Starch + Salivary Maltose

water amylase

Secretes bile

Stores bile Protein+ Pepsin Polypeptide

water pH 2.0
Peptides Erepsin Amino Caesinogen Rennin Caesin
+ water pH 7.5 + water
acids

Maltose Maltase Glucose Secretes pancreatic juices

+ water

Sucrose Sucrase Glucose + Starch + Pancreatic maltose

+ water Fructose amylase
water

Lactose + Lactase Glucose + Polypeptide Trypsin

water Galactose + water peptide

Lipid + Lipase Fatty acids Lipid + Lipase Fatty acids

water + glycerol water + glycerol
 Digestion of Cellulose by a Ruminant

• Largest part of the stomach

• Mutualistic microorganisms secrete
cellulase to digest cellulose Water is removed from cud

• True stomach
• Gastric juice
Cud (chewed and secreted
reswallowed) • Digestion of
proteins
Microorganisms secrete
cellulase to digest
cellulose
Fatty acids
Structure of a villus
+ glycerol,
Vitamins A, Glucose
D, E and K
Amino acids
 LOCATION
• Assimilation takes place in the cells (digestion
takes place in the alimentary canal)
• Simpler form of nutrient is used to form complex
compounds or structural components
• Liver acts as checkpoint and control centre for
the release of appropriate amount of nutrients in
the circulatory system.
 ASSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE
• Most of glucose is converted into glycogen and
stored in the liver.
• Glycogen will be converted to sugar when the body
needs energy
• Glucose is distributed throughout the body by
circulatory system.
• Cells oxidise glucose to release energy during
cellular respiration.
 ASSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE
• Excess of glucose is
converted into lipids by
the liver.
ASSIMILATION OF AMINO ACIDS
• Amino acids have to pass through the liver before
they reach blood circulatory system
• Amino acids are used to synthesized plasma
proteins.
• Function of plasma proteins: blood clotting and
osmoregulation
• When there are short supply of glucose, amino acids
are converted to glucose by the liver through
gluconeogenesis process.
 ASSIMILATION OF AMINO ACIDS
• Amino acids that enter the cell are used for
synthesizing protoplasm and repair the damaged
tissue.
• Amino acids are also important blocks to synthesis
hormones and enzymes.
• Excess of amino acids will be broken by deamination
process. The waste product of this process is
commonly the urea.
• Urea is transported to the kidneys and secreted out
through urine.
 LIPIDS
• Lipids such as fats
represent the major energy
store of the body
• Excess lipids are stored in
the adipose tissue.
• Some lipids; ex:
phospholipids and
cholesterol are major
components of plasma
membranes
 OTHER FUNCTION OF LIVER
• Liver acts as the detoxicification site
• In this process, the liver removes harmful
substances from blood and convert them to less
toxidic compounds.
• The detoxicification products are eliminated from the
body through bile or urine.
 Glucose – for cellular respiration
Amino – synthesis of hormones, plasma acids
membranes, enzymes

Glucose - respiration
Excess glucose – glycogen
Amino acids – plasma protein
Excess amino acids - urea
Formation of Faeces and Defaecation

• Reabsorbs water and minerals

• Elimates undigested food
• Escherichia coli are found
• Secretes mucus to bind faeces and
lubricates movement of feaces
along the colon

• Temporary storage of faeces

Faeces is expelled from here when

the rectum is full, contraction of the
muscles of the rectum propels the
faeces out