage (V2’) across the open ends of ring2.
The analysis includes all skin and proximity effects in the calculation of the
impedance matrix, power losses, and voltage.
Setup the Design

Click on the menu item Project > Insert Maxwell 2D Design
Click on the menu item Maxwell 2D > Solution Type ...
Set Geometry Mode: Cylindrical about Z
Select the radio button Magnetic: Eddy Current

Maxwell 2D v12 6.1
Specify the Drawing Units

Click on Modeler > Units > Select units: cm
Draw the Solution Region

Click on Draw > Rectangle (Enter the following points using the tab key).
X: 0, Y: 0, Z: -10
dX: 20, dY: 0, dZ: 20
Change its properties:
Name: Region
Transparency: 0.9
Select View > Fitall > Active View to resize the drawing window.
Select wireframe view by selecting: View > Render > Wire Frame.
Create the Model

The model consists of three donut-shaped rings. A cross-section of the model is
shown below. This is a 2-dimensional axisymmetric drawing; an axisymmetric
model is rotated 360° around the z-axis (displayed as the v-axis in the drawing).
To create the cross-section of the rings:

Draw a circle named ring1 with a center at (1,0), a radius of 0.1 cm, 36
segments, colored red.
Draw a circle named ring2 with a center at (1,0.5), a radius of 0.1 cm, 36
segments, colored green.
Draw a circle named ring3 with a center at (1,0.8), a radius of 0.1 cm, 36
segments, colored yellow.

Maxwell 2D v12 6.1
Draw the Rings

Click on Draw > Regular Polygon
X: 1, Y: 0, Z: 0
dX: 0.1, dY: 0, dZ: 0
Segments: 36
Name: ring1
Material: Copper
Color: Red

X: 1, Y: 0, Z: 0.5
dX: 0.1, dY: 0, dZ: 0
Segments: 36
Name: ring2
Material: Copper
Color: Green

X: 1, Y: 0, Z: 0.8
dX: 0.1, dY: 0, dZ: 0
Segments: 36
Name: ring3
Material: Copper
Color: Yellow

Maxwell 2D v12 6.1
Assign the Sources

A current of 1A will be assigned to the ring1 while 0A will be assigned to both ring2
and ring3. This forces the total current flow around these rings to be zero in
order to model the “open-circuit” condition.
Select ring1from the history tree.
Click on Maxwell 2D > Excitations > Assign > Current
Name: Current1
Value: 1A
Type: Solid
Select ring2 from the history tree.
Name: Current2
Value: 0A
Type: Solid
Select ring3 from the history tree.
Name: Current3
Value: 0A
Type: Solid
Note: Choosing Solid specifies that the eddy effects in the coil will be
considered. On the other hand, if Stranded had been chosen, only the DC
resistance would have been calculated and no AC effects in the coil would have
been considered.
Assign the Outer Boundary

The boundary must be set on the solution region.
Choose Edit > Select > Edges to change the selection mode from object to
edge.
While holding down the CTRL key, choose the three outer edges of the region.
Click on Maxwell 2D > Boundaries> Assign > Balloon
When done, choose Edit > Select > Object to object selection mode.

Maxwell 2D v12 6.1
Assign the Parameters

In this example, the compete [3x3] impedance matrix will be calculated. This is
done by setting a parameter.
Click on Maxwell 2D > Parameters > Assign > Matrix
Check each of the three sources: Current1, Current2, Current3
Compute the Skin Depth

Skin depth is a measure of how current density concentrates at the surface of a
conductor carrying an alternating current. It is a function of the permeability,
conductivity and frequency
Skin depth in meters is defined as follows:
2
δ =
ωµ o µ rσ
where:
ω is the angular frequency, which is equal to 2πf. (f is the source
frequency which in this case is 10000Hz).
σ is the conductor’s conductivity; for copper its 5.8e7 S/m
µr is the conductor’s relative permeability; for copper its 1
µο is the permeability of free space, which is equal to 4π×10-7 A/m.
For the copper coils, the skin depth is approximately 0.066 cm which less than
the diameter of 0.200cm for the conductors.

Maxwell 2D v12 6.1
Add an Analysis Setup

Click Right on Analysis in the Model Tree and select Add Solution Setup
On the General tab, re-set the Percent Error to 0.01
On the Solver tab, re-set the Adaptive Frequency to 10kHz
Add Mesh Operations

In order to accurately compute the mutual resistance terms in the impedance
matrix, a uniform mesh is needed in all conductors.
Select all three coils in the history tree and then Maxwell 2D > Mesh
Operations > Assign > Inside Selection > Length Based.
Name: Coils_Inside
Restrict Length Of Elements: Uncheck
Restrict Number of Elements: ; Check
Maximum Number of Elements: 1000
Note that by choosing “Inside Selection” instead of “On Selection”, the mesh
operation is applied evenly through the area of the conductors as opposed to
being applied only on the outer perimeter of the conductor.
Mesh operation
“On Selection”
Mesh operation
“Inside Selection”

Maxwell 2D v12 6.1
Solve the Problem

Save the project by clicking on menu item File > Save As
Select the menu item Maxwell 2D > Validation Check to verify problem setup
Click on Maxwell 2D > Analyze All
View the Solution Data

Select the menu item Maxwell 2D > Results > Solution Data
Click on the Convergence tab to view the adaptive refinement.
Note the total loss is approximately 0.0002003 W.
Click on the Mesh Statistics tab to view the refined mesh.
Click on the Matrix tab to display the 3x3 impedance matrix. By default, the
results are displayed as [R, Z] but can be also shown as [R, L] or as coupling
coefficients.
 R11 , L11 R12 , L12 R13 , L13 

R , L R22 , L22 R23 , L23 
 21 21
 R31 , L31 R32 , L32 R33 , L33 

Maxwell 2D v12 6.1
The diagonal resistance terms represent the self-resistance of each coil due
to the DC component and skin effects, as well as the proximity effects in all
other conductors. The off-diagonal resistance terms result from proximity
effect currents induced in one coil due to excitation in the other coil.
The diagonal inductance terms represent the self-inductance of each coil,
while the off-diagonal terms represent the mutual inductance due to
coupling.
The matrix results should closely resemble the results shown in the following
matrix. The negative resistance R13 means that the current in ring1 induces
a current in ring3, which actually reduces the AC resistance of ring3:
The diagonal term R11 is made up of the following resistive components due
to ring1, ring2, and ring3. (The ring1 DC resistance is obtained by running a
separate simulation a 0.1Hz. The R11 term as well as ring2 and ring3
proximity terms are taken from the matrix above. Finally, The ring1 skin
effect term is calculated as the difference between of all of these terms.)
ring1 DC resistance = 3.458e-004

ring1 skin effect = 4.446e-005
ring2 proximity effect from I1 = 1.710e-005
ring3 proximity effect from I1 = –6.963e-006
R11 = 4.004e-004 ohms
In this example, with a 1 A peak current in ring1, and with both ring2 and
ring3 open-circuited, the total power loss can be calculated by hand
from the impedance matrix using the following formula:
P = ½*I2peakR11 = ½*12*4.006e–4 = 2.003e–4 (Watts)
This value also corresponds to the Total Power Loss in the convergence
table.

Maxwell 2D v12 6.1
Plot the Mesh

Select all objects and click on Maxwell 2D > Fields > Plot Mesh and zoom in.
When done, hide the plot by selecting View > Active View Visibility > Fields
Reporter and unchecking the Mesh1 plot.
View the Results

Now that you have generated a solution, you can analyze the results.
Specifically, what you want to calculate and display are:
The total power loss, total current flow, and rotational current flow in the
rings.
Flux lines plot.
Current density plot for ring2 and ring3.
Animated current density vector plot.
Induced voltage (V2‘) across the open-circuit point in ring2.

Maxwell 2D v12 6.1
Compute Total Power Loss in the Coils

Select all three coils in the history tree and then Modeler > List > Create >
Object List . ‘Objectlist1’ appears under ‘List’ in the History Tree.
Click on Maxwell 2D > Fields > Calculator and then perform the following:
Quantity > OhmicLoss
Geometry > Volume > Objectlist1> OK
Integral > RZ
Eval ... Evaluate
The evaluated loss in the Coils should be about: 2.003e-004 (W). This value
is equal to the power calculated by hand from R11 in the impedance matrix.
Click Done.
Plot Flux Lines

Select all objects
Click on Maxwell 2D > Fields > Fields > A > Flux Lines > Done

Maxwell 2D v12 6.1
Verify the total current flowing around each of the rings

Quantity > J > ScalarPhi
Complex > Real
Geometry > Surface > ring1> OK
Integral > XY (Note this is a surface integral of J dot dA)
Eval ... Evaluate
Note that the current in ring1 is close to 1 A. Repeating these steps for ring2
and ring3 yields a net current ~0 A, which represents an open-circuited ring.
Click Done.
Calculate the rotating current in the open rings

Although the net current flow in ring2 and ring3 is zero, there is a small
rotating current flowing down one side and back on the opposite of each
open ring. Taking the absolute value of J will return two times the current
flowing in the open rings.
Quantity > J > ScalarPhi
Complex > Real
Abs
Geometry > Surface > ring1> OK
Integral > XY
Eval ... Evaluate
The magnitude of the total current in ring1 is displayed. Note that the current
in ring1 is close to 1 A. Now repeat the above procedure for rings 2 and 3,
yielding currents of 0.087 and 0.048A. The current flowing along each side
of ring2 is a “rotational” eddy current equal to ½ * 0.087 = 0.044A. For ring3,
the current flowing along each side of is ½ * 0.048 = 0.024A. This current
flows in opposite directions on either side of ring2 and ring3 unlike the
current flow in ring1, which is only in one direction.
Click Done.

Maxwell 2D v12 6.1
Plot the current density

Hide the Region by selecting View > Active View Visibility and un checking
Region.
Select ObjectList1 in the history tree.
Click on Maxwell 2D > Fields > Fields > J > JatPhase > Done
Note: On ring1, the skin

effect causes higher
current density on the
surface. Current density
is higher towards the axis
of symmetry due to the
DC spirality effect.
Modify the scale of the plot to observe the current density in ring2 and ring3
by selecting: Click on Maxwell 2D > Fields > Modify Plot Attributes > J > Ok
On the Scale tab, select Use Limits and set Min: -53000 and Max: 53000
Click on Apply and Close.
Note: On ring2 and

ring3, the rotational
eddy currents cause
positive and negative
current density.

Maxwell 2D v12 6.1
Plot the current density vector and animate

Hide the previous plots by selecting: View > Active View Visibility > Fields
Reporter
Rotate the view by holding down ALT and then left mouse drag.
Select Objectlist1
Click on Maxwell 2D > Fields > Fields > J > J_Vector > Done
After the plot is displayed, double left clicking on the legend select the Plots
tab.
Choose plot: J_Vector1 and change the Vector plot spacing to: Min = 0.02
and Max = 0.02.
Select the Marker/Arrow tab and reduce the size of the arrows by sliding the
size “slider” to the left.
Select the Scale tab and set to Auto.
In the Project Window, right click on J_Vector1 and click Animate > OK.
Click on Export to save the animation as a .gif or .avi movie file.

Maxwell 2D v12 6.1
Calculate the open circuit voltage on ring2 and ring3

Calculate the voltage (V2‘) induced across the open-circuit point in ring2.
This voltage is the negative of the voltage that is required to ensure that the
total current flow around ring2 is zero. It can be calculated by hand from the
impedance matrix using the following formula:
V2' = − I1 * Z12
= − I1 * (1.722e -5 + jω 1.090e -8 )
= − 1* (1.722e -5 + j2π *10000 *1.090e -8 )
= − 1.722e -5 − j6.849e -4
= 6.851e -4 ∠91.4º (V peak)
The open circuit voltage (V2‘) can also be calculated by integrating the
average electric field in ring2 around its circumference using the following
formula, where E = – jωA, ω = 2 pi (10000), and area = 3.1257e-6:
V2' = ∫ E • d L
1
= ∫ E • dV
area RZ
1
= ∫ − jω A • d V
area RZ
2 * π *10000
= ∫ − j A • dV
3.1257e −6 RZ
= 6.85e − 4 (Vpeak )

Maxwell 2D v12 6.1
Calculate the complex magnitude of the voltage

To calculate the complex magnitude of the voltage using the plane calculator,
choose Data/Calculator, then select:
Quantity > A
Scalar > ScalarPhi
Complex > CmplxMag, since A_vector is a complex number, the CmplxMag
includes both real and imaginary components. Note that the complex
magnitude is equal to:
ACmplxMag = Aφ2_ real + Aφ2_ imag

To multiply by w; select:
Number > Scalar > 2 > Ok
Function > Freq > Ok
Constant > Pi
*
*
*
To divide by area; select:
Number > Scalar > 1 > Ok
Geometry > Surface: ring2 > Ok
Integral > XY > Eval
Exchange > Pop
/
Finally, do an RZ integration to determine the voltage across the ends of ring2.
Geometry > Volume: ring2 > Ok
Integral > RZ > Eval
The open circuit voltage induced across the open point in ring2 is 6.86e-004 V. This
equals the voltage calculated by hand from Z12 in the impedance matrix, as well as
that calculated by integrating the average electric field. This is the complex
magnitude of the voltage. The real and imaginary components can be individually
determined by substituting Complex/Imag and Complex/Real in the steps above.
These voltages are: V2'(real) = -1.80e-005 and V2'(imaginary) = -6.85e-004 which
are nearly the same as the voltage calculated by hand on the previous page.
Reference: “Prediction and Use of Impedance Matrices for Eddy-Current Problems,”

IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Kent R. Davey and Dalian Zheng, vol. 33 pp.
2478-2485, 1997.
This completes the Jumping Rings exercise.

Maxwell v12 6.2
Instantaneous Forces on Busbars in Maxwell 2D and 3D

This example analyzes the forces acting on a busbar model in Maxwell 2D and 3D. Specifically, it provides
a method for determining the instantaneous force on objects having sinusoidal AC excitation in the Eddy
Current Solver. Force vectors in AC problems are a combination of a time-averaged “DC” component and
an alternating “AC” component. The alternating component fluctuates at a frequency twice the excitation
frequency. Both of these components can be calculated using the formulas below so that the instantaneous
force can be determined. Three different force methods are used in this example: Virtual, Lorentz, and the
Maxwell Stress Tensor.
1
FDC =
2 ∫ Re J × B ∗ dV
1
FAC = ∫ J × B dV evaluated at phase (ω t = degrees)
2
FINST = FDC + FAC
Description
This example will be solved in two parts using the 2D Eddy Current and 3D Eddy Current solvers. The
model consists of two 4mm parallel copper busbars separated by a center-center spacing of 16mm. The
excitation frequency is 100kHz.
2D Model 3D Model
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator v12 User’s Guide 6.2 - 1

Maxwell v12 6.2
PART 1 - The 2D Eddy Project

A 2D model of the busbars will be simulated first. Access the Maxwell Project Manager and create a new
2D project called 2dbars. Open the project and change to the Eddy Current solver with an XY drawing
plane.
Setup the Design
1. Click on the menu item Project > Insert Maxwell 2D Design

2. Click on the menu item Maxwell 2D > Solution Type ...
• Set Geometry Mode: Cartesian, XY
• Select the radio button Magnetic: Eddy Current
3. Draw the Solution Region
• Click on Draw > Rectangle (Enter the following points using the tab key).
• X: -150, Y: -150, Z: 0
• dX: 300, dY: 300, dZ: 0
• Change its properties:
• Name: Region
• Transparency: 0.9
• Select View > Fitall > Active View to resize the drawing window.
• Select wireframe view by selecting: View > Render > Wire Frame.
Create the Model
Now the model can be created. This model also consists of a left and right busbar that have a 4mm square
cross-section, however a length of 1 meter is assumed so that the results must be scaled to compare to 3D.
Create the Left Busbar
• Click on Draw > Rectangle

• X: -12, Y: -2, Z: 0
• dX: 4, dY: 4, dZ: 0
• Name: left
• Material: Copper
• Color: Red

Maxwell v12 6.2
Create the Right Busbar
• Click on Draw > Rectangle

• X: 8, Y: -2, Z: 0
• dX: 4, dY: 4, dZ: 0
• Name: right
• Color: Red
Assign the Boundaries and Sources
The current is assumed to be 1A at 0 degrees in the left busbar and -1A at 60 degrees in the right busbar. A
no-fringing vector potential boundary will be assigned to the outside of the 2D problem region which is
also the default boundary for all 3D projects. This forces all flux to stay in the solution region.
1. The boundary must be set on the solution region.

• Choose Edit > Select > Edges to change the selection mode from object to edge.
• While holding down the CTRL key, choose the four outer edges of the region.
• Click on Maxwell 2D > Boundaries> Assign > Vector Potential
• Value: 0
• Phase: 0
• OK
• When done, choose Edit > Select > Object to object selection mode.
2. Select left from the history tree

• Click on Maxwell 2D > Excitations > Assign > Current
• Name: Current1
• Value: 1A
• Phase: 0
• Type: Solid
• Reference Direction: Positive
3. Select right from the history tree.

• Click on Maxwell 2D > Excitations > Assign > Current
• Name: Current2
• Value: 1A
• Phase: 60
• Type: Solid
• Reference Direction: Negative

Maxwell v12 6.2
Turn on the Eddy Effects in the winding
In order to consider the skin effects in the busbars, you must manually turn on the eddy effect.
1. Choose Maxwell 2D > Excitations > Set Eddy Effects ...

2. Verify that the eddy effect is checked for both the left and right conductors.
In order to automatically calculate force on an object, it must be selected in the Parameters panel. In 2D,
only the virtual force can be automatically calculated. Later, the Lorentz force will be calculated manually
in the Post Processor after solving the project.
1. Select the left busbar by clicking on it.

2. Click on Maxwell 2D > Parameters > Assign > Force
3. Click OK to enable the force calculation.
1. Click Right on the Analysis folder in the Model Tree and select Add Solution Setup…
2. On the General tab, re-set the Number of passes to 15.
3. Percent Error to 0.01
4. On the Solver tab, re-set the Adaptive Frequency to 100kHz.
Solve the Problem
1. Save the project by clicking on menu item File > Save As

2. Select the menu item Maxwell 2D > Validation Check to verify problem setup
3. Click on Maxwell 2D > Analyze All.

Maxwell v12 6.2
View the Results
1. Select Maxwell 2D > Results > Solution Data… and click on the Force tab. The force results are
reported for a 1 meter depth of the model. The DC forces are shown below.
2. Now select Type:AC<Mag,Phase> This shows the magnitude of the force F(x)Mag is
approximately 5e-6 (N) and the phase F(x)Phase is -2.0 radians or -120 degrees.

Maxwell v12 6.2
Create a Plot of Force vs. Time
The average, AC, and instantaneous components of the Lorentz force can be plotted vs. phase by creating
named expressions in the calculator using the formulas at the beginning of the application note.
1. Determine the time-averaged component of Lorentz force:

• Click on Maxwell 2D > Fields > Calculator and then perform the following:
• Quantity > J
• Quantity > B > Complex > Conj > Cross
• Scalar X > Complex > Real
• Number > Scalar > 0.5 > OK
• Multiply
• Geometry > Volume > left > OK
• Integrate
• Add… Name: Force_DC
• Click OK
2. Determine the AC component of Lorentz force:

• Quantity > J
• Quantity > B > Cross
• Scalar X
• Function > Phase > OK
• Complex > AtPhase
• Multiply
• Integrate
• Add… Name: Force_AC
• Click OK
3. Determine the instantaneous (DC + AC) component of Lorentz force. In the Named Expressions
panel:
• In the Named Expressions window, select Force_DC and Copy to stack
• Select Force_AC and Copy to stack
• Add
• Add… Name: Force_inst
• Click OK and Done to close the calculator window.

Maxwell v12 6.2
4. Create a plot of Force vs. Phase. Now that the force quantities have been created, a plot of these
named expressions can been created.
• Select Maxwell 2D > Results > Create Fields Report > Rectangular Plot
• Change the abscissa X: from the default Freq to Phase.
• Category: Calculator Expressions
• Quantity: Force_DC, Force_AC, Force_inst (hold down shift key to select all three at once)
• New Report > Close
• Right mouse click on the legend and select: Trace Characteristics > Add…
• Category: Math
• Function: max
• Add > Done
• Double left mouse click on the legend and change from the Attribute to the General tab.
• Check Use Scientific Notation and click on OK.
Note: The "max" values match the results from Solution Data > Force. I can also be observed that
the forces fluctuate at 2 times the excitation frequency since there are two complete cycles over 360
degrees as shown below.
Ansoft Corporation XY Plot 1 Maxwell2DDesign1

0.000006
Curve Info max
Force_DC
Setup1 : LastAdaptive -2.5666E-006
Freq='100kHz'
Force_AC
0.000004
Setup1 : LastAdaptive 5.0213E-006
Freq='100kHz'
Force_inst
Setup1 : LastAdaptive 2.4547E-006
Freq='100kHz'
0.000002
0.000000
1
Y
-0.000002
-0.000004
-0.000006
-0.000008
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00
Phase [deg]

Maxwell v12 6.2
6. Finally, the instantaneous force on the left busbar can be calculated using an alternate method, the
Maxwell Stress Tensor method. This method is different than both the Lorentz force and virtual
force methods. The Maxwell Stress Tensor method is extremely sensitive to mesh. The force on an
object can be determined by the following equation:
FMST = ∫ (B ⋅ n ) H − 0.5 ( B ⋅ H )n dV evaluated at phase (ω t = degrees)
Determine the instantaneous component of force at time wt=0 using the Maxwell Stress Tensor
method in the calculator:
Quantity > B Loads the B vector

Function > Phase > OK Loads the function Phase
Complex > At Phase Evaluates the B vector at phase = wt
Geometry > Line > left > OK This enters the edge of the left busbar
Unit Vector > Normal To determine the unit normal vector for left busbar
Dot To take B-dot-Unit Normal
Quantity > H Loads the H vector
Complex > At Phase Evaluates the H vector at phase = wt
Multiply This multiplies B and H
Quantity > B Loads the B vector

Complex > At Phase Evaluates the B vector at phase = wt
Quantity > H Loads the H vector
Complex > At Phase Evaluates the H vector at phase = wt
Dot Computes B-dot-H
Number > Scalar > 0.5 > OK
Multiply Multiplies the quantity by 0.5
Geometry > Line > left > OK Enters the edge of the left busbar
Unit Vector > Normal To determine the unit normal vector for left busbar
Multiply This multiplies the quantity times unit normal vector
Neg This takes the negative
Add
Scal? > ScalarX To extract the x-component of the quantity
Geometry > Line > left > OK Enters the edge of the left busbar
Integrate To integrate the force density and obtain the force in newtons
Add… Name: Force_MST

Maxwell v12 6.2
7. Create a plot of the Maxwell Stress Tensor Force vs. Phase.
• Quantity: Force_inst, Force_MST
Note: The slight difference in these curves is due to mesh error in the stress tensor calculation.

0.000004
Curve Info
Force_inst
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='100kHz'
Force_MST
0.000002 Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='100kHz'
0.000000
1
Y -0.000002
-0.000004
-0.000006
-0.000008
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00
Phase [deg]
This completes PART 1 of the exercise.

Maxwell v12 6.2
PART 2 - The 3D Eddy Project

Now the identical model will be simulated in Maxwell 3D.
Setup the Design

• Select the radio button Magnetic: Eddy Current
3. Draw the Solution Region
• Click on Draw > Box (Enter the following points using the tab key).
• X: 0, Y: -150, Z: -150
• dX: 10, dY: 300, dZ: 300
• Name: Region
• Transparency: 0.9
• Select View > Fitall > Active View to resize the drawing window.
• Select wireframe view by selecting: View > Render > Wire Frame.
Create the Model
Now the model can be created. This model also consists of a left and right busbar that have a 4mm square
cross-section and a length of 10mm.
Create the Left Busbar
• Click on Draw > Box

• X: 0 Y: -12, Z: -2
• dX: 10, dY: 4, dZ: 4
• Name: left
• Color: Red
Create the Right Busbar
• Click on Draw > Box

• X: 0 Y: 8, Z: -2
• dX: 10, dY: 4, dZ: 4
• Name: left

Maxwell v12 6.2
• Color: Red
The current is assumed to be 1A at 0 degrees in the left busbar and -1A at 60 degrees in the right busbar.
The default boundary in Maxwell 3D in no-fringing. So a boundary does not need to be explicitly
assigned.
1. To assign the source current, the four (4) end faces of the conductors must be selected. Choose Edit
> Select > Faces to change the selection mode from object to face.
2. Zoom in to the busbars using:View > Zoom In
3. Click on the front face of the left busbar.
• Click on Maxwell > Excitations > Assign > Current
• Name: Current1
• Value: 1A
• Phase: 0
• Type: Solid
4. Select View > Rotate > Model Center to spin the bubars around to see the other face of the left
busbar. Select it and then:
• Name: Current2
• Value: 1A
• Phase: 0
• Type: Solid
• Click on Swap Direction to be sure that the red directional arrow is pointing out of
the conductor
5. Click on the front face of the right busbar.
• Name: Current3
• Value: 1A
• Phase: 60
• Type: Solid
6. Select View > Rotate > Model Center to spin the bubars around to see the other face of the left
busbar. Select it and then:
• Name: Current4
• Value: 1A
• Phase: 60
• Type: Solid
• Click on Swap Direction to be sure that the red directional arrow is pointing out of
the conductor

Maxwell v12 6.2
In order to consider the skin effects in the busbars, the eddy effect must be turned on.

2. Verify that the eddy effect for left and right is checked.
3. Un-check the displacement current calculation.
In order to automatically calculate force on an object, it must be selected in the Parameters panel. In
Maxwell 3D, you can calculate both virtual and Lorentz force. Note however that Lorentz force is only
valid on objects with a permeability = 1.
1. Select the left busbar by clicking on it in the history tree or on the screen.
2. Click on Maxwell > Parameters > Assign > Force
3. Name: Force_Virtual
4. Type: Virtual
5. Click OK to enable the virtual force calculation.
6. Click on Maxwell > Parameters > Assign > Force
7. Name: Force_Lorentz
8. Type: Lorentz
9. Click OK to enable the lorentz force calculation.
1. Click Right on the Analysis folder in the Model Tree and select Add Solution Setup…
2. On the General tab, re-set the Number of passes to 15.
3. Percent Error to 0.01
4. On the Solver tab, re-set the Adaptive Frequency to 100kHz.
5. Click OK to save the setup.
Solve the Problem
1. Save the project by clicking on menu item File > Save


Maxwell v12 6.2
View the Results
3. Select Maxwell 3D > Results > Solution Data… and click on the Force tab. Notice that the 3D
results are reported for a 10mm depth while the 2D results were for 1meter depth. The DC forces
are shown below.
4. Now select Type:AC<Mag,Phase> This shows the magnitude of the force F(x)Mag is
approximately 5e-6 (N) and the phase F(x)Phase is -2.0 radians or -120 degrees.

Maxwell v12 6.2
Create a Plot of Force vs. Time
The time-averaged, AC, and instantaneous components Lorentz force can be plotted vs. time by creating
named expressions in the calculator using the formulas at the beginning of the application note.
1. Determine the time-averaged component of Lorentz force:

• Click on Maxwell 3D > Fields > Calculator and then perform the following:
• Quantity > J
• Quantity > B > Complex > Conj > Cross
• Scalar Y > Complex > Real
• Multiply
• Integrate
• Add… Name: Force_DC
• OK
2. Determine the AC component of Lorentz force:

• Quantity > J
• Quantity > B > Cross
• Scalar Y
• Function > Phase > OK
• Complex > AtPhase
• Multiply
• Integrate
• Add… Name: Force_AC
• OK
3. Determine the instantaneous (DC + AC) component of Lorentz force. In the Named Expressions
panel:
• In the Named Expressions window, select Force_DC and Copy to stack
• Select Force_AC and Copy to stack
• Add
• Add… Name: Force_inst
• Click on OK and Done to close the calculator window.

Maxwell v12 6.2
4. Create a plot of Force vs. Phase. Now that the force quantities have been created, a plot of these
named expressions can been created.
• Quantity: Force_DC, Force_AC, Force_inst (hold down shift key to select all three at once)
• New Report > Close
• Right mouse click on the legend and select: Trace Characteristics > Add…
• Category: Math
• Function: Max
• Add > Done
• Double left mouse click on the legend and change from the Attribute to the General tab.
• Check Use Scientific Notation and click on OK. Note that these values match the results on
the Solution Data > Force. Also, since forces fluctuate at 2 times the excitation frequency,
there are two complete cycles in 360 degrees shown below.
This completes PART 2 of the exercise.
Reference:
MSC Paper #118 "Post Processing of Vector Quantities, Lorentz Forces, and Moments
in AC Analysis for Electromagnetic Devices" MSC European Users Conference,
September 1993, by Peter Henninger, Research Laboratories of Siemens AG, Erlangen

Maxwell 2D v12
Chapter 7.0
Chapter 7.0 – Transient Examples

7.1 – Gapped Inductor Model
7.2 – Solenoid Problem with an External Circuit

Maxwell 2D v12 7.1
Gapped Inductor – Transient XY Application Note
Introduction
The Maxwell 2D Field Simulator’s XY transient solver can be used to
demonstrate the difference between sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal
excitation in a gapped inductor. In addition, the fringing flux effect on AC
losses can be considered in this device.
The inductor consists of a ferrite core with a gap in the center leg. The
winding has 15 copper turns which are connected in series. The inductor is
excited by a 120A-60Hz sinusoidal current and a 20A-1kHz triangular
current superimposed on it.
Although no motion occurs in this problem, the transient time-stepping
solver is needed because of the complex waveform of the current.
After the problem is solved, the user can do the following:

View the flux lines and power loss density in the winding.
Plot the instantaneous power loss in the winding vs. time.
Calculate the average power loss over time.
A second simulation will be done using only a sinusoidal excitation in order
to compare the losses.

Maxwell 2D v12 7.1
Setup the Design

Set Geometry Mode: Cartesian, XY
Select the radio button Magnetic: Transient
OK

Click on Modeler > Units
Select units: in
OK
Create the Model

The model consists of a core and a winding. Note that each turn of the
winding is exactly modeled and is “solid” in order to accurately determine
the AC losses.
Set the model depth

For all transient XY models, the depth must be specified. Then all losses
and force results reported are for that particular depth.
Click on Maxwell 2D > Model > Set Model Depth ...
Model Depth: 1 in
OK
Draw the Core

Click on Draw > Rectangle
X: -2.5, Y: -3, Z: 0
dX: 5, dY: 6, dZ: 0
Name: Core
Material: Ferrite
Color: Red

Maxwell 2D v12 7.1
Draw the Core Windows

X: -1.5, Y: -2, Z: 0
dX: 1, dY: 4, dZ: 0
Duplicate the window by selecting the window and
choosing:
Edit > Duplicate > along line
X: 0, Y: 0, Z: 0
dX: 2, dY: 0, dZ: 0
Total Number: 2
Do not check Attach to original.
OK
Select Core, Rectangle1, Rectangle1_1
and then click on:
Modeler > Boolean > Subtract
Blank Parts: Core
Tool Parts: Rectangle1, Rectangle1_1
Clone objects before subtracting: unchecked
Ok
Subtract the Core gap

X: -0.5, Y: -0.2, Z: 0
dX: 1, dY: 0.4, dZ: 0
Select Core, Gap and then click on:
Modeler > Boolean > Subtract
Blank Part: Core
Tool Parts: Rectangle_2
Clone objects before subtracting: unchecked
Ok

Maxwell 2D v12 7.1
Draw the Windings

X: -1.4, Y: -1.825, Z: 0
dX: 0.8, dY: 0.125, dZ: 0
Name: Coil
Material: Copper
Color: Green
Create the return for the first winding turn:
X: 0, Y: 0, Z: 0
dX: 2, dY: 0, dZ: 0
Total Number: 2
OK
Name: Coil_return
Material: Copper
Color: Green
Create the complete winding by selecting Coil and Coil_return and then choosing:
X: 0, Y: 0, Z: 0
dX: 0, dY: 0.25, dZ: 0
Total Number = 15
Click on Draw > Region:
Padding Data: All Padding Directions
Padding Percentage: 100

Maxwell 2D v12 7.1

Choose Edit > Select > Edges to change the selection mode from object to edge.
Assign the Sources

A 120A 60Hz sinusoidal current will be assigned to the 15 series turns in the inductor.
In addition, a 20A 1kHz triangular current source will be added on top of the
sinusoidal current. The winding consists of a go and a return for the left and right
sides of the winding. A simple sinusoidal function with be used to create the 60Hz
component while a dataset “ds1” will be used to create the triangular component
of current.
In the history tree, select: Coil, Coil_1, ... Coil_14

Choose: Maxwell 2D > Excitations> Assign > Current
Name: left
Value: 120*sin(2*pi*60*time) + pwl_periodic(ds1, Time)
The Add Dataset window will automatically appear to enter the triangular
waveform.
Name: ds1
Enter the following X,Y coordinates and click OK and Done.
X Y
1 0 0
2 0.00025 20
3 0.00050 0
4 0.00075 -20
5 0.001 0
Type: Solid
Polarity: Positive
Ok

Maxwell 2D v12 7.1
In the history tree, select: Coil_return, Coil_return1, ... Coil_return14

Choose Maxwell 2D > Excitations > Assign > Current
Name: right
Value: 120*sin(2*pi*60*time) + pwl_periodic(ds1, Time)
Name: ds1
Enter the following X,Y coordinates and click OK and Done:
Type: Solid
Polarity: Negative
Ok

Choose Maxwell 2D > Excitations > Set Eddy Effects ...
Check the eddy effect for all 30 coils.

Maxwell 2D v12 7.1

Click on Maxwell 2D > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup ...
On the General Tab:
Stop Time: 0.05 sec
Time Step: 0.00025 sec
On the Save Fields Tab:
Type: Linear Step
Start: 0 sec
Stop: 0.05 sec
Step Size: 0.01 sec
Click on: Add to List >>
OK

Maxwell 2D v12 7.1
Add Mesh Operations

In the transient solvers, the mesh is not automatically created. It must either
be linked to a magnetostatic or eddy current design, or you can manually
create it. In this example, the mesh will be manually created.
In the history tree, select all 30 conductors and then Maxwell 2D > Mesh
Operations > Assign > Inside Selection > Length Based ...
Name: Coils_Inside
Restrict Length of Elements: Uncheck
Note that by choosing “Inside Selection” instead of “On Selection”, the mesh
operation is applied evenly through the area of the conductors as opposed to
being applied only on the outer perimeter of the conductor.
Select the core and then Maxwell 2D > Mesh Operations > Assign > Inside
Selection > Length Based.
Name: Core_Inside

Maxwell 2D v12 7.1
Create the Mesh before solving

Select the menu item Maxwell 2D > Analysis Setup > Apply Mesh Operations
View the Solution Data for the Mesh

Click on the Mesh Statistics tab to view the starting mesh.

Maxwell 2D v12 7.1
Create Output for Current using the Calculator

Since the input current is not an automatic output, this must be created
manually.
Select the menu item Maxwell 2D > Fields > Calculator ...
Select the menu item Quantity > J > Scal? > ScalarZ
Geometry > Coil > OK
Integrate
Add...
Name: Current_in
OK
Done
Make the named expression available to be plotted

To do this, select: Maxwell 2D > Results > Output Variables...
Under Report Type, select “Fields”.
Choose Category: Calculator Expressions
Quantity: Current_in
Function: <none>.
Name: type in a variable such as I_in
Click on “Insert Quantity into Expression” and then Add.
This output will now be available for plotting. Click on Done to leave the
Output Variables window.
Specify when expression will be calculated

In the project tree, right click on Analysis > Setup1 and click on Properties.
Under the Output Variables tab click on Add to add the newly created
parameter for I_in. Be sure that the Evaluation Time Step = 0.00025s which
is the same as the solve time step under the General tab. Select OK to exit.

Maxwell 2D v12 7.1
Solve the Problem

Plot the Mesh

Select all objects and click on Maxwell 2D > Fields > Plot Mesh.

Maxwell 2D v12 7.1
View the Results

Now that you have generated a solution, you can analyze the results.
Specifically, what you want to calculate and display are:
Flux lines plot at t=0.02sec.
Current density plot for the winding t=0.02sec.
The current and instantaneous average power loss for the winding
vs time.
Plot Flux Lines

Set the timestep = 0.02sec by selecting: View > Set Solution Context >
0.02sec > OK
Alternatively, you can set the solution context by double-clicking on the
Time box in the lower left corner of the modeling window.
Select all objects by selecting CTRL-A

Maxwell 2D v12 7.1
Plot Current Density in Coils

The current density in the coils will be greater near to the gap in the core
because fringing flux caused induced proximity losses in the copper.
Create an object list including only the copper coils:
In the history tree, select coil and coil_return.
Click on Modeler > List > Create > Object List
Create the plot by selecting Objectlist1in the history tree.
Click on Maxwell 2D > Fields > Fields > Jz > Done

Maxwell 2D v12 7.1
Plot the Input Current

Create the plot of the named expression.
Select Maxwell 2D > Results > Create Transient Report > Rectangular Plot
Category: Output Var. Cache
Quantity: OVC(I_in)
New Report

150.00
Curve Info
OVC(I_in)
Setup1 : Transient
100.00
50.00
OVC(I_in)
0.00
-50.00
-100.00
-150.00
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00
Time [ms]

Maxwell 2D v12 7.1
Plot the Losses in the Winding

Create the plot of the named expression. To do this,
Select Maxwell 2D > Results > Create Transient Report > Rectangular Plot
Category: Loss and Quantity: SolidLoss
New Report
Right mouse click on the legend and select: Trace Characteristics > Add...
Category: Math and Function: avg

Click on Add and Done and the average losses (approx. 4.35W) will be
displayed in the legend.
12.00
Curve Info avg
SolidLoss
4.3540
Setup1 : Transient
10.00
8.00
SolidLoss [W]
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00
Time [ms]

Maxwell 2D v12 7.1
Solve for the sinusoidal current source only

Copy the MaxwellDesign1 and paste it in the Project tree area to create
MaxwellDesign2
Remove all excitations for the windings and reassign them without the
triangular dataset component.
Resolve the project by selecting Maxwell 2D > Solve. The average power
loss (approx. 3.41W) is smaller than the previous simulation (approx.
4.35W) which included the triangular current component. Also, you can see
that the power loss is sinusoidal at twice the excitation frequency.
150.00
Curve Info
OVC(I_in)
Setup1 : Transient
100.00
50.00
OVC(I_in)
0.00
-50.00
-100.00
-150.00
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00
Time [ms]

6.00
Curve Info avg
SolidLoss
3.4118
Setup1 : Transient
5.00
4.00
SolidLoss [W]
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00
Time [ms]

Maxwell v12 7.2
2D Transient – Application Note
A Solenoid Problem with an External Circuit

This example models an AC solenoid using Maxwell 2D. A full wave bridge rectifying drive circuit will be
setup to drive the solenoid.
Model 25ohm
LWinding2 Rcoil
rectify
D2
+ 170V
D1
D4
LabelID=Vsource
D3
2D RZ Model
Description
A model of an AC solenoid using an external circuit will be simulated using the 2D RZ transient solver.
The source is a 170V 60Hz sinusoidal voltage which is rectified using a full-wave bridge. The mechanical
force for a spring and gravity are modeled using an equation. The force, loss, position, speed and winding
current, flux, and voltage will be determined.

Maxwell v12 7.2
Setup the Design

Select the radio button Magnetic: Transient

1. Click on Modeler > Units
2. Select units: in > OK
Import the Model
Now the model can be created. Since this is a complicated geometry, the model will be imported from an
old Maxwell 2D model file *.sm2.
1. Click on: Modeler > Import …

2. Navigate to find the file: Ex_7_02_Solenoid.sm2
1. Click on Draw > Region

Padding Data: Pad Individual Directions
Padding Percentage: X = +/- 300% Z = +/- 100%
NOTE:
For 2D RZ designs, the –X limit
will be the Z-axis if the padding
percentage is large enough.
Otherwise, if the -X padding
percentage creates a region with
–X > 0, then the region will
have a “hole” in the model.
3. Select View > Fitall > Active View to resize the drawing window.
4. Select wireframe view by selecting: View > Render > Wire Frame

Maxwell v12 7.2
Assign the Materials
Since the model was imported, no material properties have been assigned. Select the objects one at a time
and assign the appropriate material properties.
1. Select the coil and the shadering and choose: Modeler > Assign
Material > copper > OK
2. Select the endstop, flange, housing, plunger and top_nut and choose:
Modeler > Assign Material > steel_1008 > OK
3. Select the Band and choose: Modeler > Assign Material > Vacuum
> OK
A no-fringing vector potential boundary will be assigned to outside of the 2D problem region. This forces
all flux to stay in the solution region.
1. Choose Edit > Select > Edges to change the selection mode from object to edge.
2. While holding down the CTRL key, choose the top, right, and bottom outer edges of the region.
Note that the left edge does not need a boundary because it is automatically the axis of symmetry in
a RZ model.
3. Click on Maxwell 2D > Boundaries> Assign > Vector Potential
Value: 0
OK
4. When done, choose Edit > Select > Object to object selection mode.
Because the solenoid is a converted “AC” solenoid, it contains a copper “shading ring” which may have
eddy currents induced in it. A zero voltage source must be set on the shade ring in order to properly
represent a shorted single turn winding and to see if the eddy currents are significant or not.
1. Select the shadering and click on the menu item: Maxwell 2D > Excitations > Assign > Coil…
Name: shadering
Number of Conductors: 1
Polarity: Positive (into the screen)
OK

Maxwell v12 7.2
2. Click on the menu item: Maxwell 2D > Excitations > Add Winding…
Name: Winding1
Type: Voltage and Solid
Initial Current: 0
Resistance: 0 (for solid windings, resistance calculated by the solver)
Inductance: 0 (coil inductance always calculated by the solver)
Voltage: 0 (zero voltage represents a shorted turn, with no source)
Number parallel branches: 1
3. In the project tree, right mouse click on shadering under Excitations and click on the menu item
Add to Winding and
4. In the Add to Winding window, Winding1 will be selected and then click on OK.

Maxwell v12 7.2
5. Select the Coil and click on the menu item: Maxwell 2D > Excitations > Assign > Coil…
Name: Coil
OK
6. Click on the menu item: Maxwell 2D > Excitations > Add Winding …
Name: Winding2
Type: External and Stranded (Note: stranded is assigned since the coil has 2250 turns).
Initial Current: 0
Number parallel branches: 1
OK
7. In the project tree, right mouse click on coil under Excitations and click on the menu item Add to
Winding
In the Add to Winding window, highlight Winding2 click on OK.
The project tree should look like this:
8. Create an External Circuit

To access Maxwell Circuit Editor, choose Maxwell 2D > Excitations > External Circuit >
Edit External Circuit…
Select Edit Circuit… from the Edit External Circuit dialog

Maxwell v12 7.2
Click on File > New to create a new schematic

Click on the Components tab in the Project Manager Window
Expand Maxwell Circuit Elements to view the library elements
Expand Passive Elements and click on DIODE and drag this component onto the sheet:
Name: D1
mod: rectify
Copy this diode three times creating D2, D3, and D4 and rotate them using CTRL-R before
connecting together to form the full-wave bridge as shown below.
Select Passive Elements > DIODE_Model and drag this component onto the sheet:
Name: rectify

Maxwell v12 7.2
Under Maxwell Circuit Elements > Dedicated Elements select Winding and drag this
component onto the sheet
In the properties window change the following:
Name: Winding2
Note that this name has to be exactly the same name as used in the Winding
definition described previously in Maxwell > Excitations > Add Winding
Under Maxwell Circuit Elements > Passive Elements select Res and drag this component
onto the sheet:
Name: coil
R: 25 ohms
Under Maxwell Circuit Elements > Sources select Vsin and drag this component onto the
sheet, hit ESC to end insertion:
Name: source
Va: 170 volts
VFreq: 60 Hz
Connect all of the elements together using Draw > Wire and add a ground using Draw >
Ground.
The circuit should look like this:
Model 25ohm
LWinding2 Rcoil
rectify
D2
+ 170V
D1
D4
LabelID=Vsource
D3
Click on Edit > Save As: ex07_02_solenoid.amcp

Click on Maxwell Circuit > Export Netlist:
File Name: ex07_02_solenoid.sph

Maxwell v12 7.2
9. Link the circuit file to the Maxwell project
Without closing the Maxwell Circuit Editor, return to the Maxwell project click on Cancel.
Then choose Import Circuit… from the Edit External Circuit dialog and select
ex07_02_solenoid.sph
A window should indicate that the model imported successfully.
Clicking on the Circuit Path tab will verify the linked circuit file *.amcp.

Maxwell v12 7.2
In order to consider the skin effects in the busbars, you must manually turn on the eddy effect.

2. Check the eddy effect for the shadering and choose OK.
Apply Mesh Operations
The transient solver does not use the automatic adaptive meshing process, so a manual mesh needs to be
created. Note that after the mesh operations are assigned, clicking on them in the history tree will shade
the appropriate objects in the modeler window (assuming they are in wireframe view first).
1. Select the band and click on the menu item Maxwell 2D > Mesh Operations > Assign > Inside
Name: Band_Inside
Restrict Number of Elements:  Check
2. Select the shadering and click on the menu item Maxwell 2D > Mesh Operations > Assign >
Inside Selection > Length Based.
Name: Shadering_Inside
Restrict Number of Elements:  Check
3. Select the coil, endstop, flange, housing, plunger, and top_nut and click on the menu item Maxwell
2D > Mesh Operations > Assign > Inside Selection > Length Based.
Name: Other_Objects_Inside
Restrict Length Of Elements:  Check
Maximum Length: 0.05 in (Note: be sure to set units = in)
Restrict Number of Elements: Uncheck
Setup the Motion
The plunger is the moving object and is surrounded by the band. (Note: moving objects are never allowed
to touch the band. The minimum air gap is 0.002 inches when the solenoid is "fully" closed.) Positive
motion is defined as upwards or in the positive Z direction. The starting position is -0.100 inch (or open)
so the plunger will move upwards (and close) when the solenoid is energized.. The load force acts
downward against the direction of motion and consists of: gravity (-0.04N), a spring preload force (-50N),
and a variable compression spring force (-5530 * position) which is zero at the starting position and
increases as the plunger closes. The units for the intrinsic variable "position" are meters.

Maxwell v12 7.2
1. Select the band object by clicking on it on the screen or in the history tree.
2. Choose: Maxwell 2D > Model > Motion Setup > Assign Band
On the Type tab, the Motion Type will always be Translation for RZ models.
On the Type tab, the Moving Vector will Global:Z.
Set Positive as the direction of the moving vector.
On the Data tab:

Initial Position: -0.1 in
Translate Limit Negative: -0.1 in
Translate Limit Positive: 0 in
On the Mechanical tab:

Consider Mechanical Transient:  Check
Velocity: 0 m_per_sec
Mass: 0.004 kg
Damping: 1e-005 N-sec/m
Load Force: -5530 * (.00254 + position) -0.04 -50 (units are in Newtons)

Maxwell v12 7.2
Create Analysis Setup
Click on Maxwell > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup

General Tab
Stop Time: 0.05 s
Time Step: 0.0002 s
Save Fields Tab
Type: Linear Step
Start: 0 s
Stop: 0.05 s
Step Size: 0.005 s
Click on: Add to List >>
Solve the Problem
1. Save the project by clicking on menu item File > Save As


Maxwell v12 7.2
Create Output Plots vs. Time
The force, loss, position, speed and winding current, flux, and voltage will be plotted vs. time.
1. To create these plots select: Maxwell 2D > Results > Create Quick Report…
2. Select: Force, Loss, Position, Speed, and Winding
3. In the force plot below, Force_z is only the magnetic component of force (upwards) while
LoadForce is gravity, spring preload force, and a variable compression spring force (downwards).
Ansoft Corporation Force Quick Report Maxwell2DDesign1

150.00
Curve Info
Moving1.Force_z
Setup1 : Transient
Moving1.LoadForce
Setup1 : Transient
100.00
50.00
Y1 [newton]
Note:
When magnetic
force exceeds load
0.00 force (at Time =
4.2msec) armature
starts to close
-50.00
-100.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
Time [ms]

Maxwell v12 7.2
Ansoft Corporation Position Quick Report Maxwell2DDesign1

0.00
Curve Info
Moving1.Position
Setup1 : Transient
-0.50
-1.00
Moving1.Position [mm]
-1.50
-2.00
-2.50
-3.00
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00
Ansoft Corporation Speed Quick Report
Time [ms] Maxwell2DDesign1
5.00
Curve Info
Moving1.Speed
Setup1 : Transient
4.00
Moving1.Speed [m_per_sec]
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00
Time [ms]

Maxwell v12 7.2
Ansoft Corporation Winding Quick Report Maxwell2DDesign1

150.00 40.00 0.60
Curve Info
Current(Winding1)
Setup1 : Transient
20.00 Current(Winding2)
Setup1 : Transient 0.50
100.00 FluxLinkage(Winding1)
Setup1 : Transient
-0.00 FluxLinkage(Winding2)
Setup1 : Transient
0.40
InducedVoltage(Winding1)
50.00 Setup1 : Transient
-20.00 InducedVoltage(Winding2)
Y2 [Wb]
Setup1 : Transient
Y3 [V]
Y1 [A]
InputVoltage(Winding1)
0.30
Setup1 : Transient
-40.00
0.00
0.20
-60.00
-50.00
0.10
-80.00
-100.00 -100.00 0.00

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00
Time [ms]
Ansoft Corporation Loss Quick Report Maxwell2DDesign1
2.50
Curve Info
SolidLoss
Setup1 : Transient
2.00
Notes:
1) In order to scale the plot and view the solid loss,

1.50 delete the stranded and core loss traces.
SolidLoss [W]
2) The solid losses in the shading ring are very

small, since the current is a rectified to be nearly
1.00
DC. If the full wave bridge rectifier is
eliminated so the solenoid uses AC voltage, the
shading ring will have a more significant effect
on both the losses and force.
0.50
0.00
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00
Time [ms]
This completes the exercise.

Maxwell 2D v12
Chapter 9.0
Chapter 9.0 – Basic Exercises

9.1 – Electrostatic
9.2 – DC Conduction
9.3 – Magnetostatic
9.4 – Parametric
9.5 – Transient
9.6 – Transient with Circuit Editor
9.7 – Post Processing
9.8 – Optimetrics
9.9 – Meshing
9.10 – Scripting
9.11 – Linear ECE
9.12 – Eddy Current
9.13 – Rotational Transient Motion
9.14 – Boundary Conditions
9.15 – Permanent Magnets Assignment
9.16 – Magnetostatic Actuator Example

Maxwell 2D v12 9.1
Basic Exercises – Electrostatic Solver
Introduction on the Electrostatic Solver

This note introduces the Electro Static solver based on some simple examples.
This solver is meant to solve the static electric field without current flowing in
conductors (conductors are in electrostatic equilibrium). The conductors are
considered perfect such that there is no electric field inside conductors.
Capacitance of a Cylindrical Capacitor in RZ
Suppose we have a long coaxial line. We want to know what is the electric field
distribution based on the potential (or the charges) that are applied on each
conductor. We also want to determine the capacitance. We use an R-Z
representation. We will then solve the same problem using an XY representation.
Draw the Model

Click on the menu item Maxwell > Solution Type
Select Geometry Mode: Cylindrical about Z
Select the radio button Electrostatic
Click on the menu item Draw > Rectangle or click on the icon
For the rectangle position, enter 0; 0; - 4 mm
For the opposite corner of the rectangle, enter 0.6; 0; 21 mm or enter for
dx, dy, dz 0.6; 0; 25mm;
Change the name to Inner
Change the material to copper
Change the color and transparency level at your convenience.
Ansoft Maxwell 2D Field Simulator v12 User’s Guide 9.1-1

Maxwell 2D v12 9.1
Create a second Rectangle

For rectangle position, enter 0.6; 0 ;- 4 mm
For dx, enter 0.4 mm, for dz, enter 25 mm or enter 1.0; 0 ; 21 mm for the
position of the opposite corner.
Change the name to Air
Change the material to Air
Create a third rectangle

For center position, enter 1.0; 0; - 4mm
For dx, enter 0.2 mm, for dz, enter 25 mm or enter 1.2; 0 ; 21 mm for the
position of the opposite corner.
Change the name to Outer
Assign material to copper
Select the menu item Draw > Region.

For the padding data, choose Pad All Directions
For the Padding Percentage, enter 300 for positive X direction and 0 for all
other directions

Maxwell 2D v12 9.1
Assign Excitation
Based on the assumptions that the conductors are in electrostatic equilibrium, we

assign voltage potential on the object itself. In other words, we do not solve
inside conductors, we assume that all the conductor parts are at the same
potential.
Apply voltage excitation to object Inner

Select the object Inner
Select the menu item Maxwell > Excitations > Assign > Voltage. As an
alternative, once the object is selected, you can right click and select
Assign Excitations > Voltage.
For the voltage, enter -1kV
Apply voltage excitation to object Outer

Select the object Outer
select the menu item Maxwell > Excitations > Assign > Voltage.
For the voltage, enter 1kV
Assign Executive Parameter

In addition to the fields, we are interested by the Capacitance value as well
as the force applied to the inner armature.
Capacitance Matrix
Select the menu item Maxwell > Parameters > Assign > Matrix
Include Voltage1 and Voltage2 in the capacitance computation by
checking the radio buttons of the Signal Line column
Force computation
Select the menu item Maxwell > Parameters > Assign > Force

Maxwell 2D v12 9.1
Select the menu item Maxwell > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup
For the Percent Error, enter 0.5%
For the Refinement per Pass (Convergence tab), put 50%
Solve the Problem

Select Setup1 from under Analysis in the project tree, right mouse click and
select Analyze
Plot the electric field

From the modeler history tree, select the plane Global:XZ.
On the 3D modeler window, right click and select Fields > E_Vector

Maxwell 2D v12 9.1
Get the capacitance value
From the Project window, right click on Setup1. From the context menu,
select the entry Solutions
Select the tab entry Matrix
In our problem, we only have two conductors, therefore the capacitance

values are symmetrical.
Select the tab entry Force. It gives you the force applied to the inner object.
Note that the force is essentially zero since the model is magnetically
balanced.
The analytical value of the capacitance per meter for an infinite long coaxial
wire is given by the following formula:
C = 2πε0 / ln(b/a) (a and b being the inside and outside diameters)
The analytical value would is therefore 1.089e-10 F/m (a =0.6mm, b=1mm)

In our project, then length of the conductor is 25 mm, therefore the total
capacitance is. 2.723pF. We obtain a good agreement with the obtained
result. 2.722 pF.
Note: in the Convergence tab, you have access to the total energy of the
system. We find 5.4459e-6 J. It is exactly 2000 times the capacitance
(2000V being the difference of potential).

Maxwell 2D v12 9.1
Capacitance of a Cylindrical Capacitor in XY
The same problem is now solved using an XY representation
Draw the Model

Select Geometry Mode: Cartesian XY
Click on the menu item Draw > Circle or click on the icon
For the center position, enter 0; 0; 0mm
For the radius, enter 0.6 mm;
Change the name to Inner
Create another circle.
For the radius, enter 1.2 mm;
Change the name to Outer
For the radius, enter 1. mm;
Change the name to Air

Maxwell 2D v12 9.1
Assign Excitation
Based on the assumptions that the conductors are in electrostatic equilibrium, we

assign voltage potential on the object itself. In other words, we do not solve
inside conductors, we assume that all the conductor parts are at the same
potential.
Apply voltage excitation to object Inner

Select the menu item Maxwell > Excitations > Assign > Voltage. As an
alternative, once the object is selected, you can right click and select
Assign Excitations > Voltage.
For the voltage, enter -1kV
Apply voltage excitation to object Outer

Select the object Outer
select the menu item Maxwell > Excitations > Assign > Voltage.
For the voltage, enter 1kV
In addition to the fields, we are interested by the Capacitance value.

Capacitance Matrix
Include Voltage1 and Voltage2 in the capacitance computation by checking
the radio buttons. Set Voltage1 as a signal line and Voltage2 as ground.
For the Percent Error, enter 0.5%

Maxwell 2D v12 9.1
Solve the Problem
select Analyze
From the Project window, right click on Setup1. From the context menu,
select the entry Solutions
Select the tab entry Matrix
The analytical value of the capacitance per meter for an infinite long coaxial
wire is given by the following formula:
C = 2πε0 / ln(b/a) (a and b being the inside and outside diameters)
The analytical value would is therefore 1.089e-10 F/m (a =0.6mm, b=1mm)

This matches the obtained value.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.1
Capacitance of a planar capacitor

In this example we illustrate how to simulate a simple planar capacitor made of
two parallel plates. The bottom plate is modeled and the top plate is considered
by using only the edge of the dielectric (air).
Draw the model

Name the design Plate
Select Geometry Mode: Cartesian XY
Select the menu item Draw > Rectangle to create a plate
For the first position corner, enter 0;0 mm
For the Xsize, enter 25 mm
For the Ysize, enter 2mm
For the material property, enter pec (perfect conductor)
Name the first box DownPlate
Select the menu item Draw > Rectangle to create a plate
For the first position corner, enter 0;0mm
For the Xsize, enter 25 mm
For the Ysize, enter 3mm
Name the box Region
For the material property, enter air

Maxwell 2D v12 9.1
Assign Excitation
Select the object DownPlate, select the menu item Maxwell > Excitations >
Assign > Voltage. As an alternative, once the object is selected, you can right
click and select Assign Excitations > Voltage.
For the voltage, enter 0V
Select the upper edge of the Region, select the menu item Maxwell > Excitations
> Assign > Voltage.
For the voltage, enter 1V

Maxwell 2D v12 9.1
Include Voltage1 and Voltage2 in the capacitance computation
We ground Voltage2. We will obtain just a 1 by 1 matrix.
For the Percent Error, enter 1%
Solve the Problem
select Analyze. The problem is really easy, therefore the solution is
obtained almost immediately.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.1
From the Project window, right click on Setup1. From the pull down menu,
select Solutions, then the Matrix tab
The analytical value of the capacitance for two parallel plates is given by:
C = A/ d *ε0 (A is the area of the plate and d is the thickness of the di
electrics)
If we consider the plate to be 25mm by 25 mm, using the above formula,
we obtain 5.53 pF (the dielectric is 1mm thick).
We obtain 221.35pF. This value should be considered as the capacitance
of the two parallel plates with a 1 meter depth. If we rescale this value by
multiplying by 0.25mm we find 5.53pF as well.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.3
Basic Exercise – Magnetostatic Force Calculation
Force calculation in Magnetostatic Solver

This exercise will discuss how to set up a force calculation in the 2D
Magnetostatic Solver.
Problem Description
As shown in the following picture, a coil and slug are drawn in a plane using RZ
symmetry. The coils carry a current that exert a vertical force on the
ferromagnetic slug.
Actual 3D Coil and Slug 2D Symmetric Coil and

Slug about z-axis

Maxwell 2D v12 9.3
Create a New Project

Open up Maxwell V12
Click on the menu item Maxwell 2D> Solution Type > Magnetostatic
Change the geometry mode to Cylindrical about Z
Draw the Slug
Click on the menu item Draw > Rectangle
X,Y, Z: 0,0,-10, Enter (default units are in mm)
DX, DY, DZ: 5,0,15, Enter
Change its name from Rectangle1 to Slug
Select the Slug and change its material to Steel 1008
Change its color if desired
Draw the Coil
X, Y, Z: 6,0,0, Enter
DX, DY, DZ: 4,0,20, Enter
Change its name to: Coil
Change its material to: Copper

Maxwell 2D v12 9.3
Add a Region
Click on the menu item Draw > Region:
Select Pad all Directions and type 100 in Padding Percentage
You should see a message indicating that the –X direction is set to zero due
to RZ-symmetry about the Z-axis.
Select Region and click on the menu item View > Hide Selection > All views.
Save your project

Click on File > Save As:
Magnetostatic_Force.mxwl for Basic Exercise Magnetostatic Force
calculation
Assign Excitation
Select the Coil and click on the menu item Maxwell2D > Excitations > Assign
> Current:
Name: Current1
Value: 1000
Ref. Direction: Negative (so positive current will be in the negative Y
direction)
Maxwell 2D v12 9.3
Assign Boundary to Region Edges

From the object tree, select Region
Click on the menu item Edit > Select > All Object Edges
Click on the menu item Maxwell2D > Boundaries > Balloon
Assign Force Calculation

Select the Coil and click on the menu item Maxwell2D > Parameters > Assign >
Force
Name: Force1

Maxwell 2D v12 9.3

Click on Maxwell 2D > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup
Maximum Number of Passes: 15
Refinement per Pass: 30
Click on OK
Solve the Problem

select Analyze
View the Automatic Adaptive Mesh Convergence

Right click on the project tree item Analysis > Setup1 and select
Convergence.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.3
View Calculated Force Result

Click on the Force tab in the open Solutions window.
The calculated force is updated automatically after each pass.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.3
Plot the Magnitude of Magnetic Flux Density

Select the object tree item Global: XZ plane under Planes
Select the menu item Maxwell2D > Fields > Fields > B > Mag_B
Click OK on the Create Field Plot window.
This Concludes the Magnetostatic Force Calculation Basic

Exercise.
Maxwell 2D v12 9.4
Basic Exercises – Parametric Solver
2D Parametric study using a coil and iron slug.

An RZ Magnetostatic problem will be used to demonstrate the setup of a
parametric solution using Optimetrics in Maxwell 2D. The coil current and
the dimensional length of an iron slug will be varied and the force on the
slug will be observed.
Coil OR = 1.25mm
Coil IR = 1mm
Coil Height = 0.8mm
Slug width = 1mm

Slug depth = 1mm
Slug Height = 1mm
3D Geometry: Coil and Iron Slug 2D Flux Lines and Flux Density
Click on the menu item Project > Insert Maxwell 2D Design.

Click on the menu item Maxwell 2D > Solution Type >
Magnetostatic, and select Cylindrical about Z,
from the pull down menu.
Set the Units and the Snap Mode.

Click on the menu item Modeler > Units . . . , and select mm.
Click on Modeler > Snap mode
Verify that Snap To: Grid and Vertex are set.
2D Geometry: Iron Slug inside a coil.

Draw the coil: Click on the menu item Draw > Rectangle, and arbitrarily
choose a starting point and opposite corner for what will be the coil.
Double click on CreateRectangle
under Rectangle1 in the History
Tree, and edit the Position, Xsize
and Zsize as shown, and click OK.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.4
Draw the Slug: Click on the menu item Draw > Rectangle, and arbitrarily choose
a starting point and opposite corner for what will be the slug.
Double click on CreateRectangle under Rectangle2 in the History Tree,
and edit the Position, Xsize and Zsize as shown.
Enter the text ‘SlugHeight’ for the Value of Zsize. After selecting OK, the Add
Variable box appears. Assign the Value for SlugHeight as 1mm, and click OK.
Note: By defining a variable name (SlugHeight) it becomes a design variable.

Similarly, if an object is moved, it’s move distance can be assigned a variable.
The Design Variables are accessible in the Property window by clicking on the
Design name in the Project Manager.
Or they can be viewed by clicking: Maxwell 2D > Design Properties . . .
Note: The parameter for Xsize is defined using the predefined constant, pi, and an
equation that calculates the equivalent 2D cross-section of a 1mm2 slug which
was used in the 3D Exercise. Other predefined constants can be found by
selecting from the menu, Project > Project Variables, and selecting Constants tab.
Assign Materials and Names

Select the Rectangle1 object in the Design Tree and double click it to
edit it’s properties.
Name: Coil
Material: Select copper from
the material database.
Color: Change the color
to Orange, and click OK.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.4
Similarly, select the Rectangle2 object in the Design Tree and double click it to
edit it’s properties.
Name: Slug
Material: Select steel_1008
from the material database.
Color: Change the color
to Blue, and click OK.
Create the Region

Select from the menu, Draw > Region.
Select the Pad Individual Directions
radio button and assign padding percentages
as shown below and Click OK.
Since this model is symmetric about the Z-axis,

the X=0 boundary is the line of symmetry.
Assign the Boundary Condition

View the full geometry by selecting from the menu, View > Fit All > Active View,
or simply type the shortcut Ctrl+D.
Choose the Edge selection mode by selecting from
the menu, Edit > Select > Edges , or right click in
the drawing space and click Select Edges.
While holding down the Ctrl key, select the top,
bottom, and right edges of the Region.
From the menu, select Maxwell 2D >
Boundaries > Assign > Balloon . . .
Change back to the Object selection mode by

selecting from the menu, Edit > Select > Objects.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.4
Assign the Excitation

Select the Coil from the History Tree.
From the menu, select Maxwell 2D >
Excitations > Assign > Current . . .
Leave Name as Current1 and set Value: AmpTurns and click OK.
Define ‘AmpTurns’ as 100 in the Add Variable window, and click OK.
Assign the Force Calculation

Include a force calculation by selecting the Slug from the History Tree.
Select from the Menu, Maxwell 2D >
Parameters > Assign > Force . . .
Change the name to SlugForce, in the
Force Setup window.

Right Click on Analysis in the Model Tree and select Add Solution Setup.
Click OK to accept the defaults for now.
Add the Force as an Output Variable.

Select from the menu, Maxwell 2D >
Results > Output Variables . . .
Select SlugForce.Force_z in the
Quantity: window and click on
Insert Into Expression.
Insert a minus sign in the Expression
text box in front of Slugforce.Force_z,
this will result in a positive force.
Enter ‘SlugForce’ as the Name and
select Add.
Click Done.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.4
Modify Setup and solve a nominal problem

In the project tree, double click on Setup1 under the Analysis folder.
Change the default Maximum Number of Passes to 15.
Change the default Percent Error to 0.5.
In the Convergence tab, select SlugForce to be displayed in the
Convergence, as shown below. Click OK.
Find the Validate icon in the tool bar.

(It looks like a green check mark).
This will check the problem setup.
Solve the problem by right clicking on

Setup1 in the Project manager.
Click on Analyze.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.4
Inspect Results
Check the solution by again right clicking on Setup1 and select Convergence . . .
Plot flux results:

Select the Coil, Slug, and Region objects by using ctrl+A.
From the menu, select Maxwell 2D > Fields > Fields > B > Mag_B,
click Done in the Create Field Plot window.
Similarly, select Maxwell 2D > Fields > Fields > A > Flux Lines,
click Done in the Create Field Plot window.
In the project tree under Field Overlays, right click on Mag_B1 and check Plot
Visibility. Do the same for Flux_Lines1 so that both plots are visible.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.4
Create a Parametric solution

Click on the Menu item Maxwell 2D > Optimetrics Analysis > Add Parametric . . .
Click Add. . . in the Add/Edit Sweep window to define the parameters to be swept
in the analysis.
Select SlugHeight from the Variable pull-down menu, and assign
Start =1 mm, Stop =2 mm, and Step = 0.2, and click the Add >> button.
Similarly, select AmpTurns from the Variable pull-down menu, and assign
Start =100, Stop =200, and Step = 50, and click the Add >> button.
Click OK.
Click on the Table tab to inspect the combination of solutions that have been
created. There should be 18 solutions since we defined 6 variations of SlugHeight
and 3 variations of AmpTurns.
Next, select the Calculations tab to define which outputs will be calculated for each
parametric solution.
Then, click on the Setup Calculations . . . Button in the lower left corner of the
Calculations tab.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.4
The Add/Edit Calculation window should appear :

Select: Category: Output Variables.
Quantity: SlugForce (a previously defined Output Variable).
Click Add Calculation.

Click Done.
In the Options Tab, click both boxes for Save Fields And Mesh,
and Copy Geometrically Equivalent Meshes.
Solve the Parametric problem

In the Project Manager window, under Optimetrics, right click on
ParametricSetup1, and select Analyze.
Note: the solving criteria is taken from the

nominal problem, Setup1 . Each parametric
solution will re-mesh if the geometry has
changed or the energy error criteria is not
met as defined in Setup1.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.4
View the solution progress:

In the Project Manager window, right click on ParametricSetup1,
and select View Analysis Result . . .
Click the Table button to view all the results in tablature form.
The full parametric solution should take about 1 minute depending on the
speed of the machine.
Graph the Force vs. AmpTurns vs. SlugHeight

Right Click on Results in the Project Manager,
and select Create Magnetostatic Report > Rectangular Plot.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.4
In the New Report – New Traces window, Select the Trace tab:
Select: Category: Output Variables.
Quantity: SlugForce (a previously defined Output Variable).
X: SlugHeight, and Y: SlugForce.
Select the Families tab:

Ensure that that AmpTurns is selected as the Sweeps variable.
Click on New Report, Click on Close.
The plot will appear as shown on next page, the markers can be added by
double clicking on the trace and checking the Show Symbol check box.
Right click in the plot and select Export Data . . . to export the data to a file.
The axis can be edited by double clicking on the x or y axis.
The title can be changed by
editing the name in the Project Tree.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.4
A 3D surface can be created by right clicking on Results in the Project Tree and
selecting Create Magnetostatic Report > 3D Rectangular Plot.
Edit the 3D Cartesian Plot window as shown below. Click New Report, Close.
This is the end of the

2D Parametrics
Basic Exercise.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.4
Animate the flux plot:

Since the SlugHeight and AmpTurns were parametrically varied, the flux plot can
be animated with respect to either of these variables.
In the Project Manager window, right click on the Flux_lines plot and select
Animate…
In the Setup Animation window, choose:
Swept Variable: SlugHeight
Select values: (select all values in the list)
Choose OK to create the animated plot.
After viewing the plot, choose: Export… to save as a .gif movie file.

9.5
Basic Exercise – 2D Transient
Inductor using transient source

This exercise will discuss how to use transient sources as the
excitation for an inductor coil.
Draw the Inductor
Click on the menu item Maxwell 2D > Solution Type
Geometry Mode: Cylindrical About Z
Magnetic: Transient
Start Position: 0,0,0
X Size: 2mm
Z Size: 20 mm
Change its name to: Core
Change its material to: ferrite
Change its color to green
Select the Core and click on the menu item Edit > Copy
Click on the menu item Edit > Paste, the new objects name is
Core1
In the object tree click on Core1 and then click on CreateRectangle
In the Properties window change the following:

Position: 0,0,1mm
X Size: 5mm, Z Size: 18mm
Click on the name Core1 and change its properties
Name: Coil
Material: Copper
Color: Yellow
Select Coil and Core and then click on 2D Modeler > Boolean >
Subtract:
Blank Part: Coil
Tool Part: Core
Clone objects before subtracting: ; checked

9.5

Change the name of the design to:
BE_Trans for Basic Exercise Transient
Assign Excitation
Select the Coil and click on the menu item Maxwell 2D > Excitations >
Assign > Coil:
Name: Coil
Click on the menu item Maxwell 2D > Excitations > Add Winding
Name: Winding_A
Type: Voltage
Stranded: ; Checked
Initial Current: 0.0 amps
Resistance: 25 ohm
Inductance: 0 H
Voltage: 0 V (Note: This will be changed on the next page)
Number of parallel branches: 1
Select Winding_A from the project tree under Excitation and right mouse
click and select Add Coils …
In the Add Terminals window, select: Coil and click Ok.

9.5
Create the Excitation

The excitation for this problem will be a voltage source with a 1KHz triangular
wave superimposed on a 50 Hz sine wave that has a 50 volt DC offset.
Click on the menu item Maxwell 2D > Design Datasets and then Add a new
dataset
Name: DSet_A
Coordinates:
X1 = 0 Y1 = 0
X2 = 250e-6 Y2 = 1
X3 = 750e-6 Y3 = -1
X4 = 1e-3 Y4 = 0
Click Ok and Done.
Select Winding_A from the Project Tree and right mouse click and select
Properties and type in the following:
Change Voltage: 0 V that was specified on the previous page to:
Voltage: V_DC + Vp*sin(2*PI*50*Time) + 5*pwl_periodic (DSet_A, Time)
Click on OK and in the dialog window enter 50 for V_DC, click on OK
In the next dialog window enter 25 for Vp, click on OK
The first term is the DC offset and the 2nd is peak voltage of the sine wave

9.5
Assign Balloon Boundary

Click on the menu item Edit > Select > Edges
Select one of the edges of the background region
Click on the menu item Edit > Select > Select Edge Chain
Click on the menu item Maxwell 2D > Boundaries > Assign > Balloon
Name: Balloon1
The transient solver does not use the automatic adaptive meshing process, so a
manual mesh needs to be created.
Select the Core and click on the menu item Maxwell 2D > Mesh Operations >
Assign > Inside Selection > Length Based.
Name: Core_Inside
Select the Coil and click on the menu item Maxwell 2D > Mesh Operations >
Name: Coil_Inside
Click on Maxwell2D > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup
General Tab
Stop Time: 20 ms
Time Step: 100 us
Save Fields Tab
Type: Linear Count
Start: 0 sec
Stop: 20 msec
Count: 11
Click on: Add to List

9.5
Solve the Problem

select Analyze
Save the Design
Click on File > Save to save the design and results
Plot the Voltage and Current
Click on Maxwell 2D > Results > Create Transient Report > Rectangular plot:
Select Category: Winding
Select Quantity: InputVoltage(Winding_A)
Click on: New Report
Select Quantity: Current(Winding_A)
Click on: Add Trace
Click on: Close

9.5
Plot the Flux Lines

Be sure that the 2D Modeler window is in the active view window.
Select the menu item View > Set Solution Context
Time: 0.01 sec
Select all of the objects by clicking on Edit > Select All
Click on Maxwell 2D > Fields > Fields > A > Flux Lines
Click on Done
Double click on the plot lgend:
Color MapTab > Number of Divisions: 56
Plots Tab > IsoValType: Line
Zoom in to see the plot below.
This concludes the Basic Example for Transient Sources

9.6
Basic Exercise – 2D Transient with Circuits
Inductor using transient source

This exercise will discuss how to use transient sources as the
excitation for an inductor coil.
Draw the Inductor
Click on the menu item Maxwell 2D > Solution Type
Geometry Mode: Cylindrical About Z
Magnetic: Transient
Start Position: 0,0,0
X Size: 2mm
Z Size: 20 mm
Change its name to: Core
Change its material to: ferrite
Select the Core and click on the menu item Edit > Copy
Click on the menu item Edit > Paste, the new objects name is
Core1
In the object tree click on Core1 and then click on CreateRectangle
In the Properties window change the following:

Start Position: 0,0,1mm
X Size: 5mm, Z Size: 18 mm
Click on the name Core1 and change its properties
Name: Coil
Material: Copper
Color: Yellow
Select Coil and Core and then click on 2D Modeler > Boolean >
Subtract:
Blank Part: Coil
Tool Part: Core
Clone objects before subtracting: ; checked

9.6

Change the name of the design to:
BE_Trans_Ckt for Basic Exercise Transient
Assign Excitation
Select the Coil and click on the menu item Maxwell 2D > Excitations >
Assign > Coil:
Name: Coil
Click on the menu item Maxwell 2D > Excitations > Add Winding
Name: Winding_A
Type: External
Stranded: ; Checked
Initial Current: 0.0 amps
Number of parallel branches: 1
Select Winding_A from the project tree under Excitation and right mouse
click and select Add Coils …
In the Add Terminals window, select: Coil and click Ok.

9.6
Create an External Circuit

To access Maxwell Circuit Editor, right mouse click on Excitations and select
External Circuit > Edit External Circuit
Select Edit Circuit from the Edit External Circuit dialog
Maximize the Ansoft Maxwell Circuit Editor window on the screen.
Click on File > New to create a new schematic
Select the Components tab and choose Maxwell Circuit Elements > Dedicated
Elements > Winding and drag this component onto the sheet
Select the Winding on the schematic.

In the properties window change the following:
Name: Winding_A
Note: This name has to be exactly the same name as used in the
Winding definition described previously in Maxwell > Excitations >
Add Winding
Select Sources > VSin drag this component onto the sheet, hit ESC to end
insertion:
Va: 100 volts
VFreq: 50 Hz
Select Source > VSin drag this component onto the sheet:
Va: 10 volts
VFreq: 1000 Hz
Select Passive Elements > Res and drag this component onto the sheet:
R: 25 ohms

9.6
Connect all of the elements together using Draw > Wire and add a ground
using Draw > Ground.
Select Probes > Voltmeter and place it between the two voltage sources and
ground.
The circuit should look like this:
Note: Same name used:

Winding_A
BE_Circuit.amcp for Basic Exercise Circuit (Note directory where file is
saved.)
Click on Maxwell Circuit > Export Netlist:
File Name: BE_Circuit.sph (Note directory where file is saved.)
Link the circuit file to the Maxwell project
In the Maxwell BE_Trans_Ckt.mxwl project click on Import Circuit from
the Edit External Circuit dialog and select BE_Circuit.sph
The Edit External Circuit Panel should appear as below with a check in
the Has Inductor in Circuit box.
To verify the location of the imported .sph file, click on Circuit Path tab.

9.6
Assign Balloon Boundary

Click on the menu item Edit > Select > Edges
Select one of the edges of the background region
Click on the menu item Edit > Select > Select Edge Chain
Name: Balloon1
The transient solver does not use the automatic adaptive meshing process, so a
manual mesh needs to be created.
Select the Core and click on the menu item Maxwell 2D > Mesh Operations >
Name: Core_Inside
Select the Coil and click on the menu item Maxwell 2D > Mesh Operations >
Name: Coil_Inside
Click on Maxwell > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup
General Tab
Stop Time: 20 ms
Time Step: 100 us
Save Fields Tab
Type: Linear Count
Start: 0 sec
Stop: 20 msec
Count: 11
Click on: Add to List

9.6
Solve the Problem

select Analyze
Save the Design
Click on File > Save to save the design and results
Plot the Voltage and Current
Click on Maxwell 2D > Results > Create Transient Report > Rectangular plot:
Select Category: NodeVoltage
Select Quantity: NodeVoltage(IVoltmeter)
Click on: New Report
Select Category: Winding
Select Quantity: Current(Winding_A)
Click on: Add Trace
Click on: Close

9.6
Plot the Flux Lines

Be sure that the 2D Modeler window is in the active view window.
Select the menu item View > Set Solution Context
Time: 0.01 sec
Select all of the objects by clicking on Edit > Select All
Click on Maxwell 2D > Fields > Fields > A > Flux Lines
Click on Done
Double click on the plot legend:
Color Map Tab > Number of Divisions: 56
Plots Tab > IsoValType: Line
Zoom in to see the plot below.
This concludes the Basic Example for Transient with

Circuits
Maxwell 2D v12 9.8
Optimetrics Example – Puck Attractor
Puck Magnet Attractor

This example describes how to create and optimize a puck magnet
producing an optimal force on a steel plate using the 2D RZ Magnetostatic
solver and Optimetrics in the Ansoft Maxwell 2D Design Environment.
The optimization obtains the desired force = 0.25N by varying the air gap
between the plate and the puck using a local variable.
Magnet
Steel Plate

Maxwell 2D v12 9.8
Create a New Project

Open up Maxwell V12
Click on the menu item Maxwell 2D> Solution Type
Change the geometry mode to Cylindrical about Z
Solver should be: Magnetic: Magnetostatic
Verify that mm are units under Modeler > Units
Draw the Plate
X,Y, Z: 0,0,0, Enter (default units are in mm)
dX, dY, dZ: 5,0,1, Enter
Change its name from Rectangle1 to Plate
Select the Plate and change its material to Steel 1008
Draw the Magnet

X, Y, Z: 0,0,2 Enter
dX, dY, dZ: 2,0,2 Enter
Change its name to: Magnet
Change its material to: NdFe30
Change its color to Red

Maxwell 2D v12 9.8
Create the relative coordinate system for the puck magnetization:

The default magnetization direction for NdFe30 is in the X-direction. Since
magnetization in the Z-direction is desired for this example, a face coordinate will
be created:
Change to face select mode using: Edit > Select > Faces
Click on the magnet and then choose: the menu item Modeler >
Coordinate System > Create > Face CS
Click on the lower left corner of the magnet and the upper left corner of the
magnet to create the face coordinate system.
Change back to object select mode using: Edit > Select > Objects
Assign the relative coordinate system to the Puck object:

To assign the relative coordinate system:
In the History Tree, select the object Magnet.
Ín the attributes window, change the attribute Orientation to FaceCS1. To
change the value, click on the value Global and select the new coordinate
system from the pull-down list.
In the history tree, change back to the Global coordinate system by clicking
on Global under Coordinate Systems

Maxwell 2D v12 9.8
Setup the magnet motion
To create the variable allowing the magnet to move parametrically:
1. Select the magnet and then Edit > Arrange > Move
2. Click twice on the lower left corner of the magnet
4. The properties window appears automatically. Under command tab set the
Move Vector value to 0, 0, move. Press Enter.
5. The Add Variable window appears automatically. Set the value of the
variable move to 0mm.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.8
Add a Region
Select Pad all Directions and type 300 in Padding Percentage
Reset the view by choosing: View > Fit All > All Views
You should see a message indicating that the –X direction is set to zero due
to RZ-symmetry about the Z-axis.
Save your project

Ex_09_08.mxwl for Basic Exercise Optimization calculation

Maxwell 2D v12 9.8
Assign Boundary to Region Edges

Click on the menu item Edit > Select > Faces
With the CTRL key depressed click on the top, right, and bottom edges.
Click on the menu item Edit > Select > Objects
Assign Force Calculation

Select the Plate and click on the menu item Maxwell2D > Parameters > Assign >
Force
Name: Force1

Maxwell 2D v12 9.8

Right Click on Analysis in the Model Tree and select Add Solution Setup.
Set Maximum Number of Passes: 15
Percent Error: 0.1%
Click OK.
Add the Force as an Output Variable.

Select from the menu, Maxwell 2D > Results > Output Variables . . .
Select Force1.Force_z in the Quantity: window and click on
Insert Into Expression.
Enter ‘Fz’ as the Name and select Add.
Click Done.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.8
Modify Setup and solve a nominal problem

In the project tree, double click on Setup1 under the Analysis folder.
On the Convergence tab, check Use Output Variable Convergence and the
Output Variable: Fz will be displayed in the Convergence, as shown below.
Set Max Delta Per Pass: 0.1%
Click OK.
Find the Validate icon in the tool bar.

(It looks like a green check mark).
This will check the problem setup.
Solve the problem by right clicking on

Setup1 in the Project manager.
Click on Analyze.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.8
View the Automatic Adaptive Mesh Convergence

Right click on the project tree item Analysis > Setup1 and select
Convergence.
View Calculated Force Result

Click on the Force tab in the open Solutions window.
The calculated force is updated automatically after each pass.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.8
Optimetrics Setup and Solution

It is possible to optimize position in order to obtain the specified force. For this
optimization, the position will be varied to obtain a desired force of 0.25N.
Specify the Optimization Variables

Before starting the optimization setup, the appropriate variables must be included
in the optimization.
Select the menu item Maxwell 2D > Design Properties, click on the
Optimization radial button in order to specify that move be used in an
optimization solution.
Check the Include box.
Set the Min = 0mm, and Max = 1mm.
Select OK to exit.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.8
Setup an Optimization Analysis

Select the menu item Maxwell 2D > Optimetrics Analysis > Add Optimization ...
In the Setup Optimization window, change the optimizer to: Sequential Nonlinear
Programming
Reduce the Max No of Iterations: 10 so the solution will not do to many iterations.
Click Setup Calculations... and then Output Variables…
In the Output Variables window, enter the following:
1. Name: target
2. Expression: 0.25
3. Click on Add to create this output variable for the target inductance.
4. Name: cost1
5. Expression: (target - Force_z) ^2
6. Click on Add to create this output variable for the cost function.
7. Click on Done to leave the Output Variable window.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.8

In the Add/Edit Calculation note that both target and cost1 are now listed.
Highlight cost1 and click Add Calculation.
Click Done to leave the Add/Edit Calculation window

In the Setup Optimization window, change the Condition: Minimze
Click OK to leave the Setup Optimization window.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.8
Solve the Optimization Analysis

In the project tree window, highlight OptimizationSetup1.
Select the menu item Maxwell 2D > Analyze All to solve. Solution time is
approximately 5 - 10 minutes.
Optimetrics Results
Your Optimetrics Results will be similar to the following results.
Select the menu item: Maxwell 2D> Optimetrics Analysis > Optimetrics Results
Check Log Scale to display the plot below.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.8
Optimetrics Results
Choose View: Table to display the results below.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.8
Create Plot of Cost vs Force

To create a report:
1. Select the menu item Maxwell 2D > Results > Create Magnetostatic Report
> Rectangular Plot
2. Leave the default settings and click New Report
Ansoft LLC XY Plot 1 Maxwell2DDesign1

550.00
Curve Inf o
500.00 Force1.Force_z
450.00
Force1.Force_z [mNewton]
400.00
350.00
300.00
250.00
200.00
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
m ove [um ]

Maxwell 2D v12 9.8
Create Plot of Cost vs move

To create a report:
1. Select the menu item Maxwell 2D > Results > Create Magnetostatic Report
> Rectangular Plot
2. Choose Quantity: cost1 and click New Report
Ansoft LLC XY Plot 2 Maxwell2DDesign1

1.00E-001
Curve Info
cost1
1.00E-002
1.00E-003
cost1
1.00E-004
1.00E-005
1.00E-006
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
move [um]

Maxwell 2D v12 9.10
Basic Exercise - Scripting
Scripting the Creation of a Model Object

This exercise will discuss how to record, modify and run a script for
automating generation of a circle. The following tasks will be performed:
Record a script in which a circle is created.
Modify the script to change the circle’s radius and height.
Run the modified script.
Create the Project

Click on the menu item File > New
Save the Project

Select the menu item File > Save As…
Save the file as scripting_example.mxwl

Maxwell 2D v12 9.10
Start Recording the Script

Click on the menu item Tools > Record Script. By default the script will be
recorded in Visual Basic format.
Specify the name of the file as script.
Draw the Circle

The radius for our initial circle object will be 1mm.
Click on the menu item Draw > Circle
Using the coordinate entry field, enter the center position:
X: 0.0, Y: 0.0, Z: 0.0, Press the Enter key
Using the coordinate entry field, enter the radius:
Stop Recording the Script

Click on the menu item Tools > Stop Script Recording.
The file is now saved on the disk.
Delete the Circle

Click on the menu item Edit > Select > By Name. Select Circle1 and click OK.
Click on the menu item Edit > Delete.
Run the Script to Recreate the Circle

Click on the menu item Tools > Run Script.
Locate and select the script file and click Open.
If successful, the original circle, Circle1, should be back.
We can now explore the contents of the script file.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.10
Open the Script for Editing

Locate the file on the hard disk and open with notepad.
Script File Contents

Definition of environment variables. Dim is the generic visual basic variable type.
' ----------------------------------------------
' Script Recorded by Maxwell Version 12.0
' 11:38 AM Aug 09, 2007
' ----------------------------------------------
Dim oAnsoftApp
Dim oDesktop
Dim oProject
Dim oDesign
Dim oEditor
Dim oModule
Reference defined environment variables using Set.
Set oAnsoftApp = CreateObject("AnsoftMaxwell.MaxwellScriptInterface")

Set oDesktop = oAnsoftApp.GetAppDesktop()
oDesktop.RestoreWindow
Set oProject = oDesktop.SetActiveProject("scripting_example")
Set oDesign = oProject.SetActiveDesign("Maxwell2DDesign1")
Set oEditor = oDesign.SetActiveEditor("3D Modeler")

Maxwell 2D v12 9.10
Create the circle.

All of the parameters needed to create the circle are defined in this line of
code. Here we will modify the Radius of the circle by changing the
appropriate text.
oEditor.CreateCircle Array("NAME:CircleParameters",
"CoordinateSystemID:=", -1, "IsCovered:=", true,
"XCenter:=", "0mm", "YCenter:=", "0mm", "ZCenter:=", "0mm",
"Radius:=", "1mm", "WhichAxis:=", "Z"), Array("NAME:Attributes", "Name:=",
"Circle1", "Flags:=", "", "Color:=", "(132 132 193)", "Transparency:=", 0,
"PartCoordinateSystem:=", "Global", "MaterialName:=", "vacuum",
"SolveInside:=", true)
Modify Script
Locate the line containing the Radius and change the numerical values to 5mm:
>> "Radius:=", "1mm", "WhichAxis:=", "Z"),

>> "Radius:=", “5mm", "WhichAxis:=", "Z"),
Save the file and return to Maxwell.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.10
Delete the Circle

Click on the menu item Edit > Select > By Name. Select Circle1 and click OK.
Click on the menu item Edit > Delete.
Run the Script to Create the Modified Circle

Click on the menu item Tools > Run Script.
Locate and select the script file and click Open.
If successful, the modified cylinder, Circle1, should appear.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.10
Generalize the script to run in any Project and Design

To run the script in order to create your circle in a different project. Change the
following lines in the script.
Set oProject = oDesktop.SetActiveProject("scripting_example")

Set oDesign = oProject.SetActiveDesign("MaxwellDesign1")
Set oProject = oDesktop.GetActiveProject()

Set oDesign = oProject.GetActiveDesign()
This Completes the Scripting Exercise.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.12
Basic Exercises – Eddy Current Solver
Introduction to the Eddy Current Solver

This example introduces the Eddy Current solver based on a simple
example with a disk above a coil. This solver calculates the magnetic fields
at a specified sinusoidal frequency. Both linear and nonlinear (for saturation
effects) magnetic materials can be used. Also, eddy, skin and proximity
effects are considered.
2D Geometry: Iron Disk above a Spiral Coil

A sinusoidal 500 Hz current will be assigned to an eight turn spiral coil
underneath of a cast iron disk. The coil induces eddy currents and losses in
plate. The 2D model will be setup as shown below using the 2D RZ
axisymmetric solver.
Cast iron
disk
Spiral coil
Simulated 2D model Actual 3D model
Setup the Design

Click on the menu item Project > Insert MaxwellDesign
Select the radio button Magnetic: Eddy Current

Click on Modeler > Units > Select units: cm
Check the Snap Mode

Click on Modeler > Snap mode
Verify that Snap To: Grid and Vertex are set.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.12

Click on Draw > Rectangle (Enter the following points using the tab key).
X: 0, Y: 0, Z: -100
dX: 120, dY: 0, dZ: 200
Name: Region
Transparency: 0.9
Select View > Fitall > Active View to resize the drawing window.
Select wireframe view by selecting: View > Render > Wire Frame.
Draw the Spiral Coil

X: 17, Y: 0, Z: -1
dX: 2, dY: 0, dZ: 2
Name: Coil
Material: Copper
Color: Yellow
Click on Edit > Duplicate > Along Line
Input the first point of the duplicate vector: X: 0, Y: 0, Z: 0
Input the second point of the duplicate vector: dX: 3.1, dY: 0, dZ: 0
Set Total Number: 8
Do not check Attach To Original Object and choose OK.
Draw the Plate

X: 0, Y: 0, Z: 1.5
dX: 41, dY: 0, dZ: 1
Name: Plate
Material: Cast Iron
Color: Red

Maxwell 2D v12 9.12
Assign the Source

A current of 125A will be assigned to each coil. This will result in a total of 1000
A-turns being assigned to the complete winding.
Select Coil, Coil_1, ... Coil _7 from the history tree.
Name: Current
Value: 125 A
Type: Solid
Note: Choosing Solid specifies that the eddy effects in the coil will be
considered. On the other hand, if Stranded had been chosen, only the DC
resistance would have been calculated and no AC effects in the coil would have
been considered. Stranded is appropriate when the skin depth is much larger
than the stranded conductor thickness, for example when using Litz wire. Note
that the induced eddy effects in the plate will be calculated in either case.
Choose Edit > Select > Edges to change the selection mode from object to
edge.

In this example, the compete [8x8] impedance matrix will be calculated. This is
done by setting a parameter.
Click on Maxwell 2D > Parameters > Assign > Matrix
Check each of the eight sources: Current_1, Current_2, ... Current_8

Maxwell 2D v12 9.12
Compute the Skin Depth

Skin depth is a measure of how current density concentrates at the surface of a
conductor carrying an alternating current. It is a function of the permeability,
conductivity and frequency
Skin depth in meters is defined as follows:
2
δ =
ωµ o µ rσ
where:
ω is the angular frequency, which is equal to 2πf. (f is the source frequency which in this
case is 500Hz).
σ is the conductor’s conductivity; for cast iron its 1.5e6 S/m
µr is the conductor’s relative permeability; for cast iron its 60
µο is the permeability of free space, which is equal to 4π×10-7 A/m.
For cast iron the plate the skin depth is approximately 0.24 cm.
After three skin depths, the induced current will become almost negligible. The
automatic adaptive meshing in Maxwell 2D does an excellent job of refining the
mesh in the skin depth, so that mesh operations are not needed.

Click Right on Analysis in the Model Tree and select Add Solution Setup
On the General tab, re-set the Maximum Number of Passes to 15
On the Solver tab, re-set the Adaptive Frequency to 500Hz
Solve the Problem

You will get a warning about Boundaries and Excitations. To clear this warning,
simply return to the eddy effect screen by choosing: Maxwell 2D > Excitations >
Set Eddy Effects > OK. This tells the solver that you have checked the eddy
setup and that you have correctly set the eddy effect on the appropriate objects.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.12
View the Convergence

Click on the Convergence tab to view the adaptive refinement.
Note the total loss is approximately 284 W.
Click on the Matrix tab to display the 8x8 impedance matrix. By default, the
results are displayed as [R, Z] but can be also shown as [R, L] or as coupling
coefficients.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.12
Plot the Mesh

Select all objects and click on Maxwell 2D > Fields > Plot Mesh
Compute Total Power Loss in the Plate

Geometry > Volume > Plate > OK
Integral > RZ
Eval ... Evaluate
Note: The evaluated loss in the Plate should be about 260 W.
Click Done

Maxwell 2D v12 9.12
Compute Total Power Loss in the Coils

Select all eight coils in the history tree and then Modeler > List > Create >
Object List . ‘Objectlist1’ appears under ‘List’ in the History Tree.
Geometry > Volume > Objectlist1> OK
Integral > RZ (Note: RZ is a volume integral, XY is a surface integral)
Eval ... Evaluate
The evaluated loss in the Coils should be about 24 W
Click Done.
Note: The total power loss for the plate and the coils = 260+24 = 284W which
matches the loss result in the convergence table.
Plot Flux Lines

Select all objects
Note that the flux lines are attracted to the plate since it is magnetic. Also,
skin effects are present in the plate since there are eddy currents flowing in
it. This can be seen best if you zoom into the plate

Maxwell 2D v12 9.12
Plot Current Density Scalar in the Plate

Hide the Region by selecting View > Active View Visibility and un checking
Region.
Resize the view by selecting View > Fit All > All Views
Verity that the view is wireframe by selecting: View > Render > Wire Frame
Select the plate.
Click on Maxwell 2D > Fields > Fields > J > JAtPhase > Done
Plot Current Density Scalar in the Coils

Select Objectlist1 to select all eight coils in the winding.
Click on Maxwell 2D > Fields > Fields > J > JAtPhase > Done

Maxwell 2D v12 9.12
Plot Ohmic Loss Distribution

Hide previous plots by selecting View > Active View Visibility > Fields Reporter and
unchecking the previous plots.
Select all objects
Click on Maxwell 2D > Fields > Fields > Other > Ohmic_Loss
Or right mouse click after object Plate is selected, then Fields > Other > Ohmic_Loss
After the plot is displayed, change to a log scale by double left clicking on the legend and
change to Log on the Scale tab.
Animate Current Density Vector

Rotate the view by holding down ALT and then left mouse drag.
Select the Plate
Click on Maxwell 2D > Fields > Fields > J > J_Vector
After the plot is displayed, double left clicking on the legend select the Plots tab.
Choose plot: J_Vector1 and change the Vector plot spacing to: Min = 0.5 and Max = 0.5.
In the Project Window, right click on J_Vector1 and click Animate > OK.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.12
Copy the Design and Solve again at DC

In order to show the difference between the AC case and the DC case,
copy the design and re-run it at 0.001Hz (which is essentially DC).
In the project window, select MaxwellDesign1 and choose Edit > Copy
Click on the green project folder and choose Edit > Paste.
MaxwellDesign2 should appear.
Under MaxwellDesign2, choose Analysis > Setup > Solver and change
the adaptive frequency = 0.001 Hz.
Plot Current Density Scalar

In the project window, just click on JAtPhase1 to display the current density plot. Note
that there is no significant current induced in the plate at 0.001 Hz.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.12
Plot the Flux Lines

In the project window, just click on Flux_Lines1 to display the flux lines plot. Note that
the flux lines penetrate in and through the plate. While saturation is considered at DC,
no AC skin effects or shielding occurs.
This is the end of the Eddy Current Basic Exercise.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.13
Basic Exercise: Transient – Large Motion – Rotational
Large Motion – its Quick Implementation Using the Maxwell

2D Transient Solver
Maxwell Transient is able to consider interactions between transient
electromagnetic fields and mechanical motion of objects.
Maxwell Transient (with motion) includes dB/dt arising from
mechanically moving magnetic fields in space, i.e. moving objects.
Thus, effects coming from so-called motion induced currents can be
considered.
In Maxwell rotational motion can occur around one single motion axis.
This paper represents a quick start to using rotational motion. It will
exercise rotational motion in Maxwell 2D using a rotational actuator
(experimental motor) example.
Subsequent papers will demonstrate rotational motion in more depth,
non-cylindrical rotational motion using a relays example, as well as
translational motion which a solenoid application will serve as an
example for.
The goal of these papers is solely to show and practice working with
large motion in Maxwell. It is neither the goal to simulate real-world
applications, nor to match accurately measured results, nor will these
papers show in detail how to setup and work with other Maxwell
functionality. Please refer to the corresponding topics.
Quickstart – Rotational Motion Using a Rotational Actuator

Example
Maxwell Transient with large motion is a set of advanced topics. Users
should have thorough knowledge on Maxwell fundamentals as well as
Maxwell Transient (without motion) prior to approaching large motion. If
necessary, please consult the proper training papers, help files,
manuals, and application notes.
We will exercise the following in this document:
Create a new or read in an existing rotational actuator model – to
serve as an experimental testbench for large motion
Prepare and adapt this existing actuator model to our needs
Apply large motion to the rotational actuator
Create the band object
Setup rotational motion
Mesh

Maxwell 2D v12 9.13
Perform basic large motion tests

„Large Rotational Standstill“ test
„Large Rotational Constant Speed“ test
„Large Rotational Transient Motion“ test
Compute magnetic rigidity and mechanical natural
frequency
Estimate timestep for transient solver
Make a field animation with large motion
Open the Rotational Actuator Model
Locate the project
Ex_09_13_BasicTransient_MotionRotational_M2dTrs120.mxwl. Open it,
activate the design 00_Template and start working from there. You can
copy/paste 00_Template into your own working project. The other designs
show the fully setup models we will be working on.
The model should look like this:
Fig. 1: Rotational actuator example

Maxwell 2D v12 9.13
Setup and Verify the Electromagnetic Part

Prior to employing large motion, the electromagnetic part of the model
should work correctly. Users are well advised not to setup a complex
model completely at once and then try to simulate, but rather work in
steps. Especially in cases eddy current effects, external circuits, and
large motion are included, the correctness of the setup for each
individual property should be verified. After that, all properties can be
considered together.
For this quickstart, please study the winding setup and background.
We use stranded windings with constant current (to generate a fixed
stator flux vector around which Rotor1 will oscillate later). Also, eddy
effects will be excluded.
Verify the symmetry multiplier being set to 1. In the project tree: RMB
click on Model > Set Symmetry Multiplier (the full geometry is
simulated).
Verify the model depth being set to 25.4 mm. In the project tree: RMB
click on: Model > Set Model Depth (taken from the original 3D project).
Perform a test simulation on the electromagnetic part alone. If desired,
play with various excitations, switch eddy effects in Stator1 and Rotor1
on and off, vary material properties, etc. For each test check the
electromagnetic fields for correctness.
Refer to the corresponding topics on materials, boundaries, excitations,
meshing, transient simulations without motion, and post processing.
If the electromagnetic part without motion effects yielded correct results,
make sure to re-apply the same model setup as elaborated at the
previous page (00_Template).
Rotational Large Motion – The Maxwell Approach
Maxwell separates moving from non-moving objects.
All moving objects must be enclosed
by one so-called band object.
For rotational motion, the band object
must be cylindrical with segmented
outer surface, i.e. a regular polyhedron.
Maxwell considers all moving objects
(inside the band) to form one single
moving object group.
Fig. 2: Band object separating rotor from stator

Maxwell 2D v12 9.13
Constant Speed mode:

If the model is setup to operate in constant speed mode (see below),
Maxwell will not compute mechanical transients.
However, changing magnetic fields owing to speed ωm, i. e. dB/dt
effects are included in the field solution.
Mechanical Transient mode:
In case inertia was specified, Maxwell will compute the motion
equation in each time step.
Jm · d2ϕm(t) / dt2 + kD(t) · dϕm(t) / dt = Tψ(t) + Tm(t)

See Appendix A for a variable explanation.
Apply Large Motion to the Rotational Actuator – Create the
Band Object and Mesh
First, let‘s examine the moving parts to comply with Maxwell‘s conventions:
All moving objects can be separated from the stationary objects and
can be combined to one single rotating group. All moving objects be
considered to perform the same cylindrical motion.
Create the band object:
We want a regular polyhedron that encloses all moving objects.
Outer surface segmentation should be between 1° and 5°, i. e. we will
have between 360 and 72 outer surface segments.
The band object should preferably cut through the middle of the airgap,
leaving about the same space to Rotor1 and Stator1. However, this is
not a must.
Hide all objects except Rotor1 and Stator1.

Determine the required radius:
Modeler > Measure > Position
In the geometry, click first on the origin, then move so that the
mouse pointer snaps to one outer corner point of Rotor1. Read
the Distance value from the Measura Data window (51.05 mm).
Then move over so that the pointer snaps to one inner corner
point of Stator1. Read the Distance value (53.75 mm).
See Fig. 3 next page.
Thus, band should have a radius of 52.4 mm. Here, 52.5 mm
was used.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.13
Fig. 3: Rotor1 radius measurement
Draw the band:

Draw > Regular Polygon, have X = 0, Y = 0, Z = 0 for the Center
position. When asked for the Radius, enter 52.5 into the dX (or
dY) field, leaving dZ and dY (or dX) zero. Set the number of
segments to 72.
Rename the thus created object to Band1, apply a transparency

of 0.9, and maybe use some nicer color.
The created Band1 object should look like Fig. 4.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.13
Fig. 4: Band object Band1
We have now created Band1 that encloses all rotating objects

(only Rotor1 in this example).
72 outer segments means a new segment every 5°. For more
accurate simulations we should apply more segments.
Setup rotational motion:
In the history tree, right mouse click on the Band1 object and choose:
Assign Band...
This automatically separates moving from stationary objects.
Under Motion Type, check Rotational for the Motion Type, leave
Non-Cylindrical unchecked, and select Global:Z – Positive for
the Rotation Axis.
On the Data tab, apply zero for the initial position. Thus, motion
will start at t = 0 with the rotor position being as drawn. Applying
ϕm0 ≠ 0 would start with Rotor1 rotated by ϕm0 from the drawn
position. Leave Rotate Limit unchecked (allowing the rotor to
spin continuously) and leave Non-Cylindrical unchecked.
Under Mechanical, uncheck Consider Mechanical Transient and
apply an Angular Velocity of zero.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.13
Now, we have setup „large rotational standstill“. Positive magnetic

torque is generated around the positive z-axis (global coordinate
system, Fig. 5). In the project tree > active design > Model, two new
entries have been created – MotionSetup1 and Moving1. Clicking on
Moving1 inspect the motion setup.
Applying the same constant current as before, we can expect the
same constant magnetic torque (provided a good mesh).
Fig. 5: Motion setup
Mesh
Meshing is a very critical issue with respect to simulation speed and
accuracy. For here, we will apply a rather coarse mesh only, by which
the solver will just yield satisfactory results.
Band1:
For torque computation, the most critical areas are the airgap
and its immediate proximity. Thus, the band mesh is crucial for
accurate results.
We will apply a length based mesh on the surface and inside of
Band1. We will restrict the number of elements to 5000. This
will do for these tests.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.13
Right mouse click on Band1 > Assign Mesh Operation > Inside
Rename this mesh entry to Band_Length,
Restrict Length of Elements – unchecked,
Restrict Number of Elements – checked, set to 5000, OK.
For all other objects we will also just restrict the number of elements –
for simplicity reasons only. The mesh will be assigned one by one. For
each,
right click the object > Assign Mesh Operation > Inside
Restrict Length of Elements – unchecked,
Restrict Number of Elements – checked.
Following, first the object names are listed, second the
maximum number of elements to apply, and third the name
given to the resulting mesh entry:
Rotor1 – 1000 – Rotor_Length
Stator1 – 1000 – Stator_Length
CoilA and CoilB – 100 – Coils_Length (simultaneously
selecting CoilA, CoilA_Neg, CoilB, and CoilB_Neg will try
to assign 100 triangles to the group, i. e. about 25
triangle in each coil will result)
Background1 – 1000 – Background_Length.
Once done assigning, you should see project tree entries like Fig. 5.
Assign a solution setup:
In the project tree, right mouse click Analysis > Add Solution
Setup...
ClickOK to accept the default values for now.
We need this setup just to allow meshing and check the mesh,
we will care about its values later.
In the project tree right mouse click Analysis > Setup1 > Apply Mesh
Operations. Watch the progress bar (usually bottom right). Watch the
message window (usually bottom left) for a message that says that the
Simulation has been successfully completed. Now, meshing is done.
Select View > Set Solution Context leaving Time = -1 (the simulation
has not yet started) and then click on OK.
Select all objects except for Background1. Maxwell > Fields > Plot
Mesh. Your mesh plot should look similar to Fig. 6.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.13
Fig. 6: Mesh entries Fig. 7: Resulting mesh
Perform Basic Large Motion Tests

These basic tests serve model verification. They can be executed rather
quickly. Should they fail in whatever respect, there is no use going further
and working with more complex models (like mechanical transients, external
circuits, eddy currents, etc.).
Simulate the „Large Rotational Standstill“ test:
Refer to design 11_GeoFull_MagI_MchStandstill.
Setup Solution
In the project tree, double click on: Setup1.
Set 20 ms for the stop time. Set 5 ms for the time step.
Leave all other properties of Setup1 untouched. Exit by OK.
We have now told Maxwell Transient to simulate five timesteps only
(icl. zero), because we are expecting a quasi magnetostatic result.
Right mouse click Analysis > Setup1 > Analyze will start the simulation
process. Its progress can be monitored in the progress window.
Post process:
We will just look at the force function at the moment.
In the project tree, right mouse click Results > Create Transient
Report. > Rectangular Plot, select Category = Torque, and
Quantity = Moving.Torque, press New Report, and Close.
Your report should show constant force of about 400 mNm.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.13
Perform the “Large Rotational Constant Speed“ test:

Refer to design 12_GeoFull_MagI_MchSpeedslow.
We will now operate the rotational actuator at a very slow constant
speed.
Remember, there is only one magnetic excitation present in the model
– namely constant coil current with stranded windings. Alternatively,
Rotor1 could have been assigned permanent magnet properties. Eddy
effects are switched off for all objects.
We can now use Transient with Large Motion to monitor cogging
torque effects.
Setup motion
In the project tree, underModel right mouse click on
MotionSetup1 and select Properties.
Under Data, set Initial Position to -61 deg.
Under Mechanical, set Angular Velocity to 1 deg_per_sec.
Rotor1 as drawn has a -29° offset. This is taken to be the zero
position for the transient solver. By giving an extra -61°, positive
rotation of 1 °/s starts at: -61 -29 = -90°.
Setup Solution
Right mouse click on Analysis > Setup1 > Properties.
Set Stop Time to 180 s.
Set Time Step to 5 s
By rotating at a speed of 1 °/s 180 s long, Rotor1 will move
180°, i. e. from -90° to +90°, at 5°/step.
Right mouse click Analysis > Setup1 > Analyze
During solving, you can already open the report Torque(t). The plot is
going to build up with each timestep completed. See Fig. 7.
Ansoft Corporation Torque(t) 12_GeoFull_MagI_MchSpeedslow
500.00
Curve Info
Torque
Setup1 : Transient
400.00
300.00
200.00
Torque [mNewtonMeter]
100.00
0.00
-100.00
-200.00
-300.00
-400.00
Fig. 8: Magnetic torque Tψ(t)
-500.00
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00
Time [s]

Maxwell 2D v12 9.13
Perform the „Large Rotational Transient Motion“ test:

We will now operate the actuator as a one-body oscillator.
Inertia will be specified as well as some damping.
We can expect Rotor1 to oscillate around the stator flux axis (y-axis) at
some natural frequency f0, which can be approximated as:
1 cψ
f0 =
2π J
J in kgm is the total moment of inertia acting on Rotor1.
2
cψ in Nm/rad is the magnetic rigidity. As an analogy it can be

understood as a mechanical spring spanned between Rotor1 and
Stator1, whose force coming from the magnetic field.
We can roughly calculate rigidity c from the cogging torque function
(stable limb):
∆Tψ 400 mNm
cψ = ≈ = 2.3 Nm/rad
∆ϕ m rad(10°)
Assuming inertia J = 0.0024 kgm2, an approximated f0 = 5 Hz results.
This is sufficient for estimating the necessary timestep as far as
mechanical oscillations are regarded.
Refer to design 13_GeoFull_MagI_MchTransient.
Motion Setup (Model > MotionSetup > Properties):
Under Data, set Initial Position = 0.
Under Mechanical (see Fig. 9), set
Consider Mechanical Transient = checked
Initial Angular Velocity = 0,
Moment of Inertia = 0.0024 kgm2,
Damping = 0.015 Nm·s/rad, and Load Torque = 0.
This causes 15 mNm resistive torque at 1 rad/s speed.
We thus expect oscillation between -29° and +29° (w. r. t. stator
flux axis) at f0 < 5 Hz with damped amplitudes.
Fig. 9: Motion setup

Maxwell 2D v12 9.13
Solution Setup:
Under Analysis > Setup1 > Proporties, set
Stop Time = 0.5 s, Time Step = 0.01 s
From f0, we can expect a >200 ms cycle. At 10 ms
timestep we will sample one cycle >20 times.
Analyze this design. Open the already generated report Torque(t).
This and the two additional reports for speed and position should look
like Fig. 9-11.
500.00
Curve Info
Torque
Setup1 : Transien
400.00
300.00
200.00
Torque [mNewtonMeter]
100.00
0.00
-100.00
-200.00
-300.00
Fig. 10: Torque Tψ(t)
100.00
-400.00 Curve Info
Moving1.Speed
Setup1 : Transient
80.00
60.00
40.00
Moving1.Speed [rpm]
20.00
0.00
-20.00
-40.00
-60.00
Fig. 11:
-80.00
Mechanical speed ωm(t)
50.00 Curve Info
Moving1.Position
Setup1 : Transient
40.00
Moving1.Position [deg]
30.00
20.00
10.00
Fig. 12:
0.00
Mechanical position ϕm(t)
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500
Time [ms]

Maxwell 2D v12 9.13
The transient reports have been created using:

Category: Speed, Quantity: Moving.Speed, and
Category: Position, Quantity: Moving.Position.
Fig. 10-12 on the previous page:
Tψ looks as expected from previous simulations.
ωm corresponds to Tψ‘s first derivative and is correct.
ϕm oscillates around +29°, which is the stator flux axis (y) with
respect to the initial position.
Appendix A: Variable Explanation:
ϕm(t) Mechanical angular position in rad

(angles can also be given in degrees).
ϕm0 Initial ϕm in rad. Note that the drawn
rotor position is considered as ϕm0 = 0.
dϕm(t) / dt, ωm(t) Mechanical angular speed in rad/s.
ωm0 Initial ωm in rad/s.
d2ϕm(t) / dt2 Mechanical angular acceleration in
rad/s2.
Jm Moment of inertia in kg·m2. This is the
total inertia acting on the moving object
group. If extra inertia needs to be
included (i. e. inertia not geometrically
modeled), just add this to Jm.
kD(t) Damping koefficient in Nm·s/rad. For kD
= 1 Nm·s/rad, resistive torque of 1 Nm
would be generated if the moving parts
turn at 1 rad/s. kD can be a function of t,
ωm, or ϕm.
Tψ Magnetically generated torque in Nm.
Tm Mechanical extra torque in Nm, this can
be a constant or a function of t, ωm, or
ϕm. Note, that a positive Tm value will
accelerate rather than brake.
t The current simulation time in s.

9.14
Topic – 2D Boundary Conditions
Assigning Boundary Conditions
Boundary Conditions
Boundary conditions enable you to control the characteristics of planes,
faces, or interfaces between objects. Boundary conditions are important to
understand and are fundamental to solution of Maxwell’s equations.
Purpose of the Exercise

This exercise introduces various boundary conditions used in Maxwell 2D
based on a simple example with coils and steel core. The user will learn how
to use Vector Potential, Balloon, Symmetry and Matching Boundary (Master
and Slave).
Ansoft Maxwell Design Environment

The following features of the Ansoft Maxwell Design Environment are used to
create the models covered in this topic
2D Sheet Modeling
User Defined Primitives (UDPs): SRMCore
Boolean Operations: Separate Bodies
Boundaries/Excitations
Current: Stranded
Boundaries: Vector Potential, Balloon, Symmetry, Master/Slave,
Analysis
Magnetostatic
Field Overlays:
H Vector
Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator V12 User’s Guide 9.14-1

9.14
Summary of eight designs to be simulated
1_VectorPotential 2_Balloon
4_Symmetry_Odd and 6_NoSymmetry
3_Balloon_ChangeExcitation
5_Symmetry_Even
7_Matching_Positive 8_Matching_Negative

9.14
Getting Started
Launching Maxwell
To access Maxwell, click the Microsoft Start button, select Programs, and select
Ansoft and then Maxwell 12. Or double click the icon on the desktop.
Setting Tool Options

To set the tool options:
Note: In order to follow the steps outlined in this example, verify that the
following tool options are set :
1. Select the menu item Tools > Options > Maxwell 2D Options
2. Maxwell Options Window:
1. Click the General Options tab
Use Wizards for data entry when creating new boundaries: ;

Checked
Duplicate boundaries with geometry: ; Checked
3. Select the menu item Tools > Options > Modeler Options.
4. 3D Modeler Options Window:
1. Click the Operation tab
Automatically cover closed polylines: ; Checked

2. Click the Drawing tab
Edit property of new primitives: ; Checked


9.14
Opening a New Project
To open a new project:

1. In an Maxwell window, click the on the Standard toolbar, or select the
menu item File > New.
2. Select the menu item Project > Insert Maxwell 2D Design, or click on the
icon.
3. Save the project with name “Ex_9_14_BasicBoundaryCondictions” to your
own folder. Change the name of the design from “Maxwell2DDesign1” to
“1_VectorPotential”.
Set Solution Type

Select the menu item: Maxwell 2D > Solution Type > Magnetostatic, or right
mouse click on 1_VectorPotential and select Solution Type.
The Geometry Mode should be: Cartesian, XY
Creating 2D Model
The example that will be used to demonstrate how to assign boundary conditions
does not represent any real-world product. The intent of this write-up is rather to
demonstrate how boundary conditions are implemented.
Set Model Units

Select the menu item Modeler > Units > Select Units: mm (millimeters)

9.14
Create Stator and Coils:

A User Defined Primitive will be used to create the Stator and Coils
Draw > User Defined Primitive > Syslib > Rmxprt > SRMCore
Use the values given in the panel below to create the Stator and Coils
Click on the object just created in the drawing window and in the panel on
the left change its name from SRMCore1 to Stator.
Change the Material from vacuum to nickel.

9.14
The stator and coils were created as one entity and they need to be
separated.
1. Click on the Stator-Coil group so that they are selected
2. Select the menu item Modeler > Boolean > Separate Bodies, the
result will be a single stator and eight coil cross-sections.
As was done with the Stator, change the name, materials, and color for
Coils. The material property for the Stator will be nickel, and the material
property for the Coils will be copper. The name and color for each object is
given below.
Coil3 Coil2
Coil1
Coil4
Coil8
Coil5
Stator
Coil7
Coil6

9.14
Assign Current Source to Coils

Select all eight coils by holding down the CTRL key and using your mouse or
selecting from tree on the left hand side of the GUI
Select the menu item Maxwell 2D > Excitations > Assign > Current or right click
> Assign Excitations > Current
1. Change the Base Name to Current
2. Change the value to 100 Amps

9.14
The project tree now shows eight separate Excitations, each of them
is pointing out of the plane (along Z axis):
Changing directions of Excitations
Right click on Excitations > List …, hold down CTRL key and select Current_2,
Current_4, Current_6 and Current_8, then click on “Properties”, change direction
from Positive to Negative.

9.14
Create the Problem Region

One of the main differences between Maxwell V11 and V12 is that a Background
Region is not automatically created when a project is started. A separate object
needs to be specifically created.
To create a rectangular region simply select Draw > Region, or click the icon
from standard toolbar. The size of this rectangular region is based on dimensions
of the existing objects. Change Padding Percentage to 20.
Click View > Fit All > All Views, or CTRL + D.

9.14
Create an Analysis Setup

Select the menu item Maxwell 2D > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup or right
click on the Analysis in the project window > Add Solution Setup
Select General and verify the setting as follows
Select Convergence and verify the setting as follows
Set up Boundary Conditions

Select the menu item Edit > Select > Edges or right click in the Modeler > Select
Edges
Select outer edge of the Stator
Click on the menu item Maxwell 2D >
Boundaries > Assign > Vector Potential …
Accpet the default value and OK.

9.14
Save the Project

Select the menu item File > Save
Check the Validity of the Model

Select the menu item Maxwell > Validation Check, or click on the icon
The problem won’t solve unless each item has a check mark.
Analyze
Select the menu item Maxwell 2D > Analyze All, or click on the icon

9.14
Solution Data
To view the Solution Data, select the menu item Maxwell 2D >
Results > Solution Data, or right click on Setup1 under Analysis >
Convergence
Here you can view the Profile and the Convergence.
Note: The default view for convergence is Table. Click on the Plot
radio button to view a graphical representations of the convergence
data.
Note: You don’t have to wait for the solution to be done to do this.
You can do this while the simulation is running, all information will
update automatically after each pass is done.

9.14
Plot Mesh, H-Field Vector and Flux Line

Click on the menu item Edit > Select All Visible or Select All, or use CTRL + A ,
or select everything from the history tree window, then right mouse click in the
modeler and select Plot Mesh .
Do the same, select all objects, then right mouse click in the modeler and select
Fields > H > H_Vector, and Fields > A > Flux Lines .

9.14
The following H-field vector plot will appear, which is the result of the current
excitation on the left side.
If the plot is not as nice as you may want to see, you can double click on the
legend bar, then change various settings under Color map / Scale / Marker /
Arrow or Plots tabs.

9.14
Create Design2: 2_Balloon

Click on design 1_VectorPotential in the Project Manager window and then right
mouse click and select Copy
Click on the project name Ex_9_14_Basic_BoundaryConditions, right click and
select Paste, a new design called 1_VectorPotential1 has been created, change
the design name to 2_Balloon.
Click on VectorPotential1 under Boundaries in the Project Manager, and press
“Delete” from keyboard to remove the boundary condition.
Right click in the modeler and select Select Edges, to change from object
selection mode to edge selection mode.
Left mouse click on one of the edges of the Region, then right mouse click and
select All Object Edges to select all edges of the Region.
Right mouse click again, Assign Boundary > Balloon…
Run the simulation and compare H Field plot with the previous design that has
vector potential boundary.
Balloon on all edges of the Region Zero Vector Potential on the outer edge of the Stator

9.14
Create Design3: 3_Balloon_ChangeExcitation

Click on design 2_Balloon in the Project Manager window and then right
Click on the project name Ex_9_14_Basic_BoundaryConditions, right click
and select Paste, a new design called 2_Balloon1 has been created, change
the design name to 3_Balloon_ChangeExcitation.
Modify Current Excitation

Click on Excitations > Current_3 in the
Project window, you will see a Properties
window under Project window, change from
Positive to Negative in the Direction row. Also,
Change Current_7 from Positive to Negative
Change Current_4 and Current_8 from
Negative to Positive.
The purpose is to change the current
excitation as shown in the graph below.
Current_3 Current_2
Current_4 Current_1
Current_5 Current_8 Current_1 Positive

Current_2 Negative
Current_3 Negative
Current_4 Positive
Current_5 Positive
Current_6 Negative
Current_6 Current_7
Current_7 Negative
Current_8 Positive

9.14
Run the simulation and compare H Field plot with Design2 2_Balloon that has
different excitations.
Design2: 2_Balloon Design3: 3_Balloon_ChangeExcitation

9.14
Symmetry Boundary
Create Design4: 4_Symmetry_Odd
Click on design 2_Balloon in the Project Manager window and then
right mouse click and select Copy
Click on the project name Ex_9_14_Basic_BoundaryConditions, right
click and select Paste, a new design called 2_Balloon1 has been
created, change the design name to 4_Symmetry_Odd.
Select all objects and right mouse click in the modeler > Boolean >
Split, choose XZ plane to create half geometry.
In the history tree, double click on CreateRegion under Vacuum >

Region, change –Y Padding Percentage to 0.
Remove the Balloon boundary, reassign the Balloon boundary to
three edges (not on the symmetry edge).
Change to Edge selection mode and click on the edge of the Region
along X axis, right mouse click in the modeler > Assign Boundary >
Symmetry, choose Odd (Flux Tangential).

9.14
Run simulation and view results.
Symmetry: Odd (Flux Tangential)

9.14
Create Design5: 5_Symmetry_Even

Click on design 4_Symmetry_Odd in the Project Manager window and then right
select Paste, a new design called 4_Symmetry_Odd1 has been created, change
the design name to 5_Symmetry_Even.
Select the Symmetry boundary and change it to Even (Flux Normal).
Symmetry: Even (Flux Normal)

9.14
Create Design6: 6_NoSymmetry

the design name to 6_NoSymmetry.
Select the Symmetry boundary and delete it.
The result should look the same as Design4: 4_Symmetry_Odd because odd symmetry
or flux tangential is the default boundary condition.
No Symmetry: by default an Odd (Flux

Tangential boundary is assigned)

9.14
Matching Boundaries (Master/Slave).
Design7: 7_Matching_Positive Design8: 8_Matching_Negative
Slave=Master Slave= — Master
Master Master

9.14
Matching Boundaries: Master/Slave

Create Design7: 7_Matching_Positive
Click on design 6_NoSymmetry in the Project Manager window and then right
mouse click and select Copy.
select Paste, a new design called 6_NoSymmetry1 has been created, change the
design name to 7_Matching_Positive.
Select all objects and right mouse click in the modeler > Edit > Boolean > Split,
choose YZ plane.
Change –X Padding Percentage of the Region to be 0.
Remove the existing Balloon boundary and redefine it on two edges of the
Region that are not on X and Y axis.
Change to Edge selection mode and select the edge of the Region that is along X
axis. Right mouse click in the modeler > Assign Boundary > Master. Be sure that
the master vector arrow is pointing in the positive X direction. If not use Swap
Direction.
Select the edge of the Region that is along Y axis. Right mouse click in the
modeler > Assign Boundary > Slave. Be sure that the slave vector arrow is
pointing in the positive Y direction. If not use Swap Direction.
Choose Master1 from the pull down menu, and Relation as Bs = Bm.

9.14
Run Simulation and view results.
Slave=Master
Master

9.14
Create Design8: 8_Matching_Negative

Click on design 7_Matching_Postitive in the Project Manager window and then
right mouse click and select Copy.
select Paste, a new design called 7_Matching_Postitive1 has been created,
change the design name to 8_Matching_Negative.
Change the Slave boundary Relation to Bs = - Bm.
Slave=-Master
Master

9.14
Assigning Boundary Conditions
Boundary Conditions
Boundary conditions enable you to control the characteristics of planes,
faces, or interfaces between objects. Boundary conditions are important to
understand and are fundamental to solution of Maxwell’s equations.
Purpose of the Exercise

This exercise introduces various boundary conditions used in Maxwell 2D
based on a simple example with coils and steel core. The user will learn how
to use Vector Potential, Balloon, Symmetry and Matching Boundary (Master
and Slave).
Ansoft Maxwell Design Environment

The following features of the Ansoft Maxwell Design Environment are used to
create the models covered in this topic
2D Sheet Modeling
User Defined Primitives (UDPs): SRMCore
Boolean Operations: Separate Bodies
Boundaries/Excitations
Current: Stranded
Boundaries: Vector Potential, Balloon, Symmetry, Master/Slave,
Analysis
Magnetostatic
Field Overlays:
H Vector

9.14
Summary of eight designs to be simulated
1_VectorPotential 2_Balloon
4_Symmetry_Odd and 6_NoSymmetry
3_Balloon_ChangeExcitation
5_Symmetry_Even
7_Matching_Positive 8_Matching_Negative

9.14
Getting Started
Launching Maxwell
To access Maxwell, click the Microsoft Start button, select Programs, and select
Ansoft and then Maxwell 12. Or double click the icon on the desktop.
Setting Tool Options

To set the tool options:
Note: In order to follow the steps outlined in this example, verify that the
following tool options are set :
1. Select the menu item Tools > Options > Maxwell 2D Options
2. Maxwell Options Window:
1. Click the General Options tab
Use Wizards for data entry when creating new boundaries: ;

Checked
Duplicate boundaries with geometry: ; Checked
3. Select the menu item Tools > Options > Modeler Options.
4. 3D Modeler Options Window:
1. Click the Operation tab
Automatically cover closed polylines: ; Checked

2. Click the Drawing tab
Edit property of new primitives: ; Checked


9.14
Opening a New Project
To open a new project:

1. In an Maxwell window, click the on the Standard toolbar, or select the
menu item File > New.
2. Select the menu item Project > Insert Maxwell 2D Design, or click on the
icon.
3. Save the project with name “Ex_9_14_BasicBoundaryCondictions” to your
own folder. Change the name of the design from “Maxwell2DDesign1” to
“1_VectorPotential”.
Set Solution Type

Select the menu item: Maxwell 2D > Solution Type > Magnetostatic, or right
mouse click on 1_VectorPotential and select Solution Type.
The Geometry Mode should be: Cartesian, XY
Creating 2D Model
The example that will be used to demonstrate how to assign boundary conditions
does not represent any real-world product. The intent of this write-up is rather to
demonstrate how boundary conditions are implemented.
Set Model Units

Select the menu item Modeler > Units > Select Units: mm (millimeters)

9.14
Create Stator and Coils:

A User Defined Primitive will be used to create the Stator and Coils
Draw > User Defined Primitive > Syslib > Rmxprt > SRMCore
Use the values given in the panel below to create the Stator and Coils
Click on the object just created in the drawing window and in the panel on
the left change its name from SRMCore1 to Stator.
Change the Material from vacuum to nickel.

9.14
The stator and coils were created as one entity and they need to be
separated.
1. Click on the Stator-Coil group so that they are selected
2. Select the menu item Modeler > Boolean > Separate Bodies, the
result will be a single stator and eight coil cross-sections.
As was done with the Stator, change the name, materials, and color for
Coils. The material property for the Stator will be nickel, and the material
property for the Coils will be copper. The name and color for each object is
given below.
Coil3 Coil2
Coil1
Coil4
Coil8
Coil5
Stator
Coil7
Coil6

9.14
Assign Current Source to Coils

Select all eight coils by holding down the CTRL key and using your mouse or
selecting from tree on the left hand side of the GUI
Select the menu item Maxwell 2D > Excitations > Assign > Current or right click
> Assign Excitations > Current
1. Change the Base Name to Current
2. Change the value to 100 Amps

9.14
The project tree now shows eight separate Excitations, each of them
is pointing out of the plane (along Z axis):
Changing directions of Excitations
Right click on Excitations > List …, hold down CTRL key and select Current_2,
Current_4, Current_6 and Current_8, then click on “Properties”, change direction
from Positive to Negative.

9.14
Create the Problem Region

One of the main differences between Maxwell V11 and V12 is that a Background
Region is not automatically created when a project is started. A separate object
needs to be specifically created.
To create a rectangular region simply select Draw > Region, or click the icon
from standard toolbar. The size of this rectangular region is based on dimensions
of the existing objects. Change Padding Percentage to 20.
Click View > Fit All > All Views, or CTRL + D.

9.14
Create an Analysis Setup

Select the menu item Maxwell 2D > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup or right
click on the Analysis in the project window > Add Solution Setup
Select General and verify the setting as follows
Select Convergence and verify the setting as follows
Set up Boundary Conditions

Select the menu item Edit > Select > Edges or right click in the Modeler > Select
Edges
Select outer edge of the Stator
Click on the menu item Maxwell 2D >
Boundaries > Assign > Vector Potential …
Accpet the default value and OK.

9.14
Save the Project

Select the menu item File > Save
Check the Validity of the Model

Select the menu item Maxwell > Validation Check, or click on the icon
The problem won’t solve unless each item has a check mark.
Analyze
Select the menu item Maxwell 2D > Analyze All, or click on the icon

9.14
Solution Data
To view the Solution Data, select the menu item Maxwell 2D >
Results > Solution Data, or right click on Setup1 under Analysis >
Convergence
Here you can view the Profile and the Convergence.
Note: The default view for convergence is Table. Click on the Plot
radio button to view a graphical representations of the convergence
data.
Note: You don’t have to wait for the solution to be done to do this.
You can do this while the simulation is running, all information will
update automatically after each pass is done.

9.14
Plot Mesh, H-Field Vector and Flux Line

Click on the menu item Edit > Select All Visible or Select All, or use CTRL + A ,
or select everything from the history tree window, then right mouse click in the
modeler and select Plot Mesh .
Do the same, select all objects, then right mouse click in the modeler and select
Fields > H > H_Vector, and Fields > A > Flux Lines .

9.14
The following H-field vector plot will appear, which is the result of the current
excitation on the left side.
If the plot is not as nice as you may want to see, you can double click on the
legend bar, then change various settings under Color map / Scale / Marker /
Arrow or Plots tabs.

9.14
Create Design2: 2_Balloon

Click on design 1_VectorPotential in the Project Manager window and then right
select Paste, a new design called 1_VectorPotential1 has been created, change
the design name to 2_Balloon.
Click on VectorPotential1 under Boundaries in the Project Manager, and press
“Delete” from keyboard to remove the boundary condition.
Right click in the modeler and select Select Edges, to change from object
selection mode to edge selection mode.
Left mouse click on one of the edges of the Region, then right mouse click and
select All Object Edges to select all edges of the Region.
Right mouse click again, Assign Boundary > Balloon…
Run the simulation and compare H Field plot with the previous design that has
vector potential boundary.
Balloon on all edges of the Region Zero Vector Potential on the outer edge of the Stator

9.14
Create Design3: 3_Balloon_ChangeExcitation

Click on design 2_Balloon in the Project Manager window and then right
Click on the project name Ex_9_14_Basic_BoundaryConditions, right click
and select Paste, a new design called 2_Balloon1 has been created, change
the design name to 3_Balloon_ChangeExcitation.
Modify Current Excitation

Click on Excitations > Current_3 in the
Project window, you will see a Properties
window under Project window, change from
Positive to Negative in the Direction row. Also,
Change Current_7 from Positive to Negative
Change Current_4 and Current_8 from
Negative to Positive.
The purpose is to change the current
excitation as shown in the graph below.
Current_3 Current_2
Current_4 Current_1
Current_5 Current_8 Current_1 Positive

Current_2 Negative
Current_3 Negative
Current_4 Positive
Current_5 Positive
Current_6 Negative
Current_6 Current_7
Current_7 Negative
Current_8 Positive

9.14
Run the simulation and compare H Field plot with Design2 2_Balloon that has
different excitations.

9.14
Symmetry Boundary
Create Design4: 4_Symmetry_Odd
Click on design 2_Balloon in the Project Manager window and then
right mouse click and select Copy
Click on the project name Ex_9_14_Basic_BoundaryConditions, right
click and select Paste, a new design called 2_Balloon1 has been
created, change the design name to 4_Symmetry_Odd.
Select all objects and right mouse click in the modeler > Boolean >
Split, choose XZ plane to create half geometry.
In the history tree, double click on CreateRegion under Vacuum >

Region, change –Y Padding Percentage to 0.
Remove the Balloon boundary, reassign the Balloon boundary to
three edges (not on the symmetry edge).
Change to Edge selection mode and click on the edge of the Region
along X axis, right mouse click in the modeler > Assign Boundary >
Symmetry, choose Odd (Flux Tangential).

9.14
Symmetry: Odd (Flux Tangential)

9.14
Create Design5: 5_Symmetry_Even

the design name to 5_Symmetry_Even.
Select the Symmetry boundary and change it to Even (Flux Normal).
Symmetry: Even (Flux Normal)

9.14
Create Design6: 6_NoSymmetry

the design name to 6_NoSymmetry.
Select the Symmetry boundary and delete it.
The result should look the same as Design4: 4_Symmetry_Odd because odd symmetry
or flux tangential is the default boundary condition.
No Symmetry: by default an Odd (Flux

Tangential boundary is assigned)

9.14
Matching Boundaries (Master/Slave).
Design7: 7_Matching_Positive Design8: 8_Matching_Negative
Slave=Master Slave= — Master
Master Master

9.14
Matching Boundaries: Master/Slave

Create Design7: 7_Matching_Positive
Click on design 6_NoSymmetry in the Project Manager window and then right
mouse click and select Copy.
select Paste, a new design called 6_NoSymmetry1 has been created, change the
design name to 7_Matching_Positive.
Select all objects and right mouse click in the modeler > Edit > Boolean > Split,
choose YZ plane.
Change –X Padding Percentage of the Region to be 0.
Remove the existing Balloon boundary and redefine it on two edges of the
Region that are not on X and Y axis.
Change to Edge selection mode and select the edge of the Region that is along X
axis. Right mouse click in the modeler > Assign Boundary > Master. Be sure that
the master vector arrow is pointing in the positive X direction. If not use Swap
Direction.
Select the edge of the Region that is along Y axis. Right mouse click in the
modeler > Assign Boundary > Slave. Be sure that the slave vector arrow is
pointing in the positive Y direction. If not use Swap Direction.
Choose Master1 from the pull down menu, and Relation as Bs = Bm.

9.14
Slave=Master
Master

9.14
Create Design8: 8_Matching_Negative

Click on design 7_Matching_Postitive in the Project Manager window and then
right mouse click and select Copy.
select Paste, a new design called 7_Matching_Postitive1 has been created,
change the design name to 8_Matching_Negative.
Change the Slave boundary Relation to Bs = - Bm.
Slave=-Master
Master

Maxwell 2D v12 9.15
Basic Exercise – PM Assignment
Permanent Magnets Assignment

This exercise will discuss how to set up a permanent magnet (PM) material to an object. This
procedure is applicable for Magnetostatic and Transient Solvers.
Start working with Maxwell

Start Maxwell V12
If a new project is not open click on Project > New
Project > Insert Maxwell 2D Design
Maxwell 2D > Solution Type > Magnetic: Magnetostatic; Geometry Mode: Cartesian, XY
Problem definition
We are interested to solve the magnetic field of a Circular PM placed in vacuum. The material of
PM is NdFeB35 and the magnet is magnetized in the direction 30 degrees relative to the Global X
direction.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.15
Orientation of objects as one of the attributes

Each object in Maxwell is associated with certain coordinate system. This is called Orientation
and it is specified under attributes for each object. Let us create an object (circle with the center in
[0,0,0] and radius of 1 mm) and observe its Orientation.
Click on the menu item Draw > Circle
X,Y, Z: 0, 0, 0 Enter
DX, DY, DZ: 1, 0, 0 Enter
Edit > Properties; Select Attribute Tab
Change the name from Circle1 to magnet
Before clicking OK see that one of the attributes displayed is Orientation. The Orientation of this
object is Global. This means that our object magnet is currently associated with the Global
coordinate system. Global Coordinate system exists by default in a newly inserted Maxwell
Design. Left-clicking on Global allows changing the Orientation to other coordinate system,
provided, of course, that some other coordinate system exists. Click OK to close the window.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.15
Orientation can also be viewed graphically. First, make sure that this feature is enabled:
Tools > Options > Modeler Options select Display Tab and check Show orientation of
selected objects
Select the object magnet (left-click on magnet from the history tree). The Orientation is shown as
small arrows starting from the origin. These should not be confused with the Coordinate System
axes arrows which are bigger and display x or y next to arrows. The visibility and size of
Coordinate System axes arrows can be controlled from: View > Coordinate System > Small
Create a new Coordinate System (CS) with x-axis rotated 30 degrees relative to x-axis of the
Global CS:
Modeler > Coordinate System > Create > Relative CS > Rotated
On the Status Bar (bottom right) change the CS type from Cartesian to Cylindrical and
specify
R, Phi, Z: 1, 30, 0 Enter
The newly created CS automatically becomes a working CS (small w sign is displayed

next to the icon of a Working CS). Expand Coordinate Systems form History Tree and left-
click on Global to make it a Working CS again:

Maxwell 2D v12 9.15
The Orientation of magnet can now be changed. Object magnet can now be associated with
RelativeCS1 coordinate system:
Select magnet
Edit > Properties
Change Orientation from Global to RelativeCS1; OK
Select the object magnet again and observe the orientation:
Orientation: Global Orientation: RealtiveCS1
Specifying properties of Permanent Magnets

Change the material of magnet from Vacuum to NdFeB35:
Select magnet
Edit > Properties
Click on Vacuum to enter the material database, find NdFeB35 and click on View/Edit
Materials
A Permanent Magnet (PM) with linear characteristic is uniquely defined by specifying two
of the following: Coercive Field, Remanent Flux Density, Relative Permeability. Coercive
Field and Relative Permeability are chosen by default to be specified. If any other
combination of quantities is know instead, select Calculate Properties for PM (see next
page) and specify the two known quantities. The remaining quantity will be determined
automatically.
The direction of magnetization is specified by a unit vector (see next page) relative to the
Coordinate System associated with the given object, that is relative to the Orientation of
the object. If the Orientation of the object is Global, the unit vector will be specified relative
to the Global CS. Maxwell also allows to specify the type of the Coordinate System (upper
right corner – see next page). Thus Cartesian, Cylindrical and Spherical CS type can be
defined. This means that if the Orientation of the object is Global and CS type Cartesian,
the unit vector will be specified as X, Y, and Z relative to the Cartesian Global CS. And,
e.g., if the Orientation of the object is RelativeCS1 and CS type is Cylindrical, the unit
vector will be specified as R, Phi and Z relative to the Cylindrical RelativeCS1 CS.
Hence, the right direction of magnetization is specified by the appropriate combination of
object’s Orientation, CS type and Unit Vector.
Click OK to approve the material definition and to perform the assignment.

Maxwell 2D v12 9.15

Maxwell 2D v12 9.15
Examples of PM direction of magnetization assignment

Direction of Magnetization in the Global X direction
Orientation: Global; CS Type: Cartesian; Unit Vector X, Y, Z: 1, 0, 0
Direction of Magnetization in the direction 30 degrees relative to Global X direction

Orientation: Global; CS Type: Cartesian; Unit Vector X, Y, Z: 1, 0.5, 0
OR
Orientation: RelativeCS1; CS Type: Cartesian; Unit Vector X, Y, Z: 1, 0, 0

Maxwell 2D v12 9.15
Direction of Magnetization in the outward radial direction

Orientation: Global; CS Type: Cylindrical; Unit Vector R, Phi, Z: 1, 0, 0
Direction of Magnetization in the inward radial direction

Orientation: Global; CS Type: Cylindrical; Unit Vector R, Phi, Z: -1, 0, 0

Maxwell 2D v12 9.15
Definition of the Solution Space - Region

Before proceeding to define the solution space make sure that the direction of magnetization is
30 degrees relative to Global X direction, as required by the problem definition (see page 9.15-1).
FEM requires that a finite solution space is defined prior solving the problem. This solution space
in Maxwell is called Region. The Region can be very conveniently defined using the following
command:
Draw > Region and specify Padding Percentage 500. Padding Percentage of 500%
creates a rectangle which extends 5 times the diameter of the circle in each direction. As
the diameter of the circle is 2 mm and 5 times 2 mm is 10 mm, the corners of the
rectangle will be [-11, -11] and [11, 11].

Maxwell 2D v12 9.15
Definition of the Boundary Conditions

We expect that Region is so large that the magnetic field will not extend beyond Region’s
boundary. This situation corresponds to the boundary condition specifying the magnetic vector
potential (A) zero on the edges of Region:
Select Region and Edit > Select > All Object Edges
Maxwell 2D > Boundaries > Assign > Vector Potential and leave the value zero; OK
Define Analysis and solve the problem

Maxwell 2D > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup
Accept all default values; OK
Maxwell 2D > Analyze All

Maxwell 2D v12 9.15
Viewing the results

We will plot the magnetic flux lines throughout the solution space
Magnetic flux lines:
Select All objects (CTRL A or Edit > Select All)
Maxwell 2D > Fields > Fields > A > Flux Lines; Done
Double-click on the Legend
Select Color Map Tab and specify 40 in the Number of Divisions field; Apply; Close
Zoom in
We can see that the flux lines are really oriented 30 degrees relative to the Global Coordinate
System. This means that the magnetization of the magnet is correctly assigned
This completes the exercise

Ansoft Maxwell2D - V12

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ansoft Maxwell2D - V12

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ansoft

electronic design automation software

user’s guide – Maxwell 2D

© 2009 Ansoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Maxwell, ePhysics and Optimetrics are registered trademarks or trademarks of Ansoft

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator v12 User’s Guide 1

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator v12 User’s Guide 2

Key Benefits applications

Multi-processing and distributed analysis

*Option available at additional charge.

Converters & Transformers

Current density in a busbar system as calculated by Maxwell 3D.

This example is a connector designed with HFSS

• Parametric Analysis • Optimization

Current sensor optimization

SIMPLORER is the only system engineering tool to offer multiple

SIMPLORER is the ideal tool for system designs such as:

• Power Systems • Hybrid-electric Propulsion

VHDL-AMS BLOCK DIAGRAMS

CIRCUITS STATE MACHINES

Statistical Analysis and Optimization

• Parameter Sweep/Table • SIMPLEX

Key Benefits design templates

High-fidelity system models

Convenient design sheet output

RMxprt™ creates 3D and 2D geometry, assigns materials and sets up

RMxprt, Simplorer and Maxwell are trademarks of Ansoft Corporation.

Maxwell 2D is a high-performance interactive software

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator v12 – Training Seminar P1-1

Maxwell 2D solves the electromagnetic field problems for a given

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator v12 – Training Seminar P1-2

Different Methods of Electromagnetic Analysis

Boundary Finite Finite

Scalar Vector Components of

2D Electrostatic 2D Magnetostatic 3D Magnetostatic

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator v12 – Training Seminar P1-3

Differential Form of Maxwell’s Equations

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator v12 – Training Seminar P1-4

FEM and adaptive meshing

referred to as the finite element

mesh. Criteria been

Approximate aspect ratio limit in 2D: Yes

FEM Approximation Functions

Az(x,y) = ao + a1x + a2y + a3x2 + a4xy + a5 y2

Field quantities are calculated for 6 points (3 corners and 3

FEM Variational Principle

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator v12 – Training Seminar P1-7

FEM Matrix Equation

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator v12 – Training Seminar P1-8

FEM Error Evaluation

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator v12 – Training Seminar P1-9

FEM Percent Error Energy

Local errors can exceed Percent Error Energy

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator v12 – Training Seminar P1-10

Current Source Electric Scalar

Magnetic Vector Potential Permanent Magnet

Time-varying Electric and Magnetic Fields

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator v12 – Training Seminar P1-11

Transient Solver - Magnetic Field Diffusion

For a cylindrical conductor, diffusion time is:

Induced eddy currents always occur in conducting objects due to

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator v12 – Training Seminar P1-12

Ansoft Maxwell Field Simulator v12 – Training Seminar P1-13