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CHAPTER 5Civil LibertiesMULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONSAns: EPage: 98Type:

Factual 5. The use of dogs to sniff high school lockers for drugs has been determined by
the Supreme Court to bea. unconstitutional.b. constitutional under all circumstances.c.
constitutional if parental permission is obtained.d. constitutional if supervised by a
federal agent. e. constitutional if incident to a reasonable search.Ans: EPage: 98Type:
Factual 6. A person treating the U.S. flag contemptuously isa. subject to conviction in
federal court.b. subject to conviction in state court.c. subject to conviction in state and
federal court.d. protected by Fourth Amendment rights. e. protected by the right to
exercise free speech.Ans: APage: 99Type: Factual 7. The case of Dr. Samuel H. Sheppard
and Walter Winchell illustrates how civil liberties issues arise whena. the rights of
different groups are in conflict.b. the costs of enforcing rights are excessive.c. passions
are inflamed by entrepreneurs.d. principles themselves are in conflict. e. the costs of
enforcement are moderate.Ans: CPage: 99Type: Conceptual 8. Conflicts in civil liberties
often arise becausea. majoritarian politics is ineffective in resolving crises.b. the U.S.
Constitution is vague on issues of individual rights.c. the Bill of Rights lists several
competing rights.d. policy entrepreneurs rarely operate in the civil rights area. e. the
Supreme Court has refused to play a leading role in the interpretation of the First
Amendment.Ans: EPage: 99Type: Conceptual 9. Civil liberties conflicts between the
Fraternal Order of Police and the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) are most likely
to be examples ofa. majoritarian politics.b. neo-institutional politics.c. entrepreneurial
politics.d. client politics. e. interest group politics.Ans: APage: 100Type: Factual 10. The
Espionage and Sedition Acts were largely stimulated by fears ofa. Germans and
radicals.b. radicals and blacks.c. blacks and communists.d. Japanese and Germans. e.
socialists and steel workers.Ans: APage: 100Type: Conceptual 11. An example of how
entrepreneurial politics can enter the realm of civil liberties is that ofa. the so-called Red
Scare during World War I.b. Dr. Samuel Sheppard’s assertion of his right to a fair trial.c.
Jewish opposition to Christmas creches.d. efforts to bring bilingual education into
Hispanic districts. e. All of the above.Ans: CPage: 100Type: Factual 12. Senator Joseph
McCarthy became a powerful policy entrepreneur by claiming thata. the Japanese posed a
West Coast security threat.b. hippies were undermining Christianity.c. communists had
infiltrated the government.d. homosexuals were transmitting AIDS to heterosexuals. e.
secular humanists were indoctrinating educators.Ans: APage: 100Type: Factual 13.
Usually, the Supreme Court has reacted to wartime curtailments of civil liberties bya.
upholding them.b. rejecting them.c. upholding them at first, limiting them later.d.
rejecting them at first, reinstating them later. e. avoiding rulings on constitutionality and
consigning such issues to the lower federal courts.Ans: CPage: 100Type: Factual 14. The
earliest immigrant group to arrive in large numbers and thus alter the scope of civil rights
issues consisted ofa. Mexican Hispanics.b. Hispanics from other Latin American
countries.c. Irish Catholics.d. Southeast Asians. e. German Protestants.Ans: BPage:
101Type: Factual 15. The immigrant group usually associated with the drive for bilingual
education is composed ofa. Southeast Asians.b. Hispanics.c. Africans.d. Eastern
Europeans. e. Germans.Ans: CPage: 101Type: Conceptual 16. The balance between
community sensitivities and personal self-expression is most likely to be challenged
whena. rights conflict (e.g., the New York Times and Pentagon Papers).b. policy
entrepreneurs become involved (e.g., the McCarthy era).c. cultures conflict (e.g., Jewish
versus Christian symbols).d. minorities are repressed (e.g., sedition acts). e. a and d.Ans:
EPage: 102Type: Conceptual 17. A good example of how community sensitivities and
personal self-expression can sometimes conflict is that ofa. sedition acts.b. the Sheppard
case.c. the blacklisting of suspected communists.d. incitement statutes. e. nude
dancing.Ans: CPage: 101Type: Factual 18. In 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the
right of what organization to refuse membership to homosexual men?a. National Football
Leagueb. Fraternal Order of Policec. Boy Scouts of Americad. Boston Rotary Clube.
Pensacola JayceesAns: EPage: 102Type: Factual 19. Which of the following statements
concerning the Bill of Rights and state power is incorrect?a. The Bill of Rights originally
applied only to the federal government.b. The Supreme Court clearly held that Bill of
Rights applied only to the federal government in an 1833 case.c. The Constitution was
generally silent on what states could not do to their residents. d. The interpretation and
application of the Bill of Rights began to change after the Civil War.e. None of the
above.Ans: APage: 102Type: Factual 20. The Bill of Rights has come to apply to the
states through the interpretation ofa. the Fourteenth Amendment.b. the Tenth
Amendment.c. the commerce clause.d. Article III.e. the necessary and proper clause. Ans:
DPage: 102Type: Factual 21. The earliest incorporations of portions of the Bill of Rights
relied upona. the notion of a reasonable person. b. the shock the conscience test.c. a
rational basis standard.d. the due process and equal protection clauses.e. the notions of
ordered liberty and fundamental rights.Ans: EPage: 102Type: Factual 22. In Palko v.
Connecticut (1937) the Court began to apply rights to the states via a. the notion of a
reasonable person.b. the shock the conscience test.c. a rational basis standard.d. the due
process and equal protection clause.e. the notions of ordered liberty and fundamental
rights. Ans: EPage: 102Type: Factual 23. Which of the following has been incorporated
(applied) to the states?a. The right to bear arms.b. The right to not have soldiers forcibly
quartered in private homes.c. The ban on excessive bail and fines. d. The right to a jury
trial.e. None of the above.Ans: BPage: 102Type: Factual 24. The First Amendment does
not addressa. freedom of religion.b. the right to bear arms.c. freedom of the press.d.
freedom of speech. e. freedom of assembly.Ans: EPage: 103Type: Factual 25. The
Sedition Act of 1798 was considered an improvement over the British example because it
left the determination of guilt or innocence up toa. military courts.b. administrative
courts.c. the judge.d. prosecutors. e. the jury.Ans: DPage: 103Type: Factual 26. The
Espionage and Sedition acts that were passed in 1917 and 1918 placed restrictions on
publications thata. advocated the overthrow of the government by force or violence.b.
made any defamatory statements about the president or other member of government.c.
advocated the crossing of state lines or use of interstate commerce to incite a riot.d.
advocated treason, insurrection, or forced resistance. e. made any defamatory statements
about military personnel or war strategy.Ans: DPage: 103Type: Factual 27. Charles T.
Schenck was convicted in 1919 fora. speaking in favor of isolationism.b. advocating the
overthrow of the government.c. planning a violent insurrection.d. mailing draft-resistance
circulars to young men. e. planting a bomb in the Capital.Ans: CPage: 103Type: Factual
28. In the early 1920s, the Supreme Court upheld the conviction of Charles T. Schenck
under the Espionage Act because a. he was an illegal alien.b. he had published documents
that were vital to national security.c. his actions presented a clear and present danger.d.
his actions threatened the security of the nation. e. he had not intentionally inspired
lawlessness.Ans: APage: 102-103Type: Factual 29. The English jurist William
Blackstone believed that freedom of the press should be characterized bya. freedom from
prior restraint.b. freedom from libel.c. freedom from slander.d. the clear-and-present
danger test. e. the bad tendency test.Ans: EPage: 103Type: Factual 30. The Supreme
Court justice who compared unpopular political speech to falsely shouting fire in a
theater wasa. Louis Brandeis.b. Felix Frankfurter.c. William Rehnquist.d. Warren Burger.
e. Oliver Wendell Holmes.Ans: CPage: 104Type: Factual 31. When eleven communists
were convicted under the Smith Act of 1940, the Supreme Courta. found the act
unconstitutional.b. approved the act but vacated the sentences.c. upheld the convictions.d.
remanded the case for retrial. e. handed down a rare decision which featured a 4-4 vote
split among the justices.Ans: BPage: 104Type: Factual 32. When Clarence Brandenburg
vacated the street at a Ku Klux Klan cross-burning rally as ordered but threatened to
reoccupy it later, the Supreme Courta. upheld his conviction.b. overturned his
conviction.c. upheld his acquittal.d. overturned his acquittal. e. refused to give his case
further consideration.Ans: BPage: 105Type: Factual 33. When U.S. Nazis sought to
parade in Skokie, Illinois, where many Jews lived, the courtsa. found them a clear and
present danger.b. upheld their right to parade peacefully.c. refused to rule one way or
another.d. allowed the police full discretion. e. allowed their arrests and convictions.Ans:
APage: 105Type: Factual 34. In 1992, the Supreme Court overturned a Minnesota statute
involving the display of odious symbols. The Court ruled that the display isa. protected
by the Constitution.b. protected by the Constitution but could be punished as a hate
crime.c. not protected by the Constitution.d. not protected by the Constitution and could
be punished as a hate crime. e. not protected by the Constitution and could be punished as
incitement.Ans: EPage: 107Type: Conceptual 35. The right of free expression, although
not absolute, enjoys a higher status than the other rights granted by the U.S. Constitution.
This is known as the doctrine ofa. prior restraint.b. existential priority.c. neutrality and
clarity.d. least means. e. preferred position.Ans: EPage: 105Type: Factual 36. Written
defamation of character is known asa. slander.b. obscenity.c. incitement.d. political
falsehood.e. libel.Ans: APage: 105Type: Factual 37. Slander differs from libel in that it
refers toa. oral statements.b. written statements.c. public officials.d. private individuals. e.
administrative hierarchies.Ans: CPage: 105Type: Factual 38. If you, as a private
individual, are harmed grievously by the statements of someone who can also prove that
the statements were true, youa. can sue that person for libel.b. can collect damages if you
demonstrate malice.c. cannot collect damages from that person.d. can collect for slander,
but not libel. e. can collect for libel, but not for slander.Ans: BPage: 105Type: Factual 39.
If you, as a public figure are harmed grievously by the written statements of someone
who cannot prove that they were true, youa. can sue the person for libel.b. can collect
damages if you demonstrate malice.c. cannot sue the person.d. can collect damages for
slander, but not libel. e. can collect damages for libel, but not for slander.Ans: APage:
106Type: Factual 40. Justice Potter Stewart’s oft-quoted dictum on hard-core as opposed
to soft-core pornography wasa. “I know it when I see it.”b. “Different strokes for
different folks.”c. “It won't play in Peoria.”d. “One man's meat is another man's poison.”
e. “What could go wrong?”Ans: APage: 106Type: Factual 41. Which Justice argued
obscenity is a form of speech that is, or should be, protected by the First Amendment?a.
Hugo Blackb. Thurgood Marshallc. Potter Stewartd. Warren Burgere. Fred VinsonAns:
CPage: 106Type: Factual 42. The 1973 Supreme Court definition of obscenity denies
free-speech protection to materials or activities thata. depict sexuality in a way that is
degrading to its subjects.b. promote violence against women or children.c. lack serious
literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.d. present a clear and present danger to
community standards of decency. e. do not appeal to the prurient interest.Ans: BPage:
106-107Type: Factual 43. A local statute forbidding adult movie theaters from being
located near churches, schools, or parks wasa. upheld as a limit on free expression.b.
upheld as a regulation of land use.c. overturned as contravening free speech.d. overturned
as overly vague and broad. e. overturned for violating the principle of content
neutrality.Ans: CPage: 106Type: Factual 44. Protection under the Supreme Court’s
definition of obscenity is given toa. books and magazines only.b. books, magazines, and
films only.c. almost any form of visual or auditory communication, including nude
dancing.d. almost any form of visual or auditory communication, with the exception of
nude dancing and live sex. e. films, but not books and magazines.Ans: BPage: 106Type:
Factual 45. An Indianapolis ordinance defining pornography as the “graphic, sexually
explicit subordination of women” was held by the Supreme Court to bea. in keeping with
the Court’s stance on symbolic speech.b. in violation of the First Amendment.c. an
interference with the adult right of privacy.d. the legislation of constitutional feminism.e.
constitutional.
Ans: CPage: 107Type: Factual 46. In a 2002 case, the Supreme Court struck down a
portion of a 1996 law related to child pornography because the case at hand involveda.
the internet.b. imported magazines.c. virtual, or computer simulated images.d. a child
psychology book.e. newspaper articles.Ans: EPage: 108Type: Factual 47. Symbolic
speech, as defined by the text, isa. speech that relies on a written message.b. speech that
cannot be interpreted as insulting.c. speech that relies on an oral message.d. an act that
destroys something sacred. e. an act that conveys a political message.Ans: DPage:
108Type: Factual 48. When the House and the Senate recently considered a law making it
a federal crime to burn the American flag,a. it failed in both houses by large majorities.b.
it failed in both houses by a narrow margin.c. it passed in both houses by a narrow
margin.d. it passed in both houses by large majorities.e. it failed to make it out of
committee. Ans: EPage: 108Type: Factual 49. One form of symbolic speech permitted by
the Supreme Court isa. draft-card burning.b. political assassination.c. pipe-bombing of
public facilities.d. spitting at a politician. e. flag burning.Ans: APage: 108-109Type:
Conceptual 50. If people have a right to speak and publish, do corporations, interest
groups, and children have the same right?a. Yes, although there are some exceptions.b.
Yes, without exception.c. No, although there are some exceptions.d. No, without
exception. e. The issue has yet to be decided by the High Court.Ans: DPage: 109Type:
Factual 51. When the Supreme Court was asked to consider constitutional challenges to
restrictions on speech in the McCain-Feingold campaign finance reform law of 2002 it a.
refused to hear the case.b. accepted the case but refused to issue a ruling. c. accepted the
case and struck down provisions in the law.d. accepted the case and upheld the
restrictions in question.e. accepted the case and ruled in favor of the complaining
organizations.Ans: BPage: 108-109Type: Factual 52. Each of the following groups has
recently been regarded by the Supreme Court as a “person” enjoying rights of free
expression excepta. the First National Bank of Boston.b. the Hazelwood High School
student newspaper.c. Massachusetts Citizens for Life.d. the Pacific Gas and Electric
Company. e. a and d.Ans: EPage: 109Type: Conceptual 53. The Supreme Court denied
the Hazelwood High School student newspaper the right to print certain stories, using the
argument thata. young people do not have First Amendment protection against libel.b. the
exercise of free expression by students is in violation of state educational codes.c. schools
that allow free expression by students can legally be denied federal funding.d. incitement
is never protected speech, even if it originates in a school newspaper. e. the exercise of
free expression by students cannot impede the educational mission of the school.Ans:
APage: 110Type: Factual 54. The two clauses of the First Amendment that deal with
religion are concerned witha. free exercise and establishment.b. prohibition and free
exercise.c. separation and prohibition.d. prohibition and free exercise. e. separation and
free exercise.Ans: BPage: 110Type: Conceptual 55. The First Amendment states that
Congress shall make no law prohibiting the “free exercise” of religion. It may, however,a.
make laws that impose a special burden on religion.b. bind religions to laws that bind all
others.c. insist that church and state remain separate.d. make laws respecting the
establishment of a religion. e. declare an official religion for ceremonial purposes.Ans:
APage: 110Type: Conceptual 56. A state cannot apply a license fee on Jehovah’s
Witnesses who solicit door to door. This is in keeping with thea. free-exercise clause of
the First Amendment.b. wall of separation called for by Thomas Jefferson.c.
establishment clause of the First Amendment.d. three-part test for constitutional aid to
religions. e. b and c.Ans: DPage: 110Type: Factual 57. For the Supreme Court to uphold
conscientious objection to military service, that objection must be rooted ina. an
established Christian religion.b. the Judeo-Christian heritage.c. some recognized
religion.d. deeply held beliefs. e. a Protestant faith.Ans: EPage: 111Type: Conceptual 58.
When the Court rules that Amish people cannot be forced to send their children to school
beyond the eighth grade, ita. neither establishes religion nor protects its free exercise.b.
establishes religion without violating the First Amendment.c. avoids establishing religion
at the risk of impeding its free exercise.d. both establishes religion and impedes its free
exercise. e. protects the free exercise of religion but opens itself to criticisms regarding
establishment. Ans: CPage: 111Type: Factual 59. The historical source for the “wall of
separation” between religion and the state isa. the Bill of Rights.b. a series of debates in
the First Congress.c. the writings of Thomas Jefferson.d. twentieth-century Supreme
Court decisions. e. the Federalist papers.Ans: DPage: 112Type: Factual 60. Which of the
following laws has the Supreme Court upheld as constitutional? a. Laws calling for the
teaching of creationism.b. Laws calling for in-school release-time for religious
instruction.c. Laws calling for school prayer.d. Laws calling for aid to parochial school
for secular purposes.e. Laws calling for Bible reading in schools.Ans: DPage: 111-
112Type: Factual 61. In a 1947 decision, the Supreme Court allowed a New Jersey town
to fund busing to a parochial school becausea. no alternative form of transportation
existed.b. enrollment at that school was open to all.c. the resulting tax burden on the
average citizen was negligible.d. busing was religiously neutral. e. there was no true case
and controversy.Ans: APage: 112Type: Factual 62. Since 1992, a member of clergy’s
offering a prayer or an invocation at a public school graduation ceremony isa.
unconstitutional.b. unconstitutional only if read from the Bible.c. constitutional.d.
constitutional if not read from the Bible. e. constitutional if non-denominational.Ans:
APage: 112Type: Factual 63. The Supreme Court has struck down laws that require the
teaching of the theory ofa. creationism.b. relativity.c. evolution.d. humanism. e.
secularism.Ans: APage: 112Type: Factual 64. Current Supreme Court rulings would
permit all of the following forms of state aid to church-related schools excepta. salary
supplements to teachers of nonreligious subjects.b. construction of college buildings.c.
textbook loans.d. tax-exempt status for the schools. e. money for computers.Ans: DPage:
112Type: Conceptual 65. The Supreme Court has ruled that certain kinds of government
involvement in religious activities are acceptable. One condition of such involvement is
that ita. apply equally to all groups, including Congress.b. avoid giving preference to the
Judeo-Christian God.c. not be applied to aid to parochial schools.d. have a secular
(nonreligious) purpose. e. include opportunities for dissenters to express their views.Ans:
BPage: 112Type: Factual 66. In an important recent decision, the Court upheld a voucher
program for students attending religious and other private schools in Cleveland, Ohio,
because a. the schools promised to teach no course involving religion.b. the aid went, not
to particular schools, but to the families who chose the schools. c. the schools removed all
religious symbols and artifacts.d. the aid was given directly to the particular schools.e.
the teachers were certified by the state.Ans: CPage: 113Type: Conceptual 67. The text
argues that, with respect to crime, it has been difficult for the courts toa. make laws.b.
enforce laws.c. decide what the Bill of Rights means and how to put it into effect.d. get
the police to pay attention to their decisions. e. convince the police of their
legitimacy.Ans: DPage: 114Type: Factual 68. Most nations deal with the problem of
illegally obtained evidence bya. not allowing it to be presented in court.b. allowing only
conclusions drawn from it to be presented in court.c. dismissing the officers involved in
obtaining it.d. punishing police misconduct apart from the criminal trial. e. removing
such evidence, but only upon the objection of a judge or a prosecutor.Ans: DPage:
114Type: Conceptual 69. The argument that tainted evidence cannot be used in court if
citizens’ rights are to be maintained leads to what is calleda. double jeopardy.b. plea
bargaining.c. disciplining of police officers.d. the exclusionary rule. e. the silver platter
rule.Ans: APage: 116Type: Factual 70. The Court demanded that the evidence obtained in
Mapp v. Ohio be excluded because the policea. had not obtained a search warrant.b.
questioned Mapp in an impolite manner.c. used unnecessary force.d. refused to let Mapp
contact her lawyer.e. spied on Mapp with binoculars.Ans: EPage: 114-116Type: Factual
71. The purpose of the exclusionary rule, according to the Supreme Court, is toa. limit
illegal immigration.b. prevent crime by addressing its root causes.c. limit the power of
courts.d. exclude religious activities by government employees. e. control the behavior of
the police.Ans: EPage: 116Type: Conceptual 72. Which of the following statements
regarding the warrant requirement is incorrect?a. The Fourth Amendment protects against
unreasonable searches and seizures.b. A warrant must be signed by a neutral magistrate,
or judge.c. A judge must be convinced there is probable cause before signing a warrant.d.
A warrant must specifically describe what is to be searched and where it is to be seized.e.
A warrant cannot be issued for an automobile.Ans: DPage: 116Type: Factual 73. Police
may legally search persons for evidence either when they have a search warrant or
whena. they are dressed suspiciously.b. they are speaking in a suspicious manner. c.
someone has complained.d. they legally arrest those persons. e. a person is angry.Ans:
CPage: 116Type: Factual 74. Incident to the valid arrest of a person inside a building,
police may legitimately search all of the following excepta. beneath the clothing of the
person arrested.b. things in plain view.c. things in other rooms of the building.d. things
under the control of the person arrested. e. the area immediately surrounding the arrested
individual.Ans: APage: 114Type: Factual 75. The desk and files of a government
employee may legitimately be searched by a supervisor without a warrant, provided thata.
the object of the search is related to the employee’s work.b. the employee is present at the
search.c. a law enforcement officer has requested the search.d. a matter of national
security is involved. e. the search is conducted after a formal complaint is filed. Ans:
BPage: 118Type: Factual 76. The landmark case on involuntary confession was that ofa.
Mapp.b. Miranda.c. Yates.d. Brown. e. Thornton.Ans: APage: 119Type: Factual 77. A
person being arrested must be informed of all the following rights excepta. the right to
sue for false arrest.b. the right to hire a lawyer.c. the availability of a free lawyer if the
person is unable to pay.d. the right to remain silent. e. the right to stop talking, if the
person begins to offer a voluntary statement.Ans: EPage: 118Type: Conceptual 78. Which
of the following statements concerning the case of Ernesto Miranda is incorrect?a.
Miranda was convicted of rape and kidnapping.b. The conviction was based on a written
confession.c. Miranda signed the confession.d. The victim identified Miranda.e. None of
the above.Ans: EPage: 118Type: Factual 79. In time, the original ruling in Miranda was
extended to allow those accused to have lawyers present in all of the following
circumstances excepta. when being questioned by detectives after arrest.b. when
appearing in a police lineup.c. when being questioned by a psychiatrist to determine
competency to stand trial.d. when being questioned by police after arrest. e. when being
booked at precinct headquarters.Ans: APage: 118-119Type: Factual 80. Regarding the
exclusionary rule, more recent decisions of the Supreme Court seem to bea. modifying it
to make it less cumbersome for law enforcement.b. abandoning it to make any evidence
admissible.c. continuing it as before.d. making it stricter to discourage police misconduct.
e. expanding it so as to restrict the efforts of law enforcement officers.Ans: CPage:
119Type: Conceptual 81. An example of a good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule
would be if policea. conduct a search incidental to an arrest.b. conduct a search with a
properly obtained search warrant.c. use a defective search warrant they believe to be
valid.d. search an automobile they believe to be carrying drugs. e. search the desk at
which an arrested suspect is sitting.Ans: APage: 120Type: Factual 82. The main
provisions of the USA Patriot Act cover all of the following excepta. airport security.b.
telephone taps.c. internet taps.d. voice mail.e. money laundering.Ans: DPage: 120Type:
Factual 83. The USA Patriot Act requires ___________ for a government tap on
telephones or the internet.a. suspicionb. reasonable suspicionc. considerable suspicion of
illegal activityd. a court ordere. the signature of a prosecutorAns: APage: 120Type:
Factual 84. The USA Patriot Act modifies the law for grand jury hearings bya. allowing
investigators to exchange information obtained in such proceedings. b. requiring oaths of
allegiance by grand jury members.c. limiting the number of such proceedings in a given
year.d. allowing hearsay in such proceedings.e. None of the above.Ans: DPage: 120Type:
Factual 85. Which of the following statements concerning military courts is incorrect?a.
They involve the use of military commissions of officers.b. They can operate in secret.c.
Two-thirds of a commission must agree in order for a suspect to be convicted.d. A suspect
can appeal to the attorney general.e. A suspect can appeal to the president.
Ans: CPage: 120Type: Factual 86. When we caught Nazi spies who were sent to
America, we classified them as __________ and tried them accordingly. a. citizensb.
soldiersc. unlawful combatantsd. diplomatse. spokesmen.Ans: CPage: 120Type: Factual
87. The Bush administration has held that those who were captured in Afghanistan and
detained on military bases in Guantanamo area. citizens.b. soldiers.c. unlawful
combatants.d. diplomats.e. spokesmen.Ans: CPage: 120-121Type: Factual 88. When
Guantanamo detainees challenged the constitutionality of their detention in the federal
courts, the Supreme Court a. refused to consider their case.b. ruled they could not make
such legal challenges.c. ruled they could make such legal challenges.d. ruled in their
favor and requested their release.e. ruled in their favor and ordered their release.

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